I am going to post this here as well in the hope that someone here might answer my questions. Ok. So I understand her "braided bush" analogy. But her assertian that "missing link" is a wrong way to see evolution still seems seriously wrong to me. First off, using her graph at 9:20, how is Homo-Rhodesius not a link between Homo-Maratanius and Homo-Sapiens? And on that same graph I notice a narrower neck between the areas shaded Rhodesius and Sapien. A8nd when I googled Homo-Rhodesius the article said there was a gap in the fossil record between the two. So secondly, how is that gap not a missing link? What is the difference between a gap and a missing link? And why ought archeologists stop looking for a fossil of an individual in that gap? Anyway, here is the article: en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis
@@bbbabrock it's braided stream, think of it as waves of water. Two paths converge and constructively combine granting this new hybrid access to both genes possibly resulting in a better creature for lack of a better word.
It's kinda funny how we had to stop using the tree model because it didn't account for combining/hybridizing branches, but real-life trees will absolutely fuze branches together on a whim.
@@kayzeaza How common it is depends on the tree species, amount of wind in the area, etc. From Wikipedia's "Inosculation" article (the technical term for the phenomenon, apparently): _It is most common for branches of two trees of the same species to grow together, though inosculation may be noted across related species. The branches first grow separately in proximity to each other until they touch. At this point, the bark on the touching surfaces is gradually abraded away as the trees move in the wind. Once the cambium of two trees touches, they sometimes self-graft and grow together as they expand in diameter._ There's also a list of species they the article says inosculation is more common in due to their thin bark. Take the info with a grain of salt, though, as that article isn't as well-cited as it should be. The first image that came to mind for me is the banyan tree, but what I was picturing isn't inosculation. Due to the assumptions our brains make based on normal tree morphology, it looks like the banyans' weird "aerial roots" are growing up from the bottom and often merging/fusing, but they're actually growing from the top down and branching.
The asm men are kinda my favorites. Sure they can't really adapt to environmental changes but they are so efficient at doing things, they can live almost in every kind of places and they definitively don't go rusty.
To be fair, scientific progress moves fast. Even academia has a hard time properly spreading the word, verifying, re-verifying new research finds. Trickling it down to each successive new group of school kids & young adults is naturally a difficult task. Only made harder by publishing barriers, educational monopolies, governments laws, and politics.
@@red_light_3937 Yeah, but I was learning about missing link and first model 15 years ago in school, while this crap had been debunket in 1930's. Thats very slow.
@@bitsaurus or maybe it's a proof that science works better than dogma, because science can admit of not understanding something correctly and then improve understanding of a topic. Making up would be holding onto outdated beliefs, because you do not accept that they may be wrong.
@@spindash64 Sad but true. Almost every primate that passes over ~14 kg (~30 lb) is or has been an endangered species. Only the baboons have dodged the hammer.
That a huge jump from chimp to human.when it come to brain a huge jump.why none of middle link is alive today.i am mean not even one.doesnt metter where you go on earth you just find fully evolved humen.
This makes so much sense. I used to be extremely skeptical about the missing link theory & the search for a fossil resembling both ape & man. The braided stream makes much more sense.
Well this video made more sense as it continued 😂 school got this so wrong. We definitely learned the progress of man missing link, and i graduated in 2014.
They were still teaching the branching tree when I took anthropology classes in the 90's Gonna have to throw away all of those textbooks with Lucy on the jacket.😩😭
That is what happens when you don't update textbooks for a few decades :). We were taught that if Neanderthals and humans bred that their offspring would be sterile like mules.
@@Diani4629 Why using textbook still exist nowday is beyond me. if a school starts using computer instead of books they would probably be in a lost at the start,but would make up in having more student,because is stupid how freaking much books cost now day,around 30$ for the cheapest where I live,you need atleast 8 to function at school,which is almost 5000$ for a new onw and if used is going to be around 250,I was fine whit buying them but imagine someone whit less money in the family,most of the books doesnt even get used fully. Thats the second thing that really pissed me offi in school. first one be(ranting ahead) Repeting subject from elementary/middle to highschool,I really dont want to study the roman empire or "learning" WW2 for third time in my life again,I got it,I'm fine I wanna learn usefull things,those are pratically times in my life that are wasted.
Recently new subscriber here. These PBS Eons episodes, especially those on human evolution, are becoming invaluable to an anthropology major who was last hitting the books on human evolution two decades ago and who wants to catch up on the most recent story. The Braided Stream model is fascinating. Thanks for all these concise synopses on these topics, not to mention the included references! Keep them coming!
So weird i literally was just watching a video from this channel and wondered why i never have gotten one single notification and.......boom i got one lol ..
Saw a vid once all about the hominid jaw. The huge jaw had to have huge muscles anchored to the cranium. Make the jaw smaller, the muscles become much smaller, and the skull has room to expand for a larger brain. Sorry I can't cite the source.
Very little is understood about that, and there are now theories that the various shapes had more to do with sexual maturity rather than various subspecies as previously thought.
Reminds me of the time I took anthropology lectures with one of the most brilliant anthropologists in the country. He spoke with passion and his love for palaeoanthropology was palpable in very word. I took away lot from those two semesters. Fun part of this is that most fossilised remains are pretty partial. A lot of times it is hard to determine whether you are looking at new genus or abnormal individual of same genus and there is natural bias as most scientists would prefer to go down in history as those who discovered new one.
As would everyone else. The first discovery of Homo floresiensis was in Liang Bua cave on the island of Flores in the Indonesian archipelago. I think there were seven diminutive skeletons initially unearthed, only one of them having a skull and that having very small cranial capacity. A lot of hypotheses were proposed, one that the skull was due to micro cephaly, another that they were dwarf versions of Homo erectus. Both hypotheses seem to have been put to rest. In some ways their anatomy is like that of earlier hominins. Even older fossils of this species has been found at another location on the island, along with tools. Apparently no complete skeletons there, but that older population was even smaller in size than the Liang Bua specimens. www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/03/hobbit-humans-story-gets-twist-from-thousands-of-rat-bones/ phys.org/news/2017-04-indonesian-hobbits-revealed.html Even more intriguing is that still another hominin species, Homo luzonenesis has been discovered on that Philippine island. www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ How these species got to islands that were never connected to the mainland is a big mystery. To my knowledge, it has not even been determined if Homo erectus ever mastered ocean travel. A lot of questions are yet to be answered. It is frustrating, but we must wait for further discoveries.
