Search up his many, many lectures here on TH-cam, especially the lectures on black holes. Leonard is an amazingly brilliant researcher and lecturer. I wish we had a dozen more like him.
Fascinating discussion and props to both the interviewer (for asking excellent questions) and the interviewee for explaining the most complicated concepts imaginable in a comprehensive way.
Why is there an assumption that energies are localized and accumulated? Is it a linear sum? Or better yet, a localized linear sum per atom? Then the aggregate is localized? My brain is having a hard time with accumulations of dark energy in a vacuum.
If space of universe expands as cosmological constant, does energy have to increase in the same proportion to maintain conservation of energy over time (symmetry)
A great interview. Professor Susskind was frank and clear, a feature required from a true good scientist; the truth is that we yet do not know! We have to wait for some great mind such that of Einstein!
Can anyone imagine a clergyman ever saying that the church was, for decades, "thinking the wrong thing"? It's just stunning to see the utter difference between an honest man like Susskind and a charlatan/huckster otherwise known as a preacher, pastor, reverend or priest.
@Muzaffar Zaky Hey, how are you, Muzaffar? I hope you're doing well. I don't question evil in the world. I question people who think some sort of a God plays a part in human life.
@Muzaffar Zaky Those are all good lessons to know and follow. We simply attribute them to different sources. If you measured the quality of virtue and vice from everyone in the world, you would not find religious people with any different levels than anyone else. People need to take personal responsibility no matter what their religion is. Buddha existed and taught this long before Christianity and Islam. It isn't new nor is it an exclusive product of Abrahamic traditions. I hope you are a person who does gain goodness through your religious teachings. Many religious do not. And many non-religious are a bigger help than those in religion. This is observable by watching the world. People decide to be good or bad. If they need religion to do that for them, I think something is wrong with their hearts.
@Muzaffar Zaky I think I do. I have seen incredible hatred towards others, death, judgment and destruction, caused by people who used their religion and how they interpret it to justify their hatred. But, the same with historical conqueror's who were not religious. Religion does not make you good. Being good makes you good. Compassion comes from being able to sense and feel the pain and anguish of others. People make religion what they wish it to be. We're good. Peace to you my friend.
@Muzaffar Zaky I believe there are many paths to inner love and peace. But the destination is the same. Inner love and peace. I am happy when people find it and it helps them to see the world in a compassionate and loving way. Peace and respect to you.
To fighting, stealing and drinking! If you fight, may you fight for a friend! If you steal, may you steal a lover’s heart! And if you drink, may you drink with us! Cheers you magnificent bastards!
There is Million x Billion x Billion stars in our Universe. Have you ever considered septillion very active and massive radiating celestial bodies could be the source of dark energy? Could the answer for the mystery be hidind in plain sight?
Equation relating uncertainties for time and energy to planck constant indicate time can produce energy? and in principle energy could be changed back to time?
could time more than space in causation equation account for dark energy expansion of space? especially since time and space together in gravity space - time? dark energy expansion of space through causation with time?
I think black holes drive expansion. Black holes are basically space collapsing in on itself or falling away from everything else with the exception of objects close enough to be caught in their gravity. The result is expansion. Two black holes falling away from each other means that the space between them is expanding. Now apply that to pretty much every galaxy each containing a super massive black hole. We only know that the universe is expanding because we see that galaxies are moving away from each other. You get the same result without invoking dark energy.
Would our formulas for calculating the effects of gravity be different if there was no dark energy? Or in other words, is gravity always having to wrestle against the force of dark energy to do it's job. And visa versa: when dark energy dominates is it always having to "push through", so to speak, the pull of gravity?
not really I think gravity satisfies Einstein's theory of general relativity, it's just the calculations of dark energy do not satisfy or align with the observable rate of expansion, so it's not even accurate to say dark energy is what's is causing our universe to expand. It's obviously something else that we don't know about , maybe something further out than what can be observed or confirmed experimentally. But perhaps someday we will come up with an abstract idea of what it might be based on what can be observed coupled with some appropriate math....coming from someone who is a hobbyist of this and not an actual physicist btw.
after all this explanations which prof Suskin gave it is very clear the fine tuning of the dark energy. My question is what sort of evidence some people want more to be convinced that there is a designer for all this fantastic universe. please think out of the box and think BIG. Note pleas and think about it the material world is very small world it is part of the whole existence
I thought we had so much dark energy that they haven't even discovered it all yet. That's why the universe is expanding so fast when by now you would think it would be contracting.
Combine: 1. cosmological constant 2. schrodinger solution 3. Planck E= h f= h n 4. n = number of superpositions And you get dark matter = WIMP n^2 h^2 / ( 8 m L^2) = h n m = 0.3313 10^18 10^-34 = 0.3313 10^-16 kg ( all superpositions). 1 particle = 0.331 10^-16 / ( 0.4 10^18) = 0.828 10^-34 kg = 46 eV If you count only the positive wave function amplitudes: n = 10^9 then dark matter = WIMP m = 46 GeV
I've pre ordered 10 lbs of dark matter and a fully working string theory model of the cosmos for PC from Amazon. Not guaranteed for Christmas delivery. They don't do multiverses.
I began forming this idea about 15 years ago. I am not a mathematician. I sent this to Fran Blanche on the comment section of her TH-cam channel Fran Lab this morning. "Here's my take on dark matter and energy. Dark Matter is virtual particles welling up and disappearing in space. This is strongest at the gravitational boundaries of galaxy clusters and super clusters. Virtual particles are created by normal matter falling into singularities. So black holes create spacetime. The acceleration of the expansion of the universe, Dark Energy, corresponds to the matter trapped behind the event horizon that will be transformed into spacetime and which was slower at the beginning before gravity pulled all the matter together to form galaxies and galaxy clusters. I suspect that the black holes were the first stars created and could have been the only stars that could exist at very early times. We don't know that there is any matter between the event horizon and the singularity, but neither do we know there isn't. That suggests that the expansion could slow in the future when all of the matter within reach and trapped in a maelstrom inside the event horizon of all the black holes has been transformed. Some might say that there's not enough matter in the universe to cause all the expansion we see but subatomic particles can be in more than one place at a time. Everything's recycled. All the way down to the subatomic level. The virtual negative gravity caused by virtual particles , while having the potential to cause the universe to explode is kept in check at these so called gravitational boundaries around galaxysuperclusters and smaller galaxy clusters. I hear there is some possible new evidence that spacetime isn't as homogenous as they think and it doesn't or isn't expanding evenly everywhere. It's governed by gravity just like everything else but in a different way. It's not attracted to matter but expansion rates vary depending on the local mass. It's more like galaxy clusters, ie, larger masses are fizzing at their boundaries with spacetime and pushing each other apart. Kind of like PVC glue twirling around in a bucket of water. Leonard Susskind would like that idea since he used to be a plumber. The only place spacetime that isn't expanding is where local gravity is stronger than the repulsive pressure. This makes the great voids between galaxy filaments. So feeding black holes are creating spacetime. Dormant or inactive black holes are burning up their reserves or not creating anything. My idea is also another way for black holes to evaporate. Any body out there. I'd love to hear your thoughts on this. Mostly like to hear your thoughts on this Fran. If you care to. Great live show! (To Leonard Susskind) I'm not a mathematician but I used to be an electrician and a plumber for a short time before that. I'm now retired and on disability from an on the job accident that injured my back. I now do astrophotography as a hobby and I hope for it to be a business on day. I've been listening to you guys for years. Any and all science, especially cosmology and astronomy and this idea is born out of all that. I don't know if these thoughts are original or not but I just feel a need the talk to people about it. I'm also a visual artist and a painter and I feel that has helped me visualize some of these ideas even though some of it takes place in places we can't see. Or all of it. I hope you see this. I know how hard it is for people on the outside it is to get information to mainstream scientists. And I also know how difficult it can be for mainstream science to accept or investigate new ideas beyond the "popular" and favorite well established theories, but I feel much of that is the male ego and it is counter productive to progress. Ego just gets in the way of science. I feel that men are going to ruin our planet if they don't stop with the pissing contest and get right with the opposite sex and all the other life here on Earth. We need a free exchange of ideas without pride or prejudice to optimize scientific progress and help save our planet and all the species in it.
