History of the Tungusic Languages
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 11 ธ.ค. 2022
- History of the Tungusic Languages, Evenki, Evenic, Jurchenic, Manchu, Xibe, Nanai, Ulch, Orok, Oroch, Udihe, Kili, Oroqen, Nedigal
Music:
All I've Ever Felt All At Once - Late Night Feeler
3:13 from being the court language of a huge empire to becoming almost extinct, the sad fate of Manchu language...
That part hits very hard
If Qing emperor didn't conquer china it never happened
@@muhammedjaseemshajeef6781 You mean Later Jin? Da Qing was only established after it took the North China Plain.
@@placozoa sorry mistake i mean later jin
There is an old saying…
“If you conquer China… you become China!!”
Ironic that the victory of the Manchus caused their language to die
its bcs of chinese and russians who forcefully assimiliate them
@@adnan_honest_jihadist5775 ? The Manchus self assimilated lol
@@guangdong6805 bcs they were forced to
its also the fate of the franks in france, the bulgars in bulgaria, and many other places
@@xXxSkyViperxXx Its debatable for the Franks, something Like Dutch could be considered a successor.
Great video! It would also be interesting to see a region-based video "History of language families in Siberia", where the spread of all language families in Siberia would be visualized.
Thank you
Since most of these languages were already registered with very low speakers more than a decade ago, today some of them are probably on the brink of extinction if not outright gone.
By number of speakers:
Manchu: 20, with "thousands" as second language (2007 Ethnologue)
Xibe: 30 000 (2000 Ethnologue)
Nanai: 1 400 (2010 russian census)
Ulch: 150 (2010 russian census)
Orok: 26-47 (2010 russian census)
Oroch: 339 (2008 estimate)
Udihe: 100 (2010 russian census)
Kili: 40 (1989-1990 estimate)
Evenki: 26 580 (2010 russian census)
Oroqen: 1 200 (2009 Ethnologue)
Evenic: 5 700 (2010 russian census)
Nedigal: 75 (2010 russian census)
20?
@@L1M.L4M Yep, 20 remaining native speakers and all very old, all the other 11 million manchus are almost completely sinicized; some are trying to revitalize the language and the culture, but for now they're not enough.
@@L1M.L4M not true. native speakers around that number but tens of thousands speak as a second language. it is a bit like the role of Hebrew among the diaspora.
The case of why the Oroqen is endangered is very sad... Oroqens were a thriving group with multiple clans and tribes on Northern Manchuria but thousands of them were killed during WW2 because of the Japanese distributing opium and later using the people as test subjects for sick scientific test... Even after the war they were starved by the Chinese government and driven to suicide because of severe discrimination by other Chinese people in Heilongjiang...
Ehi Miki, da quanto tempo! Maaa...sei vivo? 😅 Sono mesi che ti cerchiamo su AD
I cried at the end😢
why??
@user-xw8et4lr2j
Because China and Russia are committing cultural genocide against those minorities for decades...
Russia has come.
payback for yangzhou massacre
@@user-xw8et4lr2j because every single member of the tungusic languages are severely endangered?!
The irony being that Manchu's decline began with the Qing dynasty.
Today the news would call the Chinese nationalists
I don't always take over all of China but when I do, I abandon my mother tongue
Manchu proverb
they manchurized mandarin hahaha
@@xXxSkyViperxXxnot true
@@xXxSkyViperxXx cringe
@@xXxSkyViperxXx nope, Mandarin has 0 manchu lonewords and 0 cognates, and Manchu phonology is very different
The Mandarin phonology was more due to the devastating wars against Jurchens and Mongols which caused the loss of many diphtongues and clusters but not due to foreign influence
@@leohe2594 zero manchu loanwords?? hahaha the mandarin word for Russia is literally from manchu who itself got it from mongol. you want a list? here: Category:Chinese_terms_derived_from_Manchu in English Wiktionary. Also, Jurchen and Manchu are literally the same thing. Ask Nurhaci's son why that is the case. the denial of tdks...tsk tsk... hahaha
the Tungusic languages are among my favorite asian language families, it is sad to see it in such decline. I wish the people of Manchuria could once again speak Manchu as a first language.
