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You are one of the best ones out there . I am in class 9 and i love ypur explanations . Please try one on some things like quantum string theory or forces of nature or something new in chemistry or physics
One of the common themes I like most in many of your videos is that you make the insights of Feynman in his lectures clear and accessible to a modern audience. Great work !
This is one of the best science communication channels out there. The science is rigorous and grounded, and it’s explained in an intuitive way without confusing the audience with fancy jargon. Every time I watch a video, I come away with a deeper understanding, and the sheer passion with which he talks about these concepts is contagious. Please don’t ever stop making videos!!!
"when you learn something new, try to critique it, try to break it, and see what your logical flaw is, because that's how you deepen your understanding" is one of the most powerful phrases i've ever heard out of an educator. Beautifully said, Mahesh!
Oh boy please never stop posting these informational videos that often our teachers just let go under the rug. They just want us to memorize and here you are, the Messiah, reviving my curiosity 😂. Thank you very much. I just came across this entropy thing in thermodynamics and well I can solve questions but I understand nothing about it. I am very confident now I will know after seeing your video. Thanks again
I thought I understood things. Watching your videos has helped me understand that I did, but not at the level that I thought I did. This has really helped me have some "ah, that is the part that I was missing!" moments, and I adore that. Great stuff, and I love your energy. I wish you much success.
Damn dude. I have struggled for so long with trying to have a more intuitive understanding of what is really being described by the term entropy. I have read books and watched countless videos on it. I have sat around thinking about it for hours. And here you made it so simple and so intuitive and did it in such a short amount of time. I could literally feel the lightbulb go off in my head. It's like a burden has been lifted...lol. You have a real gift. Thank you!
Bro, explain pauli exclusion principle next... Why bosons are symmetric and stay together and why electrons are asymmetric and can't occupy same quantum state.
As an electrophysiologist interested in biophysics, I've always found the diffusion phenomenon fascinating. I love how Schrödinger put it in his book "What is life" : "Imagine a vessel filled with a fluid, say water, with a small amount of some coloured substance dissolved in it, say potassium permanganate, not in uniform concentration, but rather as in Fig. 4, where the dots indicate the molecules of the dissolved substance (permanganate) and the concentration diminishes from left to right. If you leave this system alone a very slow process of 'diffusion' sets in, the permanganate spreading in the direction from left to right, that is, from the places of higher concentration towards the places of lower concentration, until it is equally distributed through the water. The remarkable thing about this rather simple and apparently not particularly interesting process is that it is in no way due, as one might think, to any tendency or force driving the permanganate molecules away from the crowded region to the less crowded one, like the population of a country spreading to those parts where there is more elbow-room. Nothing of the sort happens with our permanganate molecules. Everyone of them behaves quite independently of all the others, which it very seldom meets. Everyone of them, whether in a crowded region or in an empty one, suffers the same fate of being continually knocked about by the impacts of the water molecules and thereby gradually moving on in an unpredictable direction - sometimes towards the higher, sometimes towards the lower, concentrations, sometimes obliquely. The kind of motion it performs has often been compared with that of a blindfolded person on a large surface imbued with a certain desire of 'walking', but without any preference for any particular direction, and so changing his line continuously. That this random walk of the permanganate molecules, the same for all of them, should yet produce a regular flow towards the smaller concentration and ultimately make for uniformity of distribution, is at first sight perplexing - but only at first sight. If you contemplate in Fig. 4 thin slices of approximately constant concentration, the permanganate molecules which in a given moment are contained in a particular slice will, by their random walk, it is true, be carried with equal probability to the right or to the left. But precisely in consequence of this, a plane separating two neighbouring slices will be crossed by more molecules coming from the left than in the opposite direction, simply because to the left there are more molecules engaged in random walk than there are to the right. And as long as that is so the balance will show up as a regular flow from left to right, until a uniform distribution is reached." Just beautiful. Thanks for all of your work Mahesh!
please sir, bhaiya, anna , please never stop making these kind of videos, its insipiring and very informative for students those who are passionate about science(physics and chem mainly)
Hi, I had several questions 18:37 Q1 Why does the gas heat up? What phenomenon causes the gas to heat up when compressed? 22:01 Q2 What if the demon forgets all the information? Does it mean entropy decreased? Q3 When you stretch a rubber band it heats up slightly They say it's coz the molecules become less chaotic and become straight and arranged. And as entropy cant decrease it heats up But i can't understand why would a molecule decide to heat up... I mean it doesn't have a conscience to follow the laws of physics...
Q1: The piston applies a force to the gas before stopping. When the piston stops, what happens to the work done (i.e the energy) by the piston? Work is done on the molecules, which becomes kinetic energy. And while this kinetic energy can be distributed in many different ways (hence high entropy), the gas as a whole has a higher average kinetic energy. Temperature is a macro property that corresponds to the the average kinetic energy. So if there is a higher average kinetic energy, then temperature will increase. Q2: If the demon forgets then there is some outside process that flips the 1s into 0s such that the number of microstates reduce. We end up having a similar to the fridge, where you have to consider the entire system. If the demon is a computer system for example, then forgetting might be due to cosmic rays hitting the brain, or energy leakage as heat into the surrounding, or physical damage to the brain. In all these cases, the entropy increases, since demon + box of molecules + forgetting process will have more microstates after the demon forgets than before the demon forgets. Q3: This is similar to Q1. When gou stretch a rubber band, it gets thinner, and molecules get aligned into an "ordered" structure. "Ordered" is in quotes because like what the video said, being in a nicely arranged microstate isnt more likely than a disordered microstate. What matters is the number of microstates available. Now your hands also apply work to pull the rubber band apart. Where does the energy from your pulling go to? Here it becomes kinetic energy in molecules to align the molecules and make then vibrate more. (Imagine pulling a slack rope tight and how it starts to vibrate like a guitar string when you do) And since temperature is the average kinetic energy, the rubber band heats up.
1) considering an adiabatic system. no heat exchanged) during compression, work is done on the gas, the energy is absorbed by the gas particles, dW=dU in dt time interval energy absorbed "dU" = nCvdT is >0 hence dT>0 hence temp increases. 2)the information while going into the demons brain was increasing entropy, forgetting the information is another task 3) nature decided what happens, we can only accept and study it
@@nukeeverything1802 what happens if all available microstates in maxwells demons memory are 1 then it has low entropy cause there is only one state possible?