@@RandallWilks I think ocean levels were low enuf durring t ice age due to so much water being tied up in the glaciers that they could walk almost all t way to Australia . Alaska was connected to Russia. England was connected to mainland Europe. Maybe Luzon was connected to Vietnam or at least was close enuf that getting there would be more like a river crossing than an ocean voyage. Then once t ocean levels rose and that land became an island, all the living things on that island became subject to t evolutionary pressures of living on an island.
It is not unreasonable to assume lower water levels during ice ages, but this map shows that they were never connected. Flores does not show on this (first) map showing land areas exposed at those times, but it was between Lombok and Timor, west of the Wallace line (named for Alfred Russel Wallace, who independently arrived at the same conclusion as Charles Darwin regarding evolution). Much of what is now Indonesia was part of mainland Asia called Sundaland. At that time Australia and New Guinea were one landmass called Sahul. upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.png pbs.twimg.com/media/DYYCRSYWkAAHjED?format=jpg&name=small upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lesser_Sunda_Islands_en.png/1280px-Lesser_Sunda_Islands_en.png Do a search on Flores Island and you will see it has interesting topography which would make exploration difficult. It has a surprisingly large population (about 2 million) and largely Roman Catholic (due to Portuguese colonization). While never part of mainland Asia, it was quite likely connected at times to other parts of the Sunda Islands group, making them candidates for possible H. floresiensis occupation. From what I have been able to determine, Mindanao was also never connected to the mainland.
@@RandallWilks @Randall Wilks I have seen a video showing and explaining these different lines between the continents. It was quite interesting. However different bits of land don't have to be completely connected for there to be tranfer of plants and animals. They only have to be close enuf for them to get across. Someone else already explained how rats could cross. I saw some video about when water levels were lower , elephants could see and smell some island across the water. One or two swam there and started a separate polulation on that island, then some more came over. Then the water rose and t island became very isolated. So that when people finally got there, they were wondering how the elephants got there. I think they had been dead on t mainland there for some time. People could have done a similar thing. An ancient tribe, too primitive to navigate the ocean could have floated on a log to an island they could see. Also, Idk if it matters , but were those people on Luzon or Mindanao?
@@bbbabrock I believe that the latest modeling indicates that while the large western Philippine island of Palawan was connected to Borneo (and thus part of Sundaland) Luzon and most of the rest of the Philippines were never connected. Although the distances aren't great, the depth is significant. So a few Philippine islands on the west are not part of Wallacea, their fauna is more like Sundaland.
I researched Piltdown Man over 20 years ago and still learned much from this upload. My research inspired me to do performance poetry calling myself, Piltdown Man. Mocking both poetry and the gullibility of humankind. I delivered stream of consciousness word play and sold poems for "a dime a dozen, custom buttons for a dollar. I made such a splash that a woman half my age fell in love with me for awhile. I clicked, liked, and subscribed.
@@iainmawhinney8867 England was the main center of paleontology at the time, and Brits were way on board with the idea that the first humans evolved in Britain. And as the video points out, the idea that humans evolved in a place popularly known as "the Dark Continent" was even more unpopular. Never mind that Britain isn't known for its wide selection of primates.
Even after studying a lot and being an archaeologist, sometimes our expressions could be muddled and a very simple video like this could really clear things up for us! Thank you
I seriously love you guys. The drive to battle ignorance never ends because what counts as ignorance is always changing. You guys help all us amatuers stay closer to the bleeding edge of what is known-and THAT deeply meaningful work will also never end. Thank you.
@@MrSamulai Or, more likely, it's just epigentic changes in response to the stressors of sleep deprivation. On the bright side, it's possible to pass some of those epigentic changes down to one's children. On the downside, this particular change is probably unhealthy and you'd rather your kids not have it.
How could ANYBODY gives a thumb's down to these educational clips? It is free, most up to date scientific findings, and we can watch them anytime without turning on the television or having to actually read scientific publications. Thank you for posting them!
There is definitely intermediate species though. But they aren't be between humans and apes. Humans are apes; indeed apes are defined as animals similar to us. They are between humans and our latest common ancestor with chimpanzees.
This was brilliant, thank you so much!!! Not just for me as a science nerd, but also for me as a humanities person working on their PhD. The idea of a linear evolution is also very prevalent in my field, and I have been struggling to write something for my methodology chapter that deals with that. This video has inspired me -- to the laptop! 🤓🖖
"Pathetic earthlings. Hurling your bodies out into the void, without the slightest inkling of who or what is out here. If you had known anything about the true nature of the universe, anything at all, you would've hidden from it in terror." Emperor Ming
Jason the Historian I read this in my head with a Disney villain-like voice, starting it off with a villain laugh 😂 That's how I imagine him doing it! 😂😂😂 I'm realizing I think I may like history and science more than I actually thought I did 😳😂
*_Nothing_* beats the greatest brainchild of the human brain-the scientific method, whose solid yet pliable backbone is the fusing of criticism, rigorous skepticism, and above all the consuming curiosity of a child. 💕 ☮ 🌎 🌌
totalfreedom45 Exactly!!! Couldn't have said it better myself. Finding this channel has got me excited about life again. I know that may sound corny, but after years of bad anxiety and depression and addiction, I take my wins when I can get them
@@destree6348 Very cool! 👏 Have plenty of sex and LOVE, sense of humor, eight hours of sleep, plenty of exercise and sunshine, no drugs (including vaping, tobacco, and alcohol), no fast food, no junk food, no tattooing.... 😀
I love the explanation. cleared the dirt left in my thinking of evolution. now then I got the proper explanation to counteract what the people with no knowledge of evolution ask "if humans evolved from monkeys then why are there monkeys" and "where is the species that is in between a human and an ape".
