We live in Fiji. We heard 3 to 4 booms and actually felt the sound go through the ground, our house and our bodies. The first one we thought was thunder but after the 3rd one we knew it was something else.
Fascinating, educational, easy to understand and digest, great diagrams and pictures. I give you an A++ on this! Your personal presentation was excellent. Yes, you should do more of these as opportunities come your way. Thanks for the additional links too!
Thank you so very much for this wonderful comment. The public response has been overwhelmingly positive and I think that I will do a few more of these in the future!
Many thanks to Paul for hosting this fundraiser for this emergency. Many things to those who contributed large and small. You are all a blessing. --Audrey in Chicago
Great video & explanation of Tonga eruption & the ridge which I’ve always been curious about. Also Thank You for including standard (miles) with metric,, super smooth experience for me as a viewer where usually I have to stop the video & figure out metric to standard to get the idea of how big this really was. I REALLY appreciate that!! You got my like & subscription keep them coming 💜🙏💜
Thanks , this video really puts things into perspective . We heard the explosions and some of our outer islands here in Fiji got the brunt of the tsunami and tidal surges. The geology of this just puts things into perspective . And I sincerely hope Tonga gets the relief it needs in terms of fresh water and food etc . Thoughts and prayers are with Tonga . Much love from your neighbours in Fiji .
Thank you, I'm glad this video reached those people close to the event. It looks like the fundraising link is also doing well so we can at least give some financial relief to Tonga during their time of need.
Amazing and important video! Thanks! Interesting fact: that central part of the island (the mains crater) didn't even exist back in 2014, it was just the Tonga Hunga and Hunga Ha'apai islands there!
Though I've attended the best colleges, and university, some of the most informed, and intelligent people with "common sense" are more knowledgeable; scholarly learning isn't comparable to applied learning from the school of hard knocks.
@@EarthandSpaceSciencesX Thank YOU for making something as complex as geology not only accessible to everyone, but fascinating and interesting as well. I'm a retiree who is totally enjoying your classes on TH-cam, and am always amazed at how much I learn and comprehend from each one. Just excellent, every one!
Thank you! This was quite fascinating. I like how you can see that there is a specific angle of repose on some of the features on the seabed at 24:40. Some look almost perfectly conical.
This reminds me on Krakatoa. Read a book about it just before Tonga happened. I saw the pressure wave in the netherlands on my barometer. It was 3 mbar pressure difference. Never have experienced such thing from a volcano
I'm glad I was able to do this video for you! I have been absolutely captivated by the news reports and kept telling myself that the public probably has a deeper interest in this than the news services were able to satisfy.
Thank you so much for an awesome presentation. It reminds me of that old cop show where the officer is always saying "Just the facts ma'am". Leave out the hysteria, doom and gloomy purveyors and the pseudo-science nuts and you get a great comprehensive, informative and fascinating viewing. I am a volcano and geology aficionado so I'm now off to hunt up your video about the back-arc basins and their formations.
I only learned of this eruption just now! A full week after it happened! 😮 Looking back on national news sites, there were two articles about it... That's it! It's completely overshadowed by local covid rules etc. I'm from the Netherlands, so it's pretty much as far away from the volcano as you could be. But I thought an eruption of this size would be bigger news! I always find it hard to understand the size of something this big. And it's insane to think the ash cloud's diameter (170 miles in this video, 270~ish Kilometers) could completely cover the country I live in!
Pay close attention between minutes 4-5;two sites are clearly visible but only one volcano busting bomb hit a volcano this day-surprising more people didn’t notice this 😂😂😂
Hi from Denmark. Just want to say Thank you for this great educational video. Very well explained. What amazed me the most was the shockwave. The pictures from space are just mind blowing. Wow!
Yours and mine!! I've always been fascinated by natural disasters like this ever since I was a little girl. Now, my 12 year old son is fascinated by weather. Heh.
Than you for all the effort you put into this "current event" project, Paul. One of the most informative (if not the most) I've watched. You just gained a subscriber. i only hope that you'll continue updating us as things settle down... IF things settle down.
They are now saying the center of the ash cloud rose to as high as 55K, and the umbrella cloud at around 35K...Excellent description of the tectonics involved here! Based on previous eruptions around the world, this one could have up to 0.3-0.4 degrees F cooling effect on the planet for 1-3 years.....crazy stuff.
