NOTES: 3 RULES of Neurotransmission: 1. What goes up, must come down: Intoxication and Withdrawal 2. A neurotransmitter is not easily fooled: Up regulation (decrease amt. of neurotransmitter, synapse will make itself more sensitive) and Down regulation (increase the amount of neurotransmitter, synapse removes receptors, making it less sensitive to the drug), observed during drug tolerance and withdrawal, regulation of G protein and DNA 3. With great power comes great responsibility: More efficacy and More Severe side effects • full agonist mimics the effect of a neurotransmitter • a partial agonist mimics it but only to a certain lower point • an antagonist blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter • inverse agonist produces an opposite effect to the neurotransmitter Dopamine: Reward pathway located in VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA, Nucleus Accumbens is imp area - D: Drive (governs motivation and reward) - O: Psychosis (blockade mitigates some features like delusions and hallucinations) - P: Parkinsonism (decreased secretion linked to Parkinson's pathology) - A: Attention (boosting dopamine improves attention and concentration) - M: Motor (strongly linked to motor function, imbalances cause conditions like Parkinson's) - I: Inhibition of prolactin (crucial in regulating prolactin release) (prior name: Prolactin inhibiting factor) When dopamine is blocked, one side effect is milk release from the breasts. - N: Narcotics (release of dopamine plays a role in addiction) - E: Extrapyramidal (controls motor functions, blocking leads to significant motor side-effects) Serotonin: complex molecule with many roles, comes from the RAPHE NUCLEI Also known as 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) - Head: Depression, anxiety, social interaction (sociality), impulsivity, sex drive, migraines, satisfaction - Red: Platelet binding and adhesion, interfering with its function cause bleeding - Fed: GI tract motility (90% of all serotonin in GI tract), nausea (serotonin blocking medications effective) Serotonin Syndrome: 2 serotonergic drugs are taken at the same time Head: Headache, Agitation, Confusion Red: Flushed, warm skin (Hyperthermia, Hypertonia, Sweating, Tachycardia) Dead: Mortality 2 to 12% Norepinephrine: LOCUS COERULEUS origin, regulates Sympathetic nervous system - Fight-or-flight response - when active, Norepinephrine lots into the brain and epinephrine peripherally into the bloodstream - Sympathetic Innervation Central (Concentration, attention, vigilance, energy) Peripheral (Tachycardia, Hypertension, Glucose, Essential organs) Brain off and on switches: Gaba (off), Glutamate (on) GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid): - Inhibitory neurotransmitter - "Gaba" association with a boring lecturer inducing sleepiness - Relaxation (breathing and muscles), euphoria, no anxiety - Drugs that enhance GABA are often used to break a seizure. Glutamate: - Excitatory neurotransmitter - Association with mating for recall Histamine: The upper brain cortex depends upon a constant stream of histamine for activation, once supply is cut off, cortex shuts down - H for hay fever - I for itching - S for sleeping Antihistamine: Itching and hay fever disappears, patient gets sleep First generation anti-histamines: (diphenhydramine or benadryl) used for sedation as they work in both central and peripheral NS Newer antihistamines: (loratadine or claritin) works peripherally therefore advertised as non-drowsy Acetylcholine (ACh): opp of Norepinephrine, responsible for regulating Parasympathetic system - A: Autonomic functions (rest and digest functions: Bradycardia, GI motility, Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination and Sexual Arousal) - C: Contraction (neuromuscular junction) drugs that affect ACH peripherally are used against neuromuscular diseases like myasthenia gravis - H: Hippocampus (memory, learning, awakeness and attention), helps combat Alzheimer’s dementia, geriatric psychiatry Opioids: - Armed Chinese man association with the Opium Wars
• A: Analgesia (pain relief) • R: Respiratory depression (opioids make the respiratory center in the brain insensitive carbon dioxide so death and opioid overdoses via Ondine's curse) • M: Meiosis/ Constriction of pupils (pinpoint pupils) • E: Euphoria • D: Drowsiness • C: Constipation
I'm a 3rd year psychology student and in the past two years I'd run away if I saw the word "neurotransmitter"... This video just made it so crystal clear. Thank you for this!