Yer na. This isn’t some magic panacea that does away with the scientific requirement for evidence. The fossil record should be stuffed full of transitional cross Family mutations that happened over millions and millions of years.
I still don't get it. There should be evidence of something ape-human like. For example, sure hominids interbred later on, but when were they one species? When's the point at which sentience evolved, then spread to different hominids who then interbred. This question is unanswered and the lady makes it like it was
When I went to school we learned about the linear evolution. This is what science is all about, finding out more about man and changing and bettering its theories. Evolution remains one of the most wonderful and complex theories. All those different ancestors and cousins, the world must have been a lot more interesting when they walked together.
B5429671 XJ speciation by evolutionary mechanism is a "fact" - in fact it is many many MANY different facts. But the modeling is much broader. It doesn't just describe what is but also many other possibilities of what might be.
For all the thousands of years that religion controlled the mind of man, it benefited humanity not one whit. Both Archaeology and recorded history tell us that, during that time, few children lived to see their 5th birthday.. Religion could offer solace, nothing more. "Gods will" it was called. In the space of a mere 400 years, science has enlightened us and put an end to much human suffering. In just the last one hundred years alone, it has doubled the average human life expectancy. Religion makes empty promises, science delivers.
@@RandallWilks - unfortunately the down side of that is that science is also allowing mankind to proliferate exponentially at an enormous cost to this planet..
If you are following the current theories (somewhat supported) the other human lines that inbred with homo sapiens gave survival traits that helped homo sapiens in the new environments.
tatum ergo Wow, there’s no dilemma with miscegenation. Firstly, genetic diversity is generally always a net positive. Do you have a source about these ‘genetic risks’? Secondly, most ideas of race are based on culture and appearance but don’t actually align with differences in genetics. Differences in genetic lineage in humans is not visually apparent. Race is not a meaningful distinction in terms of genetics.
I don't know that it's strictly natural history, but I'd love to see a video on the development/evolution of art throughout our early history. When was the earliest evidence of different "styles" of art, or individuality? Are there early examples that are believed to be from apprentices or some kind of practice? Different mediums - the first paintings, the first sculptures, etc.
It's a shame you didn't mention that they found a fossilised cricket bat along with the remains of Piltdown Man. Not only was the first human from England but he played Cricket as well.
Man the idea of different variations of hominids would be so interesting to see. We'll never know exactly what they looked like, but it's so fascinating.
I believe there is a mistake in the script around 2:28: "In the early 19th Century, evolution was thought to be linear." There would have been no general consensus about what the word "evolution" meant in the early nineteenth century.
ShaikNawazOfficial i dont human on earth would evolve any more significantly since the past 10,000 year we haven’t change drastically. Changes wouldn’t be obvious would occurs instead like adaption to our blue screen so people will still have 20/20 vision despite being in front of computer for a long time... bigger brain since it would be needed to keep up with technology, lungs that might be able to adapt to the amount of carbon dioxide, immune system fight change to fight against new and current existing diseases better, taller human as well, and even stronger muscle density and bone because of improve diets and treatment, being on earth won’t change human noticeably compare to 70,000 years ago
Do y'all ever cover Waterside Ape theories? I know they're not accepted by mainstream paleoanthropology, but that's what got me interested in this whole topic in the first place when I was a kid so it has a special place in my nerdy lil heart lol
Asking "if we humans came from apes, then why are there still apes around?" is the same as "if Charizard came from Charmander, then why are there still Charmanders that live in volcanic areas?"
For those that believe evolutionistic propagation , you may want to research The Singularity and the Big Bang. These two things will have to be true...*if we humans evolved. It seems that even the staunchest advocate for Evolution would take a pause upon research of the Singularity___both the Big Bang and Evolution's antecedent.
Braided Stream seems like such an obvious concept, I can't believe I've never thought of evolution this way before. I've still been thinking terms of phylogeny.
In 1980, in Intro to Physical Anthro, I wrote a paper that included a chart showing Neanderthal branching off and rejoining the Hominin lineage. I got a C. Now they call it the Braided Stream model. *post edited to correct date to 1980.
My bio teacher is not teaching us enough info about evolution thus making my classmates think so many Misconceptions about the topic such as: we directly evolve from apes, evolution results into progression, etc. Thanks to these kind of videos that showers me with knowledge about evolution and I'll share all of my knowledge about it on my upcoming report about the mechanics of Evolutionary change to my classmates.
I always thought Australopithecus was the missing link, and it kinda is for laymen even if not in strict scientific terms. Anyway interesting and educational video.
PILTDOOWN contributed to the devlopment of the current set of rules among scientists. The "experts" who built Piltdown man were supposedly "above reproach", so no one dared to question their claims. NOW, unless a discovery is published, with all relevant data and processes, it is NOT ACKNOWLEDGED! And if it is not reproducable by independent scientists, IT DIDN'T HAPPEN! So Piltdown did provide a service...of sorts. (PS: The 'bad idea' also included the very British assumption that the first "truly civilised" man would, naturally come from the most civilised nation: ENGLAND!!!)
@@shawnwales696 Even longer than that -- last common ancestor was before the split between protostomes and deuterostomes, so it would have been the "Urbilatera" creature.
@@schuylerpablico8300 Depends on how you define "eye". There are a lot of the same genes involved in both vertebrate and invertebrate eyes (you can take the PAX6 gene from a mouse and put it in a fruit fly and it will tell the fly to build a fruit fly eye wherever its activated for example). Some form of light detecting cell was likely present in the last common ancestor, but I'm not entirely sure I'd want to call it an "eye".
I am reading 'On the origin of Species' and it literally says everything you said here about evolution with extremely convincing evidence. I don't understand how the linear view of Evolution gained any traction
"Exchanging genetic material"
Is that what the kids are calling it these days?
Aye Yo lemmie exchange some genes baby
he was receiving the S U C C
Gaia Builder Your pfp makes this comment so much better
Let us get some gene flow going inside ya
It's better then "exchangic bodily fluids" á la Demolition Man.
