If you'd like to support my channel visit brilliant.org/atom to try everything Brilliant has to offer for FREE for a full 30 days. You’ll also get 20% off the annual premium subscription if you sign up!
In a related note as mainly a history buff with a science hobby i can say one of the big problems that they had with building the plutonium bomb was that plutonium has something like 7 differant allotropes and thus if they put too much heat in the material during manufacturing and machining processes at best their core would not have the predicted desity and material properties or in most cases it would crumble to dust
Could Trump's win also be explained by the Isling Model/ Phase Transition? For months, we heard Kamala Harris was the next Prez, until something happened locally, which flipped the voting yo his favour...
Even at temperatures above 770 ° it is still technically magnetic... The fact is just so small that it can't be observed because the dipoles aren't aligning as one... If you could create a powerful enough magnet you could still have magnetic effects at these temperatures...
As a blacksmith, the Curie point is one of the most important temperatures to learn, in most cases steel has to be above that temperature in order to quench harden it. When the hot metal is rapidly cooled it locks the new structure in place.
@@GordieGii it should make no noticable difference. As long as it's still hot and above the Curie temperature, the magnetic fiel doesn't affect it. As soon as you quench it, the metal cools rapidly, undergoing phase transition and freezing the molecules in place. So the magnetic field would have very little time to change the crystaline structure, before it is locked in place. The stronger the field, the bigger the effect. I don't know how strong it would have to be, in order to change the crystaline structure during the very brief interval where it's still not fully crystalized, yet also already magnetic. The pressure it experiences from being pressed against or as close as possible to whatever is creating said field might have a bigger effect on it's properties. Probably a good question for XKCD 😅
That demo of the curie point at the start was absolutely brilliant. Letting the bit _cool down_ with the magnet already nearby, so simple, and absolutely mind blowing.
Agreed ! I've always seen it the other way about though. Suspend the piece by the magnet and heat it until it drops into an oil quench for hardening... sort of an automated process. Never really thought about it the other way, but of course it's reversible.
Another application of the Curie point is in rice cookers. As long as there’s sufficient water in the rice water mixture, the temperature will not rise above the boiling point of water. But then once enough water has evaporated the temperature rises and the Curie point of a magnet that activates a switch so when it rises the switch opens and cooking stops. Very simple and reliable way to mass produce affordable and reliable rice cookers.
I really admire Jade's ability to take subjects that don't get a huge amount of attention in popular science and make them both intuitive and compelling, especially when it comes to demystifying thermodynamics. It's so easy to hand-wave entropy as unknowable science magic, but I think what makes it a really fascinating concept is that it's rooted in things that are mundane and familiar and yet has such profound and far-reaching implications.
I'm actually writing my PhD thesis on the mathematical modeling of one of these ising models. I've been analysing quite similar phase translitions and seeing your visualisations is really neat. Well done video
When you said "scale invariance" I immediately thought of fractals. I'm not entirely sure how fractal geometry fits into all this but I suspect it does.
@@upandatomthe coffee example whoa relating that to fractal dimension anyway I’m not sleeping well thus I’m watching this early in morning Florida USA time
Geometry at its heart is just a measurement of points relative to themselves and others, using consistent distances. This is the heart of scale invariance, EM, and resonance.
Fractals exhibit this kind of scale invariance quite often, but rather than correlation length what causes it is information limits and mathematical symmetry. Many fractals are defined very simply. Perhaps the most famous fractal is the Mandelbrot Set which is entirely defined by finding the points that when plugged into the equation Z_{n+1}=(Z_n)^2+C Go to 0 or infinity. Such a simple definition and some nice relationships between the possible inputs implies that the visual representation of it can't be as complex as it looks. A similar thing happens in phase transitions. As the correlation length grows larger, the complex nature of the fundamental system "washes out" BECAUSE of how complex it is (and due to its randomness due to the temperature). The dominant effect is therefore very simple. As such, it can't distinguish between large scale interactions short scale interactions, leading to the fractal-like self similar behavior.
You really took this to another level. I started watching and almost stopped because it seemed like it was more geared towards kids learning about magnets, and then phase transition, then entropy, then you blew the top off my mind. Loved it. Maybe you should put a notice at the beginning so people stay to the end. Everyone who thinks they know something should watch this to see how little they really know.
Excellent feedback as i almost did the same, and it appears others did leave the video early since they commented only about the Curie point. The implications of the discussions of scale invariance and universality are huge. When/if applied with sociology, ecological systems, and conscientiousness research, there could be some staggering discoveries.
It is geared towards kids. Notice the lack of computation, the lack of analysis concepts, and the simplicity of the models. It's a very surface level explanation of a number of inter-related systems, but with good production value.
The old Weller 'Magnastat' soldering irons used this principal. The back of the tip had a slug of alloy carefully blended to reach its Currie point at a specific temperature. Back in the handle was a magnet on the end of a Steel rod. This would be attracted to the back of the tip and when pulled forward, activate a microswitch supplying power to the heating element. The microswitch would also act as a return spring. When the tip reached its desired temperature it would no longer be magnetically attractive and the rod and the switch would open. Very simple and reliable, but to change temperature, you have to remove the tip and fit a different one.
Metcal patented it way back - called it SmartHeat® - the BEST soldering station I have EVER worked with, and I've tried quite a few. It works a bit different - here's their description, and it is NOT working on switches, but by actively monitoring the materials skin effect.: As the outer layer reaches a certain temperature (which is controlled by its heater alloy formula) it loses its magnetic properties. As most of you know this “certain temperature” is the Curie point. The Curie point temperature is when the “skin effect” begins to decrease again, permitting the current back into the conductive core of the heater starting the whole cycle over again. The selection of a material with a fixed Curie point results in a heater that will produce and maintain a specific, self‐regulated temperature; and a heater that requires no calibration and responds directly to thermal loads. When a thermal load is applied to the tip, the heater temperature drops, and the power supply responds with the power required to correctly solder the joint on the board.
The common cheap rice cookers work this way. While there's still water in the pot, the heat's capped to about 100c, or likely a bit less. Once the water is absorbed and/or evaporated, the temperature spikes, the curie point is exceeded, and the cooker switches to warming mode.
@@rosyidharyadi7871 You're mistaken. Possibly some of them do. Probably there's more expensive ones with fancy functions and stuff. But the real cheap single function flip switch type definitely use the curie temperature. If you want to see the details of the mechanism explained at great length, check out "technology connections" video about rice cookers.
I hope you find a lot of success. You're a fantastic science communicator--striking a great balance between explaining things simply without talking down to your audience. And you know what you're talking about. I wish this were more common. Bravo.
I think that's what Einstein meant when he said: "The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible." I always wonder though whether it's really comprehensible or it's just an illusion. Given our brains need to find patterns, isn't it possible that we see patterns where they aren't? If the world was "incomprehensible", would we even know?
@@eklhaft4531 If it was incomprehensible, we wouldn't be able to create theories that work and help us build useful things, such as the internet used to exchange these comments.
