3D Printed LTD Stirling Engine

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 27 เม.ย. 2024
  • This is the 3D printed version of my other LTD design • LTD Stirling Cycle Eng...
    Building is simpler using the printed parts which locate together.
    With 3D printers now more affordable many people will have access to one.
    More information at myfordboy.blogspot.co.uk/p/th...
    Creality 3D? 3D printer: goo.gl/wXrkMi
    Discount code 20%off for CR -10 3D printer: bg3dprinter
    The foam cutter used was this one goo.gl/4jmnwy
    MF63ZZ Flange Ball Bearings: goo.gl/KQC4G8
    Drill bits collection with discount: goo.gl/Rp4WaM
    15%off for drill bits: BGDB15
    The STL files for the print can be found here www.thingiverse.com/thing:251...
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ความคิดเห็น • 158

  • @aserta
    @aserta 6 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    You can tell it's been years since you've been in school when you remember that this engine also works on cold, not just hot air. I'm getting old.
    Cool print on this one.

  • @frankmuller5649
    @frankmuller5649 6 ปีที่แล้ว +17

    What a wonderful project, with your usual, very pragmatic and precise instructions... I love it and I would be happy to see fotos of all the engines that other guys build that try your project (nerds, parents/teachers with their kids), that would be awesome!
    I believe you outdid yourself again Sir... glorious... thank you so much for doing this!

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  6 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      You say the kindest things.

  • @BrassLock
    @BrassLock 6 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    "Mmm, I think I'll pop the kettle on and have a nice cuppa". "Might as well spin the motor at the same time, just as a conversation starter 😅".
    I love your videos and sense of humour, especially the Green Energy. No doubt you have a great giggle too with what your marvellous mind comes up with. Our minds are our very best friends, and keep us amused all our life.

  • @petermoore4056
    @petermoore4056 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Nice! And you can even see the displacer moving inside the white tube.

  • @rottie007
    @rottie007 6 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Another "stirling" (pardon the pun) video from you, very impressed with the tolerances achieved with the 3d printed parts!

  • @WindyLion
    @WindyLion 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Now here's a truly skilled individual. Definitely have to subscribe!

  • @kaunisiapa
    @kaunisiapa 5 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    You're still the best..!
    Thank you for the plans.., that was superb fast., very kind of you. my appreciation goes to you always..!
    Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

  • @ianjackson8643
    @ianjackson8643 6 ปีที่แล้ว +25

    nice to see you give peas a chance

    • @Opinionator52
      @Opinionator52 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Now that was funny,,, :oD
      O,,,

    • @misfitsailor
      @misfitsailor 6 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      It all starts by visualizing whirled peas!

    • @jonathanberry9502
      @jonathanberry9502 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      That's all we are saying!

    • @1islam1
      @1islam1 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      🔴 What Is Islam? ⚠️
      🔴 Islam is not just another religion.
      🔵 It is the same message preached by Moses, Jesus and Abraham.
      🔴 Islam literally means ‘submission to God’ and it teaches us to have a direct relationship with God.
      🔵 It reminds us that since God created us, no one should be worshipped except God alone.
      🔴 It also teaches that God is nothing like a human being or like anything that we can imagine.
      🌍 The concept of God is summarized in the Quran as:
      📖 { “Say, He is God, the One. God, the Absolute. He does not give birth, nor was He born, and there is nothing like Him.”} (Quran 112:1-4)[4] 📚
      🔴 Becoming a Muslim is not turning your back to Jesus.
      🔵 Rather it’s going back to the original teachings of Jesus and obeying him.

  • @gertjansaarberg11
    @gertjansaarberg11 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Great machine. I have downloaded the stl files soon I will make one.

  • @RonAdamsky
    @RonAdamsky 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Revelation!
    Thanks for an awesome project.

  • @XXCoder
    @XXCoder 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Looks awesome.

  • @kardeef33317
    @kardeef33317 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I don't own a 3d printer, but this is very cool. Thanks for sharing.

  • @steved8038
    @steved8038 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Bloody brilliant thanks for sharing

  • @wallybe2946
    @wallybe2946 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Awesome Tutorial Thank-you so much for your time and effort

  • @apiaristicone9585
    @apiaristicone9585 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    i love the 'green energy' line 8) top stuff as usual

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  6 ปีที่แล้ว

      Glad to see you are safely home and back on line.

