23. The Mishnah (Jewish History Lab)
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As a Gentile with little or no background knowledge, I stumbled upon your lectures while looking for a small clarification about Jewish history. I have been absolutely glued through them all. I wanted to take a moment to thank you. Your exposition is extraordinarily clear, and you can make even the arcane seem fascinating. I am not sure who your target audience is, but your lecture series should be required viewing for all, whatever their background may be. Thank you very much for the time you've taken to put these together. I am enjoying them thoroughly.
Enjoy in good health! My target audience is described here: th-cam.com/video/1yNvmk-uNZE/w-d-xo.html
A video collab of Dr. Henry Abramson and Rabbi Tovia Singer would break the internet. I hope this comment finds everyone in good health, Shalom!
As a long-lapsed Jew, I have found the socio-geopolitical history utterly fascinating, but this stuff reminds me why I lapsed. Who cares where precisely the box was meant to go on your left arm because of what some random schmo wrote some 2500 years ago...
Shalom Sir, thank you for this great information, Would you also touch little bit on the Targumim Work on TaNaKh that were existed before and after First Century of Common Era, some prominent works were:
Greek Translation
- Septuagint - LXX - Unknown Author(s) - Alexandria, Egypt
Aramaic Translation:
- Targum Onkelos ( תרגום אונקלוס ) by Rabbi Aquilas (עקילס) of Sinope, Turkey.
. Targum Jonathan (תרגום יונתן ) by Rabbi Jonathan ben Uzziel ( יונתן בן עוזיאל) of Jerusalem.
- Targum Yerushalmi (תרגום ירושלמי) - Unknown Author from Jerusalem.
- Targum Neofiti - Unknown Author - it may also be based on Targum Yerushalmi.
Syriac Translation
- Peshitta - Unknown Author - probably translated from Greek and Aramaic sources.
Arabic Translation:
- Tafsir Rasag - by Rabbi Saadia ben Yosef ( سعيد بن يوسف الفيومي ) of Fayoum, Egypt.
(one of my favourite Targum/Tafsir)
Some of these will come up in forthcoming lectures, I'm sure.
How does the Mishnah differ from The Talmud and indeed any other major texts?
What I find interesting is that the Quran quotes from the Mishnah Sanhedrin 4 in surah 3. It's as if the writers of the Quranic writers had it open beside them as they read from it in Iraq, where the Babylonian Talmud came from. Have you ever heard of the suggestion that the Quran came out of Iraq? I find this line of enquiry intriguing
Fascinating.
I highly doubt that the Qur’an has multiple authors, the Sarah that has been mentioned above Ch:3 - Sarah Aal ‘Imran (Family of Amram - עמרם), the very fist few verses would certainly clear the misconceptions, which states:
Allah, there is no other deities (אלהים - اله) except Him alone (יהוָה - هو) - The Ever-Living, - All-Sustaining.
Who has revealed to you (O Muhammad) the Book in Truth, confirming what came before it, as He has revealed the Torah and the Injeel
So yes, the Author of the Qur’an is Allah Himself, just as He was the author of the Torah revealed to Prophet Moses and Injeel revealed to Prophet Jesus respectively. - the Most Honourable Prophets in Islam - To whom All salutations and peace - Amen
@@abdullahalrai The reason you gave are clearly wrong as it was humans who wrote the Quran who knew Aramaic, Syriac and primitive Arabic. The Islamic claim is that a spirit called Gabriel who gave stories to Muhammad then it was later written down already gives you three links before anything is written down. Even the word Quran comes from the Syriac for reading that was used by Rabbis when speaking about the Hebrew Bible.
You said "Allah, there is no other deities (אלהים - اله)". Did you know that Hebrew word Elohim you quoted isn't the word God? Elohim means gods or one God and is applied to Sons of God, Angels, Demons and even the human dead?
The only God is the God of Israel who is called the LORD. That is the only God to be worshipped is what the 10 Commandments teaches and not the gods of the other nations near or far.