@@eklhaft4531Philosophers have been debating that since at least the ancient Greeks. The ancient Skeptics thought that people couldn't truly know anything.
i am a drainage engineer. i often find it instructive to observe traffic flow to better understand my job. and my job often provides insights into why exactly traffic conditions are the way they are. obstructed flow vs unobstructed traffic flow is very similar to subcritical vs super critical fluid flow. also potentially similar is air flow below and above mach 1, but that's speculation on my part. as a drainage engineer in a very flat terrain, i often have to think about flattening the peak (of a hydrograph) as it moves though the system (usually by providing storage). i did not understand that as well as i do now until we had to "flatten the peak" during COVID. excellent video!
I used to work down the sewers in London - at first I was quite enthusiastic, what with all the Victorian history, engineering, architecture, etc, but after a while I realised I was just going through the motions.....
Years ago, I heard a discussion about how traffic flow has phase transitions. The phases they described were free flow, synchronous flow and gridlock. Like water transitioning from vapor to liquid to ice, the transitions occur abruptly at critical levels of traffic density.
What a great video!! If I'm not mistaken, Ising models were also the inspiration for Hopfield networks, which are a type of artificial neural net that were essentially responsible for bringing the field of connection-based ML out of it's so called "AI Winter". Had not known what the Ising model itself was though, till now!
thanks this has given me a way to describe the interaction between several complex systems (completely separate from anything you mentioned in this video) and how they produce a tipping point in behaviour.
Even without a rapid phase transition, the inverse square nature of the magnetic field means that as the bit gets pulled closer, the pull strength increases.
There are so many wonderful reasons to love Jade, Up, and Atom, but I found another one in this video. Jade chose to discuss the dispersal of milk in the civilized and tasty beverage of tea. I hate coffee, which can be quite an inconvenience in the United States. I recently spent some time in the hospital for tests, and despite requesting tea for every meal, I was served coffee with nearly every one. This week, I attended a conference in Washington, D.C. and the venue ran out of tea bags before lunch. Thank you, Jade, for the fascinating and informative video, as well as the tea reference.
First time seeing one of your vids, I love how you visually reinforce all important things so clearly, I feel like I'll remember all of this so much better than I otherwise might! Awesome video overall, thanks for sharing!
It's. almost as though, whilst the magnet is being heated, the magnetic flux is being energetically overcharged and diffuses until it reaches a critical point of not being concentrated enough to hold on (turn from water into steam/phase shift). That would sort of infer that as the magnet cools again there is an energy vacuum that somehow concentrates the magnetic flux again/draws it back in 🤔
Maybe Jade will get to this, but I think this I learned that this is how cheap rice cookers work - they have a magnet that holds the circuit open until the water is all boiled off, at which point the temperature starts to rise and basically deactivates the magnet, causing the click off when the rice is ready.
I wonder whether it would be feasible to build a tiny artificial neural network using ferrite cores. I think they have everything - a step function (above a certain magnetization it flips polarity), weights (relative number of magnetization winding turns) and bias (total number of turns). Even negative weight is possible with counter-turns, if that's useful. It could be trained artificially, but then built physically.
@@NoHandleToSpeakOf yeah, I've seen papers about that. It's quite interesting. What I find intriguing is whether we can make one with like 60s tech. I'm on a bit of "minimal computing" binge at the moment, rewatching Ben Eater's breadboard computer, Usagi Electric's vacuum tube computer, and "One-bit computing at 60 Hz" at the Laughton Electronics website, which is a CPU-less single instruction computer yet has conditional branching and everything.
Another thing to keep in mind is that even if it is a gradual process to become magnetic, as soon as the point is reached that it is strong enough to overcome gravity, the object will start moving towards the magnet, which increases the effect of the magnetic field due to proximity and therefore speed up the object towards the magnet. It would be very interesting to put it on a scale whilst being heated.
I sometimes still think of Up and Atom videos as they were when I first started watching: Excellent potential and still a bit rough; somewhere along the way this has become a top-notch mature channel!
I always love your videos and find them educational. This topic was a little easier to wrap my head around, and that's not a reflection on your presentation. And I'm always fascinated how a principle can have parallels or applications far beyond its specific one.
As a professor of fluid dynamics, a flow almost never instantly changes from laminar to turbulence. It can appear that way but it will always have a transition. Maybe I'm missing something.
Is the change in temperature too fast? Do you suspect that approaching this temperature much more slowly would reveal some interesting behaviours in a slower transition?
I think the transition arises from the fact that the distribution of energy and the gas is not uniform. So some parts of the flow have higher energy than others, which leads to the transition.
This is easily one of the coolest intro clips on YT. Just get to the point by going "watch this". THEN get into why. That is so effective, I was glued to my screen lol
The dipole interaction is basically the same thing as chocolate tempering. To make chocolate shiny and snappy, we heat it to 50ºC to melt all cocoa butter crystals, cool it down to re-form those crystals, but then re-heat the chocolate to 32ºC. That final temperature is hot enough to melt unstable, weak fat crystals, but not to melt the stable, strong ones. By isolating the stable crystals, they "seed" the chocolate - i.e. influence the rest of the cocoa butter to form more and more stable crystals. When the chocolate solidifies, it has a structure in which the molecules of fat are all aligned, which makes the chocolate snappy and crisp.
I hadn't heard all those similar instances and the universality classification - very cool! I can add that the equations and algorithms in the Ising model also have close counterparts in optimising the output of heuristic algorithms, including LLMs. On the more mathsy side, equivalents to the Ising model pop up in string theory, and related proofs can be cross-applied accordingly, including a 'partition function' that is analogous to the same in statistical mechanics, in that it summarises a system in one equation from which you can easily derive properties of it.
Yep! I absolutely love emergence. It fascinates me how everything in the universe ultimately is based on simpler rules, but put them together and you get life, brains, consciousness, intelligence, planets, solar systems, galaxies, and eventually an entire universe (and maybe a multiverse!). The universe is simple, and because it's simple, it's complex 😀
@@PetraKann Idealism? No, maybe I expressed it missleading. I meant the contrary, idealism and panpsychism lead us to pseudoscientific speculations about nature and consciousness.
4:10 another issue I have. These are not low energy materials. They are balanced materials. The energy is the same. It's just if they are aligned or not. And thus you notice it or not. In a random situation, the different polarities counter each other and thus you don't notice any impact by the material.
As an audio engineer I made a connection to dipoles in one direction to the phase of audio signals being aligned or not, there is a kind of phase transition where the imaging and overall timbre of signals from different sources become a single, balanced field of frequencies, where suddenly everything sounds "glued" together rather than just hanging apart, at least when recorded & mixed well! (A common idealized model of that balance is simply pink noise.) I don't know if there's actually any kind of a relationship between dipole direction in a magnet and phase alignment in audio, and you don't have to have the phase of all signals aligned to make your music "magnetic", in fact it's sometimes more musical to play with phase, but this was a fascinating video and had me thinking in interesting ways, thank you, Happy Thanksgiving to all, take care
i love how my first thought when presented with the Ising model was "this looks like it would be interesting to model in a cellular automata".. imagine the smile on my face when the video hit 6:05 😄
Nice video, clearly explained and easy to absorb the concept. I will need to read up on power laws, as I can see something it might be useful for: Modelling Emergence.