  • @experiencingtechnicaldiffi5184
    @experiencingtechnicaldiffi5184 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Wear the gloves to apply the silicone first, then cut the diaphragm from the back of one. Also silicone cleans up while wet with alcohol. It would look nice if the lower chamber were made of clear plastic like clam-shell packaging.

  • @denisivanov9541
    @denisivanov9541 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Good job!

  • @zyadbama
    @zyadbama 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Masterpiece

  • @carlosalbertosilva3176
    @carlosalbertosilva3176 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    muito obrigado por compartilhar, projeto incrivel. Tank you for sharing, wonderful project.

  • @harryadams8203
    @harryadams8203 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Great video and a great project. After looking around a lot, I found the lids from Waterbridge hard candies (175g size) which are 100.2mm in diameter. I suspect that they might be taller than the ones you used, which would mean that the cylinder would need to be lengthened. What is the separation of the lids you used when installed in your cylinder?

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      The inside surfaces of the lids are 27mm apart.

  • @RonaldWalters2010
    @RonaldWalters2010 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great build!

  • @jimmystoba7899
    @jimmystoba7899 6 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    Green energy :-)

  • @PyroEvil
    @PyroEvil 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Really nice video.I like it ! Having a rigid link between the crank and the displacer did not help to achieve higher speed ? Because the engine can't go faster than the displacer falls by gravity? I just asking ! :)

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Not looking for high speed, better to watch it slowly.

  • @das250250
    @das250250 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Skill plus imagination is beautiful ..intelligence

  • @Deathend
    @Deathend 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I love your video man. One thing I missed during the how to was your method of releasing/cooling the air so that the foam falls back down and repeats the cycle. The needle is in the foam and the foam goes up, so technically the needle's smaller diameter is smaller and lets hot air escape, but how does the hot air escape from underneath the foam?

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      In a Stirling engine the air does not escape the same air alternately heated and cooled.
      The principle of the Hot Air or Stirling Cycle engine is not well known. It is difficult to see how it can work just by applying heat.
      If we take an empty can and stretch a piece of balloon over the top, like the diaphragm on our engine, the air is sealed inside.
      Apply heat to the bottom of the can and the pressure inside the can will rise and cause the balloon to rise a little.
      Now if the bottom of the can is cooled by placing it in a dish of water, the air inside will cool and the pressure will fall. The balloon will be sucked inwards.
      So to get our diaphragm, which is a simple form of piston, to drive our engine all we have to do is alternately heat and cool the can.
      This is not very practical but the same effect can be achieved by heating one end of the cylinder, the bottom, and the moving the air inside alternately from top to bottom. This is the function of the displacer.
      The displacer takes up space inside the cylinder, when it’s at the top, all the air inside is displaced to the bottom where it is heated and expands.
      When the displacer is at the bottom of its stroke, the air is moved to the top, which has a cooler surface, and it contracts.
      Remember, the displacer does not touch the sides of the cylinder. It is not a piston. As it rises and falls air passes around it as it is transferred from top to bottom. It’s the same air that is continually heated and cooled.
      For the engine to work the top has to be cooler than the bottom.
      The larger the temperature difference we can get, the more powerful the engine will be.
      The configuration of the cranks and connecting rods allow the displacer to move in the correct relationship to the diaphragm and flywheel.
      When you have your finished engine in front of you, it will be easier to understand the principle.

    • @Deathend
      @Deathend 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Ahh! Thanks! I thought the foam was perfectly fit around it like a piston.

    • @bapakerwe2010
      @bapakerwe2010 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      myfordboy : appreciated your detail and awesome explanation

    • @byebye9785
      @byebye9785 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      myfordboy I must've watched hundreds of TH-cam videos on Stirling engines and read dozens of research papers to get an idea of how they work and had I read this comment a few years ago, I could've skipped ahead several hours of study.

  • @gvet47
    @gvet47 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    The printed cylinder needs to be air tight so the layer height and temp needs to insure the layers are sealed air tight. That or coat the cylinder after printing to make it aur tight.