It's interesting that you suggest that because I have been having some of my students review this video since last summer and had them provide update feedback as part of their coursework. That's the main reason I haven't done the update...I don't want to give away the answers. :)
July 2012, Havre Seamount (Kermadec Arc) exploded with a volcanic eruption that was one & a half times the size of the Mount Helens eruption. No one noticed a thing until a few days later, when an airline passenger spotted an enormous floating pumice raft.
I can affirm how sharp volcanic ash is. After Mt Pinatubo's eruption, I traveled to Subic Bay. It was rainy season. Every time a car would drive by, they would spray ash water onto you. It was like getting pelted with needles. Several Navy cargo planes reported losing engines due to flying into the ash clouds. It was very cool in Olongapo for a while. Lots of buildings on base were crushed.
Oh my goodness! The decibel level of that shockwave was so much louder than I expected. Frankly, I wouldn't be surprised if it ruptured ear drums! Holy cow.
Thank you Paul for an _excellent_ video explaining some of the high-level geology behind this eruption. It's hard to wade through the deluge of sensationalist news out there right now to get to the science underneath, and this answered my questions & then some 👍 The geological context is brilliant.... I've been trying to understand the dynamics of Hunga-Ha'apai a bit better & found a few research papers but they're mostly related to it's chemistry. So to be able to see it mapped out like you have from 20:00 onwards is gold, thank you!
Excellent presentation - very professional - educational. Thank you. Volcanos & eruptions - create the continents. We witness a change in Earth Map. 👍🌋
Absolutely right! Volcanoes are the way the earth does the chemistry necessary to build continental crust. The Tonga Ridge definitely has some interesting geochemistry going on.
Edifying clarity delivered with all salient details, expressed with rare cogency and authority whilst giving due care and attention to the scope of human tragedy unfolding.
Dior Sheen lived there and visited the volcano 6 months ago. She has a TH-cam vid of them walking all over and the ending, the dad found some hot sand under water. Thanks for this vid.
I haven't read the explanation, but the ridge looks like it would form from friction from the other one going down. The force to push the big plate must be immense.
Wonderful report!! Thank you! I would love to hear a report of yours on the volcanic activities going on in Yellowstone, in Wyoming, if you should ever do one 😊
@@mrenygma181 nope. That's scaremongering. A VEI 8 Yellowstone eruption would indeed by a VERY serious problem for everyone on the planet. However the fail you execute superbly is to assume that anything which happens at Yellowstone will be a VEI 8 eruption. There could be a phreatic explosion. There could be an effusive eruption. There could be a much smaller explosive eruption. As for the OP's wish to hear about volcanic activity in Yellowstone? The USGS puts out a monthly video on precisely that. Earthquake swarms. Geyser activity. It's informative rather than alarmist.
I have noted some expressed that it was a nuclear explosion lol. I figured it was way bigger than that. Thanks for confirming that. And yes great job in explaining what really what its all about.
This has been estimated at 6-10 megatons of TNT. The most powerful bomb exploded was estimated at 58 megatons of TNT. Although it was not the most powerful explosion of the volcano. Krakatoa in 1883 caused a more powerful explosion than Hunga Tonga.
I'm going to share a little known knowledge with you. A friend of mine back in the 90's had this really long really cool book on the coffee table that was nothing but a picture book of Nukes. In it their was this particular picture of the first test and it's mushroom cloud with a black and white thing on the bottom that was like a grid, a readout and it was a graph of time since the detonation. turns out the mushroom cloud you know so well which is way after the shockwave has come and gone and the heat has lit every within sight on fire. well that mushroom cloud takes place at 15/1000'ths of a second fifteen one thousandths of a second. you only get about 3% of the power of the nuke detonating them at 1500 feet with much of the product not reacting fully which is where you get all the junk but most being changed into heat and escaping into space as a reflection. that is why our m military came up with "new ways to couple the nuke to the earth to yield it's full potential" . don't fool yourself. too many things , too much pre-planning and pre-made media, too centered for the perfect shot, the colors of the explosion which seem a lot like what you would expect if you could get all the power out or maybe like 97%as they claim they can, did you see the colors? Do you not know that ammonium Nitrate cannot explode without fuel? Both this one and the other both have frames with the bomb in them, I picked them out with ease the day they happened. Arguing about it is a waste of time because anyone who would laugh at the idea is not going to take the time to download it and go frame by frame so they don't matter and aren't worth wasting your time with ,, know what I mean man? Peace Sizzlean
I thought that the video from the boat is of the previous eruption from the day before which gouged out the interior of the island. The massive eruption which rocked the world would come on the following day.