I passed board today. I only used these TH-cam videos and the purple book and I believe these are all you need. There is another channel on TH-cam the one with the light 💡that I used. I didn't buy any questions or review. Purple book I got from a friend. Thank you so much for these videos they really helped me pass. Good luck.
@@only1mesabby the purple book is the ANCC guide to passing boards for PMHNP. The purple book and this book, along with the Fitzgerald course provided by my school is all I am using. Just those three items alone are enough to keep me busy.
THIS IS THE BEST MEDICAL INFORMATION CHANNEL EVER!! Me? Doubled Mastered in the health sciences from noted schools back East, worked in Medical Affairs Depts. with HUGE household name BioPharma. Oh, the stories I could tell from sitting @ board meetings. But can't tell... too many NDAs sighned!!
thank u..I'm a psyhchiatry resident and have been suffering with pharmacology all my life,,your videos helped me a lot and I passed pharma exams in my master's...really thank u so much
Important historical point: the Opium Wars were not fought because people wanted more access to opium, as you suggest. The Chinese tried to ban British opium sales in China to protect their citizens from addiction. The British, not wanting to lose their massive profits, started a war and forced the Chinese government to set up protected trade ports allowing them to continue shipping opium into China. Otherwise, great mnemonics and info, thank you!
EXCELLENT! EXCELLENT! EXCELLENT!👏👏👏 I have benefited so much from this. You've made this so much simpler and easily retained. I should be paying you tuition instead of my college🤦🏽♀️. Thank you very much😊!
I am an avid #MentalHealthAwareness advocate and performer, and I love this so much. I travel the country trying to bring that awareness on stages, in classrooms, hospitals, and on my TH-cam channel, so I get excited when I see other advocates. 💙❤
I don't comment on a lot of my medical lecture videos but this is a solid review with some very great ways of remembering what the neurotransmitters do. Thank you.
Just an observation, in the Memorable Psychopharmacology book published back in 2017, the "DOPAMINE" Mnemonic is D rugs, O Psychosis, P rolactin, A ttention, M otivation, I nvoluntary Movement, N ausea, E nergy.
Hi if you're a medical student how can I contact you??I'm releasing USMLE question and answer books in amazon tomorrow for every part of medicine and I need some reviews and some help
Absolutely love this video series for psychopharmacology! I am a Psychiatric Mental Health NP student and these videos are a great addition to the Stahl's textbook. Thank you very much :)
I start psychopharmacology in a couple weeks and am also a PMHNP student! My class is also using the Stahl textbook so I'm hoping I find success with these videos as well!
⚕️I appreciate the cautionary warning you put in the beginning. My professor is a little too drug-happy in her lectures and it's nice to see someone giving addiction, abuse and the sky rocketing death toll the respect it deserves. 🫡
Neurotransmitter: A neurochemical emitted between the junction or synapse between neurons causing bio-electrical impulses to travel between neurons and increase synaptic efficiency (connectivity), and as an emergent property, comprises thinking. For cognitive and evolutionary psychologists, the bio is removed from the electrical, and the electrical metaphor is used, making the brain into a computer, neurons into circuitry, and neurotransmitters into the stuff that powers a light bulb, which metaphorically came on for the dim bulb psychologists who came up with the idea. from Dr. Mezmer’s Dictionary of Bad Psycholgy, at doctormezmer.com
*SCHIZOPHRENIA TREATMENT BREAKTHROUGH: My heart goes out to everyone who have or cares for a mentally ill person, there should be no shame. I once believed Schizophrenia or mental illness has no cure... Well, it is true with antipsychotic medicine, but not with Consummo Herbal Medicine. To be clear, there is no pharmaceutical medicine, no magic pill that has any significant effect on the progressive downhill course of this disease. My daughter's experience opened my eyes to the reality of a cure through the wonders of herbs. My daughter was diagnosed with schizophrenia many years ago... I spent more time in hospital than out of hospital. She had a major breakthrough only with CONSUMMO treatment. She has been well and living her best life. While there may be other different options to look into, never make your own success path a secret. I consider myself an advocate for people who don’t have a voice. I don't want people to feel that suicide is their only option. You can contact them with this email for more information: rodwenhill@**gmail.com** or visit this blog for more info: **curetoschizophrenia.blogspot.com*
You say everytime you give a drug to increase a neurotransmitter receptors for that neurotransmitter will downregulate..? I'm confused because SSRIs work by increasing serotonin in the synapse because there's lack of it. So per your sentence our body would downregulate receptors for serotonin... but that's bad because when we take away the drug we will be left with less receptors--> less serotonin binding--> unsolved issue. What am I missing?