M. Sc. of chemistry here: A lecture in statistical thermodynamics opened my eyes as well. I highly recommend it and it gives a really good understanding! And btw: It's more mathematics and maybe a little bit physics than chemistry! 😂
I love your videos. Takes topics that we’ve all heard of, huge things, and breaks them down into understandable bites until we can digest all of it. Bravo my man
A huge huge yes Mahesh sir!!!!! ✨✨✨🔥 We would love to see more of your videos on such topics. Entropy with Black Holes and Holographic principle sound awesome. The internet is full of videos that either just talk speculatively or dive deep into the maths. But we miss the intuition! It would be heartwarming and enlightening to have a delicacy (as always), from you on the topics.....❤
I just want to say how thankful I am and how much I look forward to each new video! "Does the intense gravity inside a black hole keep everything highly ordered, making the interior a "0" - entropy system?" "If nothing, not even light, can escape from a black hole, how is it possible for black holes to emit any kind of radiation? Where does Hawking radiation come from if energy can’t escape from inside the event horizon?"
Please make more videos about entropy this is very interesting and transcendental. I think entropy does not necessarily generate life because as low entropy gets transformed into high entropy, it could result in a macro state that cannot support life. For example a planet really close to its star will get tons of low entropy which will get transformed into heat. However a planet at a temperature of thousands of Celsius will not generate life.
In order to use arrangements probabilities, the positions must be independent from each other. But this not the case here 12:55 because atoms collide with each other so they are not interindependant. So the probability is not 0.02% (0.18/850) but actually lower because collisions maximizes the distance between atoms. (Hence low temperature creates solids)
The notification made me so excited!! I was studying about this recently and yes understood more than I did before but obviously lesser than I should....and wondered if you've made a video on this!! Now I'll save this for tomorrow morning to start off the day the right way but even before watching the video I know this is greatand & rare high quality physics content so massive. THANK YOU!!
I also made the mistake of thinking it was a measurement of order and disorder because the most classic examples are the tidy room and the sand castle. After this video I finally grasped what entropy truly is. And for that I thank you!
Wow, halfway through I thought, “Okay cool, I think I have a good understanding.” And then the entire second half of the video was even more mind blowing! So informative, all the way to the end. I love your way of explaining, and the way you talk to yourself as if you’re others: “First, Feynman says, ‘Calm down Mohesh’.” 😂
Phenomenal explanation, Mahesh. One error in the advertisement for Ground News, though. The articles about the hospitalized astronaut are not about Sunita Williams. She is *still* stuck in space -- and her health is at risk. But the articles about hospitalized astronauts are about another, unnamed astronaut who were taken to hospital after landing.
Thank you Mahesh for your videos. I really enjoy your enthusiasm and excitement when you are breaking down complex concepts with intuitive examples. In this video, I want to point out a counter argument to your idea that information increases entropy, which you mentioned on 21:30 Your argument is that when there is no information, then everything is 0, which only has one possible configuration, and when there is information, then the combinations are 2^bits (in a binary storage for example). But I think it's actually the opposite. When no information is stored, the data is not 0, it's undefined, in which case any value can exist, making the combinations = 2^(capacity in bits). But when information is recorded, it is forced into a specific configuration. For example, if we're storing the position and velocity of individual particles, there is only one combination that is correct. So recording data _reduces_ entropy in the harddrive. This explains why over time data in physical devices starts to corrupt. The number of combinations starts to naturally increase, corrupting the original precise recorded data. So while I don't disagree that Maxwell's Demon does not decrease entropy, it doesn't make sense in the way you explained it. It cannot happen because it's recording data.
Please make a video on holographic principle. I saw a video of Leonard Susskind giving lecture on it and it was very intriguing and my curiosity about this topic increased. So please do it if you can❤
You are one of the best educational channels on this platform. Your enthusiasm and ability to explain complicated (for me) ideas in an understandable way is greatly appreciated. Hopefully your channel will continue to grow.
15:00 The more you study this science, the more your mind is blown! Mahesh understands this. It blows his mind. He shares his fascination with us! (Smiling).
An incredulous explaination of something that made no sense to me last year when i was studying my fsc physics book....I've watched almost all of ur videos sir and ur videos helped me alot to fully understand what i studied last year....keep up the good work please.... But i do have a question regarding what you discussed in this video and that would be.. "Why do living beings(humans,plants,animals etc) want a low entropy state?" Do they need it to lower their temperature to optimum temp bcz otherwise the sun will burn us if it constantly shines at us?
I was explaining entropy to wife with the "gas in room corner spreading out", "coffee", "laundry" examples, and that it is a just result/fact of statistics.. well your video came just in time, and the probabilities being demonstrated out is very helpful.. thanks for your service to humanity bruh
What a fantastic video - I really enjoyed it. Plus it beautifully complements one I saw by Veritasium a while back to build on my understanding of entropy and the AoT.
Entropy increases overall as a consequence of our expanding observable universe. Statistically as time elapses probabilities increase of where energy can disperse as more space becomes available.
The trouble of your argument is that while the Universe expands globally, it doesn't expand locally, like in galaxies and stellar systems (like ours). So why do we still have Entropy locally? ;)
@@blueckaym the universe is expanding everywhere. Just because places with high energy negate the effect of that expansion doesn’t mean it’s not there.
@@binbots , actually that's a speculation! We don't actually know why and how it expands. What we DO know is that we don't observe the expansion in the clumped areas like galaxies. It's not clear if it happens everywhere but local forces of attraction overcome it, or if it happens outside of galaxies.