  • @ezequieldiassiqueiranetodi9960
    @ezequieldiassiqueiranetodi9960 6 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    you are a genius. sao paulo brazil

  • @ikon-i35
    @ikon-i35 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    i cant buy the bearing steel or brass rods as they are not available what shall i do\

  • @FixItYerself
    @FixItYerself ปีที่แล้ว

    plug your cell phone into it! great project

  • @jarenhudson9794
    @jarenhudson9794 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    "GREEN energy" ahahha. Good video

  • @nogmeerjan
    @nogmeerjan 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I'm wondering. If you would put 3 of these motors on the same shaft, could you make the motor self starting.

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      You would still need to give it a push and this design could not be coupled easily as the crankshaft does not extend past the flywheel.

    • @nogmeerjan
      @nogmeerjan 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      thanks for the answer

  • @jondoe6618
    @jondoe6618 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    and think. A guy made this 200 years ago. Well different materials and all. You get my point.

  • @Worksengineer
    @Worksengineer 6 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    what grade of PolyWeld do you use and do you find it works well on PVA

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  6 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      I found the stuff sold for plastic models did not work. The one that does is thin grade PolyWeld by 5 Star adhesives. PLA is bonded extremely well.

  • @cainklassen5524
    @cainklassen5524 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hello I love this design. I am trying design a fully 3d printed Stirling engine myself but am having trouble making a perfect seal for the displacer. Would you have any recommendations on ideas other than a needle in a pencil tip? Thanks!

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      You need a good seal but no friction. The pencil top was one solution.
      You cannot have a fully 3D printed engine as the top and bottom plates have to be metal.

    • @cainklassen5524
      @cainklassen5524 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@myfordboy I shouldn’t say fully 3d printed. It is “lid” that snaps onto a can with holes in it for the displacer and power piston. Then the flywheel is glued into that. The top is 3d printed but the bottom is a can. Would this work or should I redesign it so the top is also metal?

    • @cainklassen5524
      @cainklassen5524 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@myfordboy here is a link to a small video I made showing how I designed it th-cam.com/users/shortskOjhs2DfdSE?feature=share

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      A Stirling engine work by having the top and bottom plates at different temperatures, preferably seperated with an insulating material to reduce heat transfer. You need a metal top and bottom.

    • @cainklassen5524
      @cainklassen5524 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@myfordboy okay thank you very much for your help!

  • @n4mwd
    @n4mwd 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I noticed on a lot of your Stirling engines you use the tip of a mechanical pencil for an air gasket. I'm wondering why not just 3d print this part? Better yet, why not print a sealed well into the cylinder and use a magnet to raise and lower the displacer? I like this one, but I have to say that the first one with the clear cylinder wall was a bit cooler.

  • @fahb68
    @fahb68 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi... You are awesome... thanks

  • @awesomewater6786
    @awesomewater6786 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks for posting .... I’m scanning my kitchen looking at tins and needles and such in a whole new way ...
    is it possible to charge a capacitor bank and then further amplify the charge ...I’m thinking of something like a small Tesla tower speaker ... they are static rf so it’s just voltage Could it be set up to build and store static charge ? ... or maybe to pump water on such a small model ... such as a small indoor fountain ...or if its under load does it stop motoring ...
    maybe several Stirling motors would be required ?
    Or am I just dreaming ?
    Anyway brilliant stuff ... I love the idea of scaling it up a little ...
    I believe Stirling motors were manufactured and used in USA military vehicles back in the 50 ‘s
    Apparently really efficient and only one spark plug was required ... if they used them then ...then why not today ?

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      You won't be able to power anything with a simple engine like this fueled only by hot water.

    • @awesomewater6786
      @awesomewater6786 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks for getting back so quick ....it’s all very intriguing.... I know a guy made a boat motor on the Stirling design on TH-cam and motor makers in the USA had a few they trialed for 3 years ... I think they were airport support ancillary vehicles ... also on TH-cam ...I guess you may already have seen them ...
      not teaching granny to suck eggs just really inspired to learn more about it ....Thankyou I’ll be aching our other builds with interest ... have a good one and god bless you and yours :)

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      You need a proper engineered engine to do anything useful. Check my Essex and Stove fan designs.

  • @JimmysTractor
    @JimmysTractor 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Something is wrong with your outlets and you should seal between the counter and tile. I love the music made by a stepper at 40mm/s on a large circle

  • @3DPrintedEngineer
    @3DPrintedEngineer ปีที่แล้ว

    Does the fit between the connecting rod, and the pencil HAVE to air tight?