Finally, approproate information to destroy the "where is the missing link" argument
Are you saying Futurama is not appropriate?
@@Feniso as far as inappropriate shows go futurama is up there 😂
@@raijinoflimgrave8708 U KIDDING RIGHT.
I am going to post this here as well in the hope that someone here might answer my questions.
Ok. So I understand her "braided bush" analogy. But her assertian that "missing link" is a wrong way to see evolution still seems seriously wrong to me.
First off, using her graph at 9:20, how is Homo-Rhodesius not a link between Homo-Maratanius and Homo-Sapiens? And on that same graph I notice a narrower neck between the areas shaded Rhodesius and Sapien. A8nd when I googled Homo-Rhodesius the article said there was a gap in the fossil record between the two. So secondly, how is that gap not a missing link? What is the difference between a gap and a missing link? And why ought archeologists stop looking for a fossil of an individual in that gap?
Anyway, here is the article: en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis
@@bbbabrock it's braided stream, think of it as waves of water. Two paths converge and constructively combine granting this new hybrid access to both genes possibly resulting in a better creature for lack of a better word.
"It's called the braided stream" she says, wearing a thematically appropriate hairstyle
A plait?
Obviously that's a "braided pigtail," not a braided stream." You've got it all wrong.
She's great for that kind of thing!
That’s a platt 😂
@@scottparis6355 amusingly enough it's called a hestehale (horsetail) in danish😆🤔
It's kinda funny how we had to stop using the tree model because it didn't account for combining/hybridizing branches, but real-life trees will absolutely fuze branches together on a whim.
Their roots work together too
An example of art NOT imitating life
I've seen branches fused together around a bit of fence.
I’ve never seen tree branches extend from the truck and then fuse with other extended branches
@@kayzeaza How common it is depends on the tree species, amount of wind in the area, etc. From Wikipedia's "Inosculation" article (the technical term for the phenomenon, apparently):
_It is most common for branches of two trees of the same species to grow together, though inosculation may be noted across related species. The branches first grow separately in proximity to each other until they touch. At this point, the bark on the touching surfaces is gradually abraded away as the trees move in the wind. Once the cambium of two trees touches, they sometimes self-graft and grow together as they expand in diameter._
There's also a list of species they the article says inosculation is more common in due to their thin bark. Take the info with a grain of salt, though, as that article isn't as well-cited as it should be.
The first image that came to mind for me is the banyan tree, but what I was picturing isn't inosculation. Due to the assumptions our brains make based on normal tree morphology, it looks like the banyans' weird "aerial roots" are growing up from the bottom and often merging/fusing, but they're actually growing from the top down and branching.
3:26 Java man was at an evolutionary disadvantage because he couldn't C#
Sup3rlum wow Ur such a snake, or should I say python?
Wow, you're so Groovy
The asm men are kinda my favorites. Sure they can't really adapt to environmental changes but they are so efficient at doing things, they can live almost in every kind of places and they definitively don't go rusty.
On the other hand, that species invented one of the most popular forms of writing known to history: Java Script.
@@IceMetalPunk So we have Homo Erectus to thank for the greatest video game of all time, ByeBye Racism
if someone steals your sausage, it's a case of a missing link
I'd let HER steal my sausage!
ZING!
I don't think cocktail weiners count as sausage
I have a broken necklace with the same problem
@@m_i_g_5108 sounds like you're trying to organize a cocktail party but three's a crowd so I'll sit this one out. Thanks anyway.
The problem is education often lags behind scientific progress.
Often!??? Always! Mostly because education is controlled by politics and not academia.
@@SGGCREATIVES ignorance is bliss
@@ethank.6602 Until the free ride ends.
To be fair, scientific progress moves fast. Even academia has a hard time properly spreading the word, verifying, re-verifying new research finds. Trickling it down to each successive new group of school kids & young adults is naturally a difficult task. Only made harder by publishing barriers, educational monopolies, governments laws, and politics.
@@red_light_3937 Yeah, but I was learning about missing link and first model 15 years ago in school, while this crap had been debunket in 1930's. Thats very slow.
The evolution of evolutionary thinking is.... Revolutionary? Great episode!
Yes. Let's make it up as we go...
Others would just suggest it an attempt to defend the untenable.
@@bitsaurus you guys are braindead
@@bitsaurus or maybe it's a proof that science works better than dogma, because science can admit of not understanding something correctly and then improve understanding of a topic. Making up would be holding onto outdated beliefs, because you do not accept that they may be wrong.
@@bitsaurus Or we can call it learning.
22nd century: people realize that evolution isnt linear, nor is it a braided stream, but actually a 3d matrix
It seems obvious actually. We do live in the 3rd dimension
@@SevenPr1me Why not a 4d matrix? We have 4 dimension and we don't live in just the 3rd dimension (unless you happen to be a point or line).
And the matrix is.... choice :-0 wouldnt that be crazy. An explanation for a type of god like self aware creator but a scientific force
It's all fun and games until Morpheus visits you to show you his pills.
Se7enPr1me I just saw a video that explained and showed that our brain doesn't have the capability of processing what the 4D is
And some people still ask the stupid question, "If we evolved from apes, why are apes still around?"
To get a bit dark, “Don’t worry, we’re taking care of that now”
@@spindash64 Sad but true. Almost every primate that passes over ~14 kg (~30 lb) is or has been an endangered species. Only the baboons have dodged the hammer.
@@Alex-kp5pq Big animals in general don't fare well. They boom during times of plenty but are the first to go when things get lean.
@@JD-el9eo If they can thing even that far away from a point…
That a huge jump from chimp to human.when it come to brain a huge jump.why none of middle link is alive today.i am mean not even one.doesnt metter where you go on earth you just find fully evolved humen.
Beautifully put together show
Beautifully put togethor host
@@TheRealCopperFox
Yeah, it’s just a pity that the story she’s telling us is nonsense.
@@nicoladibara1936 how so? Seems fairly regular
ok
@@DailyCorvid probably some super religious Karen
This makes so much sense. I used to be extremely skeptical about the missing link theory & the search for a fossil resembling both ape & man. The braided stream makes much more sense.