While the brain does down regulate serotonin receptors in response to increased serotonin in the synapse, there is a limit to how much it can do this! Eventually the brain won't down regulate any further, but the extra serotonin will still be there. It is thought that this, at least in part, may explain the delayed effect of antidepressants!
Hi, I loved this video! Do you have anything that covers neurotransmission mechanisms (neurotransmitter transporters, G-proteins, enzymes, and ion channels) by which the current therapeutic agents work?
Hi Adria. Nothing covering that at the moment, although I'll look into adding it in the future! I tried to keep this review very clinically applicable and the neurotransmission mechanisms didn't really fit into that, but could serve as a good supplemental lesson. Thanks!
NOTES:
3 RULES of Neurotransmission:
1. What goes up, must come down: Intoxication and Withdrawal
2. A neurotransmitter is not easily fooled: Up regulation (decrease amt. of neurotransmitter, synapse will make itself more sensitive) and Down regulation (increase the amount of neurotransmitter, synapse removes receptors, making it less sensitive to the drug), observed during drug tolerance and withdrawal, regulation of G protein and DNA
3. With great power comes great responsibility: More efficacy and More Severe side effects
• full agonist mimics the effect of a neurotransmitter
• a partial agonist mimics it but only to a certain lower point
• an antagonist blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter
• inverse agonist produces an opposite effect to the neurotransmitter
Dopamine: Reward pathway located in VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA, Nucleus Accumbens is imp area
- D: Drive (governs motivation and reward)
- O: Psychosis (blockade mitigates some features like delusions and hallucinations)
- P: Parkinsonism (decreased secretion linked to Parkinson's pathology)
- A: Attention (boosting dopamine improves attention and concentration)
- M: Motor (strongly linked to motor function, imbalances cause conditions like Parkinson's)
- I: Inhibition of prolactin (crucial in regulating prolactin release) (prior name: Prolactin inhibiting factor)
When dopamine is blocked, one side effect is milk release from the breasts.
- N: Narcotics (release of dopamine plays a role in addiction)
- E: Extrapyramidal (controls motor functions, blocking leads to significant motor side-effects)
Serotonin: complex molecule with many roles, comes from the RAPHE NUCLEI
Also known as 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine)
- Head: Depression, anxiety, social interaction (sociality), impulsivity, sex drive, migraines, satisfaction
- Red: Platelet binding and adhesion, interfering with its function cause bleeding
- Fed: GI tract motility (90% of all serotonin in GI tract), nausea (serotonin blocking medications effective)
Serotonin Syndrome: 2 serotonergic drugs are taken at the same time
Head: Headache, Agitation, Confusion
Red: Flushed, warm skin (Hyperthermia, Hypertonia, Sweating, Tachycardia)
Dead: Mortality 2 to 12%
Norepinephrine: LOCUS COERULEUS origin, regulates Sympathetic nervous system
- Fight-or-flight response
- when active, Norepinephrine lots into the brain and epinephrine peripherally into the bloodstream
- Sympathetic Innervation
Central (Concentration, attention, vigilance, energy)
Peripheral (Tachycardia, Hypertension, Glucose, Essential organs)
Brain off and on switches: Gaba (off), Glutamate (on)
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid):
- Inhibitory neurotransmitter
- "Gaba" association with a boring lecturer inducing sleepiness
- Relaxation (breathing and muscles), euphoria, no anxiety
- Drugs that enhance GABA are often used to break a seizure.
