Frederick Taylor Scientific Management

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 28 ก.ย. 2024

ความคิดเห็น • 272

  • @orgcomm
    @orgcomm  7 ปีที่แล้ว +25

    Free PDF download of the 5 Essential Communication Skills for Professionals: bit.ly/2K9Gile-QuickGuide

  • @wellgunde3163
    @wellgunde3163 6 ปีที่แล้ว +46

    That helped me alot in preparing my exam. Very good explained. I like the style of your Videos, pleasent voice too!

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I'm glad the videos have helped you, Wellgunde. Thanks for the encouragement!

  • @OuChihHong
    @OuChihHong 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    I am taking an operation management course from Coursera and I come across your video. I love it. Thank you!!

  • @yolandiajohnson5718
    @yolandiajohnson5718 7 ปีที่แล้ว +145

    You did an exceptional job in making this concept clear for me. God bless you

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Thank you, Yolandia. I appreciate the kind words.

    • @kimberlyabas7362
      @kimberlyabas7362 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      What is the difference between the scientific management theories and modern management theories? Who are the relevance proponent.
      Please answer

  • @NicolasTVC
    @NicolasTVC 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you so much, I am studying about Taylor at a Federal University here in Brazil. Your video helped me a lot, I really aprecciated it!

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I'm glad the video helped you study, Nicolas.

  • @bistroshan7198
    @bistroshan7198 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks bruh♥️
    Many generations will be thankful to you

  • @shailjasingh3467
    @shailjasingh3467 ปีที่แล้ว

    using more pictures and videos as examples helps us in understanding things better rather than going word to word and it also keep us engaged rather than distracting

  • @DylanG_1120
    @DylanG_1120 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This is my favorite video by you so far, it was really engaging and you explained everything so clearly

  • @reenonyiidums365
    @reenonyiidums365 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    this gave me a clear understanding on the models of management. thank you sir.

  • @tocfun
    @tocfun 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Those methods described were developed by Taylor for the circumstances of his time. However, what it is missing so very often is what he said to be the foundation of a real scientific management, namely: "The principal object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for the employee" (The Principles of Scientific Management, F.W. Taylor, 1919, first paragraph). This founding principle is the base for systemic thinking as well. It is sad to see how management discipline derailed because Taylor is remembered for the methods and not the principles.

    • @paul3176
      @paul3176 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Great points Matias, I fully agree. It's a shame people can't be bothered to read his work instead of making videos about what the think he said. Paul

  • @Vimyro
    @Vimyro 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you so much, best description on youtube.

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Glad it helped!

  • @yaserbarkzai1165
    @yaserbarkzai1165 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you for sharing this video.

  • @ilhamtaloaie8437
    @ilhamtaloaie8437 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you very much, that was so helpful for my exam.

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Happy to help!

  • @billyvanlalthlanhdarnei3341
    @billyvanlalthlanhdarnei3341 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi... Can you please please please.. explain to me.... Why they say .." Taylor did not differentiated between the principle of analysis and principle of action"

  • @anonygsc6851
    @anonygsc6851 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great...best visuals to explain what ur saying

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thank you for the kind words, Adrian. I'm glad the visuals were helpful.

  • @maktoumkhan1519
    @maktoumkhan1519 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    great explanation and a very cool and understandable accent. great work thanks

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  6 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you, Maktoum. I grew up between Boston and New York City but my accent has softened a bit from living in many different parts of the US over the years.

  • @nkosisikelelashili2946
    @nkosisikelelashili2946 18 วันที่ผ่านมา

    So how is his scientific management principles relevant to morden managers

  • @akshaytaleda5689
    @akshaytaleda5689 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you so much! Incredible video!

  • @thecalmcompass1
    @thecalmcompass1 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you, sir, for such an amazing lesson.

  • @eazypeazy8559
    @eazypeazy8559 ปีที่แล้ว

    That's so cool, thank you. I'm software engineer, but I have interest in information theory and systems theory in general. That's why I realized that I have interest in organizations (and even organic systems) either. Do you plan to make videos about cybernetic and more videos about systems theory?

