you don’t understand how much I’m smiling right now it may sound weird but I’m crying regardless of what I do I can’t seem to grasp chemistry and I’ve just recently found your channel and I’ve found watching your videos has helped a lot like I genuinely got questions right so thank you you’re an amazing teacher !
Hello Sir, these full length explained videos are immensely useful, please continue doing these at least until you’ve finished the specification. You are the best resource out there for chemistry!!
Thank you for your kind words! It's really lovely to know how useful people find them! It's my plan to keep going and get them all done 😀 Redox is my current project! Then group 7. That will finish off year 1 Chemistry I think 🤔
I'm so pleased it's useful for you! This links document for all of chemistry might be helpful as well: drive.google.com/file/d/1s3I5prjbJRR1U1lcKpXO9TQpQMaVoP66/view?usp=drivesdk
So, I've recently started A levels and before this I was doing the Indian syllabus in the middle east. A lot of syllabus which was being covered at the start here I didn't understand it because a lot of stuff was new for me. Now, slowly these videos helped me understand it. Your channel has helped me a lot.
Well done for keeping working hard and sticking at it! I'm really pleased to know the videos have been useful for you 👍 What is the name for the syllabus? It's interesting that it's Indian but you are doing it in the middle east
@@chemistrytutor It is CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education). There are more than 27,000 schools in India and 240 schools in 28 foreign countries affiliated to the CBSE. It also has 2 qualifications at the age of 16 (Class 10) and 18 (Class 12). I finished my CBSE qualification of class 10 in march 2023 and then had to move to the UK for the sixth-form.
Thank you for the explanation. You broke it down into really simple and easy steps which is really easy to understand - esp the mechanisms. Thanks a lot sir!
Thank you very much for your efforts! At first the videos gave me creeps because they were so long XD but I eventually got used to it and took a liking in the way you process the topics. I chose to comment on this video because the content on it seems to be one of the favorite parts for my entrance exam to test students on, keep on!
Thank you, I really appreciate the feedback! I had similar thoughts myself about whether they were too long, but overall I'm told that students prefer whole topics in one video. So they're going to need to be long videos.
That is a great question! Here's how you can determine if a reaction follows the SN1 or SN2 mechanism and why it matters: 1. Rate Equation: The key difference lies in the reaction rate (which is a year 2 or y13 topic) SN1: The rate depends only on the concentration of the substrate (rate = k[substrate]), as the first step involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate. SN2: The rate depends on both the substrate and the nucleophile (rate = k[substrate][nucleophile]), since the nucleophile attacks as the leaving group departs in a single step. Experimentally, measuring how the rate changes with varying concentrations of reactants can reveal which mechanism is at play. 2. Factors Affecting the Mechanism: SN1 favours tertiary carbons (stable carbocations), polar protic solvents (e.g., water, alcohols), and weak nucleophiles. SN2 prefers primary carbons (less steric hindrance), polar aprotic solvents (e.g., acetone, DMSO), and strong nucleophiles. 3. Why It Matters: The mechanism affects reaction speed, stereochemistry (e.g., SN2 inverts configuration), and even product yield. Understanding this helps chemists design reactions efficiently and predict outcomes. Hope that's helped!
37:24 Sir if asked for the products would we write KBr or :Br- 40:53 Can't we write the product as C-C=C with 3 H on the first carbon, one H in the 2nd carbon and 2H in the third? (CH3CHCH2)
1) you could write either. Depends if you're writing KOH in a reactant or OH- The only time you *need* the K is as a reagent 2) yes, that's fine. I just chose to show the displayed formula
13:10 sir arent van der waals forces the weakest intermolecular force to exist. Then why have you written that its strongest intermolecular force. Please explain me this and tell me if iam right or wrong
We're both right. They are the weakest type of intermolecular forces. I was stating that since there are no other forces present in the R group, the only force and therefore strongest force in the R group is van der waal's forces
19:17 sir I don’t understand this bit - wouldn’t a small polarity in the C-I bond make us expect that that bond would be easier to break as well? Or would a small polarity make us think that it would be harder to break? I’m so lost😂
@hayaosman2701 The bond breaking of C-X (carbon-halogen) changes as you go down the group because of two main factors: bond strength and bond polarity. The Pattern: As you move down Group 7 (fluorine to iodine), the bond between carbon and the halogen becomes easier to break. This is why C-I bonds are much more reactive than C-F bonds in reactions like nucleophilic substitution. The Explanation: 1. Bond Strength: The halogen atoms get larger as you go down the group, so the bond length increases. A longer bond means weaker overlap between the carbon and halogen orbitals, making the bond easier to break. 2. Electronegativity: The halogens become less electronegative down the group. A less electronegative halogen pulls the bonding electrons less strongly, reducing the bond's polarity. Although this affects reactivity, the bond strength has the bigger impact. In short, down the group, bonds weaken because of increasing bond length and decreasing electronegativity, making them easier to break
How is chlorine is more electronegative than carbon and break heterolytically in nucleophilic substition of halogenoalkane SN2???? is it because alkyl groups are electron donors so they'll have partially negative charge and carbon accepts the electron so it is partially positive??