Hmm? Just imagine.....All the Black Holes in the Universe!? Now imagine the amount of (Our interpretations of) what matter is contained in those Black Holes.......Probably billions of Black Holes!? And something quite profound is just not Correct about what Scientists are rolling in the Ball Park! Their dilemma with “Infinity, Finite, And Unlimited!? The Ultimate Trilogy. Regards
The level of competition between scientists is as intense as a boxing match. We can all assume the size of the ego's involved. This alone is a key to failure of many scientists.There are endless theories that are disproven with or without merit in the scientific These failures are well documented. Always beware of theories, concepts and absolutes. It is a prudent way to remain psychologically not polarized. A stable base is always a reliable tool.
Maybe space is a field distinct from other quantum fields? Could planck scale / volumes cancel or block energies larger than planck units from expansion of space in universe? Energy expanding universe in small extra dimensions of space?
This is the first time I see a physicist say that dark energy should originate from quantum fluctuations of the fields. I thought that idea was deemed impossible.
Hmm...the only thing that seems to missing from his explanation is the chemical make-up of pixie dust. But, there sure seems to be a lot of it being sprinkled around in scientific explanations.
@The Gimp - The nice thing about opinions is that they are always right...in that they report what people believe to be true. Unfortunately, scientific truthys are only true when they are right...regardless of anyone's opinion. Your 'extensive', well thought-out reply of, "nah" is typical of deep thinkers such as yourself. Hey, I've got a bottle of pixie dust for sale. Only US$2599.99 for a 1.5 ounce bottle (guaranteed genuine and personally blessed by the spirit of Merlin, the magician of the Knights of the Round Table. One heck of a bargain.
Since the the Universe is finely tuned, they say, the Dark Energy at the scale of the Planck Constant must equal to all the other energies in the Universe But there is a problem, the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, so Dark Energy has the upper hand.
Can I think of dark energy as being the reverse of gravity? If so, whenever we measure gravity, aren't we measuring the combination of these two forces?
If you theoretically eliminate the possibility of gravity, saying no, no, no, there was never any such thing as gravity, wouldn't that make a zero, and the balance in the cosmos would be seen by scientists? This is just a thought experiment of an idea of a massless cosmos. Thank you again for a great interview, and good lighting too.
Whenever I hear about _fine tuning,_ can't help thinking it's a lottery game... There are probably millions and billions of "places" "out there" where such fine tuning capable of generating "life" does not exist. We just happen to be in one of the lucky patches...
I’d assumed that the uncertainty principle only applied to particles with velocity not those without velocity. Surely if velocity is zero then uncertainty simply does not apply. Does it not?
To verify a velocity of zero you have to look at the particle at two different times infinitely close together, then subtract the two positions to get zero.
Alternatively the energy is there in mass- energy and momentum equivalence but it doesn't interact most of the time ( like the neutrino) because it is too small, say 10^-6 times the neutrino mass.
If you count all probabilities as real but in fact superpositions are not real but only reflect a lack of knowledge you get way too much energy, no surprise. The correct answer must be based on what is real, not on what is possible.
the cosmic acceleration deduced from supernovae may be an artefact of our being non-Copernican observers, rather than evidence for a dominant component of “dark energy” in the Universe. full article: Evidence for anisotropy of cosmic acceleration Jacques Colin, Roya Mohayaee, Mohamed Rameez, and Subir Sarkar, Astronomy and Astrophysics A&A 631, L13 (2019)
Where does the strong nuclear force get it's energy? The sum of the strong nuclear forces of each atom in the Universe, what is that called ? Dark Energy ? I am trying to make sense of Dark Energy.
...but Lenny: Paui is "bigger" than Durac! you know ...and you did say confusing and you did indeed confuse: dark energy is very very big - even for the human condition...
Tsunami - was a great starter word, so? What happen?? (He jumps into ‘uncertainty principle’ van der Waals etc… (put goes into theory BS, (just my humble opinion)..but I am sure my attempt would be worse than his…(and I think Dirac was so-so at BEST!)
There’s a reason that the more and more Einstein studied quantum mechanics and quantum theory he began to develop the belief in a sentient higher power that had a hand in creating the universe. The end of this discussion about the charges of the universe cancelling each other out which keeps dark energy minimal and their being no scientific explanation or understanding as to why that might be is one example of the reason he came to that hypothesis/ conclusion.
It's not a hypothesis because it's not falsifiable. The end of the discussion you mentioned also begins with the phrase "It's conceivable...", meaning the problem may be mathematical/theoretical in nature.
I can understand that the existence of dark energy explains the expansion of the universe. What I have never understood is the quantification of dark energy in terms comparable with matter or dark matter. E.g. the universe consists of x% dark energy, y% dark matter, z% ordinary matter, etc.
They arent necessarily to related, dark energy is a force that makes things on the cosmic scale accelerate in opposite directions, and dark matter is mass that we can calculate in galaxies and simply can not be observed for unknown reasons
Since life is intricate, then complexity manifests in fine-tuning. How could the universe exist without information, and how can information be without me.
Youre right. It can’t exist without you. The universe depends on you for its existence, “you” being a localization of intelligent infinite consciousness that is able to know itself only if it is within itself! You depend on its different layers. It’s unconscious being material, it’s conscious being a complex bundle of emotions thoughts and awareness that is able to gain information of that unpotentiated, absolute source of existence! Which is just YOU
The thing with the energies of fluctuations that should add up to a huge amount sounds very similar to the ultraviolet catastrophe concerning black body radiation before Max planck finally solved it in 1900. Maybe there will be a somewhat similar solution to the dark energy problem.
Perhaps this dark energy we expect DOES exist far outside our observable universe, the eternal exponentially expanding inflaton field. Big bangs are just the area where it slows down. Imagine if this much matter is being generated all the time in the inflaton field, it just doesn't matter because the matter is suddenly casually disconnected.
Is nature tricking us or we are tricking nature (system)????!!!!! If neither then one question simply arises, Why is it so hard to find out how nature works?
It is as simple as our ability to describe what we see without interference. As you might imagine, this is incredibly difficult to do. While our capability to encode observation into formal information increases, it is still very unrefined. There are many things we dismiss due to deviation outliers and many other margins we claim are acceptable ranges of error. It isn't diminishing at our scale; but at the cosmic scale or a combinatory extrapolation of a field and its effects, we not only lose focus, but fail integration. Thus, the infinities and zeroes we vehemently abhor, because nature has not demonstrated that either of those values are real at the cosmic scale. In other words, to understand the question of the field itself at all scales, requires a concrete precision we do not yet have. It's funny... because we need more time; but in this effort, time with an expanding field is against us. The Uncertainty Principle, in general, makes that a great woe.