My understanding is that it was filmed earlier that day but well prior to the main event. Fortunately for those Tongan scientists on that boat, night was coming so they retreated early enough to it get the ship to harbor before the major eruption happened otherwise they could have had a very bad outcome.
Thankyou so much for this. I’m about to watch for 2nd time so that I can take in a bit more of all your info. Txting from Belfast NI. My grandson is about to start a new geography subject…..Volcanoes and this ol granny has been sucking up ‘volcanoes’ since the Iceland eruption. My local library sends me a lovely boxful of books every 6 weeks or so and I’ve gone from volcanoes to geology 💥🧐. Love it. I sort of wish for my time to still itself and for me to ,kind of absorb all this geography and exploding geological’stuff’ . I’m loving my little IPad, moving pictures of volcanoes at the touch of a button….. YeeHaaa. So, yes, a BIG thankyou for this video, think of me, snuggled under my recently acquired, hot, over blanket , surrounded by books and marvelling at LaPalma / Tonga…… poor people having to endure the all the destruction and effects of all that ash at its worst.
There definitely appears to be evidence of at least two shockwaves, and perhaps there were 3 or 4 in very close succession. I didn't not mention this in the video because I didn't have confirmation of that from any reputable news or scientific source when I recorded it. It is reasonable to infer that there were several major steam explosions in close proximity time-wise but the details are currently murky.
Great explanation and detail about what happened to our little island kingdom. Would be great if you did a follow up when you find out what happened to the volcano, what might happen in the future and whats happening on the ground in Tonga. Scary times for them and a long road to recovery. Many thanks. Mālō aupito!
My wife, who lives there, told me , all of the water on the shoreline, withdrew, as if sucked away and left all of the boats and ships grounded. This took place, a few days be the volcano exploded.
Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai also erupted a month ago. Eruption on Friday & then an M7.5 eq prior to Saturdays event. Because of this, seawater was able to enter the magma system causing the much larger explosion.
What really stands out to me, is the sound. I'm not a vulcanologist by any stretch of the imagination, but I do watch everything volcano related I come across. The vid clips I see for this eruption sounds almost like artillery to me... Multiple "small" blasts, one after another. I've never heard one sound like this.
Thank you for providing a lot of great information. The subtitles are also in Indonesian? Tongan: 'E to'o 'osi atu 'e he 'Otua 'a e ngaahi tupu'anga 'o e faingata'a, 'o kau ai 'a e fakatamaki fakanatula.
Thank you for your appreciation! Also, I'm totally sympathetic to your concern of their being no Tongan subtitles. Having worked in Hawaii for a while I came across many native Tongan speakers who wanted my lectures subtitled in Tongan when they studied at home. As of now, I have access to auto-subtitling software for many languages but not Tongan. I did just upload the Samoan auto-subtitles but I would need a human translator for Tongan.
This is more reminiscent of the August 26th-27th 1883 Krakatoa eruption where 70% of the island, and its archipelago were destroyed, as it collapsed into a caldera.
thanks for your insight on this event. This will greatly impact that area for years, maybe a decade+ to come. There isn't much help to receive out in the lonely Pacific Islands, so I hope the people there can rebuild.
Awesome tutorial. Thanks for sharing. You explained tectonic subduction and I'd like to add please that most of the violent eruptions were from volcanoes along subduction zones. It's all about the magma but these zones make up the ring of fire as well as other areas of the globe. Can you explain why subduction volcano typically have plinian eruptions. Thanks again.
Thanks! I'm rearranging my channel with the intention of doing exactly more of that. The positive comments and feedback I got for doing this video was overwhelming.
Did anyone see the video from space or airplane of a moving light flying over Tunga into the ocean on the far side where it exploded in the water very close to the island? There were loud bannging sounds (2) before the eruption happened?
It WAS filmed from the beginning. It's just that the sensors doing the filming were a very, very long way away. Anyone within ten miles of the volcano attempting to film it when the cataclysmic VEI 6 explosion took place would now be dead.
Interesting about the sulfur gas crossing over Australia, Paul. The area in your images just had some of the heaviest rains in decades, talk about bad timing.
I still haven’t seen any finalized finding for the VEI except what is in the papers and they have it at about 5. In terms of volume, the ash material was twice the amount erupted by Mt. Saint Helens (2-2.6 cubic km).