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks for the question. I'm not going to make more about systems theory but I do have two related videos. One is on Loose Coupling and the other is on Partial Inclusion. Those are concepts related to systems theory that Karl Weick articulated.

  • @elizabethnthenya9497
    @elizabethnthenya9497 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Kindly would you explain to me the theories associated with the development and practice of scientific management as I prepare for my exams

  • @thorwow10
    @thorwow10 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hey, don't know if you're still answering here, but could you specify what's meant with the fact that Taylor wanted the improvement on the highest level possible, as opposed to Spear & Bowen who wanted it the lowest level possible?

  • @nyashagenious3769
    @nyashagenious3769 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you very much for this focused video and key points elaborated

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      My pleasure. :-)

  • @cathywahlie9668
    @cathywahlie9668 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    how did you do it can you share with me , thank you

  • @strongest324
    @strongest324 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    very clear cut explanation brother....

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Glad you liked it, Nikhil. Thanks for your encouragement.

  • @okaidiboy3275
    @okaidiboy3275 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    props to u this video was lit really good explanation from the start up

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks!

  • @yashrocks6662
    @yashrocks6662 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    The of you are explanation is very good. l liked it.

  • @edgyvenom153
    @edgyvenom153 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very informative. Thanks

  • @96moliveira
    @96moliveira 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thansk you very much for this,.

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      You're welcome.

  • @suganyapiqued7752
    @suganyapiqued7752 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    keep going it's really helpful to know about scientific management theory , keep sharing your information

  • @arvin-nation662
    @arvin-nation662 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Appericiate your work welll done

  • @VinayKumar-mu8iy
    @VinayKumar-mu8iy 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    thank you ....

  • @JonathanObise
    @JonathanObise 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Good explanation

  • @francisaltitude9763
    @francisaltitude9763 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    kapitalism at it finest, boosts creativity

    • @CorkBouldering
      @CorkBouldering 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      yep, control and exploitation at its best, no wonder why Lenin was so fond of him.

  • @Broly_sid
    @Broly_sid 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    thanks.

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  7 ปีที่แล้ว

      No problem!

  • @soy.ingrid
    @soy.ingrid 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Who is here for their MPA exam??

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      I hope it goes well for you!

    • @soy.ingrid
      @soy.ingrid 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@orgcomm Thank you

  • @paul3176
    @paul3176 5 ปีที่แล้ว +20

    This is historically inaccurate and typical of confused, unfair comments on Taylor. The problems highlighted in this video - like alienation of workers and reduced bargaining power brought on by de-skilling of work - were being raised by Marx before Taylor was born! Taylor analysed the parts that made up a task, but he didn't come up with specialisation and division of labour. Smith was writing about this a century before Taylo's work. It's also not true that Taylor thought workers should just get on with the work. He specifically told managers to encourage workers to come up with ideas for method improvement - but only to implement the ideas after they were properly tested. This is the exact same approach used by Lean manufacturers today, including Toyota, Nissan and Honda. No worker is allowed to deviate from the prescribed method for their task. They have to suggest ideas. Early 20th Century manufacturers in the US didn't follow Taylor's prescriptions, they just cherry-picked the parts they liked.

    • @victorkoszykowski7838
      @victorkoszykowski7838 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Finally, a comment from someone who understands the Theories of Organisations!

    • @ahsank.
      @ahsank. 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      This. Love how Taylor is made out to be a villain when in reality he was not.

    • @BerHarSenSam
      @BerHarSenSam ปีที่แล้ว

      Could you please provide a bit of scientific background in support or your view. This rule of thumb approach takes us back to Taylor as he is seen today with well presented evidence such as in this video.