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Yes it is important to be as airtight as possible but also be low resistance.

  • @luispacificotittarelli5088
    @luispacificotittarelli5088 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great!!!!!!!!

  • @Vei2aC
    @Vei2aC 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    pound land epoxy huh, that stuff is pritty good for a quid aye mate.

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Dries clear too.

    • @Vei2aC
      @Vei2aC 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      yeah thats also what i liked about it, i made a prototype secret wood ring from that same epoxy, good ol pound land =D, and it remindes me of good old ground force when i see Tommy Walsh on the packet haha =].

  • @mrpiotr231
    @mrpiotr231 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Hello, what drill press do you have? It not wobbling much, thank you.

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Brand is Naerok, it's about 35 years old.

    • @pinkponyofprey1965
      @pinkponyofprey1965 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      From the days when stuff was built to work and to last ... and to being repairable :)

    • @thekaduu
      @thekaduu 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      Well, you have 3 options:
      1) Quit bitching and get an Engineering degree. Then design one better than the ones you are referring to.
      2) "pony" up the money and buy a decent quailty made one... I have seen so many people (you may or may not be one of them does not change the fact) that rave about US\UK\CA\DE made stuff while trying to lower-bid on the cheap CN shit on ebay on another tab on the browser.
      3) Unplug your keyboard or disbale the touch screen.
      Which one is it gonna be?

  • @samuelebaiano6505
    @samuelebaiano6505 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Perfect. I have a 3D printer, you the project for me. Very nice, i'll do it

  • @apiaristicone9585
    @apiaristicone9585 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    ...ive been making Chelsea Buns (the non pretentious type); will call next week sometime if possible 8) You and Mrs MB can enjoy some.

  • @Venugopal-tk7hb
    @Venugopal-tk7hb 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Neodymium magnet working

  • @MrMegaPussyPlayer
    @MrMegaPussyPlayer 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    1:27 ... a 3D printer ... which I don't have ... though I will do this project if I ever get one

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      I have another version of this engine made from household materials th-cam.com/video/5_50RuMcc28/w-d-xo.html

  • @harryadams8203
    @harryadams8203 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    27mm measured at the edge or the center?

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      27 mm inside height of cylinder.

  • @BITTYBOY121
    @BITTYBOY121 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Very cleaver! A big thumbs up! (615)

  • @JG-mp5nb
    @JG-mp5nb ปีที่แล้ว

    The future powered by “Swirled Peas!” BTW, couldn’t help but notice the index finger. After smacking mine I finally got a proper nail to grow back 2 years later. Patience.

  • @mariacristinamagtibay9918
    @mariacristinamagtibay9918 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    What is green energy?

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      The fuel for the engine is green peas, it's a joke!

  • @a41capt
    @a41capt ปีที่แล้ว

    As I’m in the US and those candy tins are mighty pricey (not to mention I’m a diabetic and can’t eat the candy!), I’ve decided to turn a couple .125” thick discs to replace the candy tin lids. Can someone give me the dimensions of the lid offset (Z axis) as it applies to depth into the displacer cylinder?
    Thanks in advance, using heavier stock so I won’t need a stiffener, but setting the depth for the head and base interior will be important.

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Make the distance between the plates 28mm inside.

    • @a41capt
      @a41capt ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you so much for the help. I’m an avid follower on all your work and enjoy every bit of it! My own foray into LTD engines involved a glass power cylinder with graphite piston. It worked quite well, but I really wanted to try out my new 3d printer.

  • @MrBobWareham
    @MrBobWareham ปีที่แล้ว

    That's a bad spread for your hart much better to use butter your hart will love you as I found out the hard way, but loved the video, If I had a 3d printer I would make one. Thanks Bob in the UK

  • @Vatsek
    @Vatsek 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Nice idea. Your wife allows you to do all that stuff.

  • @jamescooke3763
    @jamescooke3763 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Watched this from start to finish and I don't have a 3d printer

  • @mathemat1x
    @mathemat1x 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    please give your cactus more light

  • @SangGenerasiMuda
    @SangGenerasiMuda 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    like this

  • @fahb68
    @fahb68 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    It is PLA...?