Hunga Tonga Hunga Hai'pai'' was hit may a cruise missile .... there used to be actual footage of the cruise missile hitting the volcano, but it has been removed... this was an attack by the U.S. Government against the people of Tonga... 50% of the people on the island are now deaf.... the after effects of this event are causing world-wide flooding....
It destroyed the country, didn't it? 29:55 sadly answered that question...how heartbreaking. For those with Tongan friends and family...you are in my most positive thoughts. Now the people that are rebuilding...rebuilding what and where and are those rebuilding, were they away at the time?
Geology Hub said the eruption began because a landslide the day before caused the vent to be opened to ocean water and the ocean water interacted with the lava in the vent
Also it is a deceptive eruption when it comes to size. The eruption only occurred for an hour and while the largest eruption in the last 10 years it released about the same amount of material as the eruption on Saint Vincent in 2021
Great summary of the physical and chemical impacts from this explosion. This would seem to call for a rescue effort…it is doubtful that this would be a safe place to live for some time…I think COVID restrictions are no longer high on the list of concerns…
Now, a year later I just read that the reason for the explosion was your second hypothesis where the sea water rushed in.
This is so fascinating.
I learned more in 30 mins than I have the past 365 days. Will watch your other videos.
We live in Fiji. We heard 3 to 4 booms and actually felt the sound go through the ground, our house and our bodies. The first one we thought was thunder but after the 3rd one we knew it was something else.
In audio recordings I have heard, I have counted as many as 5 booms, with 4 coming before the main event. Probably the volcano clearing its throat.
Damn😶 I was wondering about you guys over there...🤔
Fascinating, educational, easy to understand and digest, great diagrams and pictures. I give you an A++ on this! Your personal presentation was excellent. Yes, you should do more of these as opportunities come your way. Thanks for the additional links too!
Thank you so very much for this wonderful comment. The public response has been overwhelmingly positive and I think that I will do a few more of these in the future!
It’s amazing how you can see the actual shock wave spreading along with the volcanic cloud. That’s just mind blowing.
I really appreciate your clear explanation of the plate tectonic background, good diagrams too! thanks.
Thank you for your kind words!
Many thanks to Paul for hosting this fundraiser for this emergency. Many things to those who contributed large and small. You are all a blessing. --Audrey in Chicago
I would be grateful to have you as a teacher and/or professor. 10/10
Thank you Sam. You can study with me for free right here on TH-cam!
Great video & explanation of Tonga eruption & the ridge which I’ve always been curious about. Also Thank You for including standard (miles) with metric,, super smooth experience for me as a viewer where usually I have to stop the video & figure out metric to standard to get the idea of how big this really was. I REALLY appreciate that!! You got my like & subscription keep them coming 💜🙏💜
Thank you so much!
You make more sense than everyone else. I knew this had to have more of an impact than they were saying. Thanks for the important info.
Thank you for your appreciation!
Wow, a factual report, that's rare and amazing nowadays. Thank you
Thank you!
Excellent summary. As ever we are left with more questions than answers.
I can't say enough how much I appreciate your video, after going through the click-bait-y non info stuff out there. Thank you! I subbed.
Thank you.
Thanks , this video really puts things into perspective . We heard the explosions and some of our outer islands here in Fiji got the brunt of the tsunami and tidal surges. The geology of this just puts things into perspective . And I sincerely hope Tonga gets the relief it needs in terms of fresh water and food etc . Thoughts and prayers are with Tonga . Much love from your neighbours in Fiji .
Thank you, I'm glad this video reached those people close to the event. It looks like the fundraising link is also doing well so we can at least give some financial relief to Tonga during their time of need.
why can't we get great info like this in the news? thanks man. ya done good.
Thanks!
Amazing and important video! Thanks!
Interesting fact: that central part of the island (the mains crater) didn't even exist back in 2014, it was just the Tonga Hunga and Hunga Ha'apai islands there!
Geez! Now I'm wondering if he DID mention that and I got the information from the video itself.
As a high school dropout, I must say I really enjoy each and every video you produce. Thank you
I’m very glad that you are enjoying these videos. I believe science is for everybody not just the elite academics.
Though I've attended the best colleges, and university, some of the most informed, and intelligent people with "common sense" are more knowledgeable; scholarly learning isn't comparable to applied learning from the school of hard knocks.
@@EarthandSpaceSciencesX Thank YOU for making something as complex as geology not only accessible to everyone, but fascinating and interesting as well. I'm a retiree who is totally enjoying your classes on TH-cam, and am always amazed at how much I learn and comprehend from each one. Just excellent, every one!