One of the problems seems to be, that what we call "ordered" is most often made up in our brain. We mean with order: A simple pattern which is easy and fast to recognize. Take your example with the rooms. What is the difference. We consider the room at the left ordered because the pattern is eg. "all the books are in the bookshelf", while in the image on the right everything is distributed throughout the floor, we cannot see a pattern in the items. But eg. arrange those books in a checkerboard pattern, somehow your brain identifies this as ordered. What is interesting is, that in the milk example you reverse that feeling of "ordered". You consider the evenly distributed milk as more ordered, then the milk piling up in one corner. To me it seems that the simplest pattern possible would be the evenly distribution. In the example of the room we refuse to call that more ordered because the items are too large and too random as to be almost indistinguishable to each other and that is why we do not accept that pattern as applicable. (Randomness is another of those concepts which are much more complicated then one might think)
What about when a measurement occurs? The probability wave collapses to a very localized spot. Isn’t that a less likely microstate of position? I have no idea
@@austinlincoln3414 I think when you make a measurement, the quantum particle's wave function collapses resulting in low microstate but since the detector is involved, we need to consider the particle and the detector as closed system. When we do that we observe that the photon from the detector now has more kinetic energy than before. The quantum particle may go to low microstate but the photon gains more microstates which increases the overall system's entropy
I searched your whole channel for this video of entropy 1 week ago cuz I didn't find intuition and rational explanation of this topic. But I knew Mahesh Shenoy is only one guy who really feels and understands physics with logic Thanks Dear Yara
Great video. I feel I understand entropy much more now. Thinking back to the question of the balls thrown into the box, I started asking myself if there's another reason to say the box on the right is more likely. I'm sure they are not a novel idea, but these are what I came up with. Our assumptions about how the balls were put into place affect our logic. We would assume you flung them with no intent of where they land. But what if you've practiced for years and have immaculate aim. The second would be unlikely. We would assume the box is level enough to keep the balls from gathering. We would assume the balls aren't magnetized. Also, our interpretation of the question affects our logic. Because I knew this video was about entropy, I answered correctly, but had I interpreted it in a less academic setting, I might answer based on average distance between the balls or some other aspect.
Fantastic explanation. Even I understand it. I think. Anyway, life might belong to the things called a 'dissipative system'. Ilya Prigogine received a Nobel Prize for work on these.
Love love love your explanations / discussions. And the way you 'interview' the great scientists to explain. I too was 'gobsmacked' when I figured out that 'life' in its various forms are bascially coming into existance along 'entropy' gradients. Either as low entropy light from the sun is converted to higher-entropy 'light' in the form of infrared radiation (plant life that developed photosynthesis) or other chemical reactions (geo-thermal 'worms' at mid-ocean vents). I think anywhere you have such 'gradients', there is the chance for a 'life process' to develop.
But i didnt understood why oil is not mixing with water??? Please clear my doubt and please please make more videos like this, your way of thinking is most extraordinary ❤❤❤ your my favourite teacher❤
I’m not a physicist or a chemist, but I believe the scenario you are describing is more complex than the examples in the video. One of the assumptions being made in his examples is that the gas or liquid molecules don’t really interact with each other except for taking up physical space. Oil and water molecules, however, repel each other, so they tend to line up in a way that minimizes the surface area of contact between the two. Once they are in a state where they are separate, it takes a lot of kinetic energy for, say, a water molecule to force its way past the natural repulsion of the oil molecules. This, I think, would be a less likely arrangement of the kinetic energy in the system. In other words, there are lot more micro states where the kinetic energy is insufficient and the molecules stay separated.
Quick update: I ran this by ChatGPT and its opinion was that it was more to do with water liking to connect with itself via hydrogen bonds. Which is why I suspect we would get a better explanation from an actual chemist.
Just looking at the first example with coffee and cream (I haven't even watched the rest of the video yet), this is the difference between entropy of a system and the Kolmogorov complexity of the large-scale features of that system. Essentially, the features of the half-mixed coffee-and-cream that are large enough for us to see are complicated and difficult to describe, while the homogeneous mixture is very easy to describe on our scale. But trying to describe the *exact* state of the system, the position of each molecule of fat and caffeine and water and sugar is easier in the half-mixed case. And it is this more small-scale Kolmogorov complexity that's more closely tied to entropy. (Kolmogorov complexity is basically "How many words do you need to describe the thing?" For the macroscopic state of the fully mixed coffee, that basically amounts to listing a few concentrations and a temperature, so relatively low complexity. For the half-mixed, you have to describe the shape of the main boundary between cream and coffee, and you probably have to describe regions of different mixing ratios. All in all a much longer description is needed.)
Mahesh, some further points about Entropy to consider: 1. Is a Microstate merely positional? Presumably not if Temperature increases number of Microstates. Momentum values now separate microstates also. 2. Classically we can measure (position) to arbitrary accuracy. So again what is a Microstate? Presumably a range of numbers/positions per microstate. So what is the physical significance of these regions, if any? Do they depend on the measuring apparatus, for example? It has been argued that classical physics never resolved these issues, but that the Planck volumes fixed this. 3. Also why does the Maxwell Demon brain get filled up with all that data? Once it has done a sorting task, cannot it just forget the data and move onto the next molecule? I think that the answer to this is that deleting data generates Entropy, but this could be explained further.
I remeber learning probability and statistics at school and being like "Not only do I not like this, I don't need it" Boy was I wrong lmao. Great video!
According to Boltzmann the expression of entropy is: S = k * ln(W) where k is the Boltzmann constant and W the probability of the actual state among all possible states of the given system. So it's about probability, not disorder
These videos are just amazing, been watching you from last 3 years on khan academy and discovered this channel last year only, i feel bad when i see videos getting lesser views and i feel like if you'll just stop posting if this continues, but still I'll keep watching your videos and keep supporting you, man you have really changed my understanding about science, hats off to you
@@Mahesh_Shenoy it just looks like some random picture of ginger and desert 😆 I may be the only one who find the thumbnail a bit absurd I know you have some solid thought behind that thumbnail so don't get me wrong 😊🥰
@@Mahesh_Shenoy and also thank you for making me to look every topic with new perception and I have discovered your channel through khan academy videos and I was wondering who is this teacher who is explainig such confusing topics in simple and visually appealing animation. Once again thank you very much for sparking my curosity and keep me learning❤❤
The best way to think about animal entropy is with the cell. There's an imbalance of charged ions (negative vs positive) between the outside and inside of the cell (maintained by ion pumps). Death = balanced charge (neutral) aka nothing happens.