The German name "Ising" is also a small monastery next to lake Chiemsee in Bavaria. In that case the letter I is pronounced like E in English. So it would be pronounced Eseng in English. Ising is definitely a German name. Great video and explanation!
The energy minimization dominates in all cases, not only at low temperatures. The second low of thermodynamics is looked in the wrong way, a system moves to high disorder, when applied heat, in order to maximize its energy emission (of the build up energy), or put in another way, to minimize the resistance to energy emission. So in this way, the leading natural principle is ALWAYS the law of least resistance (which is quite profound, when one understands it) This line of thought is actually noted in Heaviside's Electrical Papers, when discussing heating and cooling bodies, but is virtually unknown by the scientist due to its burial deep in the not-so-known-parts of the papers.
IIRC, Steven Wolfram has characterized "all" (at least dozens) of the possible sets of rules for the game of life. It would be interesting to see if any of them align with the rules of magnetization.
@@dennisestenson7820for 1D cellualar automata with 3 possible neighbors with 2 possible states is 2^3 = 8 bits. the set of all possible 8 bits(256 options) is every 1D CA and thats where the rule names come from.
Ignoring the people who separate the concepts of energy, heat, and photons… those flames are a blast of photons smashing into the iron atoms… which chaotically absorb the photons… which then pushes the electrons out to higher energy shells… that in turn changes the “correlation length” of that single atom. Because the location of the electrons in atoms were randomly oriented to the blast of incoming energy and every other atom’s electron’s current positions, we see the splotchy pattern. At some point seemingly chaotically the dipole of the individual atoms affect or don’t the neighboring atoms. The radius of how many other atoms away can be influenced by any single atom fluctuates (the changing correlation length). So the electromagnetic dipoles of the individual atoms affecting their neighbors fluctuates… YES it’s like a game of Conway’s Life but in 3D at an atomic and subatomic scale. If we knew the rules of how photons interact with electrons as the electromagnetic force bosons, then maybe someone could model it more precisely. Until then I think of each electron being shepherded around by many photons… and the positioning of the electrons affects how the atom behaves and makes chemistry possible… ultimately making God’s Life possible.
I agree, but I'ma gonna chalk this up to bad timing or grammar. The line was read- "this is a bit of steel that contains iron." It may have been written/it should have been read as: "this is a bit of steel, that contains iron." Or "this is a bit of steel. that contains iron." She didn't pause which makes it sound like she implies steel can exist without iron. Instead of this is steel which has iron/is a ferrous material.
Looks like it was your magnet that lost its magnetism from the heat first. Neodymium magnets are highly sensitive to temperature in my experience. You can see the carabineer fall at nearly the same moment as the driver bit. The carabineer is aluminum so non-magnetic however the spring inside is steel.
0:50 The answer to that question explains 1. How hot water turns to vapour 2. How opinions spread on social media 3. How neurons fire in the brain 4. How to make the best cup of coffee, and 5. Why fluids do this 0:59
The cooling bit makes a dramatic demonstration, but it doesn't conclusively indicate an abrupt phase transition. A gradually magnitizing bit would also jump suddenly to the magnet due to the inverse square law. Once it gets pulled a small amount closer, the reduced distance increases the pull strength amd it immediately jumps the rest of the way.
In the first minute I blurted out percolation and thought I knew what this was going to be about, but I'm glad I didn't skip. I learned something new I didn't know about universality classes, or that percolation had a different exponent. Can you do another video exploring other universality classes and what in the real world they relate to? Then maybe you can get three blue one brown involved and he can show what makes those emergent properties come about the way they do. Thank you for another good video.
As an electrical engineer we encounter the curie temperature when working with ferrites. It is a metallic crystalline structure that is used to make the core material of certain inductors and transformers. The permeability increases in a material up to the "curie point", then it becomes paramagnetic and the permeability 'goes away'. In some materials that phase transition is permanent, and even when cooling the permeability of the material does not return. This becomes most apparent in an electrical device known as a 'balun'. This is a type of transformer used at high frequencies (RF for radio) and baluns are used to transform impeadance to match radios to an antenna. Running too high of power with too small of a balun, with too great of an impedance mismatch will cause significant heating and the ferrite may cross the curie point.
I've had a bit of a crap week and it just completely brightened my day to have you teach me this. A very interesting concept that I was vaguely aware of but had no idea it is so widely utilized. Thank you so very much and I hope you are doing well 😊
There is a concept called magnetic annealing, where a ferromagnetic material is heated well above its curie point, and then allowed to cool in the presence of a magnetic field. The magnetic structure, or magnetic domains become anisotropic densified, inducing mechanical strain also. so as the metal cools below the curie point the magnet and physical stress is baked into the structure of the metal.
I remember being initially baffled in my engineering Materials courses by the presentation of "phase diagrams" for solid materials. In regular thermodynamics, the solid/liquid/gas phases were easy to grasp, because melting solid water into ice at a constant 0 C and liquid water into water vapor at 100 C was something one knew from childhood. But what "phases" even meant in a solid material was never introduced in the same way. It took me a long time to figure out what it all meant, and then it was very satisfying to apply that knowledge to engineering materials. My engineering degrees are from Purdue University, and I think they really didn't have a very good academic program in material science at the time (the late 1970s). A presentation such as yours would have really opened up my eyes had I seen it at the freshman level, and I would have made much more rapid (and/or less painful) progress in my education. I've been back to Purdue recently, and I think that the students are far more advanced than I was at the same age. It would be interesting to see how videos such as yours have contributed to that.
I love the quirky and well-researched videos you put up! If I was a physics or science teacher, I would include your videos as part of the curriculum/homework! Note, I would've loved watching your videos and tutelage when I was young and in school! Thank you for your videos!
Jade, its great to see you looking happy and interested in this fascinating topic. Phase transitions are both abrupt and repeatable enough to serve to calibrate temperature devices for example. You can validate the readout on a meat thermometer by placing it in boiling water (uncovered pot at sea level). When the water is boiling your readout had better display 212 degrees F or 100 degree C. Carefully prepared ice baths provide another calibration standard at 32 degree F or 0 degrees C. Cool video- that screw driver bit changes its mind in a big hurry!