@@GreaterDeity My believe is that as our capability to encode observations increases it is not far to as to get to the trueth, that as soon some one decodes how one system works then the others wont be that hard. - Some of the things we dismiss is that to me light always will be forced to returned buck to where it came from, not sure about if its true but a metaphysic gradueted from car electric circuitry that no matter from where electricity comes it all ways will tend to go back to where it came from after toching ground - all stars must to be interconnected just like the GRAYFISH as well called TORPEDO fish electric areingement see the video SHOCK AND AWE: THESTORY OF ELECTRICITY-JIM- ALKALILI: BBC HORIZON at time 30:10to the left they show such a fish conteins a grouping of cells that all are interconected one onother so they are able to unite a 240 Volt uth the union of each one out put at the front end head of the fish that is conducted to a tentacle that the fish uses to dicharge as disired time; same thing is seen at time 30:21but this time the electric cells group is to the right side of the fish, the fish is able to unite this 2 sides to give and 240 Volt that would nock out a grown person, so then the fish has one positive and one negative side electric cells working as groups that are joint one to the other. - At time 30:34 they show the same fish but this time it shows the fish stomach that you may see as a kind of circle that to the bottom south part it makes kind of a V shape, such V SHAPE is seen as well in galaxies such in the video WAL-THORNEHILL: NO ISLANDS IN OUR ELECTRIC UNIVERSE - SPACE NEWS at time 3:20 left figure where the black central part has the Vshave to the bottom as well. One more video that shows such a thing V shape is HALTON ARP INTRINSIC RED SHIEFT some where Halton focus to a HIDROGEN GALAXIE that as well is way to electric that as well shows such a part, if Iam right the EU says that the Vshape is a PLASMA caracteristic with the picture at 3:20 at second up video painted black to me is the INSIDE CIRCLE in my DNA work, that is if you see all systems as 2 circles where the inside circle is half the out side circle in diameter, some times it will be the oposite depending of what we speak of like if you speak of a WHATER MELON it will be anlist double the inside as the out side. More info? if so check the video THE FLOWER OF LIFE OR DNA DECODED jus click my logo to see it is in the MENU.
If the balance between gravity and expansion were not just right we would not exist, the force of expansion needs to be stronger than the force of gravity at just the right measure, otherwise the universe would collapse.
There is Dark Mater, and its moving at a speed close to the speed of light, but will never reach the speed of light. Also Dark Mater moving will negate the existence of Dark Energy, where the Energy is a kinetic energy of the Dark Matter. Now imagine an air bubble in the water, its always spherical in shape because of pressure acting on the bubble from all sides are equal at the same time. Exactly what happen for all stars, planets and moons. They are the Matter Bubble in an ocean of dark Matter
Dark energy is likely the current or motion space within the entire physical universe to move just as wind on earth is the motion of air that blows, flows and moves above and over the entire earth. Just as the sun is what causes wind on earth energy from God in heaven is what causes dark energy within the physical universe. Know, that which is outside the universe is what drives it just as that which is outside the earth is what drives it. Just as the earth rotates the universe rotates. The earth rotates from the initial energy put into creating it and because there is not friction in space. Hence, the universe rotates from the initial energy out into creating it and because there is no friction in heaven.
We know from classical cphysics and examples from observations what the possibilities are for a planet's temperature and how it gets to be what it is. But we don't know the mechanism of dark energy at all I would say. We know that the energy of the QFT (quantum field theory) vacuum is immense. It could be that that gravity (the dynamics of spacetime on large scales) is weakly coupled to the energy of the QFT vacuum. Why and how? I don't know. I am just a lay person.
There is so little dark energy because it is space.. you can't say that it exists like a particle.. so the quantity of de will always be tiny and simultaneously vast amounts depending on how you look at it.
These are free hypotheses. unlike the theory of relativity, no equation defines dark matter or what dark energy is. it can only be the effect of a repulsive attraction due to invisible dark matter because it is in a mirror universe. I think you better see the videos of Dr. Jean-Pierre Petit. The Janus theory.
Dark energy might be the physical field of what we understand to be consciousness? I think consciousness is a physical field and we have yet to understand it
For example if we makes a coals for barbecue, and after a time, ashes stands at the top of the hot coals, if we blow to it, the dark matter goes away ,and the coals under the ashes will become red and life again.
We've spent almost a century to find Dark Matter and Dark Energy but still there's no sign of them. No matter what we do, a thing that doesn't exist cannot be found even if we can justify its existence mathematically. May be it is time to find an Alternative Way to Explain Dark Matter and Dark Energy. 4-D Hypershere model of Universe can easily explain Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Void and even the reason why the measurement values of Expansion Rate are around 70 km/sec-Mpc. Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Gravity, Void and Antigravity, ... all these are same phenomena. They just look different. I agree to the idea that the interaction between mass and space must be explained with quantum mechanics. But that doesn't mean gravity is the QM phenomena. That's because gravity is not a force. Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Gravity, Antigravity, Void... all these are just joint effects of the expansion of the Universe and the curvature of spacetime. Details are given below. Einstein’s theory of General Relativity states that spacetime is curved by the presence of mass. This curvature influences the motion other objects with mass and gives rise to gravitation. Thus, gravity is a result of geometric features in spacetime. However, we also observe gravitational effects - curvature of spacetime - in areas without any detectable mass. This has given rise to the concept of dark matter, which is matter that does not interact in any detectable way with normal matter, except through gravity. So, there is some large quantity of dark matter scattered throughout the universe, which curves spacetime and causes gravitational effects just like normal matter, but we cannot see or detect it with any known method. An alternative theory to the identity of dark matter is proposed - it is not matter at all, but rather an intrinsic curvature of spacetime. In other words, spacetime is not naturally flat. Even in the absence of matter, we observe some inherent curvature of spacetime. So, the question is now - why is spacetime naturally curved? Why is it not flat in the absence of mass? The universe is 4-dimensional, with 3 spatial dimensions and one dimension in time. Rather than consider time as a linear dimension, we can consider it as a radial one. Therefore, rather than describing the universe with a Cartesian coordinate system, we describe it with a 4-dimensional spherical coordinate system - 3 angular coordinates, φ1, φ2, φ3, and one radial coordinate in time, t. We live on the 3-dimensional surface of a 4-dimensional bubble which is expanding radially in time. Thus, the Big Bang represents t=0, the beginning of time. The crucial point is that the expansion of the universe is not homogeneous in all directions. The expansion rate at one point on the bubble’s surface may differ slightly from another point near it. The universe is only roughly spherical in 4 dimensions, the same way that the Earth is only roughly spherical in 3 dimensions. The same way we observe local mountains and valleys on the surface of Earth, we observe local “mountains” and “valleys” on the surface of the universe bubble. The inhomogeneity of the expansion of the universe has given rise to natural curvature of spacetime. This natural curvature causes the phenomenon of “dark matter”. “Valleys” in spacetime pull matter in, similarly to the warping of spacetime of massive