    • @paul3176
      @paul3176 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@BerHarSenSam Hi Harber, I'm not so much stating a view as stating verifiable facts. Smith wrote extensively about division of labour in The Wealth of Nations in 1776. Marx criticised the horrors of mid nineteenth century factory work in Das Kapital, published in 1867 when Taylor was a child. Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management (1911) makes the points I set out above. He said, ‘It is true that with scientific management the workman is not allowed to use whatever implements and methods he sees fit in the daily practise of his work. Every encouragement, however, should be given to him to suggest improvements, both in methods and in implements. And whenever a workman proposes an improvement, it should be the policy of the management to make a careful analysis of the new method…’ [The Principles of Scientific Management, Dover Publications 1998 pg 67]. The Principles of Scientific Management is also available free on Amazon kindle. It's less than 100 pages long and is one of the most significant works in the history of management but few people take the time to read what Taylor actually said. The rules of thumb approaches you mention offer simple, easy explanations. Unfortunately, they're also wrong. But why let the facts spoil a good story... Hope this helps. Paul

    • @billyvanlalthlanhdarnei3341
      @billyvanlalthlanhdarnei3341 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Just because he didn't start it.. that doesn't mean he didn't do it..

  • @pedroadriao8746
    @pedroadriao8746 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    good

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  7 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you for the encouragement.

  • @sherlockholmes6438
    @sherlockholmes6438 ปีที่แล้ว

    If anyone have his document to congress send it to me please i need it for my Homewood !!

  • @ابوعلي-ك2ش9غ
    @ابوعلي-ك2ش9غ 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    يا اخي لماذا لا توجد نسخة بالعربية

  • @abelardoguvron1051
    @abelardoguvron1051 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    interesting

  • @Stephanisters
    @Stephanisters 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    so basically, the root of Capitalism.

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Not exactly. Capitalism has been around a lot longer than Taylor. He did speed up mass production a lot, however.

  • @darev6780
    @darev6780 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    **1856-1915

  • @bostonswift
    @bostonswift 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Okay I'm going to say, ( made up) Acute-Macro - Micro Management.

  • @markatingi8645
    @markatingi8645 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    you have to pay people more because you want to hang on to the best talent and skill. If you don't they will end up being absorbed by competitors and this is why we have a brain drain in Africa 9:40

  • @mfzjfrsb8672
    @mfzjfrsb8672 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    An example of how scientific thinking ruin humanness

  • @weerasinghelageudarathmaut6945
    @weerasinghelageudarathmaut6945 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    ft

  • @xray5043
    @xray5043 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    No gloves when making big macs 🤮🤮🤮

  • @Thepreppybestiesplayroblox
    @Thepreppybestiesplayroblox 5 ปีที่แล้ว +40

    I have been looking up public admin videos all night for my test tmw. This was actually one of the most enjoyable video. I was able to gain such a better understanding. Thank you!

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks, Rachel. Glad it was useful. Good luck on your exam.

  • @yuriip7166
    @yuriip7166 7 ปีที่แล้ว +24

    I saw that your last video was 2 months ago so I just wanted to say that you should continue ! You do it well, mate.

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  7 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Thank you for the encouragement, Yurii. I plan to make lots more videos. I'm going to start posting more this fall.

  • @goldassayer93555
    @goldassayer93555 5 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    Frederic Taylor's first job as a foreman of a machine shop. He applied his organizational skills to finding the most efficient way to cut metal and along the way invented High Speed Steel. You can read his research report that was originally published in 1906 as a kindle book.
    "On The Art Of Cutting Metals" by Frederic Taylor.

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      I didn't know that he put that out. Amazing. Thanks for the contribution!

  • @will-se7wj
    @will-se7wj 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    so he was evil lol

  • @AarmOZ84
    @AarmOZ84 5 ปีที่แล้ว +15

    I remember in the movie THE FOUNDER, Dick McDonald ran the original McDonald's kitchen like an assembly line. He even drew out the kitchen layout on a tennis court and had the workers shadow their job and kept erasing and moving kitchen appliances till everything moved smoothly. For some odd reason, I find this topic of making things more efficient super interesting.

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  5 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      I love that scene. That was a super interesting look at how these principles get put into practice.