Nice, 60 years ago I learned this at school from a teacher that worked at a steel plant. They were hoisting hot ingots when the gripper broke down. They put a electromagnet hoist but that didn't worrk. Steel plant in Holland, Ijmuiden, production line was Westinghouse teacher went before 1940 to USA and spoke there with Tesla as he told us.😊
Good, insightful video. Many thanks. But a slight correction at 04:00. A ball falling is NOT an example of system wanting to go to a "lower energy level"; That motion is entirely governed by Newton's 2nd law and other equations of motion; During a fall a ball's total energy does NOT change; It's merely converted from potential to kinetic. And this falling is unrelated to increase in entropy (and can occur for a single isolated object for which entropy is not even well defined); The diffusion of all that kinetic energy when it hits the ground (has stopped) into the environment, is through an entropic process (2nd law of TD). But gravity is not en entropic force (AFAWK); Neither are E&M, strong and weak forces. In other words, a ball released from a height, falls and does not go up, NOT because of the 2nd Law of TD (that it wants to have its energy more evenly distributed); But because of ball's initial state (condition) and also the phase-space flow of the Newton's (differential) equation (and other differential equations of motion based on minimization of action). But for many other systems of multiple entities (e.g. a hot iron rod cooling or dipoles re-aligning) their total energy actually decreases and it disperses into the environment (e.g. as IR photons); For the hot-rod cooling, it's driven by the diffusion equation which is an entropy-related result. Thank you again.
curie point is how a simple rice cooker knows when to turn off... the magnet holding the on switch on is heated past it's curie point by the water boiling away... now if only you could buy one without a "keep warm" function so it actually turned all the way off 😢
So room temperature semi conductors can only be achieved if the thermal energy of room temperature is lower than the crystals structure interactions that keep the molecules below their curie point.
This is a different view of a fundamental phenomena that I think is endemic to all complex systems. I was first introduced to the phenomena with the book "Linked: The New Science of Networks". A wide variety of different kinds of networks exhibit this scale invariance property. This is also related to phenomena like Benford's Law.
I just started the video, and remember making pendulums out of older Canadian nickels (which were actually nickel!) and a torch. A great science demo from the sixties. Nickel has a much lower Curie temp.
From Curie to James Hoffmann 😉 Curie point is widely used in simple (Weller) soldering irons to control the temperature. You can get tips with different temperatures due to the piece of metal on the other side having a specific Curie temperature.
What just happened is the Curie point, a magnetic phase transition point, a critical temperature, as is technically known. Before that it's too hot to magnetize for this material under those conditions. Of course the other forms of magnetism can still happen.
A cool connection that hit me when you were showing the appearance of a system in transition and zooming out. I was thinking casually about how the pattern reminded me of like diorite or any other phaneritic rock grain, and it hit me that I'm pretty sure the resemblance isn't actually trivial: phaneritic rock gains that texture because the slow process of differential crystallization that forms them proceeds spontaneously from nucleation sites in a manner that is directly comparable to the spontaneous ordering of magnetic domains below the curie temperature, and idk I though that was really cool to think about :3
A great video, but I want to correct one thing: The system "wanting" to get into a minmal energy state is not opposing the second law of thrmodynamics. Rather it is driven by it. Since energy is conserved, a sytem lowering its energy means the system giving the energy to the environment. This happens by heating up the environment. If the environment is cold, the total entropy is maximized if the system is almost at its minimal energy (it won't completely reach it on sverage, as that would violate the third law of thermodynamics) because otherwise transferring that energy to the environment will increase its entropy more than it decreases the entropy of the system. While in a hot environment, the average energy of the system also will be higher when in equilibrium. A system that wouldn't interact with the environment in any way would never change its energy to begin with.
But isn't the reason for the magnetic characteristic of steel it's crystal structure? Ferritic phase is magnetic and austenite isn't. You can also meassure the volumen and you would see that it shrinks a bit at this temperature cause the atomic packing factor changes. By the way if you add enough chromium to a steel-alloy it's in austenite phase regardless temperature
If you'd like to support my channel visit brilliant.org/atom to try everything Brilliant has to offer for FREE for a full 30 days. You’ll also get 20% off the annual premium subscription if you sign up!
In a related note as mainly a history buff with a science hobby i can say one of the big problems that they had with building the plutonium bomb was that plutonium has something like 7 differant allotropes and thus if they put too much heat in the material during manufacturing and machining processes at best their core would not have the predicted desity and material properties or in most cases it would crumble to dust
Could Trump's win also be explained by the Isling Model/ Phase Transition? For months, we heard Kamala Harris was the next Prez, until something happened locally, which flipped the voting yo his favour...
What about supercritical matter?
Taking inspiration from vertasium i see
Even at temperatures above 770 ° it is still technically magnetic... The fact is just so small that it can't be observed because the dipoles aren't aligning as one... If you could create a powerful enough magnet you could still have magnetic effects at these temperatures...
As a blacksmith, the Curie point is one of the most important temperatures to learn, in most cases steel has to be above that temperature in order to quench harden it. When the hot metal is rapidly cooled it locks the new structure in place.
I just said out loud “that’s so cool” and had not intended to pun 😁
@@NeidzwiedzKowal Ferrite --> austenite --> martensite, right? Also steel apparently becomes floppy at this phase change, hence why the Twin Towers collapsed
Would quenching the metal in a strong magnetic field make it harder, softer, or make no difference?
@@GordieGii I have no idea but I feel that it would "just" make it have more of a default magnetization.
@@GordieGii it should make no noticable difference. As long as it's still hot and above the Curie temperature, the magnetic fiel doesn't affect it.
As soon as you quench it, the metal cools rapidly, undergoing phase transition and freezing the molecules in place. So the magnetic field would have very little time to change the crystaline structure, before it is locked in place.
The stronger the field, the bigger the effect.
I don't know how strong it would have to be, in order to change the crystaline structure during the very brief interval where it's still not fully crystalized, yet also already magnetic.
The pressure it experiences from being pressed against or as close as possible to whatever is creating said field might have a bigger effect on it's properties.
Probably a good question for XKCD 😅
Best video about 770°C I've ever seen!
Agreed! This is such a great example of the phenomenon. And fantastic explanation
This is the first one I’ve seen. So I agree. Physics is awesome.
What a coincidence those numbers, philosophicaly that ptobly also correlates with the time it took the earth to form
Why 770 and not 777? :P
😂😅
That demo of the curie point at the start was absolutely brilliant. Letting the bit _cool down_ with the magnet already nearby, so simple, and absolutely mind blowing.
Agreed !
I've always seen it the other way about though.
Suspend the piece by the magnet and heat it until it drops into an oil quench for hardening... sort of an automated process.
Never really thought about it the other way, but of course it's reversible.
Super cool. I always saw the magnetism go away. I never knew it came back nearly instantly at 770
more than brilliant it was ... "glowing" ...
... sorry
I thought the brilliant ad was at the end, that's odd :)
I wasn't thinking it was absolutely brilliant, rather a bit brilliant
Another application of the Curie point is in rice cookers. As long as there’s sufficient water in the rice water mixture, the temperature will not rise above the boiling point of water. But then once enough water has evaporated the temperature rises and the Curie point of a magnet that activates a switch so when it rises the switch opens and cooking stops. Very simple and reliable way to mass produce affordable and reliable rice cookers.
Thank you technology connections...
I really admire Jade's ability to take subjects that don't get a huge amount of attention in popular science and make them both intuitive and compelling, especially when it comes to demystifying thermodynamics. It's so easy to hand-wave entropy as unknowable science magic, but I think what makes it a really fascinating concept is that it's rooted in things that are mundane and familiar and yet has such profound and far-reaching implications.