Electronegativity is due to the size of the atom and therefore the distance between the nucleus and the covalently bonded electrons. Its also connected to the nuclear charge the atom has. Both of these influence the attraction between the nucleus and the bonded electrons. With Cl vs C its down to the nuclear charge being nearly three times as high in chlorine. The positive inductive effect you mention is an effect of carbon not having a high Electronegativity
(1) In the first alkane video you said that a property of alkanes was their non-polarity, so I assume that's only a generalization for non-halogenoalkanes, right? Therefor, for halogenoalkanes we should remember that they all have some degree of polarity, increasing up the periodic table (2) So, the solubility of a substance depends on wether the polarity of the solvent and solute match closely enough to each other? Not simply wether the solute is polar or not (3) @23:38 What you're saying is that reactivity increases going up the periodic table for elemental halogens, but that reactivity increases going down the periodic table for halogenoalkanes?
Great questions again: 1) yes, correct- unless the halogenoalkane has no H and is all the same halogen. Eg, CCl4 is non Polar as its symmetrical and has no dipole moment 2)yes, spot on 3) yes, exactly so
Hi, your videos are really helpful but i want to ask if this is CIE or AQA? I dont really know if both have that much of a difference when it comes to topics so id like to knoe if this is CIE since the syllabus im learning is CIE but thanks anyway, your videos are really easy to understand😊
Thanks for your kind feedback! Yes, you can use my videos for other exam boards. There is at least 95% crossover with all other exam boards. The biggest differences are how topics are grouped together and which topics go on which tests
I have a class test tomorrow and I was very scared to start this topic. I just started the video and I don't know why the way you teach, it is just so calming. Thank you, Sir!
Hi sir, great video but cant halegenoalkanes also have dipole dipole forces not only van der waals forces if the polarity difference is high enough? Thanks
Hi, yes, definitely they can. Which bit of my video has implied they can't? I'd go so far as to say that halogenoalkanes will *always* be polar and so have permanent dipole-dipole forces *unless* they are fully symmetrical
@@chemistrytutor No sir you never specifically said it cant be dipole dipole I think I just misunderstood as you only gave van der waals as an example. Thanks for the response
@@THE_LAST_STYLEBENDER provided the molecule is not symmetrical. A *fully* symmetrical molecule with pd-d forces... the dipoles cancel out. I've done some videos about electronegativity and Polarity and intermolecular forces as well
Hi, this video will be suitable for any exam board. I teach AQA so I always make sure it covers everything needed for AQA. So aqa predominantly. All exam boards are at least 95% the same though. The main differences between them is not the content they include, but rather how they structure the course, what topics are on each exam and the question style
Yes absolutely right. What I meant by the writing was- it's the strongest intermolecular force in *that* halogenoalkane molecule. Stronger than the permanent dipole-dipole attractions on this occasion... this because of the size of the molecule (or number of electrons) being sufficiently large that vdW forces become more significant
Thanks 😊 I'm not totally sure which hydrogen you mean. There are usually choices about which H is removed by the base in elimination. The restriction/limitation is that you must take a hydrogen away from a carbon atom that is adjacent to the carbon that had the halogen attached. If there isn't one, then elimination can't happen
Hi, yes, this video will be suitable for any exam board. I teach AQA so I always make sure it covers everything needed for AQA. All exam boards are at least 95% the same though. The main differences between them is not the content they include, but rather how they structure the course, what topics are on each exam and the question style
You're welcome. I teach AQA, so I've made it with that in mind. However, all exam boards have 90% or more in common, and this will be necessary for them all
Hi, I really like your video and I think you are great at explaining. Can You please make a video about Transition metals and Electrode potential as I find these topics the hardest in Chemistry. I would really appreciate it if you could make these video before 2023 exams. Thank you❤️
Hi there, thank you for your kind words! I really appreciate your feedback! I've already made some videos for those topics. You can see a complete list from this document: drive.google.com/file/d/1s3I5prjbJRR1U1lcKpXO9TQpQMaVoP66/view?usp=share_link I'm planning on releasing more exam question walkthroughs over the coming weeks and Transition Metals will definitely be one of them!
you don’t understand how much I’m smiling right now it may sound weird but I’m crying regardless of what I do I can’t seem to grasp chemistry and I’ve just recently found your channel and I’ve found watching your videos has helped a lot like I genuinely got questions right so thank you you’re an amazing teacher !