Great video! I think people just mix up past with future states when determining randomness (similar to Gambler's Fallacy). Entropy is about the changeability of an existing pattern, once the pattern is formed. Low entropy simply means "maximally likely to remain similar or same" (i.e., the pattern is maximally predictable, i.e., fewer possible outcomes are meaningfully likely), whereas high entropy means "maximally likely to vary/change" (i.e., turn into any future disordered or ordered pattern, such that any specific pattern is minimally likely). "Order" is just "stable patterns", whereas "disorder" is "unstable patterns", both of which are relative terms. But a pattern per se simply is itself, "neither ordered nor disordered".
Actually, the microstates has energy levels of different kinds. Such as translational, Rotational, vibrational levels etc. when the temperature of the system increases, the random KE of particles will go on to distribute in the different energy levels of the system. Meaning, some part of the KE will go into translational, others in rotational and vibrational. This energy distribution is what has Mahesh sir been talking about. Higher the temperature, the system will have higher no of energy levels accessible, which means higher microstates and higher entropy.
I think it would be interesting to consider what happens if the information in the brain is compressed, reducing redundancy while using fewer ones and zeros. The process would require more computation which uses energy and generates heat.
The notion that cleared up entropy for me was understanding the probability of states; that in the high entropy state of the coffee/cream mix there are almost an infinite number of ways those coffee molecules and cream molecules could be rearranged and still be in the same highly mixed and high entropy state. The low entropy unmixed state of the coffee/cream has far less ways that you can rearrange the molecules so that they remain in the same unmixed low entropy state. Oh, should’ve watched the whole video first.
I often start mixing up which "order" is supposed to be because often mixing things up well is the goal. I'll have to remember that (local?) differential is high order (low entropy). For me, medium scrambled eggs is the best egg-entropy. Writing these things in comments helps me organize my thoughts
@3:57 The issue with the particle in a box view is like the Zeno problem: Achilles cannot pass a turtle which is 10 meter in front of him. Zeno states that when Achilles has made the 10 meteres, the turtle is already one meter ahead. And when Achilles goes for the 1 meter, the turtle is 10 cm ahead, etc. The issue is that Zeno' ignored the speed of Achilles and the turtle. The same holds for the particles in a box. One forgets that the particles must obey the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution. There must be equal amount of particles moving to the right, left, top, bottom, front and back.Therefore it is impossible that all will be at one side of the box. Initially, one can place the particle at one side of the box, which mimics the situation of a crystal, but after agitation (heat input) the particles disperse and they never go back to the initial distribution without cooling, because of the constant velocity distribution.
4:00 Both are equally likely, it is just that there are far more states that look like the second one so we expect a state that looks like the second one. It's like a poker hand, a straight flush looks more orderly to us but is equally as likely as a 9c 2d 8d 4h 6c. Every specific hand is equally likely but there are far more specific hands that looks disorderly to us.
The chance of gas going back is also very low because of the driving force which is concentration difference at the two points. The diffusivity also comes into play because its not equal in both directions even if the two mediums are same. It depends on the nature of the two materials.
6:41 I would like to add one thing even though I think you are going to cover it later; the reason we have this intuition that ordered arrangement is rare is becuse in one way it is if you consider all the posible arragements of the marvel then out of all the arrangements very very few show some patterns to out human brain so geting it ordered is indeed rare; You might recognize this as heat flow; It is MUCH MUCH MUCH more likely for heat to flow from hotter to colder object then other wise but still a specific heat flow is as likely as any other
11:36 if the first one has one arrangement, then obviously you are considering all marbles to be equal. In that case the second and third will not have that many arrangements. If each marble is distinct then the first one will have much more arrangements. Correct me if wrong.
lol "channelling the high entropy energy is impossible". I didn't suspect this would come. a very nice video about entropy. i wish someone taught me this way in school. thanks a lot
Felt so much happy about learning entropy this way ❤ love the way you think about all things from the fundamantals how do you get these ideas it amazing 🎉
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You are one of the best ones out there . I am in class 9 and i love ypur explanations . Please try one on some things like quantum string theory or forces of nature or something new in chemistry or physics
7:21 isn't she still in space??
why is this showing 7days ago when the video is uploaded 1 hours ago
How about using oil and water mixture instead of coffee and milk?
How will we make sense of entropy here
One of the common themes I like most in many of your videos is that you make the insights of Feynman in his lectures clear and accessible to a modern audience. Great work !
This is one of the best science communication channels out there. The science is rigorous and grounded, and it’s explained in an intuitive way without confusing the audience with fancy jargon. Every time I watch a video, I come away with a deeper understanding, and the sheer passion with which he talks about these concepts is contagious. Please don’t ever stop making videos!!!
Yeah, the only request is to make videos for us🥹🥹.
"when you learn something new, try to critique it, try to break it, and see what your logical flaw is, because that's how you deepen your understanding" is one of the most powerful phrases i've ever heard out of an educator. Beautifully said, Mahesh!
Oh boy please never stop posting these informational videos that often our teachers just let go under the rug. They just want us to memorize and here you are, the Messiah, reviving my curiosity 😂. Thank you very much. I just came across this entropy thing in thermodynamics and well I can solve questions but I understand nothing about it. I am very confident now I will know after seeing your video. Thanks again
I thought I understood things. Watching your videos has helped me understand that I did, but not at the level that I thought I did. This has really helped me have some "ah, that is the part that I was missing!" moments, and I adore that. Great stuff, and I love your energy. I wish you much success.
Everyone has this " yeah I know this" phase
And soon it evolves into "I don't know a shit" phase
Damn dude. I have struggled for so long with trying to have a more intuitive understanding of what is really being described by the term entropy. I have read books and watched countless videos on it. I have sat around thinking about it for hours. And here you made it so simple and so intuitive and did it in such a short amount of time. I could literally feel the lightbulb go off in my head. It's like a burden has been lifted...lol. You have a real gift. Thank you!
You, Sir, just increased the entropy of my brain like crazy and that of everyone, collectively, exponentially.
Bro, explain pauli exclusion principle next... Why bosons are symmetric and stay together and why electrons are asymmetric and can't occupy same quantum state.
Yes please 😊
Yes, this is a base of quantum mechanics.