@@alimaclean5777 I m not here to debate or convince you, but thank you for your input, just to make it easier for you, Aramaic (Chaldean / Syriac / Nabatean) and Ebraic (Hebrew) were almost an extinct languages for centuries, only few monks and Rabbis were able to read the text. Do you know, the very First Aramaic (Syriac dialect) grammar and it’s vocabulary (dictionary) was produced by a Monk some 100+ years after the demise of Prophet Muhammad, during the Reign of Umayyad Caliphate, and first Ebraic (Hebrew) grammar and it’s vocabulary (dictionary) was produced by a Rabbi as early as 9th Century of the common era, during the Reign of Abbasid Caliphate. (I.e some 200+ years after Prophet Muhammad) And, Lo and Behold, first Arabic grammar and it’s vocabulary was produced by the companions of the Prophet Muhammad during the Reign of First Islamic Caliphate al-Rashidun (i..e within the 30 years of A.H).
Secondly, Allah has made this Himself clear in the Quran:
إِنَّآ أَنزَلْنَـٰهُ قُرْءَٰنًا عَرَبِيًّۭا لَّعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ
Verily, I have revealed this down (to you) , the Quran in Arabic, so that you (O Muhammad) may understand.
So, after this, there is no obstrctions or obstacles would be left in peoples mind, no matter how hard those polemics or orientalists would try to make false-claims about Lord Almighty’s Final revelation (Final testament) to Mankind. It just simply Doesn’t will work. His revelation is intact as it was revealed 1400+ years ago. Preserved In Muslim’s Memory as well as in written form (Book) until the Day of Judgment. (יום הדין - يوم الدين)
Lastly, yes I know what Elohim means, (i.e. other gods/deities etc). Which sometime can be used to imply One God based it all depend on the context.
Just as Arabic word Elah can have same connotations.
Lastly, Just to make it clear, We Muslim’s worship the same God as Prophet Noah and Prophet Abraham used to Worship and clearly Noah and Abraham were not Israelites, because Israel (Prophet Jacob) was the Grandson of Abraham whose Sons were known as Beni’ Israel (Israelites). May Allah’s blessings and peace be upon them All. So, in Arabic, He is known to Arabs (the Ishmaelites) as Allah, the Supreme Lord of this Universe and it’s been used by All Arabs (Jews - Christians - Muslims) for centuries. Just as the word God is used now a days in English to denote to Lord Almighty who is only One who deserves our worship. I hope, I’ve clearified some misconceptions. Shalom
@@abdullahalrai I appreciate your feedback. The thing is, Syriac was a well known and understood language from the 1st-century AD and didn't decline until the 13th-century. It was the Lingua-franca of the fertile crescent before Arabic and even during the 8th-century. It's still found in regions around Iraq today. It appears Arabic came into use because of Arab Imperialism as the expanding Empire wanted to spread their new language.
Even in the Arabic Bible, the name of God is not Allah and it keeps God's name in the names of people like Eliyah, Yeshua. The Greek keeps the vocalisation of the name in the phrase Hallelujah. You are not to worship any other God than the God of Israel, not a god of pagan Arabs. The Bible says that you are not to have any other gods other than Yahweh.
In fact, the Arabic of the Quran borrows certain names and phrases from a specific sub-strata of Syriac called Mandaic-Syriac, the names for Jesus and John come from this version of Syriac from southern Iraq. Isa is not Arabic, nor is it Aramaic but a very specific dialect. This clearly demonstrates the origins of the Quran in southern Iraq where those names are commonly used. This is also where the Sabians lived and it is of course, close to a major Jewish Talmudic school were they were in contact with Jews and Christians. There is nothing in Southern Saudi Arabia.
/* Verily, I have revealed this down (to you) , the Quran in Arabic, so that you (O Muhammad) may understand.
*/
You quoted this verse from surah 12:2 incorrectly. Neither Muhammad's name nor "to you" appear in this verse. This is a later invention. There are no 7th-century sources for a Muhammad more southern Arabia. It appears now that this was invented during the Abbasid Caliphate to give legitimacy to how they ran their Empire. The Umayyad and the Abbasid Caliphates were mortal enemies, which is why the Abbasids wiped out the previous Caliphate. It was during the time of the Abbasid Caliphate that the Hadiths begin to be written down and Muhammad was expanded. Muhammad wasn't even a name but a title and could be applied to anyone. It could even be applied to Jesus of Nazareth. The Quran is not very clear on what it is saying and we have to remove commentaries that distort the text.
Muslims stick the word prophet in front of names without knowing what a prophet is and who was a prophet. Jacob wasn't a prophet, Noah wasn't a prophet, even Abraham wasn't a real prophet. Unless you take the concept that only those who see the LORD and speak with the LORD are called prophets. The prophets didn't appear until the time of the Prophet Samuel and King Saul.