I was born and grew up in Beijing. I have many classmates are Manchu and some of them were offsprings from former Qing Dynasty royal family. However speaking Manchu language is no use there since the large population of Chinese speakers. But don't be sad cos there are already many Manchu words in Beijing's mandarin Chinese as slang.
btw can you tell me your reason why Tungusic languages are your favourite?
@@yaxiongzhang5031 Having manchu words in chinese isn't really the same as speaking the language itself
@@fisher1634 well, that's only some courtesy talk in order to show some friendly will. The realistic question is : what kind of benefit can they get by speaking a language which is literally no use in real world?
@@yaxiongzhang5031 the way they sound and the way their grammar works is so interesting, they are like something in between Mongolic and Paleo-Siberian and Turkic while being distinct from all three.
I would still prefer a Manchu native speaking population to exist, as Manchu loans into Mandarin probably don’t sound much like actual Manchu, and it isn’t the same.
@@yaxiongzhang5031 cultural and historical, not everyone has to speak a major language, that dulls the bright differences between peoples
Your videos are always great 👍🏼 👍🏼
Thank you
Excellent video.
Man, the decline was sharp in that last bit.
Thank you
A very interesting video as always! Thanks!
Thank you
Здравствуйте. Я читал о некоторой отдаленной связи языка саамов с тунгусскими языками.
Great video, thank you!
You're welcome :)
@@CostasMelas your channel is amazing. I love it!
Thanks a lot. I was anxious for the next vídeo from this series.
You're welcome :)
Hi, if you remember me. Nice video. I've been waiting for your video about the Tungussic languages for a long time. Are you planning to make a video about any Native American languages?
Thank you. I will try to make them in the future
great work!!
Thank you
It is really sad to see this unique and very interesting group of languages wither away. Future generations will definitely point towards us with a blaming hand wondering why we let all the unique cultures and languages die out
The vast majority of Languages and people groups in history have died out with no successor.
@@guppy719 but the language mass extinction that will happen during this century will be completely unprecedented
@@guppy719 Except this one is a whole language family.
I dont really like them but manchu gender system is cool.
@@fenglin1020 Have you seen the fate of jenisean languages? Worse than tunguskik.
New video. Looks great.
Thank you
excellent video, my thanks
Thank you
The details of the video, especially the detail of Qing dynasty (Daicing/Dulimbai gurun) in non-Chinese proper regions, displayed very well. The same video of other youtubers I have seen previously doesn't show the influence of Manchu language (Manju gisun) in these non-Han regions, but your version shows it. Excellent!🌹
Thank you very much
koreanic or japonic langugaes next please
Russification is pretty visible here
Sinification even more
both yes
Can you do a video about the Kurdish language and it’s history pls?😢
Good work
Thank you
@@CostasMelas th-cam.com/video/m51sdGDsNDE/w-d-xo.html
Nice video.
Thank you
Nice video 👏👏
Thank you
a fact: It is impossible for two Asian parents to have a white baby (Anatolians)! !
Wake up Turks
fun fact. abt 50% of the remaining speakers speak xibe, that tiny blue one in west china
Yes, the actress Tong Liya is from the Sibe People
The Evenks have been compactly preserved in the North of Russia. Their territory of residence is equal in area to the territory of France!!!
Amazing map, I haven't seen this video until 2 months after its premiere and I think that now you have covered all Eurasian language families
Thank you
Which language groups haven't you done yet old-world wise?
Could you do one for the romance languages of France, Spain, Italy and the Alps? I'd like to know when Venetian/Lombard/Ligurian developed and when they were overrun by Tuscan Italian.
Full list of Eurasian Language Families (excluding language isolates and proposed macrofamilies) Costas Melas has yet to cover, in approximate order from most to least speakers
Asterisk to mark videos created by The Dragon Historian, who uses more or less the same format as Costas Melas.
Dravidian*
Japonic*
Koreanic*
Mongolic*
Hrusish
Ongan
Nivkh (yes its a family of closely related languages, not an isolate)
Yukaghir
Great Andamanese
Various small, unrelated Caucasian families were covered together in the 'Caucasian Languages' video. These families are not included in the list. The Yeneiseian languages were included in the Dene-Yeneiseian video, which shows the possibly related Na-Dene languages as well.
Around the 16th century Italian became a literary language throughout Italy.
At the end of the 19th century it was already well known in cultured circles throughout Italy.