@@lalit-_- yeah
Yep
As an electrophysiologist interested in biophysics, I've always found the diffusion phenomenon fascinating. I love how Schrödinger put it in his book "What is life" :
"Imagine a vessel filled with a fluid, say water, with a small amount of some coloured substance dissolved in it, say potassium permanganate, not in uniform concentration, but rather as in Fig. 4, where the dots indicate the molecules of the dissolved substance (permanganate) and the concentration diminishes from left to right. If you leave this system alone a very slow process of 'diffusion' sets in, the permanganate spreading in the direction from left to right, that is, from the places of higher concentration towards the places of lower concentration, until it is equally distributed through the water.
The remarkable thing about this rather simple and apparently not particularly interesting process is that it is in no way due, as one might think, to any tendency or force driving the permanganate molecules away from the crowded region to the less crowded one, like the population of a country spreading to those parts where there is more elbow-room. Nothing of the sort happens with our permanganate molecules. Everyone of them behaves quite independently of all the others, which it
very seldom meets. Everyone of them, whether in a crowded region or in an empty one, suffers the same fate of being
continually knocked about by the impacts of the water molecules and thereby gradually moving on in an unpredictable direction - sometimes towards the higher, sometimes towards the lower, concentrations, sometimes obliquely. The kind of motion it performs has often been compared with that of a blindfolded person on a large surface imbued with a certain desire of 'walking', but without any preference for any particular direction, and so changing his line continuously. That this random walk of the permanganate molecules, the same for all of them, should yet produce a regular flow towards the smaller concentration and ultimately make for uniformity of distribution, is at first sight perplexing - but only at first sight. If you contemplate in Fig. 4 thin slices of approximately constant concentration, the permanganate molecules which in a given moment are contained in a
particular slice will, by their random walk, it is true, be carried with equal probability to the right or to the left. But precisely in consequence of this, a plane separating two neighbouring slices will be crossed by more molecules coming from the left than in the opposite direction, simply because to the left there are more molecules engaged in random walk than there are to the right. And as long as that is so the balance will show up as a regular flow from left to right, until a uniform distribution is reached."
Just beautiful.
Thanks for all of your work Mahesh!
This explains why I'm compelled to watch more physics videos, the more information in my head means higher entropy
Imagine struggling with entropy ,someone find your video. Highly relieved.❤
please sir, bhaiya, anna , please never stop making these kind of videos, its insipiring and very informative for students those who are passionate about science(physics and chem mainly)
I clicked faster than the speed of light
I was at speed of sound in solid medium
And thereafter collapsed into a black hole.
Me too
Doesn't seem like you've got infinite energy. Sorry I can't agree with you 🤣
Speed of light doesn't click
Hi, I had several questions
18:37 Q1 Why does the gas heat up? What phenomenon causes the gas to heat up when compressed?
22:01 Q2 What if the demon forgets all the information? Does it mean entropy decreased?
Q3 When you stretch a rubber band it heats up slightly
They say it's coz the molecules become less chaotic and become straight and arranged. And as entropy cant decrease it heats up
But i can't understand why would a molecule decide to heat up... I mean it doesn't have a conscience to follow the laws of physics...
Q1: The piston applies a force to the gas before stopping. When the piston stops, what happens to the work done (i.e the energy) by the piston?
Work is done on the molecules, which becomes kinetic energy. And while this kinetic energy can be distributed in many different ways (hence high entropy), the gas as a whole has a higher average kinetic energy.
Temperature is a macro property that corresponds to the the average kinetic energy. So if there is a higher average kinetic energy, then temperature will increase.
Q2: If the demon forgets then there is some outside process that flips the 1s into 0s such that the number of microstates reduce.
We end up having a similar to the fridge, where you have to consider the entire system. If the demon is a computer system for example, then forgetting might be due to cosmic rays hitting the brain, or energy leakage as heat into the surrounding, or physical damage to the brain. In all these cases, the entropy increases, since demon + box of molecules + forgetting process will have more microstates after the demon forgets than before the demon forgets.
Q3: This is similar to Q1. When gou stretch a rubber band, it gets thinner, and molecules get aligned into an "ordered" structure. "Ordered" is in quotes because like what the video said, being in a nicely arranged microstate isnt more likely than a disordered microstate. What matters is the number of microstates available.
Now your hands also apply work to pull the rubber band apart. Where does the energy from your pulling go to? Here it becomes kinetic energy in molecules to align the molecules and make then vibrate more. (Imagine pulling a slack rope tight and how it starts to vibrate like a guitar string when you do)
And since temperature is the average kinetic energy, the rubber band heats up.
1) considering an adiabatic system. no heat exchanged) during compression, work is done on the gas, the energy is absorbed by the gas particles, dW=dU in dt time interval energy absorbed "dU" = nCvdT is >0 hence dT>0 hence temp increases.
2)the information while going into the demons brain was increasing entropy, forgetting the information is another task
3) nature decided what happens, we can only accept and study it
@@nukeeverything1802 what happens if all available microstates in maxwells demons memory are 1 then it has low entropy cause there is only one state possible?
Sir, you are the best in explaining complicated subjects in a very easy and understandable way. Thank you 🙏
Please never stop posting such content. Love you for this ❤
Your enthusiasm is contagious. I have been grappling with the concept of entropy for quite a few years. This really helped!
M. Sc. of chemistry here: A lecture in statistical thermodynamics opened my eyes as well. I highly recommend it and it gives a really good understanding! And btw: It's more mathematics and maybe a little bit physics than chemistry! 😂
I love your videos. Takes topics that we’ve all heard of, huge things, and breaks them down into understandable bites until we can digest all of it. Bravo my man
A huge huge yes Mahesh sir!!!!! ✨✨✨🔥 We would love to see more of your videos on such topics. Entropy with Black Holes and Holographic principle sound awesome. The internet is full of videos that either just talk speculatively or dive deep into the maths.
But we miss the intuition! It would be heartwarming and enlightening to have a delicacy (as always), from you on the topics.....❤
I just want to say how thankful I am and how much I look forward to each new video!
"Does the intense gravity inside a black hole keep everything highly ordered, making the interior a "0" - entropy system?"
"If nothing, not even light, can escape from a black hole, how is it possible for black holes to emit any kind of radiation? Where does Hawking radiation come from if energy can’t escape from inside the event horizon?"