What I find most fascinating about the Mishnah's failure to reach a consensus on vital questions is that this exactly mirrors the situation in science. Science views light as both a particle and a wave (distinct and seemingly incompatible entities), we have no unified theory of everything but relativity theory for cosmic-size things and quantum theory for the subatomic-size world--theories that remain incompatible despite Einstein's and all later physicist's attempts to reconcile them. It certainly looks like, for many things, knowledge depends on your point of view. It's not perfectly arbitrary because not every point of view is reasonable but it is not a unitary thing because more than one point of view is reasonable. Just like the relativity of space and time.
You might find some of the talks by Dr. Alexander Poltorak on the web site Torah Cafe of interest, especially the ones on quantum entanglement and the Talmud.
@user-sx6li9ph9ias a gentile I strongly disagree, I absolutely love the culture of discussion and debate because it allows for greater understanding and growth, I hate it when religious authorities are basically saying “because the text says so”.
Judaism has been struggling mainly because of the Holocaust, so please let’s not pretend that genocide did not happen. And even then, birth rates are more than sufficient in the more traditional streams of Judaism, giving them more than enough children to replace their population, and converts abound across all streams. This is to say, your comment is full of holes.
As for the messiah-hood of Jesus, the Jewish perspective is that he literally didn’t fulfill any of the requirements to count as such. One of which is that things will get better for Jews, but history proves it only got worse, and the destruction of the Temple followed soon after. Google the full list and you’ll see why to Jews he can’t be messiah.
Furthermore, Judaism is not Jesus-less Christianity, and there are lots of theological differences and nuances lost when you look at Judaism from a NT-centric approach. For example, Judaism doesn’t have original sin, or an equivalent figure to the Christian Satan. Angels have no free will and they’re made for one specific task, then they disappear. Similarly, there’s no trinity. There’s only God.
This is just the tip of the iceberg so please respect Jewish tradition as its own culture and religion rather than Jesus-less Christianity.
Shalom and aloha
Thank you
It will be a lot easier when there is a book form of this lesson to go over parts again, but did I hear you say the oral Torah was canonized?
I looked up some resources briefly and it is apparent there is still an ongoing debate about the "level" of canon or authority it holds. I also read the terms "inspired" and "uninspired" canons.
Perhaps more discussion on what is the canon is needed. I understand the canon to only refer to written works inspired by God. When teaching or commentary is canonized, are they saying it was inspired by God?
In that sense, our "canons" may not reflect that actual canon only known by the Author.
The source I referenced is "Kreamer: Foundation of the Rabbinic Canon" pp616
I'm using the term "canonized" in a non-technical sense: there was no formal process or body that determined which texts would be included in the Oral Torah and which would not (for example, the tractates of the Talmud). Nevertheless, a consensus of opinion was achieved over time.
Salam...Looking forward...so much we don't know about Mishna though owing so much to it...regards Dr Abramson
Enjoy in good health!
Outstanding presentation
Thank you kindly
God bless you Dr. Henry
And you as well
Love all your lectures thank you.
Thank you for an illuminating lecture. I have question, have you lectured or are you going to lecture on the origins of the Hebrew language? I am interested to hear such a lecture
Planning more of this for the print version.
@@HenryAbramsonPhD I am will read it when it comes out. Thank you.
Outstanding teaching. Baruch HaShem!
Glad you enjoyed it
Thank you for this shiur.
Enjoy in good health!
Thank you.
You're welcome!
👍
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😊
!
Shalom.
How does this bypass the problem in regard to Deuteronomy 4:2? I'm sure there must be an explanation, perhaps you could expound on it. You see the Words of The Father, and the son, are ever in my thoughts, though I don't recall specifically where they are. Before our advanced internet, I used reference Bible dictionaries/guides to pinpoint them, when studying the Word. I know you made it clear 'Not a "code" of Jewish Law', that doesn't cover the extent to how they are being used, and they are being used. Of course I understand the role of the adopted son of G-d, Israel, but in that regard something clearly went wrong.
Lehitraot.
Answer too involved for this forum.
@@HenryAbramsonPhD Yes I suppose it is, but thank you for your response, and your fascinating studies.
Understanding The Oral Torah (or Oral Law Talmud) th-cam.com/video/wO7GeE7Bt_0/w-d-xo.html
It explains how and why the Oral Torah is a necessity to define what is commanded in Deut. 4:2.