Glutamate:
- Excitatory neurotransmitter
- Association with mating for recall
Histamine: The upper brain cortex depends upon a constant stream of histamine for activation, once supply is cut off, cortex shuts down
- H for hay fever
- I for itching
- S for sleeping
Antihistamine: Itching and hay fever disappears, patient gets sleep
First generation anti-histamines: (diphenhydramine or benadryl) used for sedation as they work in both central and peripheral NS
Newer antihistamines: (loratadine or claritin) works peripherally therefore advertised as non-drowsy
Acetylcholine (ACh): opp of Norepinephrine, responsible for regulating Parasympathetic system
- A: Autonomic functions (rest and digest functions: Bradycardia, GI motility, Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination and Sexual Arousal)
- C: Contraction (neuromuscular junction) drugs that affect ACH peripherally are used against
neuromuscular diseases like myasthenia gravis
- H: Hippocampus (memory, learning, awakeness and attention), helps combat Alzheimer’s dementia, geriatric psychiatry
Opioids:
- Armed Chinese man association with the Opium Wars
• A: Analgesia (pain relief)
• R: Respiratory depression (opioids make the respiratory center in the brain insensitive carbon dioxide so death and opioid overdoses via Ondine's curse)
• M: Meiosis/ Constriction of pupils (pinpoint pupils)
• E: Euphoria
• D: Drowsiness
• C: Constipation
Thanks a lot
doing amazing work. its you and the lyrics guys that come through for people
I'm a 3rd year psychology student and in the past two years I'd run away if I saw the word "neurotransmitter"... This video just made it so crystal clear. Thank you for this!
Ok this needs an award. The mnemonics in this vid are so high yield I am high off it
This is terrific. I'm a psychiatrist who, as a long-standing psychoanalyst/psychotherapist, needs a refresher course. Thanks so much.
Thanks for watching! Let me know if you have any other feedback. =)
Judith Hamilton pfft Analytical psychology all the way :) Jung is the best
EW er
See
T
This is brilliant! I am a PMHNP studying for the boards. Thank you for this content.
Your lectures helped me ace boards and a half decade later, I still go back and watch these. Thank you sir!
I passed board today. I only used these TH-cam videos and the purple book and I believe these are all you need. There is another channel on TH-cam the one with the light 💡that I used. I didn't buy any questions or review. Purple book I got from a friend. Thank you so much for these videos they really helped me pass. Good luck.
What purple book?
@@only1mesabby the purple book is the ANCC guide to passing boards for PMHNP. The purple book and this book, along with the Fitzgerald course provided by my school is all I am using. Just those three items alone are enough to keep me busy.
Your video is brilliant! I am a psychiatric nurse practitioner student and you video is a fun way to remember the actions of the neurotransmitters.
Here I am finding this 9 years later. And you are an RN student's HERO!!! Thank you!!!
THIS IS THE BEST MEDICAL INFORMATION CHANNEL EVER!! Me? Doubled Mastered in the health sciences from noted schools back East, worked in Medical Affairs Depts. with HUGE household name BioPharma. Oh, the stories I could tell from sitting @ board meetings. But can't tell... too many NDAs sighned!!
thank u..I'm a psyhchiatry resident and have been suffering with pharmacology all my life,,your videos helped me a lot and I passed pharma exams in my master's...really thank u so much
ahmed salah i
thanks so much for your videos - 100 times better than the lectures i get in med school
Memorable psychology
Agreed. I was just reviewing board review lectures and they were literally painful. This is more fun and memorable.
Important historical point: the Opium Wars were not fought because people wanted more access to opium, as you suggest. The Chinese tried to ban British opium sales in China to protect their citizens from addiction. The British, not wanting to lose their massive profits, started a war and forced the Chinese government to set up protected trade ports allowing them to continue shipping opium into China. Otherwise, great mnemonics and info, thank you!
This is amazing I'm so grateful. Way way easier to understand then a 2 hour lecture
Amazingly helpful for studying for my psychopharmacology course for PHMNP post graduate program. Thank you!
This should have millions of views just amazing. Thank you !
Thank you for linking these complicated names into easy to understand pictures and words.
YOur channel is my support system in passing Mental Health course. Thank you!