objects. So “dark matter” is really “valleys” in spacetime that are expanding slower than the regions surrounding it. These valleys tend to pull matter in and create planets, stars, and galaxies - regions of space with higher-than-average densities of mass. Conversely, “mountains” in spacetime will repel matter away, an “anti-gravitational” effect, which gives rise to cosmic voids in space where we observe no matter. Each point on the surface of the universe bubble traces out a time arrow in 4-dimensional space, perpendicular to the surface. These time arrows are not parallel to each other since the universe is not flat. This causes points to have nonzero relative velocity away from each other. It is generally accepted that the universe is expanding faster than observable energy can explain, and this is expansion is believe to be still accelerating. The “missing” energy required to explain these observations has given rise to the theory of dark energy. The time dilation caused by non-parallel time arrows can be proposed as an explanation for dark energy. Alternatively, dark energy is real energy coming from potential energy gradients caused by non-parallel time arrows. As a sanity check, we can calculate the expansion rate of the universe based on the universe bubble model. Since the radius of the universe bubble is expanding at the speed of light in the time direction, it increases at 1 light second per second. Therefore, the “circumference” of the 3-dimensional surface increases by 2π light seconds per second, or about 1.88*10^6 km/s. This expansion is distributed equally across the 3-dimensional surface, so the actual observed expansion rate is proportional to the distance from the observer. At present, the age of the universe is estimated to be 13.8 billion years, so the radius of the universe bubble is 13.8 billion light years, or about 4233 megaparsecs (3.26 million light years to 1 Mpc). Thus, we can calculate the expansion rate of the universe, per megaparsec from the observer, as: Expansion rate = ((d(circumference))/dt)/radiusofuniverse=(1.88*〖10〗^6 km⁄s)/(2π*4233Mpc)=(1.88*〖10〗^6 km⁄s)/26598Mpc=70.82(km⁄s)/Mpc The popularly accepted empirical expansion rate is 73.5 +/- 2.5 km/s/Mpc, so our calculated value is close. There may be some additional source of expansion (or observed red shift) to make up for the discrepancy. For example, if two adjacent points have some gravitational gradient due to non-parallel time arrows, then light passing through these points will be red-shifted. - Cited from www.academia.edu/82481487/Title_Alternative_Explanation_of_Dark_Matter_and_Dark_Energy
Could the relationship between dark energy and quantum mechanics either be the opposite or the two interacting rather than quantum mechanics causing dark energy?
Dark energy is the realization of the uncertainty principle in a complete vacuum where as quantum mechanics is the measure of forces at the infinitesimal scale. Just my thoughts on it, would love to see more input.
Quite frankly I find it hard to believe Robert Lawrence Kuhn can do hundreds of these interviews and sit patiently through all of them. Many of them are redundant. He'll get tons of answers to very similar questions and never the same answer twice - wonderful to listen to but hard to draw a conclusion on anything.
The fabric of space and time is made of gravity. Gravity is in every square inch of space. Even empty space is made of gravity. There's your dark energy/ dark matter. It's all gravity. Gravity is pulling everything in every direction there's your expansion rate speeding up towards a bigger mass of gravity.
What if entagled massive particles have zero virtual gravitons between their spacetimes. Massive particles not entagled have virtual gravitons between their spacetimes according to uncertanty. ...?
@@walkoflife2396 If my goal is to understand you, why would i do anything other than read the words? If i want to create distance between us i might go to court to "see that the law is applied properly"; or read what you write from some difficult perspective.
@@walkoflife2396 Great; so kind of you to share. My point is that every massive particle has its own "gravitational field", its own spacetime. I don't know the math; seems neither do you. thanks again👍
The uncertainty principle (U-P) is not a law of nature but is only a state of this one universe. Using the U-P to explain nature writ large is erroneous.
Robert, cannot Leonard do the sum of dark energy over most particles that he mentioned and see if it cancels out, or almost? Beware of infinities, I guess. But do I get the prize for saying that dark energy is just the “negative gravity” of the Big Bang or of internal inflation? Asking for a friend 😺
you probablly have it in you, it will only open up if you put yourself in new situations...i remember 4 years ago i sucked giving presentations in my college...got embarrassed too...and i think everyone should get embarrassed in there lifes so that they actually learn to not care about every small thing...but now i rock almost every presentation...i am mba final year student and i would have never thought that i could speak the way i speak now...
Well, if it is possible that it will cancel each other at the end then it is probably the case. Reason? same jusitifcation mentioned in the begining of the video, we are here.
Because it's probably not really what's driving the expansion of our universe. They can't even confirm the existence of it. They've been looking for decades now.
Like the Light energy governed by assigned beings and all of them obeyed a direct order from the Creator, the Dark energy as it's opposite have their systems in their kingdom to follow, it's not the usual thinking of autonomous science in Dark energy.
why would a universe exist such as ours, where the micro is so bizzare? if it was designed, let's say, the only reason one could posit, is that it allows for myriad possibilities...why have a Universe that is not easily fathomable, easy to grasp, and not so bizzare at the quantum level,
First I heard of this man. I actually understood what he said. I felt like I was on the edge of a chair with awe.
Search up his many, many lectures here on TH-cam, especially the lectures on black holes. Leonard is an amazingly brilliant researcher and lecturer. I wish we had a dozen more like him.
@@ryanbaker7404 I don’t think I’ve ever heard anyone explain black holes as well as he does.
@@ryanbaker7404His lectures on Relativity from Stanford are amazing. They're all in TH-cam
Same.
I never tire of Dr. Susskind. Thank you for bringing him to us.
Always so lovely to see Dr. Susskind speak. His lectures and other content are very special and he's truly a joy to listen to.
Fascinating discussion and props to both the interviewer (for asking excellent questions) and the interviewee for explaining the most complicated concepts imaginable in a comprehensive way.
When discussing such anomalies..it's important to have a cawfee ...it's a NY thing
"Dark energy is an unknown energy that affects the universe on the largest scales."
Dr. Susskind is the best! When he talks, it feels as if I'm having a chat with a cool Uncle about cars.
He always seems pretty relaxed.
Why wouldn't he has sitting on a couch having a conversation he isnt in a firefight
The Cosmic Plumber....always worth a listen...
Why is there an assumption that energies are localized and accumulated? Is it a linear sum? Or better yet, a localized linear sum per atom? Then the aggregate is localized? My brain is having a hard time with accumulations of dark energy in a vacuum.
Two of my favorite humans.
If space of universe expands as cosmological constant, does energy have to increase in the same proportion to maintain conservation of energy over time (symmetry)
A great interview. Professor Susskind was frank and clear, a feature required from a true good scientist; the truth is that we yet do not know! We have to wait for some great mind such that of Einstein!
Found your channel and I've been watching your uploads. Thank you ❤️
"...Higgs' field, whatever that is..."
Thank You very much.
applause
John Malkovich impersonating Christopher Walken and now I can't unsee it.
Our manifold….Surface (cos(u/3)cos(v/2),cos(u/2)sin(v/2),sin(u)/2) 0
Can anyone imagine a clergyman ever saying that the church was, for decades, "thinking the wrong thing"? It's just stunning to see the utter difference between an honest man like Susskind and a charlatan/huckster otherwise known as a preacher, pastor, reverend or priest.
Best program ever, thanks.
Susskind is Cool AF.
Agreed
@Muzaffar Zaky Hey, how are you, Muzaffar? I hope you're doing well.