I'm actually writing my PhD thesis on the mathematical modeling of one of these ising models. I've been analysing quite similar phase translitions and seeing your visualisations is really neat. Well done video
Givin the profile name i thought your studies were in effects and stage variations of diabetees lookingatdatcake? 😏
Mathematical modeling - that's most of the PhD theses are about.
When you said "scale invariance" I immediately thought of fractals. I'm not entirely sure how fractal geometry fits into all this but I suspect it does.
yes it does :)
@@upandatomthe coffee example whoa relating that to fractal dimension anyway I’m not sleeping well thus I’m watching this early in morning Florida USA time
Geometry at its heart is just a measurement of points relative to themselves and others, using consistent distances. This is the heart of scale invariance, EM, and resonance.
Fractals exhibit this kind of scale invariance quite often, but rather than correlation length what causes it is information limits and mathematical symmetry.
Many fractals are defined very simply. Perhaps the most famous fractal is the Mandelbrot Set which is entirely defined by finding the points that when plugged into the equation
Z_{n+1}=(Z_n)^2+C
Go to 0 or infinity.
Such a simple definition and some nice relationships between the possible inputs implies that the visual representation of it can't be as complex as it looks.
A similar thing happens in phase transitions. As the correlation length grows larger, the complex nature of the fundamental system "washes out" BECAUSE of how complex it is (and due to its randomness due to the temperature).
The dominant effect is therefore very simple. As such, it can't distinguish between large scale interactions short scale interactions, leading to the fractal-like self similar behavior.
and dont forget power laws
You really took this to another level. I started watching and almost stopped because it seemed like it was more geared towards kids learning about magnets, and then phase transition, then entropy, then you blew the top off my mind. Loved it.
Maybe you should put a notice at the beginning so people stay to the end. Everyone who thinks they know something should watch this to see how little they really know.
Excellent feedback as i almost did the same, and it appears others did leave the video early since they commented only about the Curie point.
The implications of the discussions of scale invariance and universality are huge. When/if applied with sociology, ecological systems, and conscientiousness research, there could be some staggering discoveries.
It is geared towards kids. Notice the lack of computation, the lack of analysis concepts, and the simplicity of the models.
It's a very surface level explanation of a number of inter-related systems, but with good production value.
The patented Jade Hair Whip Cut is as iconic as the Vsauce Michael Stand Up Entrance
High praise, yet fully deserved
I'd be sad to see these videos without it 😂
That was hilarious, I'm still laughing
The old Weller 'Magnastat' soldering irons used this principal. The back of the tip had a slug of alloy carefully blended to reach its Currie point at a specific temperature. Back in the handle was a magnet on the end of a Steel rod. This would be attracted to the back of the tip and when pulled forward, activate a microswitch supplying power to the heating element. The microswitch would also act as a return spring. When the tip reached its desired temperature it would no longer be magnetically attractive and the rod and the switch would open. Very simple and reliable, but to change temperature, you have to remove the tip and fit a different one.
Metcal patented it way back - called it SmartHeat®
- the BEST soldering station I have EVER worked with, and I've tried quite a few.
It works a bit different - here's their description, and it is NOT working on switches, but by actively monitoring the materials skin effect.:
As the outer layer reaches a certain temperature (which is controlled by its heater alloy formula) it loses its magnetic properties. As most of you know this “certain temperature” is the Curie point. The Curie point temperature is when the “skin effect” begins to decrease again, permitting the current back into the conductive core of the heater starting the whole cycle over again.
The selection of a material with a fixed Curie point results in a heater that will produce and maintain a specific, self‐regulated temperature; and a heater that requires no calibration and responds directly to thermal loads. When a thermal load is applied to the tip, the heater temperature drops, and the power supply responds with the power required to correctly solder the joint on the board.
The common cheap rice cookers work this way.
While there's still water in the pot, the heat's capped to about 100c, or likely a bit less. Once the water is absorbed and/or evaporated, the temperature spikes, the curie point is exceeded, and the cooker switches to warming mode.
@@ColonelSandersLite As far as I know, rice cooker sensor using bimetal, and not relying on curie temperature.
@@rosyidharyadi7871 You're mistaken.
Possibly some of them do. Probably there's more expensive ones with fancy functions and stuff.
But the real cheap single function flip switch type definitely use the curie temperature.
If you want to see the details of the mechanism explained at great length, check out "technology connections" video about rice cookers.
Wowww Thank You for sharing this knowledge.
I hope you find a lot of success. You're a fantastic science communicator--striking a great balance between explaining things simply without talking down to your audience. And you know what you're talking about. I wish this were more common. Bravo.
She is already pretty successful. She must make at least $200,000 a year from TH-cam.
16:04 It is incredible how nature is so wild and unpredictable, yet it follows the same patterns and mathematical laws everywhere.
I think that's what Einstein meant when he said: "The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible."
I always wonder though whether it's really comprehensible or it's just an illusion.
Given our brains need to find patterns, isn't it possible that we see patterns where they aren't?
If the world was "incomprehensible", would we even know?
@@eklhaft4531 If it was incomprehensible, we wouldn't be able to create theories that work and help us build useful things, such as the internet used to exchange these comments.
@@eklhaft4531Philosophers have been debating that since at least the ancient Greeks. The ancient Skeptics thought that people couldn't truly know anything.
Nature doesn't follow laws, we observed nature and wrote the laws based on its behavior
"It follows three basic laws... but which one of them applies at any given moment is still an open question." 🤣
Why do you look so joyful when you talk about these topics?
It is contagious! : )
Awesome Video!
Enthusiastic teachers always help the material stick better for me.
Science is awesome!
It's magnetic!
i am a drainage engineer. i often find it instructive to observe traffic flow to better understand my job. and my job often provides insights into why exactly traffic conditions are the way they are.
obstructed flow vs unobstructed traffic flow is very similar to subcritical vs super critical fluid flow.
also potentially similar is air flow below and above mach 1, but that's speculation on my part.
as a drainage engineer in a very flat terrain, i often have to think about flattening the peak (of a hydrograph) as it moves though the system (usually by providing storage). i did not understand that as well as i do now until we had to "flatten the peak" during COVID.
excellent video!
I used to work down the sewers in London - at first I was quite enthusiastic, what with all the Victorian history, engineering, architecture, etc, but after a while I realised I was just going through the motions.....
Years ago, I heard a discussion about how traffic flow has phase transitions. The phases they described were free flow, synchronous flow and gridlock. Like water transitioning from vapor to liquid to ice, the transitions occur abruptly at critical levels of traffic density.
What a great video!! If I'm not mistaken, Ising models were also the inspiration for Hopfield networks, which are a type of artificial neural net that were essentially responsible for bringing the field of connection-based ML out of it's so called "AI Winter". Had not known what the Ising model itself was though, till now!
thanks this has given me a way to describe the interaction between several complex systems (completely separate from anything you mentioned in this video) and how they produce a tipping point in behaviour.