I love your lectures! I can review over and over again. Very helpful for my Post-Masters PMHNP certificate program! Thanks!
Discovered your channel yesterday and it's absolutely a hidden gem. I will definitely recommend your videos to my classmates.
New grad psych nurse here. Thank you so much!
EXCELLENT! EXCELLENT! EXCELLENT!👏👏👏 I have benefited so much from this. You've made this so much simpler and easily retained. I should be paying you tuition instead of my college🤦🏽♀️. Thank you very much😊!
I am an avid #MentalHealthAwareness advocate and performer, and I love this so much. I travel the country trying to bring that awareness on stages, in classrooms, hospitals, and on my TH-cam channel, so I get excited when I see other advocates. 💙❤
Bro I love you for recommending the break. Never even would have thought of that
Found a goldmine of knowledge in your channel. Thank you sir 🙏🏼
This is beautiful content. My brain could not take my readings so thank GOD I found you. Keep doing what you do! Thank you so much for this series!!
I am a nurse, I just thought of learning and deepening my understanding. Thank you as you are replacing movies- glued to your channel
Outstanding and super helpful for my nursing mental health rotation. Thanks so much.
I don't comment on a lot of my medical lecture videos but this is a solid review with some very great ways of remembering what the neurotransmitters do. Thank you.
I LOVE the “take a break” reminders at the end of each of the videos!❤️
Just an observation, in the Memorable Psychopharmacology book published back in 2017, the "DOPAMINE" Mnemonic is D rugs, O Psychosis, P rolactin, A ttention, M otivation, I nvoluntary Movement, N ausea, E nergy.
i got your pshycopharmacology book...
its more than amazing,
i encourage everyone to buy it
thanx alottt 👍❤️❤️❤️
Thank you! Glad it's been helpful!
Hi if you're a medical student how can I contact you??I'm releasing USMLE question and answer books in amazon tomorrow for every part of medicine and I need some reviews and some help
soo lucky I came across your channel. Thank youuu !!! :')
Thanks!
THANK YOU! These videos and the corresponding book are helping me through NP school.
You sir are a champ. This was so concise and thanks for the mnemonics. Definitely subscribing.
Wow. I am LOVING this. So easy to comprehend and apply this information!
Makes me want to learn more!
Your videos are brilliant! And I MIGHT be using them to procrastinate studying for Physics...
Absolutely love this video series for psychopharmacology! I am a Psychiatric Mental Health NP student and these videos are a great addition to the Stahl's textbook. Thank you very much :)
I start psychopharmacology in a couple weeks and am also a PMHNP student! My class is also using the Stahl textbook so I'm hoping I find success with these videos as well!
Such a high yield video!! I crammed all the psychiatry concepts for my exam in 1hr 🎊 you deserve more subscribers 🔥
helpful to counselors in training.... thanks!
Ohhymy god this crush course is life!! I love how I am at uni and learning everything from youtube.. haha
⚕️I appreciate the cautionary warning you put in the beginning. My professor is a little too drug-happy in her lectures and it's nice to see someone giving addiction, abuse and the sky rocketing death toll the respect it deserves. 🫡
Not a word is wasted here!
Thank you so much! I'm in Psychiatric NP school and this is a great review!
How did you do on exam?
Buy the books!!! Paired with the videos, it's unbeatable!!!
Best to learn psychiatry ! Please produce more more
I love it! I bought all 3 books and find this super helpful.
Hands down, best lecture I've seen so far! Keep up the great work!!
This video is genius. Sheer genius. I also love how concise you are.
I like the way you teach. Its fun, easy to digest and memorable!
I love your voice.. so calming and inviting
thank you!! I am a clinical social work grad student
This is an amazing resource
. Thank you!
The mnemonics are too good
Dude you are awesome and help a whole lot of people sir!!
wow, this was amazing. So much info delivered in a memorable way. Thanks!!!!
very helpful, thank you
So easy to understand , for a beginner thank you :)
Love love love this video
Thank you for making these concepts so clear and concise!
Excellent teaching Style, Thank you for the presentation.
Can’t thank you enough 😊
Love love your videos!! Thanks for being so clear and succinct!