Agree I always questioned that.
Well this video made more sense as it continued 😂 school got this so wrong. We definitely learned the progress of man missing link, and i graduated in 2014.
They were still teaching the branching tree when I took anthropology classes in the 90's
Gonna have to throw away all of those textbooks with Lucy on the jacket.😩😭
That is what happens when you don't update textbooks for a few decades :). We were taught that if Neanderthals and humans bred that their offspring would be sterile like mules.
@@Diani4629 Why using textbook still exist nowday is beyond me.
if a school starts using computer instead of books they would probably be in a lost at the start,but would make up in having more student,because is stupid how freaking much books cost now day,around 30$ for the cheapest where I live,you need atleast 8 to function at school,which is almost 5000$ for a new onw and if used is going to be around 250,I was fine whit buying them but imagine someone whit less money in the family,most of the books doesnt even get used fully.
Thats the second thing that really pissed me offi in school.
first one be(ranting ahead)
Repeting subject from elementary/middle to highschool,I really dont want to study the roman empire or "learning" WW2 for third time in my life again,I got it,I'm fine I wanna learn usefull things,those are pratically times in my life that are wasted.
@@psuedozardozz you can keep the jacket. 🤔
@@Diani4629 I doesn't help when you religious fundamentalist involved with text book contents and overall approval.
I remember the Piltdown man , I had no idea it wasn't real though. This braided chain theory is pretty amazing stuff
Recently new subscriber here. These PBS Eons episodes, especially those on human evolution, are becoming invaluable to an anthropology major who was last hitting the books on human evolution two decades ago and who wants to catch up on the most recent story. The Braided Stream model is fascinating. Thanks for all these concise synopses on these topics, not to mention the included references! Keep them coming!
Love Kallie, she's so smart and a great presenter!
keahistight wut
I love the way she says "for example"
I actually had the privilege of handling the Taung Child once when I was younger. I’ll never forget that
Did you breastfeed it? And if yes did it bite?
Asking for a friend...
Bruno Souza I can send a picture if you want? Of the skull I mean but damn it needs the calcium
What was the occasion?
I wish more 3D models were available so we could compare and manipulate findings:)
Wow, amazjng
Wow. That must have been an awesome experience!
So weird i literally was just watching a video from this channel and wondered why i never have gotten one single notification and.......boom i got one lol ..
Me too, literally just happened!
Omg ... me too! 🤞🏽
me three 🤣
All mighty Google will grant you videos when you need, not when you want. Have faith and yee shall experience the great recommendations of TH-cam
@@Winteramen all praise the algorithm!
I think this highlights how difficult it can be to define a species. I hope one day you'll do a video on it. Would be awesome.
8:15 Proof positive that under the right conditions, ANYONE's attractive! There's hope for me yet - woohoo!
Yeah but you have to go outside to meet people.
@@Mrtheunnameable Harsh... but true
Saw a vid once all about the hominid jaw. The huge jaw had to have huge muscles anchored to the cranium. Make the jaw smaller, the muscles become much smaller, and the skull has room to expand for a larger brain. Sorry I can't cite the source.
Not necessarily proof, more like the current theory.
@@veralenora7368 yeah and that's why so many big brainies have painful or immediately decaying wisdom teeth. No space in reduced jaw.
I'd love to see a program on Ceratopsian dinosaurs, and how they diverged and evolved the various head crests and horns.
Very little is understood about that, and there are now theories that the various shapes had more to do with sexual maturity rather than various subspecies as previously thought.
doesn't matter! just show us ceratopsians!
He wasn't missing, he travelled seven years to the future by pulling the Master Sword out of the pedestal.
Victor Bruant I’m gonna cream in your cereal
I'm pretty sure it was a chain sword.. and he travelled 40k years
@@LoverLikeNoOther that is an excellent threat
Hope you do one on Titanoboa and the animals from Cerrejón. 🐍🐊🐢
*Buzz to Woody*
Giant reptiles, giant reptiles everywhere
There already is a video on the titanoboa by them
@@svx4401 I think you're mistaking it for the Great Snake Debate video and that ONLY dealt with fossil snakes that had legs.
They mentioned the titanoboa in "From the Fall of the Dinosaurs to the Rise of the Humans" mayne that's what he is thinking of
Just released.
Reminds me of the time I took anthropology lectures with one of the most brilliant anthropologists in the country.
He spoke with passion and his love for palaeoanthropology was palpable in very word. I took away lot from those two semesters.
Fun part of this is that most fossilised remains are pretty partial. A lot of times it is hard to determine whether you are looking at new genus or abnormal individual of same genus and there is natural bias as most scientists would prefer to go down in history as those who discovered new one.
‘.... and STEVE!’ - My favourite part of these videos 😆 Wherever you are Steve, please don’t stop being a Patreon of PBS Eons!
Can you guys please make a video on the discovery of the hobbit species (Flores man). Would love to know more about it, thanks!
As would everyone else. The first discovery of Homo floresiensis was in Liang Bua cave on the island of Flores in the Indonesian archipelago. I think there were seven diminutive skeletons initially unearthed, only one of them having a skull and that having very small cranial capacity. A lot of hypotheses were proposed, one that the skull was due to micro cephaly, another that they were dwarf versions of Homo erectus. Both hypotheses seem to have been put to rest. In some ways their anatomy is like that of earlier hominins. Even older fossils of this species has been found at another location on the island, along with tools. Apparently no complete skeletons there, but that older population was even smaller in size than the Liang Bua specimens.
www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/03/hobbit-humans-story-gets-twist-from-thousands-of-rat-bones/
phys.org/news/2017-04-indonesian-hobbits-revealed.html
Even more intriguing is that still another hominin species, Homo luzonenesis has been discovered on that Philippine island. www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/
How these species got to islands that were never connected to the mainland is a big mystery. To my knowledge, it has not even been determined if Homo erectus ever mastered ocean travel.
A lot of questions are yet to be answered. It is frustrating, but we must wait for further discoveries.