In the 1960s, Italian began to be spoken in everyday life as well, becoming a popular language.
Since then the dialects have begun their decline and slang and regional or social jargons of Italian were born.
the Gallo-Italic languages (Lombard, Emilian, Romagnolo, Ligurian, Piedmontese) began their decline already after the Second World War due to internal immigration from the south to the north.
great video, I like that you keep making these language families
Thank you
@@CostasMelas you're welcome
Nice.
Thank you
How ironic when the manchus conquered China, their language started to disappear
The big mistake of these videos is that they show the formal spread of languages, without taking into account the density of populations and the number of their speakers.
And just the Tungusic languages are a good example, since there have always been very few native speakers of these languages in vast territories, in Asia, Siberia, Mongolia and China, and they were a minority among the Turks, Mongols or Chinese, yes, they could be ruling dynasties or a military estate, or even hunter tribesmens and like Evenks, Warriors and rulers Manchurs, but they were less than 10% the population of these territories. Therefore, it is impossible to show them so categorically as if they were so common. This is a big mistake and misleading. And Manchurs has never been to Kazakhstan, only delegations of officials and ambassadors
Another great video on a language family which is fanting away.
Thank you
@@CostasMelas Are the Tungusic-Manchurian languages included in the Altai family of languages? Or does such a concept as "Altaic languages " no longer exist?
where you find out where what language was?
in fact that conquering all of China was a bit of a curse for the Manchu if we divided the dominance of China with the Mings in half, we would have a North China totally in Manchu language,
Idea: History of Basque Language
Sad to see these languages slowly phase out, it truly is a shame
I wonder, what if the Manchus/Qing Dynasty just remained in Manchuria and didn't conquer China, would it be a separate nation today that is between Mongolia and Korea?
yes all the people around China who maintained their independence or did not try to conquer the whole Chinese Empire managed to keep their language
@@renatocampos3114 Except Manchus weren’t exactly city building settled peoples. The Mongols are in a unique situation due to modern politics with Russia.
@@Wandrative It is very difficult to conduct agriculture on the territory of modern Mongolia. And agriculture presupposes settlement. The only possible type of civilization in this territory is nomadic cattle breeding. Nomads have always conquered sedentary farmers, but in the historical perspective, a nomadic lifestyle does not lead to technological progress.
@@user-ok9dc5qt8d
I dont remember what I was trying to say above.
Anyway, yeah you are right, but Manchus aren’t really nomads either.
Manchuria is a highly forested wet place, so the people were either hunter-gatherer or agricultural. Before Manchus and Jurchens It has been where Koreans ruled and came from, and during the tome of Koreans, the land was highly urbanized.
@@Wandrative There was also a Bohai state in the 12th century. Its territory extended even to modern Russia -the Ussuri Region. I wonder what language was spoken in Bohai? Now the territory from the Ural Mountains and east to the Pacific Ocean is completely dominated by the Russian language. The languages of national minorities have been preserved only where the infrastructure is weak. And where ethnic Russians don't want to live.
Emm. Evenks and Evens in North Sakha and Kamchatka: Am I joke for you? 🙃
Its because mostly the people that live there are from the Chutko-Kamtchakan family, the Inuit-Aleut family, Yukaghir family and Itelmen family
@@koesben9363 the author two times deleted my comments. Open "Evenks" in Wikipedia, chose Russian version of Wikipedia and you will see a map of Evenks. Man, really?) they live in places that I told
Damn talk about a shift during the end
Were Proto-Tungusic people aware of Siberian Tigers?
👍👍👍
yessss finalllly
Let me know what you think of these groupings. Areal relationships of languages in North Eurasia:
Sino-Tibetan - Mongolic (+Khitan) - Tungusic (Manchu)
Uralic - Turkic (+ extinct Hunnic) - Mongolic
Indo-European (Scythians, or maybe all satem branches) - Uralic/Hunnic/Turkic
Ural-Altaic
@@sade_monqol
DNA wise their not releated bro. Ural people have the N DNA, while Altaic people have R1 DNA, that is more closely releated to Indo-european people who also have the same DNA. Just because Altaic and Uralic people lived close to eachother dosent mean their releated, when it just made them interact and borrow words from eachother languages, but DNA wise their not even closely releated.
👍👍👍👍
What caused the migration of Evenkis in 1200s? Mongol invasion?