Please make more videos about entropy this is very interesting and transcendental.
I think entropy does not necessarily generate life because as low entropy gets transformed into high entropy, it could result in a macro state that cannot support life.
For example a planet really close to its star will get tons of low entropy which will get transformed into heat. However a planet at a temperature of thousands of Celsius will not generate life.
In order to use arrangements probabilities, the positions must be independent from each other. But this not the case here 12:55 because atoms collide with each other so they are not interindependant. So the probability is not 0.02% (0.18/850) but actually lower because collisions maximizes the distance between atoms. (Hence low temperature creates solids)
Hats off to Mahesh & R Feynman.
Indeed a great job. I wish I had a teacher like you in my school days.
I thought I knew everything about entropy(the definition) this completely changes everything thank you so much Mahesh Sir
Your videos are genuinely my favourite format for this kind of content. Also your t shirt is Fire!
The notification made me so excited!!
I was studying about this recently and yes understood more than I did before but obviously lesser than I should....and wondered if you've made a video on this!!
Now I'll save this for tomorrow morning to start off the day the right way but even before watching the video I know this is greatand & rare high quality physics content so massive.
THANK YOU!!
The best explanation i could ever get from any other sources. Keep it up bro.
I also made the mistake of thinking it was a measurement of order and disorder because the most classic examples are the tidy room and the sand castle. After this video I finally grasped what entropy truly is. And for that I thank you!
Wow, halfway through I thought, “Okay cool, I think I have a good understanding.” And then the entire second half of the video was even more mind blowing! So informative, all the way to the end. I love your way of explaining, and the way you talk to yourself as if you’re others: “First, Feynman says, ‘Calm down Mohesh’.” 😂
Phenomenal explanation, Mahesh. One error in the advertisement for Ground News, though. The articles about the hospitalized astronaut are not about Sunita Williams. She is *still* stuck in space -- and her health is at risk. But the articles about hospitalized astronauts are about another, unnamed astronaut who were taken to hospital after landing.
Thank you Mahesh for your videos. I really enjoy your enthusiasm and excitement when you are breaking down complex concepts with intuitive examples.
In this video, I want to point out a counter argument to your idea that information increases entropy, which you mentioned on 21:30
Your argument is that when there is no information, then everything is 0, which only has one possible configuration, and when there is information, then the combinations are 2^bits (in a binary storage for example). But I think it's actually the opposite. When no information is stored, the data is not 0, it's undefined, in which case any value can exist, making the combinations = 2^(capacity in bits). But when information is recorded, it is forced into a specific configuration. For example, if we're storing the position and velocity of individual particles, there is only one combination that is correct. So recording data _reduces_ entropy in the harddrive. This explains why over time data in physical devices starts to corrupt. The number of combinations starts to naturally increase, corrupting the original precise recorded data. So while I don't disagree that Maxwell's Demon does not decrease entropy, it doesn't make sense in the way you explained it. It cannot happen because it's recording data.
Please make a video on holographic principle. I saw a video of Leonard Susskind giving lecture on it and it was very intriguing and my curiosity about this topic increased. So please do it if you can❤
You are one of the best educational channels on this platform. Your enthusiasm and ability to explain complicated (for me) ideas in an understandable way is greatly appreciated. Hopefully your channel will continue to grow.
Hello sir. I was just thinking about entropy last day and here I am. 2 minutes into the video and I am already in!
15:00 The more you study this science, the more your mind is blown! Mahesh understands this. It blows his mind. He shares his fascination with us! (Smiling).
Always happy to see a video that will change my way of thinking about physics, thank you Mahesh
Maesh deserves the Nobel prize for Education and it's a shame there isn't one . Congratulations
An incredulous explaination of something that made no sense to me last year when i was studying my fsc physics book....I've watched almost all of ur videos sir and ur videos helped me alot to fully understand what i studied last year....keep up the good work please....
But i do have a question regarding what you discussed in this video and that would be..
"Why do living beings(humans,plants,animals etc) want a low entropy state?"
Do they need it to lower their temperature to optimum temp bcz otherwise the sun will burn us if it constantly shines at us?
So the universe started with a low entropy- the Big Bang and the chances of a Big Crunch are negligible then! Great brainstorming, Mahesh👍
I was explaining entropy to wife with the "gas in room corner spreading out", "coffee", "laundry" examples, and that it is a just result/fact of statistics.. well your video came just in time, and the probabilities being demonstrated out is very helpful.. thanks for your service to humanity bruh
Right when I was struggling to grasp entropy in my thermodynamics class! Thank you, Mahesh!!
What a fantastic video - I really enjoyed it. Plus it beautifully complements one I saw by Veritasium a while back to build on my understanding of entropy and the AoT.
Entropy increases overall as a consequence of our expanding observable universe. Statistically as time elapses probabilities increase of where energy can disperse as more space becomes available.
As Pauli said: "Not even wrong"
The trouble of your argument is that while the Universe expands globally, it doesn't expand locally, like in galaxies and stellar systems (like ours). So why do we still have Entropy locally? ;)
@@sensorer , no he is actually wrong :)
@@blueckaym the universe is expanding everywhere. Just because places with high energy negate the effect of that expansion doesn’t mean it’s not there.
@@binbots , actually that's a speculation! We don't actually know why and how it expands.
What we DO know is that we don't observe the expansion in the clumped areas like galaxies. It's not clear if it happens everywhere but local forces of attraction overcome it, or if it happens outside of galaxies.
just want to say i really appreciate this style of clickbait title, not least because the videos do actually frame the info as "look what i learned!"
Drinking the coffee I just made and walking while watching this outstanding lecture. There is no better way to begin my day! Activated mind and body!
One of the problems seems to be, that what we call "ordered" is most often made up in our brain. We mean with order: A simple pattern which is easy and fast to recognize.
Take your example with the rooms. What is the difference.
We consider the room at the left ordered because the pattern is eg. "all the books are in the bookshelf", while in the image on the right everything is distributed throughout the floor, we cannot see a pattern in the items. But eg. arrange those books in a checkerboard pattern, somehow your brain identifies this as ordered.