0:41 NICE!!! Worth the forty one seconds. Hey, I'll watch the rest.
0:39 weird how it happens so instantly. I would've thought it would tip upwards before sticking to the magnet
Even without a rapid phase transition, the inverse square nature of the magnetic field means that as the bit gets pulled closer, the pull strength increases.
5:23 Jiggle the dipoles - good name for a band 😂
I feel like that would be best for a song name. "Jiggle the dipoles, by The Paramagnetics"
But The Ferromagnetics would be a much more attractive band.
@@__christopher__ No they would be less hot.
@@gigaherz_ But much more cool.
I read about Curie temp in school. First time, I am seeing a visual. Great work!
Jade is totally awesome! Love this channel for the engaging manner in which she shares information. Elle est tellement chouette! ❤🎉😊
You're right. She produces her videos, so learning is easy to understand. Even to an old dog that can't learn new tricks.
There are so many wonderful reasons to love Jade, Up, and Atom, but I found another one in this video. Jade chose to discuss the dispersal of milk in the civilized and tasty beverage of tea. I hate coffee, which can be quite an inconvenience in the United States. I recently spent some time in the hospital for tests, and despite requesting tea for every meal, I was served coffee with nearly every one. This week, I attended a conference in Washington, D.C. and the venue ran out of tea bags before lunch. Thank you, Jade, for the fascinating and informative video, as well as the tea reference.
Why does TH-cam think I'm smart enough to understand this?
Because you are. You just have to keep trying and watching science.
First time seeing one of your vids, I love how you visually reinforce all important things so clearly, I feel like I'll remember all of this so much better than I otherwise might! Awesome video overall, thanks for sharing!
Oooh scale invariance is interesting, surely that's somehow fractal in nature?
It's. almost as though, whilst the magnet is being heated, the magnetic flux is being energetically overcharged and diffuses until it reaches a critical point of not being concentrated enough to hold on (turn from water into steam/phase shift). That would sort of infer that as the magnet cools again there is an energy vacuum that somehow concentrates the magnetic flux again/draws it back in 🤔
A fractal at critical temperature! Amazing!
Maybe Jade will get to this, but I think this I learned that this is how cheap rice cookers work - they have a magnet that holds the circuit open until the water is all boiled off, at which point the temperature starts to rise and basically deactivates the magnet, causing the click off when the rice is ready.
Also expensive rice cookers.
and midrange ones to
I wonder whether it would be feasible to build a tiny artificial neural network using ferrite cores. I think they have everything - a step function (above a certain magnetization it flips polarity), weights (relative number of magnetization winding turns) and bias (total number of turns). Even negative weight is possible with counter-turns, if that's useful. It could be trained artificially, but then built physically.
I believe something similar was attempted with memristors. Look it up.
Oooooooh?
@@NoHandleToSpeakOf yeah, I've seen papers about that. It's quite interesting. What I find intriguing is whether we can make one with like 60s tech. I'm on a bit of "minimal computing" binge at the moment, rewatching Ben Eater's breadboard computer, Usagi Electric's vacuum tube computer, and "One-bit computing at 60 Hz" at the Laughton Electronics website, which is a CPU-less single instruction computer yet has conditional branching and everything.
Fantastic example of simplification without unnecesarily dumping it down, great video!
Another thing to keep in mind is that even if it is a gradual process to become magnetic, as soon as the point is reached that it is strong enough to overcome gravity, the object will start moving towards the magnet, which increases the effect of the magnetic field due to proximity and therefore speed up the object towards the magnet.
It would be very interesting to put it on a scale whilst being heated.
A threshold within a threshold
I sometimes still think of Up and Atom videos as they were when I first started watching: Excellent potential and still a bit rough; somewhere along the way this has become a top-notch mature channel!
One of your best videos ever. Always good to see a new video from you.
Thanks for explaining it so well! I’ve been so curious about the transition across the Curie temperature
If I am at 770c, I would be dead. That would be the weirdest thing that ever happened to me.
You think so now…
I always love your videos and find them educational. This topic was a little easier to wrap my head around, and that's not a reflection on your presentation. And I'm always fascinated how a principle can have parallels or applications far beyond its specific one.
As a professor of fluid dynamics, a flow almost never instantly changes from laminar to turbulence. It can appear that way but it will always have a transition. Maybe I'm missing something.
I think phase transitions only approach being instantaneous in the change of some parameter as system size goes to infinity?
Is the change in temperature too fast? Do you suspect that approaching this temperature much more slowly would reveal some interesting behaviours in a slower transition?
I think the transition arises from the fact that the distribution of energy and the gas is not uniform. So some parts of the flow have higher energy than others, which leads to the transition.
Serious question: Foes anything happen instantaneously?
@@billcook4768 I think this depends on one’s precise definition of “happens”?
This is easily one of the coolest intro clips on YT. Just get to the point by going "watch this". THEN get into why. That is so effective, I was glued to my screen lol
When the screwdriver moves on its own, you're screwed.
Great video, Jade! Cheers! 🥰🤓😍
The dipole interaction is basically the same thing as chocolate tempering. To make chocolate shiny and snappy, we heat it to 50ºC to melt all cocoa butter crystals, cool it down to re-form those crystals, but then re-heat the chocolate to 32ºC. That final temperature is hot enough to melt unstable, weak fat crystals, but not to melt the stable, strong ones. By isolating the stable crystals, they "seed" the chocolate - i.e. influence the rest of the cocoa butter to form more and more stable crystals. When the chocolate solidifies, it has a structure in which the molecules of fat are all aligned, which makes the chocolate snappy and crisp.
Thanks. Great reply.
that scale invariance demo is pretty fascinating
So cool
I hadn't heard all those similar instances and the universality classification - very cool! I can add that the equations and algorithms in the Ising model also have close counterparts in optimising the output of heuristic algorithms, including LLMs. On the more mathsy side, equivalents to the Ising model pop up in string theory, and related proofs can be cross-applied accordingly, including a 'partition function' that is analogous to the same in statistical mechanics, in that it summarises a system in one equation from which you can easily derive properties of it.
Everything is emergence. Excellent video, thank you.
Consciousness?
@@PetraKann Yes, an emergent property of the brain functions, including patterns like shown in this vid.
Yep! I absolutely love emergence. It fascinates me how everything in the universe ultimately is based on simpler rules, but put them together and you get life, brains, consciousness, intelligence, planets, solar systems, galaxies, and eventually an entire universe (and maybe a multiverse!). The universe is simple, and because it's simple, it's complex 😀
@ everything?
That’s reductionism and idealism - simplistic and incorrect view of reality imo
@@PetraKann Idealism? No, maybe I expressed it missleading. I meant the contrary, idealism and panpsychism lead us to pseudoscientific speculations about nature and consciousness.
4:10 another issue I have. These are not low energy materials. They are balanced materials. The energy is the same. It's just if they are aligned or not. And thus you notice it or not. In a random situation, the different polarities counter each other and thus you don't notice any impact by the material.