Thank you! This was quite fascinating. I like how you can see that there is a specific angle of repose on some of the features on the seabed at 24:40. Some look almost perfectly conical.
Spot on! 100%! I am excited to see how you connected the angle of repose to this situation.
This reminds me on Krakatoa. Read a book about it just before Tonga happened. I saw the pressure wave in the netherlands on my barometer. It was 3 mbar pressure difference. Never have experienced such thing from a volcano
When i heard about this event, i thought of you straight away. thank you for making a video, really needed your knowledge about this.
I'm glad I was able to do this video for you! I have been absolutely captivated by the news reports and kept telling myself that the public probably has a deeper interest in this than the news services were able to satisfy.
Thank you so much for an awesome presentation. It reminds me of that old cop show where the officer is always saying "Just the facts ma'am". Leave out the hysteria, doom and gloomy purveyors and the pseudo-science nuts and you get a great comprehensive, informative and fascinating viewing. I am a volcano and geology aficionado so I'm now off to hunt up your video about the back-arc basins and their formations.
I only learned of this eruption just now! A full week after it happened! 😮 Looking back on national news sites, there were two articles about it... That's it! It's completely overshadowed by local covid rules etc. I'm from the Netherlands, so it's pretty much as far away from the volcano as you could be. But I thought an eruption of this size would be bigger news!
I always find it hard to understand the size of something this big. And it's insane to think the ash cloud's diameter (170 miles in this video, 270~ish Kilometers) could completely cover the country I live in!
It was an amazingly large ash cloud. It would have covered 1/3 of France. Just incredible.
Pay close attention between minutes 4-5;two sites are clearly visible but only one volcano busting bomb hit a volcano this day-surprising more people didn’t notice this 😂😂😂
Appreciate the hardwork
Thanks!
Glad to have found this channel, excellent presentation of vital information without any of the sensationalism present in almost every media nowadays!
Thank you!
Hi from Denmark. Just want to say Thank you for this great educational video. Very well explained. What amazed me the most was the shockwave. The pictures from space are just mind blowing. Wow!
Amazing description linking what is, was and will happen.
Thank you!
Thanks for that ! My fav subject at school was all things volcanoes, earthquakes, and the weather! Great to rehash.
Yours and mine!! I've always been fascinated by natural disasters like this ever since I was a little girl. Now, my 12 year old son is fascinated by weather. Heh.
Than you for all the effort you put into this "current event" project, Paul. One of the most informative (if not the most) I've watched. You just gained a subscriber. i only hope that you'll continue updating us as things settle down... IF things settle down.
Thank you!
They are now saying the center of the ash cloud rose to as high as 55K, and the umbrella cloud at around 35K...Excellent description of the tectonics involved here! Based on previous eruptions around the world, this one could have up to 0.3-0.4 degrees F cooling effect on the planet for 1-3 years.....crazy stuff.
Wow!! That was an Incredible Explaination, Most importantly it is understandable and digestible. Thank You!!
Thank you very much for your kind words! That was exactly my goal.
Can you do an update on this event a year later? Current VEI rating, climate impacts known and theorized, etc?
It's interesting that you suggest that because I have been having some of my students review this video since last summer and had them provide update feedback as part of their coursework. That's the main reason I haven't done the update...I don't want to give away the answers. :)
Thank you. Tonga is a study in geology. It has the wow factor.
July 2012, Havre Seamount (Kermadec Arc) exploded with a volcanic eruption that was one & a half times the size of the Mount Helens eruption. No one noticed a thing until a few days later, when an airline passenger spotted an enormous floating pumice raft.
I can affirm how sharp volcanic ash is. After Mt Pinatubo's eruption, I traveled to Subic Bay. It was rainy season. Every time a car would drive by, they would spray ash water onto you. It was like getting pelted with needles. Several Navy cargo planes reported losing engines due to flying into the ash clouds. It was very cool in Olongapo for a while. Lots of buildings on base were crushed.
Oh my goodness! The decibel level of that shockwave was so much louder than I expected. Frankly, I wouldn't be surprised if it ruptured ear drums! Holy cow.
Thank you Paul for an _excellent_ video explaining some of the high-level geology behind this eruption. It's hard to wade through the deluge of sensationalist news out there right now to get to the science underneath, and this answered my questions & then some 👍 The geological context is brilliant.... I've been trying to understand the dynamics of Hunga-Ha'apai a bit better & found a few research papers but they're mostly related to it's chemistry. So to be able to see it mapped out like you have from 20:00 onwards is gold, thank you!