I don't question evil in the world. I question people who think some sort of a God plays a part in human life.
@Muzaffar Zaky Those are all good lessons to know and follow. We simply attribute them to different sources.
If you measured the quality of virtue and vice from everyone in the world, you would not find religious people with any different levels than anyone else.
People need to take personal responsibility no matter what their religion is.
Buddha existed and taught this long before Christianity and Islam. It isn't new nor is it an exclusive product of Abrahamic traditions.
I hope you are a person who does gain goodness through your religious teachings. Many religious do not.
And many non-religious are a bigger help than those in religion. This is observable by watching the world.
People decide to be good or bad. If they need religion to do that for them, I think something is wrong with their hearts.
@Muzaffar Zaky I think I do.
I have seen incredible hatred towards others, death, judgment and destruction, caused by people who used their religion and how they interpret it to justify their hatred.
But, the same with historical conqueror's who were not religious.
Religion does not make you good.
Being good makes you good.
Compassion comes from being able to sense and feel the pain and anguish of others.
People make religion what they wish it to be.
We're good. Peace to you my friend.
@Muzaffar Zaky I believe there are many paths to inner love and peace. But the destination is the same. Inner love and peace.
I am happy when people find it and it helps them to see the world in a compassionate and loving way.
Peace and respect to you.
To fighting, stealing and drinking!
If you fight, may you fight for a friend!
If you steal, may you steal a lover’s heart!
And if you drink, may you drink with us!
Cheers you magnificent bastards!
9:09 Question here: does this imply that the plank distance is the smallest scale our consciousness can understand?
Like the dark dollars drive the stock market. Susskind is one of my favorite physics.
There is Million x Billion x Billion stars in our Universe. Have you ever considered septillion very active and massive radiating celestial bodies could be the source of dark energy? Could the answer for the mystery be hidind in plain sight?
So basically Dark Energy is the god of theoretical physics.. explaining what we can't explain until we can
What is the image on Dr. Susskinds Tshirt? Anybody know. I know that might seem pedantic but I'm a curious fellow and it's an intriguing emblem.
Equation relating uncertainties for time and energy to planck constant indicate time can produce energy? and in principle energy could be changed back to time?
could time more than space in causation equation account for dark energy expansion of space? especially since time and space together in gravity space - time? dark energy expansion of space through causation with time?
I think black holes drive expansion. Black holes are basically space collapsing in on itself or falling away from everything else with the exception of objects close enough to be caught in their gravity. The result is expansion. Two black holes falling away from each other means that the space between them is expanding. Now apply that to pretty much every galaxy each containing a super massive black hole. We only know that the universe is expanding because we see that galaxies are moving away from each other. You get the same result without invoking dark energy.
Would our formulas for calculating the effects of gravity be different if there was no dark energy? Or in other words, is gravity always having to wrestle against the force of dark energy to do it's job. And visa versa: when dark energy dominates is it always having to "push through", so to speak, the pull of gravity?
not really I think gravity satisfies Einstein's theory of general relativity, it's just the calculations of dark energy do not satisfy or align with the observable rate of expansion, so it's not even accurate to say dark energy is what's is causing our universe to expand. It's obviously something else that we don't know about , maybe something further out than what can be observed or confirmed experimentally. But perhaps someday we will come up with an abstract idea of what it might be based on what can be observed coupled with some appropriate math....coming from someone who is a hobbyist of this and not an actual physicist btw.
after all this explanations which prof Suskin gave it is very clear the fine tuning of the dark energy. My question is what sort of evidence some people want more to be convinced that there is a designer for all this fantastic universe. please think out of the box and think BIG. Note pleas and think about it the material world is very small world it is part of the whole existence
virtual particles annhilating except odd one escaping black hole might explain cancellation of quantum energy leaving small amount of dark energy?
I thought we had so much dark energy that they haven't even discovered it all yet. That's why the universe is expanding so fast when by now you would think it would be contracting.
Combine:
1. cosmological constant
2. schrodinger solution
3. Planck E= h f= h n
4. n = number of superpositions
And you get dark matter = WIMP
n^2 h^2 / ( 8 m L^2) = h n
m = 0.3313 10^18 10^-34 = 0.3313 10^-16 kg ( all superpositions).
1 particle = 0.331 10^-16 / ( 0.4 10^18) = 0.828 10^-34 kg = 46 eV
If you count only the positive wave function amplitudes: n = 10^9
then dark matter = WIMP
m = 46 GeV
I've pre ordered 10 lbs of dark matter and a fully working string theory model of the cosmos for PC from Amazon. Not guaranteed for Christmas delivery. They don't do multiverses.
Ask Rick Sanchez to help you with that.
Susskind is awesome
I began forming this idea about 15 years ago. I am not a mathematician. I sent this to Fran Blanche on the comment section of her TH-cam channel Fran Lab this morning. "Here's my take on dark matter and energy. Dark Matter is virtual particles welling up and disappearing in space. This is strongest at the gravitational boundaries of galaxy clusters and super clusters. Virtual particles are created by normal matter falling into singularities. So black holes create spacetime. The acceleration of the expansion of the universe, Dark Energy, corresponds to the matter trapped behind the event horizon that will be transformed into spacetime and which was slower at the beginning before gravity pulled all the matter together to form galaxies and galaxy clusters. I suspect that the black holes were the first stars created and could have been the only stars that could exist at very early times. We don't know that there is any matter between the event horizon and the singularity, but neither do we know there isn't. That suggests that the expansion could slow in the future when all of the matter within reach and trapped in a maelstrom inside the event horizon of all the black holes has been transformed. Some might say that there's not enough matter in the universe to cause all the expansion we see but subatomic particles can be in more than one place at a time. Everything's recycled. All the way down to the subatomic level. The virtual negative gravity caused by virtual particles , while having the potential to cause the universe to explode is kept in check at these so called gravitational boundaries around galaxysuperclusters and smaller galaxy clusters. I hear there is some possible new evidence that spacetime isn't as homogenous as they think and it doesn't or isn't expanding evenly everywhere. It's governed by gravity just like everything else but in a different way. It's not attracted to matter but expansion rates vary depending on the local mass. It's more like galaxy clusters, ie, larger masses are fizzing at their boundaries with spacetime and pushing each other apart. Kind of like PVC glue twirling around in a bucket of water. Leonard Susskind would like that idea since he used to be a plumber. The only place spacetime that isn't expanding is where local gravity is stronger than the repulsive pressure. This makes the great voids between galaxy filaments. So feeding black holes are creating spacetime. Dormant or inactive black holes are burning up their reserves or not creating anything. My idea is also another way for black holes to evaporate. Any
body out there. I'd love to hear your thoughts on this. Mostly like to hear your thoughts on this Fran. If you care to. Great live show! (To Leonard Susskind) I'm not a mathematician but I used to be an electrician and a plumber for a short time before that. I'm now retired and on disability from an on the job accident that injured my back. I now do astrophotography as a hobby and I hope for it to be a business on day. I've been listening to you guys for years. Any and all science, especially cosmology and astronomy and this idea is born out of all that. I don't know if these thoughts are original or not but I just feel a need the talk to people about it. I'm also a visual artist and a painter and I feel that has helped me visualize some of these ideas even though some of it takes place in places we can't see. Or all of it. I hope you see this. I know how hard it is for people on the outside it is to get information to mainstream scientists. And I also know how difficult it can be for mainstream science to accept or investigate new ideas beyond the "popular" and favorite well established theories, but I feel much of that is the male ego and it is counter productive to progress. Ego just gets in the way of science. I feel that men are going to ruin our planet if they don't stop with the pissing contest and get right with the opposite sex and all the other life here on Earth. We need a free exchange of ideas without pride or prejudice to optimize scientific progress and help save our planet and all the species in it.