  • @2kooolkid
    @2kooolkid 4 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    Well this was a breath of fresh air

  • @SaudBako
    @SaudBako ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This is such a sad way to look at work and workers.
    Workers should be able to change the steps they execute their work with, as long as they meet their commitments.

  • @calsavestheworld
    @calsavestheworld 5 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Hmm, Quizno's could put a mayo dispenser on the out end of the toaster oven since the bread is moving through anyway.

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Ha! Yes, I guess they could.

  • @jackhuang240
    @jackhuang240 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    yeah very useful summarized everything in a few minute which allows me to have more time to do other things on my project about him keep up the good work!

  • @nadiprincess2553
    @nadiprincess2553 6 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Amazing!!
    Thank you so much..

  • @jicky9120
    @jicky9120 5 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    wow Ur voice is too sweet to concentrate lol. I like the summary. Ty for this good info

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Ha! Thanks for the compliment. :-)

  • @ahmedlayas7644
    @ahmedlayas7644 5 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Apparently Iam gonna use this video for my presentation ❤️

    • @ahmedlayas7644
      @ahmedlayas7644 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I got 7 which is great 😉

    • @Thomas78-j6r
      @Thomas78-j6r 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@ahmedlayas7644 congrats buddy!

  • @Jho1921
    @Jho1921 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you for this very good explanation regarding scientific management.

  • @savemotherearth7198
    @savemotherearth7198 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    He proposed switching form one worker to another like they were boyfriend of some popstar. Wait, are Frederick Taylor and Taylor swift related?

  • @gautamdhanrajanitanemmaniw7888
    @gautamdhanrajanitanemmaniw7888 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    would you please upload few videos related to organizational thinkers;
    1). Mary Parker Follett -> Dynamic Administration;
    2). Mayo and others -> Human relation school;
    3). Chester Barnard;
    4). Behavioral approach;
    and
    5). Herbert Simon -> Decision Making.
    Plz if its possible for u then then plz try to upload it as early as possible.
    Thank You.

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  6 ปีที่แล้ว

      Good suggestions. I'll put those on the list. I'll not likely get to them soon but when I start recording again, I'll take a look at those topics.

    • @gautamdhanrajanitanemmaniw7888
      @gautamdhanrajanitanemmaniw7888 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      Please try to and thanks a lot to reply. See you soon with those videos.

  • @tucalicuban
    @tucalicuban 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    WOW! you just saved me for my midterm tomorrow! thank you so much, if only my Prof. could have made this as clear as you did .

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  6 ปีที่แล้ว

      Happy to help, Vanessa. :-)

  • @annamarjanovic2142
    @annamarjanovic2142 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    This was refreshingly well explained and the information just clicked first time - thanks!

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Glad it was helpful, Anna.

  • @Minniey.
    @Minniey. 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Your video helped me to understand Public Administration can you please make a video explaining development of phase ( roots of discipline)🙏

  • @MRMiSS-uy4ec
    @MRMiSS-uy4ec 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    This was good detailed explanation of the concept. From where you took all this information and examples ? I would like to know about the references please

  • @degoldenlogisticsplc2659
    @degoldenlogisticsplc2659 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Pls I really enjoyed ur lecture, bt no space in asking questions dat is d problem.

  • @markatingi8645
    @markatingi8645 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    employee burnpit and dehumanization (being treated like a machine) as long as you get paid though... Money is the motivation

  • @LangiFolau
    @LangiFolau 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    That was great!
    Got a question,:
    what are the challenges of Scientific management theory in Employment relations?

  • @Myneuro
    @Myneuro หลายเดือนก่อน

    I will learn all about management from you because I really trust you so much
    Thanks for help ❤

  • @rachel8495
    @rachel8495 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Really informative and helpful. I missed this class last week, but I feel well caught up!

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Glad it was helpful!

  • @busaram
    @busaram 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great video! Thanks so much, it was super helpful.