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  6 ปีที่แล้ว

      Fernando Hernandez Bolio yes it is

  • @kraizeg
    @kraizeg 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    mind your finger, ouch. kind regards

  • @saltyexxer8253
    @saltyexxer8253 21 วันที่ผ่านมา

    It seems like almost the whole thing could be printed.

  • @samuelebaiano6505
    @samuelebaiano6505 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I'm trying but nothing, it do not work. If someone can help me i will be grateful

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Check this video, it's for another of my engines but the details are the same.th-cam.com/video/HDrO9_zy_4k/w-d-xo.html

    • @samuelebaiano6505
      @samuelebaiano6505 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@myfordboy i can't see it... Cause is private video... 😅

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Should be OK now.

    • @samuelebaiano6505
      @samuelebaiano6505 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@myfordboy yes, tnx very much. Meanwhile i think i found the problem: the needle i used is too big, his hole too. I can hear a lot of pressure coming out, this permit to drive the engine manually (moving the displacer manually), but it don't manage to une that itself. Now i'm planning to use 24 Gauge wire (that i use in my E-cig), and a lighter's valve, that have a very small hole, even smaller than a needle 👍🏼

    • @samuelebaiano6505
      @samuelebaiano6505 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@myfordboy i saw the video, all the other paramethers are correct. My flywheel run freerly for about 35-40 seconds, the membrane is very "losing", the 90° displacement are respected. All what i need is to make that hole (the one for the needle) smaller, to make it less air loosing. Thanks you for the video, it helps me a lot 👍🏼👍🏼

  • @darkwatersband
    @darkwatersband 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    what is the output power in horses

    • @myfordboy
      @myfordboy  6 ปีที่แล้ว

      Kerbal Zone 3.2HP

    • @darkwatersband
      @darkwatersband 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      nice now you have e to supercharge it

  • @consaka1
    @consaka1 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Oh man that polystyrene should have been cut with a laser. :) Just fit it to the 3d printer.

  • @QW-yz6pg
    @QW-yz6pg 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    ေကာင္း

  • @siernandesrocha32
    @siernandesrocha32 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    SHOW

  • @suhasn4455
    @suhasn4455 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    It's fake

  • @DukeOfMarshall
    @DukeOfMarshall 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Why is there never any vocal explanation or talking in any of his videos? I've watched many of his videos, especially the metal casting ones, and some of them seem as though there could be some great information in them, but they always fall dull because there's no explanation. Yes, text, but that doesn't even come close to cutting it. Not the way that a voice would. I mean, is he mute? Is his voice something that he's self conscious about?

    • @BeachsideHank
      @BeachsideHank 6 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      I watch Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian machinist videos quite often and not knowing the what they are saying or attempting does not lessen the enjoyment, for when the language of the craftsman speaks for itself, no narration or translation needed.

    • @infoanorexic
      @infoanorexic 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Some learn quite well by observation. There are also those like me, when I try to explain something to the camera it will make perfect sense in my own head when I do so, but the result in the video is horrid.

    • @DukeOfMarshall
      @DukeOfMarshall 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      And all that may be fine for some people. If there's audio you can always turn off the sound, but there is great value in vocal narration. There is what TO do, what NOT to do, why you should or shouldn't do something, what the builder/narrator learned while developing or creating the project, what to look out for, points to consider for troubleshooting, etc, etc. It's not a hard thing to just speak. We know his camera can pick up audio, so barring a physical limitation that doesn't allow him to speak, what good reason is there for not explaining stuff? I certainly can't think of one. And I don't think I've ever even seen him engage in the comments either. Granted, I haven't really dug through the comments on his videos so I might have missed that. There's a reason that teachers in shop class, math class, chemistry class, etc, etc actually speak. It's because just watching may give you 10 - 20% of the information on what you need to know, but speaking and explaining gives you a fuller experience and more information. Even nature documentaries on tv narrate. It's not that hard and I really can't think of a good excuse not to.

    • @SimParadox
      @SimParadox 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      DukeOfMarshall It could be that he has a speech impediment, or doesn't like the sound of his own voice, or finds that limiting his communication to written form helps make him concise. Or... Maybe he just doesn't want to speak. Personally I like his style of video.

    • @DukeOfMarshall
      @DukeOfMarshall 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      SimParadox And that brings us back to the original question, "why"?