Yes, the changes in this period are due to the rapid spread of the Mongols
@@CostasMelas probably same reason as the yakut people migrated
@@islammehmeov2334 Yakuts are not tungusic
@@NizhnyBall YES I know my beloved is SAKHA YAKUTSK TURKIC but she is born in ukraine
Evenki was distrubuted some of yakut areas today
Watch karya atakan
History of yakuts
About 60,000 years ago, C2D1 entered East Asia, and C1 entered Southeast Asia
About 40,000 years ago,K2 split into MNOPQRS entered East Asia and Siberia from Southeast Asia
SM remained in Southeast Asia
NO remained in East Asia
PQR remained in Siberia
"Origin of "Proto-Altaic" language=Turkic+Mongolic+Tungusic+Uralic+Koreanic+Japonic"
R1 dominates Indo-European languages
R1a dominant Slavs + Indo-Iranians (Pashtuns, Iranians, Indians)
R1b dominant Western European
Q dominates Native American，Inuit people, Yenisei people
N dominates Urals and Yakutia
O dominate Japanese Korean Chinese
C2 dominates Mongolian Kazakh Tungusic
Mongoloid people= East Asians, Austronesians, Altaic people (Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic speaking people), American Indians/Native Americans
Inuit have 80% Q
Yakutia have 90%N
Korean have 80%O
North Tungusic have 80%C2
They were completely East Asian physical appearance (what used to be called Mongoloid)
@@user-rn6nb2ey7e watch karya atakan history of yakuts
@@muhammedjaseemshajeef6781 94% of Yakuts belong to haplogroup N-m231
Haplogroup N originated in the northern part of China in 20,000 years BP and spread to Northern Eurasia, through Siberia to Northern Europe.
the original turkic people N are very similar to O (chinese，korean，japanese), they came from the same gene haplogroup NO but absolutely different from J（J1+J2/Turkey） Type of east Mediterranean people.
@@muhammedjaseemshajeef6781 Anatolians always claim their Turkic origins everywhere，but，a fact: It is impossible for two Asian parents to have a white baby (Anatolians)! !
Wake up Pan Turkic
Can anyone explain how Jurchen spread in China in the early 1200s? I thought the Qing arrived later
jin dynasty
@@sinlee7804 thanks
Idea: history of the Nahuatl language
I have video about Uto-Aztecan languages on my channel.
done already 🥳
I hope one day a Tongus state will be established.
What about the Avar Khaganate? Didn’t they speak a Tungusic language?
That has been suggested, based on a reading of the Buyla inscription, however the theory has been criticized and most scholars argue that the Buyla inscription was most likely written in an Oghur Turkic language.
I suggest you combine map animations for Tungus-Manchu, Mongolian and Turkic to show the development of a hypothetical Altaic language family
wonder why they never filled up sakhalin island despite their proximity
Due to Nivkh (north part) and Ainu (south part) people
@@CostasMelas didn't the ainu come later? i suppose the pathway from the north was occupied by nivkh, but the ainu got pushed in from the south, but the tungusics didn't need to as much
@@xXxSkyViperxXx the nivkh came later when sakhalin had no population except some ruins of a bronze age civilization (maybe the nivkh are descendants of the first yayoi people in east asia mixed with the bronze age sakhalin people, that people may have been descendants of the first wave of human arrival in the bering strait), the ainu are the descendants of the jōmon that came to east asia (just like the bronze age sakhalin people), aproximately in the year 20.000 bc they arrived to the japanese islands Including Hokkaido, after some time they expanded to the kuril islands and the southern bit of sakhalin, the tungusic people (orok and nanai) may have arrived to sakhalin after the Ainu and Nivkh, and their presence took new technologies to the island, but they did not mixed with each other cuz their traditions were different and limited getting married with other people outside their tribes, today the Nivkh language and culture is living a "revival" because their people are speaking it more frecuently and they have foundations to preserve their legacy just like the ainu, they are even trying to make it a co-official language with the russian, orok and nanai in the sakhalin oblast ✨
@@koesben9363 why yayoi? yayoi came later to japan after jomon already. how would older nivkh be yayoi?