Great video, looking forward to watching to more, I.e., psych disorder specific
Wow this is excellent. Thank you so much!!
This was absolutely brilliant!!
wow so good thank you for contributing in such a helpful way! helped a ton
This is the best video! Thank you!
4:25 Dopamin 6:24 Serotonin
Neurotransmitter: A neurochemical emitted between the junction or synapse between neurons causing bio-electrical impulses to travel between neurons and increase synaptic efficiency (connectivity), and as an emergent property, comprises thinking. For cognitive and evolutionary psychologists, the bio is removed from the electrical, and the electrical metaphor is used, making the brain into a computer, neurons into circuitry, and neurotransmitters into the stuff that powers a light bulb, which metaphorically came on for the dim bulb psychologists who came up with the idea.
from Dr. Mezmer’s Dictionary of Bad Psycholgy, at doctormezmer.com
*SCHIZOPHRENIA TREATMENT BREAKTHROUGH: My heart goes out to everyone who have or cares for a mentally ill person, there should be no shame. I once believed Schizophrenia or mental illness has no cure... Well, it is true with antipsychotic medicine, but not with Consummo Herbal Medicine. To be clear, there is no pharmaceutical medicine, no magic pill that has any significant effect on the progressive downhill course of this disease. My daughter's experience opened my eyes to the reality of a cure through the wonders of herbs. My daughter was diagnosed with schizophrenia many years ago... I spent more time in hospital than out of hospital. She had a major breakthrough only with CONSUMMO treatment. She has been well and living her best life. While there may be other different options to look into, never make your own success path a secret. I consider myself an advocate for people who don’t have a voice. I don't want people to feel that suicide is their only option. You can contact them with this email for more information: rodwenhill@**gmail.com** or visit this blog for more info: **curetoschizophrenia.blogspot.com*
Very helpful. Time and energy saving lecture!👌👌
Thank you very very very much 🎉🎉🎉🎉
Thank you so much! Amazing video!
plzz make more vedios...u r excellent...👍👍👍
Verrrrrrry helpful omg😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍I hope you go to jannah😍
Make a video of autoimmune encephalitis please 🤗🙏🏽🧠
Phenomenal lecture!!! Thanks. :-)
Please try to buy the content creators book at the website. It'll be helpful for all.
Wonderful. Thank you so much!
thanks a lot...useful video
Excellent!
Thank you😊. Its very useful 👍.
So engaging and fun. Thank you:)
Incredible.Thank you.
Excellent !!!
this was awesome!!
THANK YOU
THANK YOU
THANK YOU!!!
You say everytime you give a drug to increase a neurotransmitter receptors for that neurotransmitter will downregulate..? I'm confused because SSRIs work by increasing serotonin in the synapse because there's lack of it. So per your sentence our body would downregulate receptors for serotonin... but that's bad because when we take away the drug we will be left with less receptors--> less serotonin binding--> unsolved issue. What am I missing?
While the brain does down regulate serotonin receptors in response to increased serotonin in the synapse, there is a limit to how much it can do this! Eventually the brain won't down regulate any further, but the extra serotonin will still be there. It is thought that this, at least in part, may explain the delayed effect of antidepressants!
Great job!!
so helpful. Thanks!!
What words can I use to praise you sir
Hello! Do you have videos on basic neurology and basic pharmacology? Great content :)))
Hi, yes we do have videos on neurology! Check out the playlist Memorable Neurology on this channel. No pharmacology videos but maybe in the future!
Disclaimers end at 1:40
Hi, I loved this video! Do you have anything that covers neurotransmission mechanisms (neurotransmitter transporters, G-proteins,
enzymes, and ion channels) by which the current therapeutic agents work?
Hi Adria. Nothing covering that at the moment, although I'll look into adding it in the future! I tried to keep this review very clinically applicable and the neurotransmission mechanisms didn't really fit into that, but could serve as a good supplemental lesson. Thanks!
Great review content. Thanks
This was amazing!
Thanks!!
What would it mean if both Gaba AND Glutamate are low? Both are high?
Dopamine high after this lecture
Brilliant!!!