I've just finished my course in statistical physics, and the timing couldn't be more perfect :)
As an audio engineer I made a connection to dipoles in one direction to the phase of audio signals being aligned or not, there is a kind of phase transition where the imaging and overall timbre of signals from different sources become a single, balanced field of frequencies, where suddenly everything sounds "glued" together rather than just hanging apart, at least when recorded & mixed well! (A common idealized model of that balance is simply pink noise.) I don't know if there's actually any kind of a relationship between dipole direction in a magnet and phase alignment in audio, and you don't have to have the phase of all signals aligned to make your music "magnetic", in fact it's sometimes more musical to play with phase, but this was a fascinating video and had me thinking in interesting ways, thank you, Happy Thanksgiving to all, take care
i love how my first thought when presented with the Ising model was "this looks like it would be interesting to model in a cellular automata".. imagine the smile on my face when the video hit 6:05 😄
😅 you’re really going to make me read all 1,200 pages of Stephen Wolfram’s _A New Kind of Science_ now, aren’t you? 😩😮💨😜
This is probably my favourite video from you.
Really good and easy explanations!
My first thought was how 1/137 keeps showing up in physics in different seemingly non related interactions.
Huh? I thought the fine structure constant only appeared in the electromagnetic interaction?
@@drdca8263ig the electromagnetic interaction shows up everywhere.
Nice video, clearly explained and easy to absorb the concept. I will need to read up on power laws, as I can see something it might be useful for: Modelling Emergence.
The German name "Ising" is also a small monastery next to lake Chiemsee in Bavaria. In that case the letter I is pronounced like E in English. So it would be pronounced Eseng in English. Ising is definitely a German name. Great video and explanation!
Thanks! I love your layman’s terminology. It helps noobs to science like me grasp these concepts faster.
The energy minimization dominates in all cases, not only at low temperatures. The second low of thermodynamics is looked in the wrong way, a system moves to high disorder, when applied heat, in order to maximize its energy emission (of the build up energy), or put in another way, to minimize the resistance to energy emission. So in this way, the leading natural principle is ALWAYS the law of least resistance (which is quite profound, when one understands it) This line of thought is actually noted in Heaviside's Electrical Papers, when discussing heating and cooling bodies, but is virtually unknown by the scientist due to its burial deep in the not-so-known-parts of the papers.
WOW! One of your best videos! It feels like this is brushing up against the phenpmenon of emergence. Very cool!
Awesome demo at the start. As an amateur hobby knife maker I use a magnet on a stick for this reason to know when the steel is in the austenite phase.
You're great Jade.
Fantastic to see the return of the sound effects whenever you turn around.
Dipoles flipping seems kind of like the game of life thing, but with a slightly different set of "rules"
IIRC, Steven Wolfram has characterized "all" (at least dozens) of the possible sets of rules for the game of life. It would be interesting to see if any of them align with the rules of magnetization.
@@dennisestenson7820for 1D cellualar automata with 3 possible neighbors with 2 possible states is 2^3 = 8 bits. the set of all possible 8 bits(256 options) is every 1D CA and thats where the rule names come from.
Ignoring the people who separate the concepts of energy, heat, and photons… those flames are a blast of photons smashing into the iron atoms… which chaotically absorb the photons… which then pushes the electrons out to higher energy shells… that in turn changes the “correlation length” of that single atom. Because the location of the electrons in atoms were randomly oriented to the blast of incoming energy and every other atom’s electron’s current positions, we see the splotchy pattern. At some point seemingly chaotically the dipole of the individual atoms affect or don’t the neighboring atoms. The radius of how many other atoms away can be influenced by any single atom fluctuates (the changing correlation length). So the electromagnetic dipoles of the individual atoms affecting their neighbors fluctuates…
YES it’s like a game of Conway’s Life but in 3D at an atomic and subatomic scale.
If we knew the rules of how photons interact with electrons as the electromagnetic force bosons, then maybe someone could model it more precisely. Until then I think of each electron being shepherded around by many photons… and the positioning of the electrons affects how the atom behaves and makes chemistry possible… ultimately making God’s Life possible.
1:11 doesn't all steel contain iron?
Yes
Yeah, it's the main ingredient by far
I agree, but I'ma gonna chalk this up to bad timing or grammar.
The line was read- "this is a bit of steel that contains iron." It may have been written/it should have been read as:
"this is a bit of steel, that contains iron." Or "this is a bit of steel. that contains iron." She didn't pause which makes it sound like she implies steel can exist without iron. Instead of this is steel which has iron/is a ferrous material.
Brilliantly clear video. You're really at the top of your game at the moment, keep up the good work!
At 16:27 As Albert Einstein said, "Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better."
Wonderfully scripted, explained and topics brought well together! Thank you! This is school 4.0!
I knew I woke up early for something😮
Looks like it was your magnet that lost its magnetism from the heat first. Neodymium magnets are highly sensitive to temperature in my experience. You can see the carabineer fall at nearly the same moment as the driver bit. The carabineer is aluminum so non-magnetic however the spring inside is steel.
0:50 The answer to that question explains
1. How hot water turns to vapour
2. How opinions spread on social media
3. How neurons fire in the brain
4. How to make the best cup of coffee, and
5. Why fluids do this 0:59
The cooling bit makes a dramatic demonstration, but it doesn't conclusively indicate an abrupt phase transition. A gradually magnitizing bit would also jump suddenly to the magnet due to the inverse square law. Once it gets pulled a small amount closer, the reduced distance increases the pull strength amd it immediately jumps the rest of the way.
officially for the USA, Liberia, and Myanmar (Burma), the alternative title is "Something weird happened at 1418°F"
Love natural switches and was looking for some explanations so great video. Now to apply.
The scale invariance at the critical temperature blew my mind.
In the first minute I blurted out percolation and thought I knew what this was going to be about, but I'm glad I didn't skip. I learned something new I didn't know about universality classes, or that percolation had a different exponent.
Can you do another video exploring other universality classes and what in the real world they relate to? Then maybe you can get three blue one brown involved and he can show what makes those emergent properties come about the way they do.
Thank you for another good video.
I was hoping "how a rice cooker works" was going to be in that list. th-cam.com/video/RSTNhvDGbYI/w-d-xo.html
Gorgeous video, Jade! 🤩😍 I felt that special "whoa!" in my mind as you got to the pattern of scale invariance. Awesome and fascinanting!
I’m reminded of Conway’s game of Life. Could you make ‘gliders’ in the flipping magnetic states of a magnet at the right temperature?
As an electrical engineer we encounter the curie temperature when working with ferrites. It is a metallic crystalline structure that is used to make the core material of certain inductors and transformers. The permeability increases in a material up to the "curie point", then it becomes paramagnetic and the permeability 'goes away'.
In some materials that phase transition is permanent, and even when cooling the permeability of the material does not return.