@@RandallWilks I think ocean levels were low enuf durring t ice age due to so much water being tied up in the glaciers that they could walk almost all t way to Australia . Alaska was connected to Russia. England was connected to mainland Europe. Maybe Luzon was connected to Vietnam or at least was close enuf that getting there would be more like a river crossing than an ocean voyage.
Then once t ocean levels rose and that land became an island, all the living things on that island became subject to t evolutionary pressures of living on an island.
It is not unreasonable to assume lower water levels during ice ages, but this map shows that they were never connected. Flores does not show on this (first) map showing land areas exposed at those times, but it was between Lombok and Timor, west of the Wallace line (named for Alfred Russel Wallace, who independently arrived at the same conclusion as Charles Darwin regarding evolution).
Much of what is now Indonesia was part of mainland Asia called Sundaland. At that time Australia and New Guinea were one landmass called Sahul.
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.png
pbs.twimg.com/media/DYYCRSYWkAAHjED?format=jpg&name=small
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lesser_Sunda_Islands_en.png/1280px-Lesser_Sunda_Islands_en.png
Do a search on Flores Island and you will see it has interesting topography which would make exploration difficult. It has a surprisingly large population (about 2 million) and largely Roman Catholic (due to Portuguese colonization).
While never part of mainland Asia, it was quite likely connected at times to other parts of the Sunda Islands group, making them candidates for possible H. floresiensis occupation.
From what I have been able to determine, Mindanao was also never connected to the mainland.
@@RandallWilks @Randall Wilks I have seen a video showing and explaining these different lines between the continents. It was quite interesting.
However different bits of land don't have to be completely connected for there to be tranfer of plants and animals. They only have to be close enuf for them to get across.
Someone else already explained how rats could cross. I saw some video about when water levels were lower , elephants could see and smell some island across the water. One or two swam there and started a separate polulation on that island, then some more came over. Then the water rose and t island became very isolated. So that when people finally got there, they were wondering how the elephants got there. I think they had been dead on t mainland there for some time.
People could have done a similar thing. An ancient tribe, too primitive to navigate the ocean could have floated on a log to an island they could see.
Also, Idk if it matters , but were those people on Luzon or Mindanao?
@@bbbabrock I believe that the latest modeling indicates that while the large western Philippine island of Palawan was connected to Borneo (and thus part of Sundaland) Luzon and most of the rest of the Philippines were never connected. Although the distances aren't great, the depth is significant. So a few Philippine islands on the west are not part of Wallacea, their fauna is more like Sundaland.
Well now I have an entirely new concept to investigate: braided stream...
SAME!!
yup
@@yomomz3921 Why do I feel like this could be a line out of Harry Potter? Braiding streams sounds like magic LOL
JGirDesu you’ve never seen ghostbusters?
Yo Momz lolz
2:39 I've always wondered what that picture was called.
I prefer the one at the beginning of the Dilbert animated show.
"Exchanging genetic material" Nice euphemism!
I researched Piltdown Man over 20 years ago and still learned much from this upload. My research inspired me to do performance poetry calling myself, Piltdown Man. Mocking both poetry and the gullibility of humankind. I delivered stream of consciousness word play and sold poems for "a dime a dozen, custom buttons for a dollar. I made such a splash that a woman half my age fell in love with me for awhile. I clicked, liked, and subscribed.
I love you guys, never stop making videos
Dr. Banjo does not approve of this video.
🤣
I dont want to live on this planet anymore
The Wozniac Nerd Academy must prevail.
Homofarnsworth frollocked with the dinosaurs and robots can evolve way faster than humans!
BackYardScience 2000 : Spectacular use of Hubert Farnsworth, circa 3010.
I'm still amazed people believed Piltdown was real for awhile, the mandible doesn't even articulate properly with the cranium, lol
@@LoverLikeNoOther wut
@@LoverLikeNoOther
Do it you won't.
Vicki Ignaszak they saw what they wanted to see or were fooled into seeing
@@iainmawhinney8867 England was the main center of paleontology at the time, and Brits were way on board with the idea that the first humans evolved in Britain. And as the video points out, the idea that humans evolved in a place popularly known as "the Dark Continent" was even more unpopular.
Never mind that Britain isn't known for its wide selection of primates.
@@hulking_presence wow salty much??
Even after studying a lot and being an archaeologist, sometimes our expressions could be muddled and a very simple video like this could really clear things up for us! Thank you
I seriously love you guys. The drive to battle ignorance never ends because what counts as ignorance is always changing. You guys help all us amatuers stay closer to the bleeding edge of what is known-and THAT deeply meaningful work will also never end. Thank you.
I am evolving the ability to not sleep for prolonged periods of time in order to watch these videos.
That's mutation. Evolution would imply that you are passing on genes that would enable such ability.
So pics or didn't happen.
@@MrSamulai 😂
@@MrSamulai Or, more likely, it's just epigentic changes in response to the stressors of sleep deprivation. On the bright side, it's possible to pass some of those epigentic changes down to one's children. On the downside, this particular change is probably unhealthy and you'd rather your kids not have it.
@@MrSamulai i know. I just thought that evolution sounds better.
Especially as my Internet is glacially slow , except late at night.
so glad steve is still an eontologist
Go play Zelda if you're missing Link.
shoo gamers.. shoo!
NaN hahahahhahahhahhahhahahahahaahahahhahahahhahahhahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha I get it
I guess missing Link is the Ganon-won timeline ...
Ha
But then you will be playing Link while missing Zelda. Evolution is so complicated.
How could ANYBODY gives a thumb's down to these educational clips? It is free, most up to date scientific findings, and we can watch them anytime without turning on the television or having to actually read scientific publications. Thank you for posting them!
Religious nuts, for one. Dangerous minds.
the toung child is so cute! literally looks like this emoji 🥺
Took a similar amount of imagination and time to draw too lol cartoony can't believe anybody thought he was real.
It's 1912 and I am viewing this with astonishment on some sort of portable motion picture playing device that projects light and is impossibly thin.