Hmm? Just imagine.....All the Black Holes in the Universe!? Now imagine the amount of (Our interpretations of) what matter is contained in those Black Holes.......Probably billions of Black Holes!? And something quite profound is just not Correct about what Scientists are rolling in the Ball Park! Their dilemma with “Infinity, Finite, And Unlimited!? The Ultimate Trilogy. Regards
The level of competition between scientists is as intense as a boxing match. We can all assume the size of the ego's involved. This alone is a key to failure of many scientists.There are endless theories that are disproven with or without merit in the scientific These failures are well documented. Always beware of theories, concepts and absolutes. It is a prudent way to remain psychologically not polarized. A stable base is always a reliable tool.
Well said. 👍
Maybe space is a field distinct from other quantum fields? Could planck scale / volumes cancel or block energies larger than planck units from expansion of space in universe? Energy expanding universe in small extra dimensions of space?
This is the first time I see a physicist say that dark energy should originate from quantum fluctuations of the fields. I thought that idea was deemed impossible.
"How does dark energy drive the universe?"
_Drunk and influenced_
The story of my life
Delusion drives them. Only in their mind.
Hmm...the only thing that seems to missing from his explanation is the chemical make-up of pixie dust. But, there sure seems to be a lot of it being sprinkled around in scientific explanations.
@The Gimp - The nice thing about opinions is that they are always right...in that they report what people believe to be true. Unfortunately, scientific truthys are only true when they are right...regardless of anyone's opinion.
Your 'extensive', well thought-out reply of, "nah" is typical of deep thinkers such as yourself. Hey, I've got a bottle of pixie dust for sale. Only US$2599.99 for a 1.5 ounce bottle (guaranteed genuine and personally blessed by the spirit of Merlin, the magician of the Knights of the Round Table. One heck of a bargain.
Love this 😍😍😍😍
Super discussion
Since the the Universe is finely tuned, they say, the Dark Energy at the scale of the Planck Constant must equal to all the other energies in the Universe
But there is a problem, the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, so Dark Energy has the upper hand.
Can I think of dark energy as being the reverse of gravity? If so, whenever we measure gravity, aren't we measuring the combination of these two forces?
Suskind is one of the few remaining great names. New ones are hard to come by. Not very new promising physicists younger than 70.
AI is about it.
If you theoretically eliminate the possibility of gravity, saying no, no, no, there was never any such thing as gravity, wouldn't that make a zero, and the balance in the cosmos would be seen by scientists? This is just a thought experiment of an idea of a massless cosmos. Thank you again for a great interview, and good lighting too.
Physics isn't done with words.
@@pearz420 I was not talking about doing physics but about talking about it.
Whenever I hear about _fine tuning,_ can't help thinking it's a lottery game... There are probably millions and billions of "places" "out there" where such fine tuning capable of generating "life" does not exist. We just happen to be in one of the lucky patches...
Yeah it’s either lucky, inevitable, or it’s god
I’d assumed that the uncertainty principle only applied to particles with velocity not those without velocity. Surely if velocity is zero then uncertainty simply does not apply. Does it not?
To verify a velocity of zero you have to look at the particle at two different times infinitely close together, then subtract the two positions to get zero.
Alternatively the energy is there in mass- energy and momentum equivalence but it doesn't interact most of the time ( like the neutrino) because it is too small, say 10^-6 times the neutrino mass.
If you count all probabilities as real but in fact superpositions are not real but only reflect a lack of knowledge you get way too much energy, no surprise. The correct answer must be based on what is real, not on what is possible.
Great videos!!’
the cosmic acceleration deduced from supernovae may be an artefact of our being non-Copernican observers, rather than evidence for a dominant component of “dark energy” in the Universe. full article: Evidence for anisotropy of cosmic acceleration
Jacques Colin, Roya Mohayaee, Mohamed Rameez, and Subir Sarkar, Astronomy and Astrophysics A&A 631, L13 (2019)
Im hoping to be mentored by skip bayless now. Thank you for the positive episode
Where does the strong nuclear force get it's energy? The sum of the strong nuclear forces of each atom in the Universe, what is that called ? Dark Energy ? I am trying to make sense of Dark Energy.
...but Lenny: Paui is "bigger" than Durac! you know ...and you did say confusing and you did indeed confuse: dark energy is very very big - even for the human condition...
Especially without headlights.
funny and succinct
Tsunami - was a great starter word, so? What happen?? (He jumps into ‘uncertainty principle’ van der Waals etc… (put goes into theory BS, (just my humble opinion)..but I am sure my attempt would be worse than his…(and I think Dirac was so-so at BEST!)
There’s a reason that the more and more Einstein studied quantum mechanics and quantum theory he began to develop the belief in a sentient higher power that had a hand in creating the universe. The end of this discussion about the charges of the universe cancelling each other out which keeps dark energy minimal and their being no scientific explanation or understanding as to why that might be is one example of the reason he came to that hypothesis/ conclusion.
It's not a hypothesis because it's not falsifiable. The end of the discussion you mentioned also begins with the phrase "It's conceivable...", meaning the problem may be mathematical/theoretical in nature.
@@pearz420 Correct. And Einstein thought that a higher power was conceivable and likely in the event that those mathematical principles held true.
I can understand that the existence of dark energy explains the expansion of the universe. What I have never understood is the quantification of dark energy in terms comparable with matter or dark matter. E.g. the universe consists of x% dark energy, y% dark matter, z% ordinary matter, etc.
Maybe I misunderstood your comment, but isn't that related to mass-energy equivalence, E = mc^2?
@@kingstoler Never thought of that. Makes sense. Many thanks.
They arent necessarily to related, dark energy is a force that makes things on the cosmic scale accelerate in opposite directions, and dark matter is mass that we can calculate in galaxies and simply can not be observed for unknown reasons
Could the hubble cosmological constant expansion of space be dark energy reduced by dark matter?
Yes, you are correct.
What Dark Energy ?
Since life is intricate, then complexity manifests in fine-tuning. How could the universe exist without information, and how can information be without me.
Youre right. It can’t exist without you. The universe depends on you for its existence, “you” being a localization of intelligent infinite consciousness that is able to know itself only if it is within itself! You depend on its different layers. It’s unconscious being material, it’s conscious being a complex bundle of emotions thoughts and awareness that is able to gain information of that unpotentiated, absolute source of existence! Which is just YOU
The thing with the energies of fluctuations that should add up to a huge amount sounds very similar to the ultraviolet catastrophe concerning black body radiation before Max planck finally solved it in 1900. Maybe there will be a somewhat similar solution to the dark energy problem.
Perhaps this dark energy we expect DOES exist far outside our observable universe, the eternal exponentially expanding inflaton field. Big bangs are just the area where it slows down. Imagine if this much matter is being generated all the time in the inflaton field, it just doesn't matter because the matter is suddenly casually disconnected.