What is interesting is, that in the milk example you reverse that feeling of "ordered". You consider the evenly distributed milk as more ordered, then the milk piling up in one corner. To me it seems that the simplest pattern possible would be the evenly distribution. In the example of the room we refuse to call that more ordered because the items are too large and too random as to be almost indistinguishable to each other and that is why we do not accept that pattern as applicable.
(Randomness is another of those concepts which are much more complicated then one might think)
Thank you for your interesting thoughts
"Probablity" is so much more efficient and fun to say lol, great video as always!
Even at the quantum scale, entropy is increasing since a particle is spread out with more or less probabilities
What about when a measurement occurs? The probability wave collapses to a very localized spot. Isn’t that a less likely microstate of position? I have no idea
@@austinlincoln3414 I think when you make a measurement, the quantum particle's wave function collapses resulting in low microstate but since the detector is involved, we need to consider the particle and the detector as closed system. When we do that we observe that the photon from the detector now has more kinetic energy than before. The quantum particle may go to low microstate but the photon gains more microstates which increases the overall system's entropy
it blew my mind , amazing, im grateful that i have an internet connection, thanks for this amazing content.
Sir please make video on how schrodinger equation actually gives information about particle in deep way ❤
I searched your whole channel for this video of entropy 1 week ago cuz I didn't find intuition and rational explanation of this topic.
But I knew Mahesh Shenoy is only one guy who really feels and understands physics with logic
Thanks Dear Yara
Great video. I feel I understand entropy much more now.
Thinking back to the question of the balls thrown into the box, I started asking myself if there's another reason to say the box on the right is more likely. I'm sure they are not a novel idea, but these are what I came up with.
Our assumptions about how the balls were put into place affect our logic.
We would assume you flung them with no intent of where they land. But what if you've practiced for years and have immaculate aim. The second would be unlikely.
We would assume the box is level enough to keep the balls from gathering.
We would assume the balls aren't magnetized.
Also, our interpretation of the question affects our logic.
Because I knew this video was about entropy, I answered correctly, but had I interpreted it in a less academic setting, I might answer based on average distance between the balls or some other aspect.
can you by chance make like a mini-quiz for ur videos to check how much of the information we remembered ? Love your videos!
Fantastic explanation. Even I understand it. I think. Anyway, life might belong to the things called a 'dissipative system'. Ilya Prigogine received a Nobel Prize for work on these.
Pleeeeease increase my brain's entropy and do more videos about all the entropy stuff! 🙏
Nice video, brought back happy memories from the Fenyman Lectures.
Feynman's ratchet and pawl story was what made me really understand thermodynamics.
Love love love your explanations / discussions. And the way you 'interview' the great scientists to explain.
I too was 'gobsmacked' when I figured out that 'life' in its various forms are bascially coming into existance along 'entropy' gradients. Either as low entropy light from the sun is converted to higher-entropy 'light' in the form of infrared radiation (plant life that developed photosynthesis) or other chemical reactions (geo-thermal 'worms' at mid-ocean vents).
I think anywhere you have such 'gradients', there is the chance for a 'life process' to develop.
But i didnt understood why oil is not mixing with water??? Please clear my doubt and please please make more videos like this, your way of thinking is most extraordinary ❤❤❤ your my favourite teacher❤
I’m not a physicist or a chemist, but I believe the scenario you are describing is more complex than the examples in the video. One of the assumptions being made in his examples is that the gas or liquid molecules don’t really interact with each other except for taking up physical space. Oil and water molecules, however, repel each other, so they tend to line up in a way that minimizes the surface area of contact between the two. Once they are in a state where they are separate, it takes a lot of kinetic energy for, say, a water molecule to force its way past the natural repulsion of the oil molecules. This, I think, would be a less likely arrangement of the kinetic energy in the system. In other words, there are lot more micro states where the kinetic energy is insufficient and the molecules stay separated.
Quick update: I ran this by ChatGPT and its opinion was that it was more to do with water liking to connect with itself via hydrogen bonds. Which is why I suspect we would get a better explanation from an actual chemist.
bruh these Feynman's lectures seems goated !
Just looking at the first example with coffee and cream (I haven't even watched the rest of the video yet), this is the difference between entropy of a system and the Kolmogorov complexity of the large-scale features of that system. Essentially, the features of the half-mixed coffee-and-cream that are large enough for us to see are complicated and difficult to describe, while the homogeneous mixture is very easy to describe on our scale.
But trying to describe the *exact* state of the system, the position of each molecule of fat and caffeine and water and sugar is easier in the half-mixed case. And it is this more small-scale Kolmogorov complexity that's more closely tied to entropy.
(Kolmogorov complexity is basically "How many words do you need to describe the thing?" For the macroscopic state of the fully mixed coffee, that basically amounts to listing a few concentrations and a temperature, so relatively low complexity. For the half-mixed, you have to describe the shape of the main boundary between cream and coffee, and you probably have to describe regions of different mixing ratios. All in all a much longer description is needed.)
7:01 smooth transition 😮💨
I can see a clear difference bw doing a statistical mechanics course for a whole semester and watching your videos 🤯❤waiting for the fermi paradox!!
Master Class! Finally, I understand entropy much better now. Thank you!
I have tears in my eyes and smile in my face when I finished this, extraordinary sir ❤
Wow I just love watching your video, as you show so much love to physics and explain it in an instinctive way.
Mahesh, some further points about Entropy to consider:
1. Is a Microstate merely positional? Presumably not if Temperature increases number of Microstates. Momentum values now separate microstates also.
2. Classically we can measure (position) to arbitrary accuracy. So again what is a Microstate?
Presumably a range of numbers/positions per microstate. So what is the physical significance of these regions, if any? Do they depend on the measuring apparatus, for example?
It has been argued that classical physics never resolved these issues, but that the Planck volumes fixed this.
3. Also why does the Maxwell Demon brain get filled up with all that data? Once it has done a sorting task, cannot it just forget the data and move onto the next molecule? I think that the answer to this is that deleting data generates Entropy, but this could be explained further.
Interesting questions
You are a fabulous educator. Please don't stop
Smoothest transition to the ad that I've seen in a long time
I remeber learning probability and statistics at school and being like "Not only do I not like this, I don't need it" Boy was I wrong lmao. Great video!