This was so helpful...
smiling and crying wow
What are Halogenoalknes? - 0:35
Naming Halogenoalkanes - 3:40
Physical Properties of Halogenoalknes - 8:41
Nucleophilic Substitution - 19:57
Mechanisms - 23:58
Elimination - 33:14
You're welcome ✨
Great work, thanks 😊
Time saver❤
Hello Sir, these full length explained videos are immensely useful, please continue doing these at least until you’ve finished the specification. You are the best resource out there for chemistry!!
Thank you for your kind words! It's really lovely to know how useful people find them! It's my plan to keep going and get them all done 😀
Redox is my current project! Then group 7. That will finish off year 1 Chemistry I think 🤔
@@chemistrytutor Good to hear Sir, looking forward to them
I cant express how much you litteraly saved my life sir, Thank you alot!
finally understanding organic chem thru ur vids, you explain everything in detail but in a simple fasion, thank you sir
That's great news! Well done for sticking at it - glad my videos are helping 👏
dawg I've literally been sobbing about chemistry thank you so much
I'm so pleased it's useful for you!
This links document for all of chemistry might be helpful as well:
drive.google.com/file/d/1s3I5prjbJRR1U1lcKpXO9TQpQMaVoP66/view?usp=drivesdk
This came in very clutch for my exam in 3 days, thanks man you’re a real one for this
Glad it was useful. Good luck in the test!
@@chemistrytutor thanks man appreciate it
So, I've recently started A levels and before this I was doing the Indian syllabus in the middle east. A lot of syllabus which was being covered at the start here I didn't understand it because a lot of stuff was new for me. Now, slowly these videos helped me understand it. Your channel has helped me a lot.
Well done for keeping working hard and sticking at it! I'm really pleased to know the videos have been useful for you 👍
What is the name for the syllabus? It's interesting that it's Indian but you are doing it in the middle east
@@chemistrytutor It is CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education). There are more than 27,000 schools in India and 240 schools in 28 foreign countries affiliated to the CBSE. It also has 2 qualifications at the age of 16 (Class 10) and 18 (Class 12). I finished my CBSE qualification of class 10 in march 2023 and then had to move to the UK for the sixth-form.
@@realfaw thats really interesting! Thank you for the information! 😀
Thank you for the explanation. You broke it down into really simple and easy steps which is really easy to understand - esp the mechanisms. Thanks a lot sir!
That's lovely to know, I appreciate the feedback 😀
Thank you very much for your efforts! At first the videos gave me creeps because they were so long XD but I eventually got used to it and took a liking in the way you process the topics. I chose to comment on this video because the content on it seems to be one of the favorite parts for my entrance exam to test students on, keep on!
Thank you, I really appreciate the feedback!
I had similar thoughts myself about whether they were too long, but overall I'm told that students prefer whole topics in one video. So they're going to need to be long videos.
Hi sir, how do we know if a nucleophilc reaction proceeds via a SN1 or SN2 reaction and whats different about them(like why does it matter)?
That is a great question! Here's how you can determine if a reaction follows the SN1 or SN2 mechanism and why it matters:
1. Rate Equation: The key difference lies in the reaction rate (which is a year 2 or y13 topic)
SN1: The rate depends only on the concentration of the substrate (rate = k[substrate]), as the first step involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate.
SN2: The rate depends on both the substrate and the nucleophile (rate = k[substrate][nucleophile]), since the nucleophile attacks as the leaving group departs in a single step.
Experimentally, measuring how the rate changes with varying concentrations of reactants can reveal which mechanism is at play.
2. Factors Affecting the Mechanism:
SN1 favours tertiary carbons (stable carbocations), polar protic solvents (e.g., water, alcohols), and weak nucleophiles.
SN2 prefers primary carbons (less steric hindrance), polar aprotic solvents (e.g., acetone, DMSO), and strong nucleophiles.
3. Why It Matters: The mechanism affects reaction speed, stereochemistry (e.g., SN2 inverts configuration), and even product yield. Understanding this helps chemists design reactions efficiently and predict outcomes.
Hope that's helped!