Glad to do it!
excellent lecture~ extremely informative, well structured, clearly explained what happened. News programs cannot explain all details. Thanks David
@@msorr5458 thank you very much for your supportive comment.
Excellent presentation - very professional - educational. Thank you. Volcanos & eruptions - create the continents. We witness a change in Earth Map. 👍🌋
Absolutely right! Volcanoes are the way the earth does the chemistry necessary to build continental crust. The Tonga Ridge definitely has some interesting geochemistry going on.
Edifying clarity delivered with all salient details, expressed with rare cogency and authority whilst giving due care and attention to the scope of human tragedy unfolding.
Dior Sheen lived there and visited the volcano 6 months ago. She has a TH-cam vid of them walking all over and the ending, the dad found some hot sand under water. Thanks for this vid.
I watched her videos and they're pretty interesting.
@@EarthandSpaceSciencesX living the life. ❤️
Anyone have a link?
@@fairwitness7473 th-cam.com/video/xK1zbwvpoJU/w-d-xo.html
Hard to believe that such a large eruption just happened again after 30 years . I remember the beautiful sunsets 30 years ago.
Very nicely presented
Thanks!
Excellent video, thank you
Thanks!
That was a very good presentation, clear and informative !
Thank you!
@@EarthandSpaceSciencesX 👍👍
Thank you for the great information.
Thank you!
I haven't read the explanation, but the ridge looks like it would form from friction from the other one going down. The force to push the big plate must be immense.
Very informative update on Tonga! ❤
Liked 👍. Shared on MeWe 👍. Shared on Facebook 👍. Saved on TH-cam 👍.
Thank you for posting this! I was wondering what a geologist would say.
Glad it helped you out!
Thank you for doing this video. Very informative/interesting.
Thank you for your appreciation.
Wonderful report!! Thank you! I would love to hear a report of yours on the volcanic activities going on in Yellowstone, in Wyoming, if you should ever do one 😊
If anything happens at Yellowstone, I'll try my best to be on top of it for you all.
If anything happens at Yellowstone, feel free to copy/paste the following:
"We're f**ked. That is all."
@@mrenygma181
EXACTLY ❄🥶❄
ICE AGE (GLOBAL WARMING CANCELED)
@@mrenygma181 nope. That's scaremongering.
A VEI 8 Yellowstone eruption would indeed by a VERY serious problem for everyone on the planet. However the fail you execute superbly is to assume that anything which happens at Yellowstone will be a VEI 8 eruption.
There could be a phreatic explosion. There could be an effusive eruption. There could be a much smaller explosive eruption.
As for the OP's wish to hear about volcanic activity in Yellowstone? The USGS puts out a monthly video on precisely that. Earthquake swarms. Geyser activity. It's informative rather than alarmist.
I have noted some expressed that it was a nuclear explosion lol. I figured it was way bigger than that. Thanks for confirming that. And yes great job in explaining what really what its all about.
This has been estimated at 6-10 megatons of TNT. The most powerful bomb exploded was estimated at 58 megatons of TNT. Although it was not the most powerful explosion of the volcano. Krakatoa in 1883 caused a more powerful explosion than Hunga Tonga.
I'm going to share a little known knowledge with you. A friend of mine back in the 90's had this really long really cool book on the coffee table that was nothing but a picture book of Nukes. In it their was this particular picture of the first test and it's mushroom cloud with a black and white thing on the bottom that was like a grid, a readout and it was a graph of time since the detonation. turns out the mushroom cloud you know so well which is way after the shockwave has come and gone and the heat has lit every within sight on fire. well that mushroom cloud takes place at 15/1000'ths of a second fifteen one thousandths of a second. you only get about 3% of the power of the nuke detonating them at 1500 feet with much of the product not reacting fully which is where you get all the junk but most being changed into heat and escaping into space as a reflection. that is why our m military came up with "new ways to couple the nuke to the earth to yield it's full potential" . don't fool yourself. too many things , too much pre-planning and pre-made media, too centered for the perfect shot, the colors of the explosion which seem a lot like what you would expect if you could get all the power out or maybe like 97%as they claim they can, did you see the colors? Do you not know that ammonium Nitrate cannot explode without fuel? Both this one and the other both have frames with the bomb in them, I picked them out with ease the day they happened. Arguing about it is a waste of time because anyone who would laugh at the idea is not going to take the time to download it and go frame by frame so they don't matter and aren't worth wasting your time with ,, know what I mean man?