Maybe where all the antimatter went too : )
Is nature tricking us or we are tricking nature (system)????!!!!! If neither then one question simply arises, Why is it so hard to find out how nature works?
Because it doesn’t seem like it’s optimized for longevity. On a cosmic scale anyway. It’s not stable or fixed.
Maybe due that they try to fit mankind laws with cosmos laws.
It is as simple as our ability to describe what we see without interference. As you might imagine, this is incredibly difficult to do. While our capability to encode observation into formal information increases, it is still very unrefined. There are many things we dismiss due to deviation outliers and many other margins we claim are acceptable ranges of error. It isn't diminishing at our scale; but at the cosmic scale or a combinatory extrapolation of a field and its effects, we not only lose focus, but fail integration. Thus, the infinities and zeroes we vehemently abhor, because nature has not demonstrated that either of those values are real at the cosmic scale. In other words, to understand the question of the field itself at all scales, requires a concrete precision we do not yet have. It's funny... because we need more time; but in this effort, time with an expanding field is against us. The Uncertainty Principle, in general, makes that a great woe.
@@GreaterDeity My believe is that as our capability to encode observations increases it is not far to as to get to the trueth, that as soon some one decodes how one system works then the others wont be that hard. - Some of the things we dismiss is that to me light always will be forced to returned buck to where it came from, not sure about if its true but a metaphysic gradueted from car electric circuitry that no matter from where electricity comes it all ways will tend to go back to where it came from after toching ground - all stars must to be interconnected just like the GRAYFISH as well called TORPEDO fish electric areingement see the video SHOCK AND AWE: THESTORY OF ELECTRICITY-JIM- ALKALILI: BBC HORIZON at time 30:10to the left they show such a fish conteins a grouping of cells that all are interconected one onother so they are able to unite a 240 Volt uth the union of each one out put at the front end head of the fish that is conducted to a tentacle that the fish uses to dicharge as disired time; same thing is seen at time 30:21but this time the electric cells group is to the right side of the fish, the fish is able to unite this 2 sides to give and 240 Volt that would nock out a grown person, so then the fish has one positive and one negative side electric cells working as groups that are joint one to the other. - At time 30:34 they show the same fish but this time it shows the fish stomach that you may see as a kind of circle that to the bottom south part it makes kind of a V shape, such V SHAPE is seen as well in galaxies such in the video WAL-THORNEHILL: NO ISLANDS IN OUR ELECTRIC UNIVERSE - SPACE NEWS at time 3:20 left figure where the black central part has the Vshave to the bottom as well. One more video that shows such a thing V shape is HALTON ARP INTRINSIC RED SHIEFT some where Halton focus to a HIDROGEN GALAXIE that as well is way to electric that as well shows such a part, if Iam right the EU says that the Vshape is a PLASMA caracteristic with the picture at 3:20 at second up video painted black to me is the INSIDE CIRCLE in my DNA work, that is if you see all systems as 2 circles where the inside circle is half the out side circle in diameter, some times it will be the oposite depending of what we speak of like if you speak of a WHATER MELON it will be anlist double the inside as the out side. More info? if so check the video THE FLOWER OF LIFE OR DNA DECODED jus click my logo to see it is in the MENU.
Is dark matter the virtual particles that pop in and out?
If the balance between gravity and expansion were not just right we would not exist, the force of expansion needs to be stronger than the force of gravity at just the right measure, otherwise the universe would collapse.
🙂 legend🔥
Hi
"The Higgs Field, WHATEVER THAT IS, contributes to it..." loved it by the great Susskind!
There is Dark Mater, and its moving at a speed close to the speed of light, but will never reach the speed of light. Also Dark Mater moving will negate the existence of Dark Energy, where the Energy is a kinetic energy of the Dark Matter.
Now imagine an air bubble in the water, its always spherical in shape because of pressure acting on the bubble from all sides are equal at the same time. Exactly what happen for all stars, planets and moons. They are the Matter Bubble in an ocean of dark Matter
A Loren Emmerich production was here and hear current value quantum principal, that's all about science.
Dark energy is likely the current or motion space within the entire physical universe to move just as wind on earth is the motion of air that blows, flows and moves above and over the entire earth.
Just as the sun is what causes wind on earth energy from God in heaven is what causes dark energy within the physical universe.
Know, that which is outside the universe is what drives it just as that which is outside the earth is what drives it.
Just as the earth rotates the universe rotates. The earth rotates from the initial energy put into creating it and because there is not friction in space. Hence, the universe rotates from the initial energy out into creating it and because there is no friction in heaven.
We know from classical cphysics and examples from observations what the possibilities are for a planet's temperature and how it gets to be what it is. But we don't know the mechanism of dark energy at all I would say. We know that the energy of the QFT (quantum field theory) vacuum is immense. It could be that that gravity (the dynamics of spacetime on large scales) is weakly coupled to the energy of the QFT vacuum. Why and how? I don't know. I am just a lay person.
There is so little dark energy because it is space.. you can't say that it exists like a particle.. so the quantity of de will always be tiny and simultaneously vast amounts depending on how you look at it.
I can’t help but think of the teleological argument
The interviewer looks like a bus when he hears that dark energy being the fluctuations in the vacuum and so forth --- and so forth - and so forth ..
These are free hypotheses. unlike the theory of relativity, no equation defines dark matter or what dark energy is. it can only be the effect of a repulsive attraction due to invisible dark matter because it is in a mirror universe.
I think you better see the videos of Dr. Jean-Pierre Petit. The Janus theory.
Dark energy might be the physical field of what we understand to be consciousness? I think consciousness is a physical field and we have yet to understand it
For example if we makes a coals for barbecue, and after a time, ashes stands at the top of the hot coals, if we blow to it, the dark matter goes away ,and the coals under the ashes will become red and life again.
Dumb.
We've spent almost a century to find Dark Matter and Dark Energy but still there's no sign of them. No matter what we do, a thing that doesn't exist cannot be found even if we can justify its existence mathematically.
May be it is time to find an Alternative Way to Explain Dark Matter and Dark Energy.
4-D Hypershere model of Universe can easily explain Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Void and even the reason why the measurement values of Expansion Rate are around 70 km/sec-Mpc.
Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Gravity, Void and Antigravity, ... all these are same phenomena. They just look different.
I agree to the idea that the interaction between mass and space must be explained with quantum mechanics.
But that doesn't mean gravity is the QM phenomena.
That's because gravity is not a force.
Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Gravity, Antigravity, Void... all these are just joint effects of the expansion of the Universe and the curvature of spacetime.
Details are given below.
Einstein’s theory of General Relativity states that spacetime is curved by the presence of mass.
This curvature influences the motion other objects with mass and gives rise to gravitation.
Thus, gravity is a result of geometric features in spacetime.
However, we also observe gravitational effects - curvature of spacetime - in areas without any detectable mass.
This has given rise to the concept of dark matter, which is matter that does not interact in any detectable way with normal matter, except through gravity.
So, there is some large quantity of dark matter scattered throughout the universe, which curves spacetime and causes gravitational effects just like normal matter, but we cannot see or detect it with any known method.
An alternative theory to the identity of dark matter is proposed - it is not matter at all, but rather an intrinsic curvature of spacetime.
In other words, spacetime is not naturally flat. Even in the absence of matter, we observe some inherent curvature of spacetime.