This becomes most apparent in an electrical device known as a 'balun'. This is a type of transformer used at high frequencies (RF for radio) and baluns are used to transform impeadance to match radios to an antenna. Running too high of power with too small of a balun, with too great of an impedance mismatch will cause significant heating and the ferrite may cross the curie point.
That's how a rice cooker works!
I've had a bit of a crap week and it just completely brightened my day to have you teach me this. A very interesting concept that I was vaguely aware of but had no idea it is so widely utilized. Thank you so very much and I hope you are doing well 😊
Curie happens and not Skłodowska Curie. This time it's Pierre.
There is a concept called magnetic annealing, where a ferromagnetic material is heated well above its curie point, and then allowed to cool in the presence of a magnetic field. The magnetic structure, or magnetic domains become anisotropic densified, inducing mechanical strain also. so as the metal cools below the curie point the magnet and physical stress is baked into the structure of the metal.
I like your videos, I always learn something new and they always hit a sweetspot of complexity for my science litteracy level!
I remember being initially baffled in my engineering Materials courses by the presentation of "phase diagrams" for solid materials. In regular thermodynamics, the solid/liquid/gas phases were easy to grasp, because melting solid water into ice at a constant 0 C and liquid water into water vapor at 100 C was something one knew from childhood. But what "phases" even meant in a solid material was never introduced in the same way. It took me a long time to figure out what it all meant, and then it was very satisfying to apply that knowledge to engineering materials. My engineering degrees are from Purdue University, and I think they really didn't have a very good academic program in material science at the time (the late 1970s). A presentation such as yours would have really opened up my eyes had I seen it at the freshman level, and I would have made much more rapid (and/or less painful) progress in my education. I've been back to Purdue recently, and I think that the students are far more advanced than I was at the same age. It would be interesting to see how videos such as yours have contributed to that.
I love the quirky and well-researched videos you put up!
If I was a physics or science teacher, I would include your videos as part of the curriculum/homework!
Note, I would've loved watching your videos and tutelage when I was young and in school!
Thank you for your videos!
Jade, its great to see you looking happy and interested in this fascinating topic. Phase transitions are both abrupt and repeatable enough to serve to calibrate temperature devices for example. You can validate the readout on a meat thermometer by placing it in boiling water (uncovered pot at sea level). When the water is boiling your readout had better display 212 degrees F or 100 degree C. Carefully prepared ice baths provide another calibration standard at 32 degree F or 0 degrees C. Cool video- that screw driver bit changes its mind in a big hurry!
Can we apply Ising Models to other "binomial" phenomena? For example what about "Pass/Fail" measurement decisions?
Nice, 60 years ago I learned this at school from a teacher that worked at a steel plant. They were hoisting hot ingots when the gripper broke down. They put a electromagnet hoist but that didn't worrk. Steel plant in Holland, Ijmuiden, production line was Westinghouse teacher went before 1940 to USA and spoke there with Tesla as he told us.😊
Materials phase conversions are fascinating. Is why metalworking is so much fun.
Good, insightful video. Many thanks.
But a slight correction at 04:00. A ball falling is NOT an example of system wanting to go to a "lower energy level"; That motion is entirely governed by Newton's 2nd law and other equations of motion; During a fall a ball's total energy does NOT change; It's merely converted from potential to kinetic. And this falling is unrelated to increase in entropy (and can occur for a single isolated object for which entropy is not even well defined); The diffusion of all that kinetic energy when it hits the ground (has stopped) into the environment, is through an entropic process (2nd law of TD). But gravity is not en entropic force (AFAWK); Neither are E&M, strong and weak forces.
In other words, a ball released from a height, falls and does not go up, NOT because of the 2nd Law of TD (that it wants to have its energy more evenly distributed); But because of ball's initial state (condition) and also the phase-space flow of the Newton's (differential) equation (and other differential equations of motion based on minimization of action).
But for many other systems of multiple entities (e.g. a hot iron rod cooling or dipoles re-aligning) their total energy actually decreases and it disperses into the environment (e.g. as IR photons); For the hot-rod cooling, it's driven by the diffusion equation which is an entropy-related result.
Thank you again.
curie point is how a simple rice cooker knows when to turn off... the magnet holding the on switch on is heated past it's curie point by the water boiling away... now if only you could buy one without a "keep warm" function so it actually turned all the way off 😢
So room temperature semi conductors can only be achieved if the thermal energy of room temperature is lower than the crystals structure interactions that keep the molecules below their curie point.
This is a different view of a fundamental phenomena that I think is endemic to all complex systems. I was first introduced to the phenomena with the book "Linked: The New Science of Networks". A wide variety of different kinds of networks exhibit this scale invariance property.
This is also related to phenomena like Benford's Law.
Bits used in Weller soldering iron bits had a Curie Point component that acted on a magnetically operated micro switch.
The zoom out on the critical temperature at 11:40 was transfixing, I could literally stare at that for hours
I just started the video, and remember making pendulums out of older Canadian nickels (which were actually nickel!) and a torch. A great science demo from the sixties.
Nickel has a much lower Curie temp.
Curie point. I love this subject. Thank you for making this
well i havent seen one of your videos for ages!!! love your content Jade!
From Curie to James Hoffmann 😉
Curie point is widely used in simple (Weller) soldering irons to control the temperature.
You can get tips with different temperatures due to the piece of metal on the other side having a specific Curie temperature.
This is a beautiful piece of work. Thank you 🙏🏾
What just happened is the Curie point, a magnetic phase transition point, a critical temperature, as is technically known. Before that it's too hot to magnetize for this material under those conditions. Of course the other forms of magnetism can still happen.
I am so glad you're making new videos! Keep up the great content!
Thanks!
Thank YOU!
A cool connection that hit me when you were showing the appearance of a system in transition and zooming out. I was thinking casually about how the pattern reminded me of like diorite or any other phaneritic rock grain, and it hit me that I'm pretty sure the resemblance isn't actually trivial: phaneritic rock gains that texture because the slow process of differential crystallization that forms them proceeds spontaneously from nucleation sites in a manner that is directly comparable to the spontaneous ordering of magnetic domains below the curie temperature, and idk I though that was really cool to think about :3
A great video, but I want to correct one thing: The system "wanting" to get into a minmal energy state is not opposing the second law of thrmodynamics. Rather it is driven by it.
Since energy is conserved, a sytem lowering its energy means the system giving the energy to the environment. This happens by heating up the environment. If the environment is cold, the total entropy is maximized if the system is almost at its minimal energy (it won't completely reach it on sverage, as that would violate the third law of thermodynamics) because otherwise transferring that energy to the environment will increase its entropy more than it decreases the entropy of the system. While in a hot environment, the average energy of the system also will be higher when in equilibrium.
A system that wouldn't interact with the environment in any way would never change its energy to begin with.
But isn't the reason for the magnetic characteristic of steel it's crystal structure?
Ferritic phase is magnetic and austenite isn't. You can also meassure the volumen and you would see that it shrinks a bit at this temperature cause the atomic packing factor changes.
By the way if you add enough chromium to a steel-alloy it's in austenite phase regardless temperature