According to Boltzmann the expression of entropy is:
S = k * ln(W)
where k is the Boltzmann constant and W the probability of the actual state among all possible states of the given system. So it's about probability, not disorder
18:05
yes they certainly dont like it
Ive been told to stop asking doubts and tour channel feels like a breathe
thank you Mahesh sir
I've read Feynman lectures I really liked how he explained stuff so well ...
Hi Mahesh, I am new fan but I have been loving binging all your content ❤
These videos are just amazing, been watching you from last 3 years on khan academy and discovered this channel last year only, i feel bad when i see videos getting lesser views and i feel like if you'll just stop posting if this continues, but still I'll keep watching your videos and keep supporting you, man you have really changed my understanding about science, hats off to you
i think the thumbnail is a bit more confusing
Is it, why?
@@Mahesh_Shenoy it just looks like some random picture of ginger and desert 😆 I may be the only one who find the thumbnail a bit absurd I know you have some solid thought behind that thumbnail so don't get me wrong 😊🥰
@@Mahesh_Shenoy and also thank you for making me to look every topic with new perception and I have discovered your channel through khan academy videos and I was wondering who is this teacher who is explainig such confusing topics in simple and visually appealing animation. Once again thank you very much for sparking my curosity and keep me learning❤❤
True@@MiraOli-lt3fx
Been waiting for this one for a long time and it's as clarifying as I hoped! Yes, please please please, more on entropy.
I mentioned you yesterday on Veritasium’s channel as a one of my favorites because your focus on the intuitive.
thankyou for sharing your explanations with us sir! u are a spokespersons of physicists!
The best way to think about animal entropy is with the cell. There's an imbalance of charged ions (negative vs positive) between the outside and inside of the cell (maintained by ion pumps). Death = balanced charge (neutral) aka nothing happens.
Great video! I think people just mix up past with future states when determining randomness (similar to Gambler's Fallacy). Entropy is about the changeability of an existing pattern, once the pattern is formed. Low entropy simply means "maximally likely to remain similar or same" (i.e., the pattern is maximally predictable, i.e., fewer possible outcomes are meaningfully likely), whereas high entropy means "maximally likely to vary/change" (i.e., turn into any future disordered or ordered pattern, such that any specific pattern is minimally likely). "Order" is just "stable patterns", whereas "disorder" is "unstable patterns", both of which are relative terms. But a pattern per se simply is itself, "neither ordered nor disordered".
I like topic you initiated at the end, infact I love it. Please do research and make a video on fermi paradox sir
Wonderful, as always! Would love to see a video on the entropy of black holes.
Actually, the microstates has energy levels of different kinds. Such as translational, Rotational, vibrational levels etc. when the temperature of the system increases, the random KE of particles will go on to distribute in the different energy levels of the system. Meaning, some part of the KE will go into translational, others in rotational and vibrational. This energy distribution is what has Mahesh sir been talking about. Higher the temperature, the system will have higher no of energy levels accessible, which means higher microstates and higher entropy.
I think it would be interesting to consider what happens if the information in the brain is compressed, reducing redundancy while using fewer ones and zeros. The process would require more computation which uses energy and generates heat.
The notion that cleared up entropy for me was understanding the probability of states; that in the high entropy state of the coffee/cream mix there are almost an infinite number of ways those coffee molecules and cream molecules could be rearranged and still be in the same highly mixed and high entropy state. The low entropy unmixed state of the coffee/cream has far less ways that you can rearrange the molecules so that they remain in the same unmixed low entropy state.
Oh, should’ve watched the whole video first.
I often start mixing up which "order" is supposed to be because often mixing things up well is the goal. I'll have to remember that (local?) differential is high order (low entropy). For me, medium scrambled eggs is the best egg-entropy. Writing these things in comments helps me organize my thoughts
Whenever Mahesh says "and then my mind was truly blown!" You know it's gonna be good
@3:57 The issue with the particle in a box view is like the Zeno problem: Achilles cannot pass a turtle which is 10 meter in front of him. Zeno states that when Achilles has made the 10 meteres, the turtle is already one meter ahead. And when Achilles goes for the 1 meter, the turtle is 10 cm ahead, etc. The issue is that Zeno' ignored the speed of Achilles and the turtle.
The same holds for the particles in a box. One forgets that the particles must obey the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution. There must be equal amount of particles moving to the right, left, top, bottom, front and back.Therefore it is impossible that all will be at one side of the box. Initially, one can place the particle at one side of the box, which mimics the situation of a crystal, but after agitation (heat input) the particles disperse and they never go back to the initial distribution without cooling, because of the constant velocity distribution.
4:00 Both are equally likely, it is just that there are far more states that look like the second one so we expect a state that looks like the second one. It's like a poker hand, a straight flush looks more orderly to us but is equally as likely as a 9c 2d 8d 4h 6c. Every specific hand is equally likely but there are far more specific hands that looks disorderly to us.
The chance of gas going back is also very low because of the driving force which is concentration difference at the two points. The diffusivity also comes into play because its not equal in both directions even if the two mediums are same. It depends on the nature of the two materials.
i love your explanations Mahesh, always great content!
He achieved making my brain understand entropy. That is a Nobel Laureate level task.
Plese dont stop making vedios coz of less views,plese I just love it
I would love it if you could describe the process of crystallization in relation to entropy.
6:41 I would like to add one thing even though I think you are going to cover it later; the reason we have this intuition that ordered arrangement is rare is becuse in one way it is if you consider all the posible arragements of the marvel then out of all the arrangements very very few show some patterns to out human brain so geting it ordered is indeed rare; You might recognize this as heat flow; It is MUCH MUCH MUCH more likely for heat to flow from hotter to colder object then other wise but still a specific heat flow is as likely as any other
11:36 if the first one has one arrangement, then obviously you are considering all marbles to be equal. In that case the second and third will not have that many arrangements. If each marble is distinct then the first one will have much more arrangements. Correct me if wrong.
Love your videos. Your enthusiasm for physics is so infectious ❤
lol "channelling the high entropy energy is impossible". I didn't suspect this would come.
a very nice video about entropy. i wish someone taught me this way in school. thanks a lot
Felt so much happy about learning entropy this way ❤ love the way you think about all things from the fundamantals how do you get these ideas it amazing 🎉