@@xXxSkyViperxXx yes, it still a question that i cannot respond, i shouldnt put that Nivkh are descendants from yayoi, sorry. Researchers are trying to find a conection but there is probably none, Nivkh may be descendants of the bronze age culture from sakhalin or descendants of the First humans to get to siberia (just like the ket, het and other people from the area, except that ket and het are Distant relatives to the Na-Dene peoples in north america)
Mongolic languages are next
What are your plans after this?
Probably Mongol Language
That’s one of what I want to watch the most!
The following are my request.
It’s difficult to describe early history of the language families such as Dravidian and Afro-Asiatic. But don’t forget you do not have to start from Proto-Language.
I think it’s premature to take up Japonic. The position of 上代東国語“Eastern Old Japanese” haven’t discovered yet. Some argue that it is EOJ that branched off first of the three*, and others disagree. Some argue EOJ is ancestor of modern dialects of eastern japan, and others disagree.
*Proto-Ryūkyūan, Old Japanese, Eastern Old Japanese
The sad music though
Can you make spread of Ural-Altaic language theory then spread of Mongolic languages next?
The Altaic language family does not exist, and no linguist accepts it!The Altaic language is the propaganda of yellow people nationalism.There is no Ural-Altaic language family.Turkic and Mongolian origin are different.
@@scythianturk2526 I said theory.
@@x-lendrow806 The theory has been debunked. Just political propaganda! There is no linguistic basis.
As a Historian, The most terrific kind of horror is when you know what's going to happen before it happens.
Why did they die so fast?
They were mostly sparse populations, so when their areas were settled by more populous Chinese and Slavs they quickly turned into minorities
Mongolia 🇲🇳 Love from Tungusic people.(Evenk,Evens People)
And, Speaks 10% are same with Mongol speaks. But, 90% are not same
Poor Manchus, absolutely they could not estimated their empire will kill their language.
Or more like that huge mass of poor Han Chinese they benefited from taxes would later cost them their homeland and language
I know about that. Qing government forbid Chinese from settling Manchuria. Also they built Willow Palisade for prevent that but Manchu landowners hired Chinese workers for their lands because of their cheapness and government relocated some Han population into Manchuria because they lost their lands due to natural disasters. Later on, some Chinese population and outlaws migrated to Manchuria illegally and that maked palisade ineffective. At last, during 19th century, growed Chinese population assimilated Manchu people. For years, more Manchu learned Chinese and implemented Chinese culture to their life and they forgot their language.
The culture of the Manchus is backward, and the civilization of the Han Chinese is more advanced than them, so it is inevitable for them to be assimilated
Кто жил в Восточной Сибири до прихода тунгусов?
Различные палеоазиаты, юкагиры и чукотко-камчатские народы например
That’s kinda sad ngl
Now do American Indian languages
The Manchus were quickly assimilated after they entered China, and their language almost disappeared.
Although I am not an Tungusic neither an Altaic which is not an actual family but still old Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic people look the same but still I feel it . Our eastern brothers East Iranian Sakas are also extinct now.
Actually the SAKHA are not extinct they are in SIBERIA and same are in ukraine thanks to SHITI stalin my girlfriend is SAKHA born in Ukraine
@@islammehmeov2334 did you understand that Sakas are Schythians an Iranic cacaussian looking red haired tribe and Sakhas are Yakuts an Turkic Mongoloids tribe .
@@h2eroskoryosaryakaraaryani777 ONLY TURKIC not Mongolians but TURKIC PEOPLE live with Iranian people and it's very possible that sum Sakas mixed with TURKIC and become SAKHA I mean the word's Sakas and SAKHA are were close so
So the Proto-Turks were pure Mongoloids🙂
@@user-rn6nb2ey7e TURKIC PEOPLE EXISTED BEFORE mongols LoL
¿El mayor nerfeo de la historia?: Mongoles, urálicos, mesopotámicos, italianos, peruanos
El mayor nerfeo de la historia:
Dolgans are Turkified tungusic ethinic group
Yeah
Hamnigans are Mongolized Tunguses also
Turkic Mongolians, they are the same origin：NOCQR
@@user-rn6nb2ey7e zort
Wow. This language family looks dying isn't it?
No
🙊😿
The big mistake of these videos is that they show the formal spread of languages, without taking into account the density of populations and the number of their speakers.