Peace
Sizzlean
Thank you very much for this excellent video and for ALL you do!
Wonderful work and great job 💞 Thank you very much for sharing ❤️ All best wishes for you ❤️ Take care and see you again 💓 GOOD LUCK ❤️ 🥰 💓
I thought that the video from the boat is of the previous eruption from the day before which gouged out the interior of the island. The massive eruption which rocked the world would come on the following day.
I agree. Hope no one was as close as that boat during the following eruption.
My understanding is that it was filmed earlier that day but well prior to the main event. Fortunately for those Tongan scientists on that boat, night was coming so they retreated early enough to it get the ship to harbor before the major eruption happened otherwise they could have had a very bad outcome.
Thankyou so much for this. I’m about to watch for 2nd time so that I can take in a bit more of all your info. Txting from Belfast NI. My grandson is about to start a new geography subject…..Volcanoes and this ol granny has been sucking up ‘volcanoes’ since the Iceland eruption. My local library sends me a lovely boxful of books every 6 weeks or so and I’ve gone from volcanoes to geology 💥🧐. Love it. I sort of wish for my time to still itself and for me to ,kind of absorb all this geography and exploding geological’stuff’ . I’m loving my little IPad, moving pictures of volcanoes at the touch of a button….. YeeHaaa. So, yes, a BIG thankyou for this video, think of me, snuggled under my recently acquired, hot, over blanket , surrounded by books and marvelling at LaPalma / Tonga…… poor people having to endure the all the destruction and effects of all that ash at its worst.
Yes indeed thankyou for a very informative video, Paul I really appreciated the lesson in geology.
anyone notice the second explosion at 4h23 on the wide angle
There definitely appears to be evidence of at least two shockwaves, and perhaps there were 3 or 4 in very close succession. I didn't not mention this in the video because I didn't have confirmation of that from any reputable news or scientific source when I recorded it. It is reasonable to infer that there were several major steam explosions in close proximity time-wise but the details are currently murky.
Great explanation and detail about what happened to our little island kingdom. Would be great if you did a follow up when you find out what happened to the volcano, what might happen in the future and whats happening on the ground in Tonga. Scary times for them and a long road to recovery. Many thanks. Mālō aupito!
My wife, who lives there, told me , all of the water on the shoreline, withdrew, as if sucked away and left all of the boats and ships grounded.
This took place, a few days be the volcano exploded.
Interesting.
Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai also erupted a month ago. Eruption on Friday & then an M7.5 eq prior to Saturdays event. Because of this, seawater was able to enter the magma system causing the much larger explosion.
Before ?
Really great explanation of the causes and effects of the volcano!
This is an excellent fact-checking video about the eruption. You enlightened me using the science behind the eruption.
Thank you very much! That was exactly my goal.
What really stands out to me, is the sound. I'm not a vulcanologist by any stretch of the imagination, but I do watch everything volcano related I come across. The vid clips I see for this eruption sounds almost like artillery to me... Multiple "small" blasts, one after another. I've never heard one sound like this.
Thank you for providing a lot of great information. The subtitles are also in Indonesian?
Tongan: 'E to'o 'osi atu 'e he 'Otua 'a e ngaahi tupu'anga 'o e faingata'a, 'o kau ai 'a e fakatamaki fakanatula.
Thank you for your appreciation! Also, I'm totally sympathetic to your concern of their being no Tongan subtitles. Having worked in Hawaii for a while I came across many native Tongan speakers who wanted my lectures subtitled in Tongan when they studied at home. As of now, I have access to auto-subtitling software for many languages but not Tongan. I did just upload the Samoan auto-subtitles but I would need a human translator for Tongan.
This is more reminiscent of the August 26th-27th 1883 Krakatoa eruption where 70% of the island, and its archipelago were destroyed, as it collapsed into a caldera.
Very comprehensive report, thank you.
Paul, really enjoy every video and lecture. Thank you. Would you be able to do a video on the recent flooding in Southern Asia?
Great suggestion!
Donated through my Charity Account via ARC (Tampa Bay) For this aid!
Awesome! I believe we are making a difference!
Great video. I didnt care for any of the others but this one was nice to watch and learn from.