There is definitely intermediate species though. But they aren't be between humans and apes. Humans are apes; indeed apes are defined as animals similar to us. They are between humans and our latest common ancestor with chimpanzees.
Love this! Love how PBS eons gives us all the details and shows how wrong ideas and answers can still be valuable to science!
For some reason it is so nice to listen to you. Amazing show and great host.
This was brilliant, thank you so much!!! Not just for me as a science nerd, but also for me as a humanities person working on their PhD. The idea of a linear evolution is also very prevalent in my field, and I have been struggling to write something for my methodology chapter that deals with that. This video has inspired me -- to the laptop!
🤓🖖
Man I can’t wait till my skull is put on display 😂
Lol
Don't lose your head. ? Or mind it will be hard to find. ?
Just don't send me to Space and Time. That channel is hard and scary.
"Pathetic earthlings. Hurling your bodies out into the void, without the slightest inkling of who or what is out here. If you had known anything about the true nature of the universe, anything at all, you would've hidden from it in terror." Emperor Ming
like.. get out of my head.. XD
It's Spacetime
Jason the Historian I read this in my head with a Disney villain-like voice, starting it off with a villain laugh 😂 That's how I imagine him doing it! 😂😂😂 I'm realizing I think I may like history and science more than I actually thought I did 😳😂
*_Nothing_* beats the greatest brainchild of the human brain-the scientific method, whose solid yet pliable backbone is the fusing of criticism, rigorous skepticism, and above all the consuming curiosity of a child. 💕 ☮ 🌎 🌌
totalfreedom45 yeah and "collective" agreement. We're still only scratching surface no pun intended
Not to mention imaginative supposition to fill the void of a tenable alternative! :)
totalfreedom45 Exactly!!! Couldn't have said it better myself. Finding this channel has got me excited about life again. I know that may sound corny, but after years of bad anxiety and depression and addiction, I take my wins when I can get them
@@destree6348 Very cool! 👏 Have plenty of sex and LOVE, sense of humor, eight hours of sleep, plenty of exercise and sunshine, no drugs (including vaping, tobacco, and alcohol), no fast food, no junk food, no tattooing.... 😀
As an anthropology undergrad I find this channel amazing!
I love the explanation. cleared the dirt left in my thinking of evolution. now then I got the proper explanation to counteract what the people with no knowledge of evolution ask "if humans evolved from monkeys then why are there monkeys" and "where is the species that is in between a human and an ape".
Taking "I'd hit that!" to extremes.
"Close enough ;) "
Nothing like a little strange
No babes like the neanderthal babes
Are you kidding? We're just lucky human-sheep hybrids aren't a possibility. Now _that's_ taking it to extremes! :)
Bill Garthright The sheep hybrids can be found in the Facebook comments of any news page.
Brilliant explanation of the "missing link" thinking, thanks.
The best video to show to those pesky "Missing link" arguers. Thank you PBS EONS.
They still won't believe it
@@grantjsimon True
Yer na. This isn’t some magic panacea that does away with the scientific requirement for evidence. The fossil record should be stuffed full of transitional cross Family mutations that happened over millions and millions of years.
Grant Fraser: believe evolutionary theory predated Darwin’s work? Probably not
I still don't get it. There should be evidence of something ape-human like. For example, sure hominids interbred later on, but when were they one species? When's the point at which sentience evolved, then spread to different hominids who then interbred. This question is unanswered and the lady makes it like it was
Do a video on the prehistoric gigantic penguin 💗
The one that was just discovered? I read about that. I'm 1.62 meters and it was as big as I am.
@@JD-el9eo That's just so damn cool. Thanks for the info.
The Legend of Zelda: The Missing Link
Thanks eons ! Great show keep up the fantastic work, this directly answered my questions a few weeks ago in comments
PBS is awesome
9:02: "C'mere and lemme give you a great big Neanderthal hug!"
I thought he once caught a fish thisss big
When I went to school we learned about the linear evolution. This is what science is all about, finding out more about man and changing and bettering its theories. Evolution remains one of the most wonderful and complex theories. All those different ancestors and cousins, the world must have been a lot more interesting when they walked together.
Episodes on evolutionary theory, as in actual theory, are probably the best
Most interesting topic I’d say
It is also a fact.
B5429671 XJ speciation by evolutionary mechanism is a "fact" - in fact it is many many MANY different facts.
But the modeling is much broader. It doesn't just describe what is but also many other possibilities of what might be.
"Even in science bad ideas take a long time to die." Let that sink in.
For all the thousands of years that religion controlled the mind of man, it benefited humanity not one whit. Both Archaeology and recorded history tell us that, during that time, few children lived to see their 5th birthday.. Religion could offer solace, nothing more. "Gods will" it was called.
In the space of a mere 400 years, science has enlightened us and put an end to much human suffering. In just the last one hundred years alone, it has doubled the average human life expectancy. Religion makes empty promises, science delivers.
@@RandallWilks - unfortunately the down side of that is that science is also allowing mankind to proliferate exponentially at an enormous cost to this planet..
Perhaps if our ancestors hadn't interbred with Neanderthals and Denisovans, we wouldn't have made it as far as we have.
If you are following the current theories (somewhat supported) the other human lines that inbred with homo sapiens gave survival traits that helped homo sapiens in the new environments.
tatum ergo Wow, there’s no dilemma with miscegenation. Firstly, genetic diversity is generally always a net positive. Do you have a source about these ‘genetic risks’?
Secondly, most ideas of race are based on culture and appearance but don’t actually align with differences in genetics. Differences in genetic lineage in humans is not visually apparent. Race is not a meaningful distinction in terms of genetics.
Or, you could argue the opposite...
How long will it take to discover another new way after the braided stream theory. 🐸
Yet another fascinating, educational video~ Much appreciated!
I don't know that it's strictly natural history, but I'd love to see a video on the development/evolution of art throughout our early history. When was the earliest evidence of different "styles" of art, or individuality? Are there early examples that are believed to be from apprentices or some kind of practice? Different mediums - the first paintings, the first sculptures, etc.
It's called art history you can even get a degree on just that subject 😂
@@MIKE2111ful I mean everything on this channel is anthropology or paleontology. You can get degrees in those too. I just haven't.