@@chemistrytutor woahh. Thanks sir
37:24 Sir if asked for the products would we write KBr or :Br-
40:53 Can't we write the product as C-C=C with 3 H on the first carbon, one H in the 2nd carbon and 2H in the third? (CH3CHCH2)
1) you could write either. Depends if you're writing KOH in a reactant or OH-
The only time you *need* the K is as a reagent
2) yes, that's fine. I just chose to show the displayed formula
13:10 sir arent van der waals forces the weakest intermolecular force to exist. Then why have you written that its strongest intermolecular force. Please explain me this and tell me if iam right or wrong
We're both right. They are the weakest type of intermolecular forces.
I was stating that since there are no other forces present in the R group, the only force and therefore strongest force in the R group is van der waal's forces
@chemistrytutor thanks sir for explaining
12:35 but in the alkanes video, during free radical substitution, the bromoethane formed was soluble??
The shorter the alkane the more soluble it is in water. In general they are *more* soluble in Organic solvents than in water
@@chemistrytutor ahh thats what i guessed. thankyou!
19:17 sir I don’t understand this bit - wouldn’t a small polarity in the C-I bond make us expect that that bond would be easier to break as well? Or would a small polarity make us think that it would be harder to break? I’m so lost😂
Thanks for your videos by the way I love the way you explain things :)
@hayaosman2701 The bond breaking of C-X (carbon-halogen) changes as you go down the group because of two main factors: bond strength and bond polarity.
The Pattern:
As you move down Group 7 (fluorine to iodine), the bond between carbon and the halogen becomes easier to break. This is why C-I bonds are much more reactive than C-F bonds in reactions like nucleophilic substitution.
The Explanation:
1. Bond Strength: The halogen atoms get larger as you go down the group, so the bond length increases. A longer bond means weaker overlap between the carbon and halogen orbitals, making the bond easier to break.
2. Electronegativity: The halogens become less electronegative down the group. A less electronegative halogen pulls the bonding electrons less strongly, reducing the bond's polarity. Although this affects reactivity, the bond strength has the bigger impact.
In short, down the group, bonds weaken because of increasing bond length and decreasing electronegativity, making them easier to break
@hayaosman2701 Really appreciate you sharing this-thanks! 😃
@@chemistrytutor Thank you sir!
How is chlorine is more electronegative than carbon and break heterolytically in nucleophilic substition of halogenoalkane SN2????
is it because alkyl groups are electron donors so they'll have partially negative charge and carbon accepts the electron so it is partially positive??
Electronegativity is due to the size of the atom and therefore the distance between the nucleus and the covalently bonded electrons. Its also connected to the nuclear charge the atom has. Both of these influence the attraction between the nucleus and the bonded electrons. With Cl vs C its down to the nuclear charge being nearly three times as high in chlorine.
The positive inductive effect you mention is an effect of carbon not having a high Electronegativity
@@chemistrytutor sorryy i didn't study group 17 and asked this question. I realised halogens are more electronegative than carbon
(1) In the first alkane video you said that a property of alkanes was their non-polarity, so I assume that's only a generalization for non-halogenoalkanes, right? Therefor, for halogenoalkanes we should remember that they all have some degree of polarity, increasing up the periodic table
(2) So, the solubility of a substance depends on wether the polarity of the solvent and solute match closely enough to each other? Not simply wether the solute is polar or not
(3) @23:38 What you're saying is that reactivity increases going up the periodic table for elemental halogens, but that reactivity increases going down the periodic table for halogenoalkanes?
Great questions again:
1) yes, correct- unless the halogenoalkane has no H and is all the same halogen. Eg, CCl4 is non Polar as its symmetrical and has no dipole moment
2)yes, spot on
3) yes, exactly so
Hey, I just have a question, I just want to know how do you identify which of the mechanisms were SN1 or SN2?
Couple of ways - look at kinetics data mainly. Is the NaOH or OH- in the RDS or rate equation. Or related, what is the order with respect to OH-.
Hi, your videos are really helpful but i want to ask if this is CIE or AQA? I dont really know if both have that much of a difference when it comes to topics so id like to knoe if this is CIE since the syllabus im learning is CIE but thanks anyway, your videos are really easy to understand😊
Thanks for your kind feedback! Yes, you can use my videos for other exam boards. There is at least 95% crossover with all other exam boards. The biggest differences are how topics are grouped together and which topics go on which tests
I have a class test tomorrow and I was very scared to start this topic. I just started the video and I don't know why the way you teach, it is just so calming. Thank you, Sir!
Lovely! That's so nice to hear, thank you. Good luck!