And just the Tungusic languages are a good example, since there have always been very few native speakers of these languages in vast territories, in Asia, Siberia, Mongolia and China, and they were a minority among the Turks, Mongols or Chinese, yes, they could be ruling dynasties or a military estate, or even hunter tribesmens and like Evenks, Warriors and rulers Manchurs, but they were less than 10% the population of these territories. Therefore, it is impossible to show them so categorically as if they were so common. This is a big mistake and misleading. And Manchurs has never been to Kazakhstan, only delegations of officials and ambassadors
0:05 о я здесь живу
Далеко
Ты тунгусо-маньчжур?
@@NizhnyBall нет, обычный житель Обычнозалупинска
God! it's very cold there
About 60,000 years ago, C2D1 entered East Asia, and C1 entered Southeast Asia
About 40,000 years ago,K2 split into MNOPQRS entered East Asia and Siberia from Southeast Asia
SM remained in Southeast Asia
NO remained in East Asia
PQR remained in Siberia
About 30,000 years ago, QR separated
About 20,000 years ago R went to Europe and Q went to America
Therefore, Native Americans：Q1 C2 R1
As the climate began warming at around 18,000 years ago, the Beringia region also became more moist and the sea level rose,submerging the land bridge .
About 10,000-15,000 years ago, N1O2 entered Mongolia and mixed with C2Q1R1
About 5000-10000 years ago
Xiongnu/（C2 N1a O2a Q1）+ R1a→Xianbei → Rouran → Turkic Empire →Mongol Empire→ Qing Empire
Mongolian=53,8%C2+10,8%O2+10,8%N1+4,6%P* (xQ,R)+9,2%R1a
Ulch people
34.6%C2(xM48, M407)
34.6% C2b1a2
11.5% O2, 1.9% O1a,1.9% O1b
5.8%Q-M242
5.8%N-M231
Then，proto-Altaic people split into two groups N1a and O2a+C2
1，N1a enter Siberia，they became the Neo-Siberians and Northern tungus (absorb Paleo-Siberians Q1+C2)
2，O2a+C2 enter the Korean peninsula,where they assimilated the earlier inhabitants of the peninsula(O1b).
During the Yayoi period, haplogroup O1b2+O2a started to arrive and spreaded to every region of Japan.
Origin of Japanese: Jomon (D1a2+C1a1) + Korean peninsula /Yayoi (O2a+O1b2).
Korean=42.1%O2a+3.1%O1a+ 12.9%C2+ 3.8 %N1+ 33.4%O1b
+ 1.8%Q1+2.5%D
Janpanese=
15-20%O2a
3-8%C1+C2
3%N1
30-35%O1b
35-40%D
3，Historians believe that the Huns were not a single ethnicity but a confederation-like grouping of Siberian natives（N1a Q1 C2） and Indo-European tribes（R1aR1b，Old European（I ））.
The Slavs, Hungarians, Finns are among their descendants.
4，The modern Turkic people are a mixture of Eurasian People. These includes Indo-Iranian and Indo-European tribes of Central Asia who becomes Turkic for 2000 years ago.
"Origin of "Proto-Altaic" language=Turkic+Mongolic+Tungusic+Uralic+Koreanic+Japonic"
R1 dominates Indo-European languages
R1a dominant Slavs + Indo-Iranians (Pashtuns, Iranians, Indians)
R1b dominant Western European
Q dominates Native American，Inuit people, Yenisei people
N dominates Urals and Yakutia
O dominate Japanese Korean Chinese
C2 dominates Mongolian Kazakh Tungusic
Mongoloid people= East Asians, Austronesians, Altaic people (Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic speaking people), American Indians/Native Americans
Inuit have 80% Q
Yakutia have 90%N
Korean have 80%O
North Tungusic have 80%C2
They were completely East Asian physical appearance (what used to be called Mongoloid)
Source doesn’t exist😂
The Altaic language does not exist, and no linguist has accepted Altaic,Altaic language is Yellow Nationalist Propaganda.
For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life.John3:16
Free Manchuria
I found only the text in Evenic, for those who are interested, here is the text:
Bėyil bökėtchur ömėn hilkich nyan urumkėr baldaritno, temn noṅarduk ėqd'ėn ṅi da achcha, Bėyil bökėtchur mėn dolan akaqchimur binnėtyn
Free manchuria
Blame Russia and China
First!
Free Manchuria
From?
Manchuria are the three regions the most supportive of the Communist government lmao