  • @AJMusicUganda
    @AJMusicUganda 23 วันที่ผ่านมา

    well done sir.this is amazing

  • @markatingi8645
    @markatingi8645 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    division of labor and specialization of tasks and increased wages.

  • @paulphoenix1669
    @paulphoenix1669 5 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    Making my cram session a lot easier. Props to you my man lots of love x

  • @幸福-x5f
    @幸福-x5f 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir I have a question. If you are going to apply this in an organization, what type of organization do you think it would be most useful?

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Today, I see it as applicable to lots of organizations from manufacturing to shipping to food.

  • @markatingi8645
    @markatingi8645 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    i like the motion example of 3 nozzles instead of one

  • @divinitytarot6
    @divinitytarot6 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    TRULY COMMENDABLE

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks. Glad it helped.

  • @hereandtherefacts
    @hereandtherefacts 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Hi! think he died 1915?

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  6 ปีที่แล้ว

      Yes, you are right. I had that wrong on the video. Can't change it now but you are correct.

  • @jc6800
    @jc6800 ปีที่แล้ว

    NGL Taylor kinda pissed me off. 😅

  • @saman6671
    @saman6671 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Your videos help me a lot with my exams, thank you sir!! Please keep making these videos.

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you, I will.

  • @BrianMCollyer
    @BrianMCollyer 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Excellent content. Thank you! Especially the video work and photos - how do you get those effects? looks like a blurred background blown up of the same image in the foreground?

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  6 ปีที่แล้ว

      Hi Brian. Yes, that's exactly what I did. I enlarged the background image and blurred it. Do you edit video?

    • @BrianMCollyer
      @BrianMCollyer 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      I am just starting to learn - Wirecast etc. I would love to chat with you for a few minutes at some time. Contact info on LinkedIn - Brian Collyer - Las Vegas :)

  • @SeletaPhiri
    @SeletaPhiri หลายเดือนก่อน

    I have understood perfectly

  • @markatingi8645
    @markatingi8645 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    machine like employess increases efficiency

  • @ecks2087
    @ecks2087 ปีที่แล้ว

    McDonalds dude has no gloves on. No bueno

  • @unicornofjustice
    @unicornofjustice 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Bad timing on the 737 story haha 😂

  • @markatingi8645
    @markatingi8645 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hierarchy good point. I'm taking an online class for Organizational Communication and this video has helped. High standards...

  • @agdistisattis6923
    @agdistisattis6923 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    wish me luck for my exam...

  • @riffetnaaz6705
    @riffetnaaz6705 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    can you tell me are these following his 4 principles:
    1. diviosn of labor
    2.hierarchy
    3.selection, training nad compensation
    4.time and motion studies
    pls answer it as soon as possible, its my presentation is tomorrow!

  • @aibrahimshah
    @aibrahimshah 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    nice explanation

  • @kentai2351
    @kentai2351 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    what's the difference between Taylor and Weber?

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      I have a video entitled Classical Management Theory Weber, Taylor, and Fayol. Feel free to take a look.

  • @rayblue7313
    @rayblue7313 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    great work. this contains almost the key point of my lesson. many thanks

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Happy to help, Ray Blue. Thanks for the encouragement.

  • @nataschaweber7523
    @nataschaweber7523 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Frederick Taylor died in 1915. Not 1919...

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      You are correct. It's a typo on the video but it's not possible to change a video text like that once it is posted.

  • @cupcakes343
    @cupcakes343 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Super clear explanation, straight forward, engaging and interesting. Thank you!

    • @orgcomm
      @orgcomm  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Glad it helped, Chrissy.

  • @mozination9850
    @mozination9850 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you for making the perfect video sir.

  • @lindsaychan2602
    @lindsaychan2602 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    This scientific management we just mentioned at class today. I should've check your video earlier 🥰🤩

  • @LET333
    @LET333 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent videos
    Thanks for sharing.

  • @mosesgamai2532
    @mosesgamai2532 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Good

  • @SanKitchen
    @SanKitchen 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thanks so much… Brilliant class ❤❤❤