@@chemistrytutor Thank you 😄
what specification is this for?
thank you
This is made for AQA (as are all my videos)
That said, 95% or more of all content is common to all exam boards 😃
@@chemistrytutor okay thank you
Hi sir, great video but cant halegenoalkanes also have dipole dipole forces not only van der waals forces if the polarity difference is high enough? Thanks
Hi, yes, definitely they can. Which bit of my video has implied they can't? I'd go so far as to say that halogenoalkanes will *always* be polar and so have permanent dipole-dipole forces *unless* they are fully symmetrical
@@chemistrytutor No sir you never specifically said it cant be dipole dipole I think I just misunderstood as you only gave van der waals as an example. Thanks for the response
@THE_LAST_STYLEBENDER 👍
I think often in the context of BPt in halogenoalkanes its vdw that is more significant than pd-d
Okay, to confirm doesnt non polar bonds contain vdw forces whereas polar bonds contain dipole dipole? @@chemistrytutor
@@THE_LAST_STYLEBENDER provided the molecule is not symmetrical. A *fully* symmetrical molecule with pd-d forces... the dipoles cancel out.
I've done some videos about electronegativity and Polarity and intermolecular forces as well
Sir you didn't mention primary secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes though?
You're right, good spot! I think I overlooked them because I talk about primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols in the Alcohols video!
Thank you thank you , this video helped a lot , you are very good at explaining ❤️❤️
Thanks for the lovely feedback 😀
I'm really glad it's useful 😊
Hi sir! What exam board is this specifically for?
Hi,
this video will be suitable for any exam board.
I teach AQA so I always make sure it covers everything needed for AQA. So aqa predominantly.
All exam boards are at least 95% the same though. The main differences between them is not the content they include, but rather how they structure the course, what topics are on each exam and the question style
@@chemistrytutor Ty sir I’m doing Aqa so these will we very helpful!
@@FatimaAli-x5s perfect 👌
13:03 isn’t van der waals forces the weakest intermolecular force?
Yes absolutely right. What I meant by the writing was- it's the strongest intermolecular force in *that* halogenoalkane molecule. Stronger than the permanent dipole-dipole attractions on this occasion... this because of the size of the molecule (or number of electrons) being sufficiently large that vdW forces become more significant
Why is another hydrogen next to the attacked hydrogen never the leaving group in an elimination reaction? - rlly helpful video btw!!
Thanks 😊
I'm not totally sure which hydrogen you mean. There are usually choices about which H is removed by the base in elimination. The restriction/limitation is that you must take a hydrogen away from a carbon atom that is adjacent to the carbon that had the halogen attached. If there isn't one, then elimination can't happen
You literally savedd my exams tyyy so muchhhh
So pleased you found it useful 😀
I can finally understand this
Very good news 👍
doesnt reactivity decrease down group 7
Yes it does. What part of the video are you linking your question to? This only refers to the element though, not when it's part of a compound
you have no idea how much you saved me. I was panicing because of this topic...
That's really lovely to hear 😊
I'm so glad it's useful!
I've done quite a few organic chemistry videos so I hope they will be useful too 🙂
is this for cie??
Hi, yes, this video will be suitable for any exam board.
I teach AQA so I always make sure it covers everything needed for AQA.
All exam boards are at least 95% the same though. The main differences between them is not the content they include, but rather how they structure the course, what topics are on each exam and the question style
thanks so much!! what exam board is this for?
You're welcome. I teach AQA, so I've made it with that in mind. However, all exam boards have 90% or more in common, and this will be necessary for them all
Thanks so much!
Loved the video, what accent is this btw? I love it too😭
Thank you 😊 I'm glad you liked the video (I'm from Yorkshire but not sure it's a Yorkshire accent)
Legend!!
😃
Hi, I really like your video and I think you are great at explaining. Can You please make a video about Transition metals and Electrode potential as I find these topics the hardest in Chemistry. I would really appreciate it if you could make these video before 2023 exams. Thank you❤️
Hi there, thank you for your kind words! I really appreciate your feedback!
I've already made some videos for those topics. You can see a complete list from this document:
drive.google.com/file/d/1s3I5prjbJRR1U1lcKpXO9TQpQMaVoP66/view?usp=share_link
I'm planning on releasing more exam question walkthroughs over the coming weeks and Transition Metals will definitely be one of them!
Great lesson!
😀 thanks for the feedback. I hope you're still enjoying Chemistry!
W teacher!!!
Thanks 😀
I love you guyyyyyy
😊👍
hello
😃