Thank you!
thanks for your insight on this event. This will greatly impact that area for years, maybe a decade+ to come. There isn't much help to receive out in the lonely Pacific Islands, so I hope the people there can rebuild.
help has been sent from several countries; New Zealand, Australia and the US, first aid and for rebuilding the islands
Awesome tutorial. Thanks for sharing. You explained tectonic subduction and I'd like to add please that most of the violent eruptions were from volcanoes along subduction zones. It's all about the magma but these zones make up the ring of fire as well as other areas of the globe. Can you explain why subduction volcano typically have plinian eruptions.
Thanks again.
Excellent assessment and lecture.
Thank you for all you expertise in this event, something WE never have experienced on the Earth planet, any life forms, all impacted 😩☹️😢
thanks for the video, very interesting
Thanks!
Thank you for the information! Very well done!
nicely done. thanks.
Thanks!
Alas… 4 million people will watch a 5 year old unboxing a crappy toy, and only 2,700 watched this. 😊
So eductionional keep going dude
Thanks! I'm rearranging my channel with the intention of doing exactly more of that. The positive comments and feedback I got for doing this video was overwhelming.
Thank you for your explanation
Different perspective, thank you.
Geology rocks, but geography’s where it’s at.
Did anyone see the video from space or airplane of a moving light flying over Tunga into the ocean on the far side where it exploded in the water very close to the
island? There were loud bannging sounds (2) before the eruption happened?
If this had been filmed from the beginning, it would have been insane to watch. It was incredibly big.Just unthinkable.
It WAS filmed from the beginning. It's just that the sensors doing the filming were a very, very long way away.
Anyone within ten miles of the volcano attempting to film it when the cataclysmic VEI 6 explosion took place would now be dead.
@@davidpnewton From what i understand, this was not the main eruption. There were two or three. But i agree with your statement.
Interesting about the sulfur gas crossing over Australia, Paul. The area in your images just had some of the heaviest rains in decades, talk about bad timing.
Thanks for this.
Paul, what are the chances that it will explode again? No one seems to be talking about that. Thanks for the great information.
Guys what happend with the latest videos?? They were great!! Where can I find them again??
I moved them to their own channel. Go to my homepage and you’ll find a link to the channel there.
Thank you for this review,
Any estimate of the VEI?
How does it compare to Pinatubo?
I still haven’t seen any finalized finding for the VEI except what is in the papers and they have it at about 5. In terms of volume, the ash material was twice the amount erupted by Mt. Saint Helens (2-2.6 cubic km).
Thank you very much.
Thanks!
Makes for some very cold winters in the years to come
Hunga Tonga Hunga Hai'pai'' was hit may a cruise missile .... there used to be actual footage of the cruise missile hitting the volcano, but it has been removed... this was an attack by the U.S. Government against the people of Tonga... 50% of the people on the island are now deaf.... the after effects of this event are causing world-wide flooding....
It destroyed the country, didn't it? 29:55 sadly answered that question...how heartbreaking. For those with Tongan friends and family...you are in my most positive thoughts. Now the people that are rebuilding...rebuilding what and where and are those rebuilding, were they away at the time?
We need the Tic-Tac!!
Water meets Lava = massive blast
In a nutshell, that's what appears to have happened.
Geology Hub said the eruption began because a landslide the day before caused the vent to be opened to ocean water and the ocean water interacted with the lava in the vent
Also it is a deceptive eruption when it comes to size. The eruption only occurred for an hour and while the largest eruption in the last 10 years it released about the same amount of material as the eruption on Saint Vincent in 2021
@@katrinapahulu3620 I was saying this in response to it cooling the weather noticeably
I really wish you used a different color then yellow. It's hard for me to see any markings. Otherwise very informative
Thank you for the feedback.
WOW 😳 Thank you so much for the information 🙏😭❤️✝️‼️
Thank for watching your video show island volcano from the space station
Not sure if its true but i saw someone else talking about this and he said tsunami's got as high as 15 meter at the coasts
There are definitely reports of local waves reaching nearly 50 ft.
Care to guess what VEI they’ll assign (assuming no further eruptions for this event)?
Media reports put it as a 5. I have not confirmed that yet though with my colleagues at the USGS.
Isn't the video show of the eruption, wasn't that the eroption PRIOR the big one?
What happened with Tofua and Kao volcanoes.
Great summary of the physical and chemical impacts from this explosion. This would seem to call for a rescue effort…it is doubtful that this would be a safe place to live for some time…I think COVID restrictions are no longer high on the list of concerns…