So, the question is now - why is spacetime naturally curved? Why is it not flat in the absence of mass?
The universe is 4-dimensional, with 3 spatial dimensions and one dimension in time.
Rather than consider time as a linear dimension, we can consider it as a radial one.
Therefore, rather than describing the universe with a Cartesian coordinate system, we describe it with a 4-dimensional spherical coordinate system - 3 angular coordinates, φ1, φ2, φ3, and one radial coordinate in time, t.
We live on the 3-dimensional surface of a 4-dimensional bubble which is expanding radially in time.
Thus, the Big Bang represents t=0, the beginning of time.
The crucial point is that the expansion of the universe is not homogeneous in all directions.
The expansion rate at one point on the bubble’s surface may differ slightly from another point near it.
The universe is only roughly spherical in 4 dimensions, the same way that the Earth is only roughly spherical in 3 dimensions.
The same way we observe local mountains and valleys on the surface of Earth, we observe local “mountains” and “valleys” on the surface of the universe bubble.
The inhomogeneity of the expansion of the universe has given rise to natural curvature of spacetime. This natural curvature causes the phenomenon of “dark matter”. “Valleys” in spacetime pull matter in, similarly to the warping of spacetime of massive objects.
So “dark matter” is really “valleys” in spacetime that are expanding slower than the regions surrounding it.
These valleys tend to pull matter in and create planets, stars, and galaxies - regions of space with higher-than-average densities of mass.
Conversely, “mountains” in spacetime will repel matter away, an “anti-gravitational” effect, which gives rise to cosmic voids in space where we observe no matter.
Each point on the surface of the universe bubble traces out a time arrow in 4-dimensional space, perpendicular to the surface.
These time arrows are not parallel to each other since the universe is not flat.
This causes points to have nonzero relative velocity away from each other.
It is generally accepted that the universe is expanding faster than observable energy can explain, and this is expansion is believe to be still accelerating.
The “missing” energy required to explain these observations has given rise to the theory of dark energy.
The time dilation caused by non-parallel time arrows can be proposed as an explanation for dark energy.
Alternatively, dark energy is real energy coming from potential energy gradients caused by non-parallel time arrows.
As a sanity check, we can calculate the expansion rate of the universe based on the universe bubble model.
Since the radius of the universe bubble is expanding at the speed of light in the time direction, it increases at 1 light second per second.
Therefore, the “circumference” of the 3-dimensional surface increases by 2π light seconds per second, or about 1.88*10^6 km/s.
This expansion is distributed equally across the 3-dimensional surface, so the actual observed expansion rate is proportional to the distance from the observer.
At present, the age of the universe is estimated to be 13.8 billion years, so the radius of the universe bubble is 13.8 billion light years, or about 4233 megaparsecs (3.26 million light years to 1 Mpc).
Thus, we can calculate the expansion rate of the universe, per megaparsec from the observer, as:
Expansion rate = ((d(circumference))/dt)/radiusofuniverse=(1.88*〖10〗^6 km⁄s)/(2π*4233Mpc)=(1.88*〖10〗^6 km⁄s)/26598Mpc=70.82(km⁄s)/Mpc
The popularly accepted empirical expansion rate is 73.5 +/- 2.5 km/s/Mpc, so our calculated value is close.
There may be some additional source of expansion (or observed red shift) to make up for the discrepancy. For example, if two adjacent points have some gravitational gradient due to non-parallel time arrows, then light passing through these points will be red-shifted.
- Cited from www.academia.edu/82481487/Title_Alternative_Explanation_of_Dark_Matter_and_Dark_Energy
Could the relationship between dark energy and quantum mechanics either be the opposite or the two interacting rather than quantum mechanics causing dark energy?
Dark energy is the realization of the uncertainty principle in a complete vacuum where as quantum mechanics is the measure of forces at the infinitesimal scale. Just my thoughts on it, would love to see more input.
Quite frankly I find it hard to believe Robert Lawrence Kuhn can do hundreds of these interviews and sit patiently through all of them. Many of them are redundant. He'll get tons of answers to very similar questions and never the same answer twice - wonderful to listen to but hard to draw a conclusion on anything.
The energy at the planc distance = black holes...small ones everywhere!
The fabric of space and time is made of gravity. Gravity is in every square inch of space. Even empty space is made of gravity. There's your dark energy/ dark matter. It's all gravity. Gravity is pulling everything in every direction there's your expansion rate speeding up towards a bigger mass of gravity.
What if entagled massive particles have zero virtual gravitons between their spacetimes. Massive particles not entagled have virtual gravitons between their spacetimes according to uncertanty. ...?
@@walkoflife2396 I don't understand, and so the universe expands a little bit faster.😂🍻
@@walkoflife2396 If my goal is to understand you, why would i do anything other than read the words? If i want to create distance between us i might go to court to "see that the law is applied properly"; or read what you write from some difficult perspective.
@@walkoflife2396 Great; so kind of you to share. My point is that every massive particle has its own "gravitational field", its own spacetime. I don't know the math; seems neither do you. thanks again👍
@@walkoflife2396 Dharma; live by what you believe in your heart to be true.
You can say what you like: the math must be done.
@@walkoflife2396 I used to be a natural; since i've done the spirituality i just get bored. Details.
The uncertainty principle (U-P) is not a law of nature but is only a state of this one universe. Using the U-P to explain nature writ large is erroneous.
Robert, cannot Leonard do the sum of dark energy over most particles that he mentioned and see if it cancels out, or almost? Beware of infinities, I guess.
But do I get the prize for saying that dark energy is just the “negative gravity” of the Big Bang or of internal inflation? Asking for a friend 😺
I wish I had Dr. Susskinds speaking prowess
you probablly have it in you, it will only open up if you put yourself in new situations...i remember 4 years ago i sucked giving presentations in my college...got embarrassed too...and i think everyone should get embarrassed in there lifes so that they actually learn to not care about every small thing...but now i rock almost every presentation...i am mba final year student and i would have never thought that i could speak the way i speak now...
Well, if it is possible that it will cancel each other at the end then it is probably the case. Reason? same jusitifcation mentioned in the begining of the video, we are here.
How is the large amount of expected dark energy calculated orders of magnitude more than is observed?
Because it's probably not really what's driving the expansion of our universe. They can't even confirm the existence of it. They've been looking for decades now.
vacuum energy should act like a dark energy, but it seems like it would be 10^120 times too strong
picking up speed?
Scientists are now convinced that most dark matter originates from Uranus.
Omg 5:48
Listen to how he says “fluctuate” lmao sorry I know this is immature
wow didn't know john malkovich does theoretical physics
Like the Light energy governed by assigned beings and all of them obeyed a direct order from the Creator, the Dark energy as it's opposite have their systems in their kingdom to follow, it's not the usual thinking of autonomous science in Dark energy.
why would a universe exist such as ours, where the micro is so bizzare? if it was designed, let's say, the only reason one could posit, is that it allows for myriad possibilities...why have a Universe that is not easily fathomable, easy to grasp, and not so bizzare at the quantum level,
Dark energy just what’s leftover from black holes withering away? Or?
Maybe the cosmological constant dark energy expanding the universe is only the long scale quantum energy on the large scale of the universe.
I believe you are right , I have the same theory, if I may , what do you think is the meaning of life and , who are you?