This show is so well timed omg💀
That really really looks like while excavating in a mine they found Raymond Dart.
I hear his suit was _very_ will preserved.
It's a shame you didn't mention that they found a fossilised cricket bat along with the remains of Piltdown Man. Not only was the first human from England but he played Cricket as well.
Man the idea of different variations of hominids would be so interesting to see. We'll never know exactly what they looked like, but it's so fascinating.
It's funny how almost all of my knowledge about evolution and human evolution started from here😂😂
I wish school would be like this - interesting
Infotainment≠Education
If you can't find the Hero of Hyrule, you have a Missing Link situation.
Thank you for explaining orthogenesis and phylogeny. I was taught orthogenesis, but it seemed a stretch to me. Phylogeny is evident in animal species.
"Piltdown man, always living in a piltdown world, always wanting to meet piltdown people, always wanting to invent the world" -Billy Joel... I think?
Yaaaaaay. Please do at least 50% of all shows !!
I believe there is a mistake in the script around 2:28: "In the early 19th Century, evolution was thought to be linear." There would have been no general consensus about what the word "evolution" meant in the early nineteenth century.
Yeah should have said 20th century.
Can't wait for humans to evolve from who we are right now
The X Men !
ShaikNawazOfficial i dont human on earth would evolve any more significantly since the past 10,000 year we haven’t change drastically. Changes wouldn’t be obvious would occurs instead like adaption to our blue screen so people will still have 20/20 vision despite being in front of computer for a long time... bigger brain since it would be needed to keep up with technology, lungs that might be able to adapt to the amount of carbon dioxide, immune system fight change to fight against new and current existing diseases better, taller human as well, and even stronger muscle density and bone because of improve diets and treatment, being on earth won’t change human noticeably compare to 70,000 years ago
I wouldn't hold my breath . We seem to get worse and worse .
You don't have to wait... you can see many of them in the area called "Skid Row" in Los Angeles right now.
@@Kacee2 How's that?
Do y'all ever cover Waterside Ape theories? I know they're not accepted by mainstream paleoanthropology, but that's what got me interested in this whole topic in the first place when I was a kid so it has a special place in my nerdy lil heart lol
Asking "if we humans came from apes, then why are there still apes around?" is the same as "if Charizard came from Charmander, then why are there still Charmanders that live in volcanic areas?"
Complicted ideas that are correct in a world that prefers simple ideas that are wrong.
There were many in America Academia that never bought the Piltdown claims from the beginning.
For those that believe evolutionistic propagation , you may want to research The Singularity and the Big Bang. These two things will have to be true...*if we humans evolved. It seems that even the staunchest advocate for Evolution would take a pause upon research of the Singularity___both the Big Bang and Evolution's antecedent.
Would love to see you guys do something on the titanoboa
Braided Stream seems like such an obvious concept, I can't believe I've never thought of evolution this way before. I've still been thinking terms of phylogeny.
I Love this Channel! always puts a big smile on my face when I come home from work and you guys upload a new video!
Braided evolution makes a lot more sense. Thanks for the show and it goes to show you that you learn something new every day.
*The missing linkn't*
1:51
-Our origins-
The Zelda Timeline
In 1980, in Intro to Physical Anthro, I wrote a paper that included a chart showing Neanderthal branching off and rejoining the Hominin lineage. I got a C. Now they call it the Braided Stream model. *post edited to correct date to 1980.
Homo sapiens need to evolve for ages before the 'moron gene' is removed
My bio teacher is not teaching us enough info about evolution thus making my classmates think so many Misconceptions about the topic such as: we directly evolve from apes, evolution results into progression, etc. Thanks to these kind of videos that showers me with knowledge about evolution and I'll share all of my knowledge about it on my upcoming report about the mechanics of Evolutionary change to my classmates.
very well written, congrats to the writer of this video!
So maybe instead of a missing link, a missing...glob?
I always thought Australopithecus was the missing link, and it kinda is for laymen even if not in strict scientific terms. Anyway interesting and educational video.
All hail Steve
Maybe the missing link was the friends we made along the way
Excellent clarifications, thank you.
That's the beauty of science - it isn't afraid to evolve as discoveries are made.
PILTDOOWN contributed to the devlopment of the current set of rules among scientists. The "experts" who built Piltdown man were supposedly "above reproach", so no one dared to question their claims. NOW, unless a discovery is published, with all relevant data and processes, it is NOT ACKNOWLEDGED! And if it is not reproducable by independent scientists, IT DIDN'T HAPPEN! So Piltdown did provide a service...of sorts. (PS: The 'bad idea' also included the very British assumption that the first "truly civilised" man would, naturally come from the most civilised nation: ENGLAND!!!)
Kind of like how the overuse of all caps has led to typing syntax rules.
@@Hambone3773 Well put!
@Herbal Shaman Since this whole video was about Piltdown being a fraud, I'm not sure where you came to that conclusion.
when did insect and tetrapod split?
Insects and tetrapods are very distantly related, the split was way back when invertebrates and vertebrates split from their mutual ancestors.
before the cambrian, our ancestor with insects had bilateral symmetry and blood and a head with eyes and a brain
@@iainmawhinney8867 pretty sure both blood and eyes are result of convergent evolution, not homology
@@shawnwales696 Even longer than that -- last common ancestor was before the split between protostomes and deuterostomes, so it would have been the "Urbilatera" creature.
@@schuylerpablico8300 Depends on how you define "eye". There are a lot of the same genes involved in both vertebrate and invertebrate eyes (you can take the PAX6 gene from a mouse and put it in a fruit fly and it will tell the fly to build a fruit fly eye wherever its activated for example). Some form of light detecting cell was likely present in the last common ancestor, but I'm not entirely sure I'd want to call it an "eye".
I am reading 'On the origin of Species' and it literally says everything you said here about evolution with extremely convincing evidence. I don't understand how the linear view of Evolution gained any traction
@@J.T... Yep ! I guess some "Humans" do behave like animals....
What a material!
We need more of that