The one thing I have learned by reading this comment is people seem to think that the original inventor should be given all of the credit for every single improvement or advancement on their invention,... forever. Just because someone invents something doesn't mean its useful. In many cases in history, it takes a third party to look at an invention that seems like a novelty, that is deemed neat but useless and say "Hey I can use this for something" to which they set out to improve on the invention to make it into something that can be of use to society. Not once in the video does it claim that Japan invented the transistor. America did,... and it was crap. They didn't even have a viable prototype, just a jumble of wires and semiconducting minerals,.. a bare bones proof of concept that was temperamental at best. The Japanese saw the opportunity and benefits in perfecting the technology, and unfortunately for American inventors the foreigners usually see the these opportunities and act on them, long before they realize their oversight. It even happens right at home, just like the Edison and Tesla fight for standardizing electrical distribution. The fact that Edison ever thought he was smarter and superior to Tesla was laughable. Furthermore, Edison also noted the properties of thermionic emission while experimenting with his electric lamp, had he not been so full of himself and fixated on the glowing filament producing light he could have invented the vacuum tube as well. It takes more than one person to truly invent something, someone comes up with an idea, and someone else says "hey we can use that for something!" By the way, your beloved Henry Ford used Dodge Brothers internal combustion engines in his early vehicles, and Chevrolet was a Swiss automotive engineer. It takes groups of people to make progress, not just one.
@RC286 I scrolled through pages of comments and saw nothing but praise for the documentary and Japanese researchers. I assume you deleted some comments, but fixating on outliers like this just creates the problem it attempts to correct. Particularly when done in such an insulting way with straw man arguments that will make people contradict you out of annoyance if nothing else.
@Daswf852 It's called sardonic irony. The giveaway was I didn't include the word "privileged." Now shut up, I'm trying to impress/bang this hot Berkeley chick.
Humanity owes its present comfort to you, engineers. I have immense and great respect for all engineers. It is engineers who make the world more livable. 0 and 1 change the whole World. respect!
Helium Road Yeah, that's what I was coming to comment on too. It really really makes me want to grab that analog volt meter in the parts bin and give it an insane degree of accuracy. "Yeah, it measures microvolts and has a 30 volt range. No big, learned it from some Japanese guys who engineered their own transistors."
The mirror galvanometer was invented in 1826 by Poggendorff, and maybe the japanese learned about it in school. Also, the bucket of water is an over 2000 years old invention. That is why school is so important for science and technology. Anyway, to develop the transistor, mankind had to discover quantum mechanics which helped the understanding the solid state and the band theory. Then it was a matter of technology. All our devices are based on the science of 1925: Schrodinger equation. After a century, it still produces effects, but the major science had no step further.
The national ethos of Japan and being an ancient, disciplined civilization, all adding in achieving success. Audio equipment from Japan, vintage, or current is simply outstanding in design and operation
😃They had nothing more than little fishing boats when Europeans encountered them. Without Amerian and European technology, they would have nothing. What have they cone up with on their own????? And after decades, they still dont design their own computer chips! 😄
@@allentoyokawa9068 you mean how us invented many of the technologies that Japan then went on to perfect? Or how if the US let the soviets run it you’d be a quarter as wealthy as today? Or how the US forced Japan to open for trade in the 19th century which prevented it from becoming a technological backwater compared to other countries? We could go on…
I remember when I was a little kid in the early 60s nobody wanted anything that was made in Japan. Made in Japan meant it was something cheap and would fall apart easily. That sentiment was gone by 1968.
+ldchappell1 Japan got trade agreements that meant they could produce goods cheaper than the US. And when they made goods that were the same price as US goods they were better because they had more profit spaces. German goods were just as good but were more expensive due to them not getting the same trade deals.
This is an excellent documentary with rich human interest from original interviews with those involved, plus ample technical detail about the inventions and processes sufficient to provide a good layman's understanding of this chapter in history. I am quite moved by the Japanese determination and resourcefulness to succeed in this arena despite daunting financial and political handicaps.
Wow! These researchers were so dedicated and so clever an so tenacious as to be greatly admired! These are the shoulders we stand on today! Thanks for the video as you have shown us something to be proud of!
I really like how they show the process in making transistors using manual methods, like we could possibly make transistors in our kitchens. A great invention and a great documentary!
This might be a documentary about the birth of the Japanese electronic industry but it's the best documentary about the birth of the transistor itself I have ever seen. I did not know that it took Bell Labs began looking for an alternative to tube 10 years before the invention of the transistor. I also always thought that the first transistorized commercial pocket radio was created in Japan, I did not know that Texas Instrument got there first. And those pocket radios would be about $450 U.S. in today's money. They were the smart phones (or VCR. personal computer, televisons, ...etc) of their era.
I am old enough to have see in my country every single electrical product from European and American and local replaced with Asian manufacturers , very few of the original manufacturers exist , Motorola invented the mobile phone , where are the majority now made , you name it any product the Asians now make all the money and have all the jobs from hundreds of years of investment and development just handed to them on a platter , how long did it take Samsung to copy Apples original smart phone , in an instant , and then became the dominant player , they are just thieving scum , absolutely no principals .
You are a dumb arse so called Professor ( a professor of bullshit ) Europeans originated from the top of India , Aryans , now look it up and get an education in truth .
It's you who has it backwards, Bruce. Aryans (indo-Europeans) came to India. The fairer skinned Indians usually have Aryan genes where the darker skinned Indians have Dravidian (original) genes. The Aryans came thousands of years ago, granted. But migrated *to* India, nonetheless. The Aryans also migrated through Iran (which derives it's name from Aryan).
Do people even appreciate how strongly you must believe in your basic concepts to go through all these frustrating experiments? Anybody 'normal' would have given up. Not these guys. Their concept of 'normal' was that of trying until you succeed. Somehow, they 'knew' it could be done. Now we know it also. Except for those who think that it was always there. It wasn't. Actual people made it happen. Hats off.
exactly... because these guys understood a concept and that concept was... NEVER GIVE UP even when they succeed (as you put it) they still don't give up , they move on to something else or perfect what they invented , in short, for them they do this until they die, IT'S A LIFESTYLE, not a job
Japan still makes the best components such as transistors and definitely capacitors. I’ve seen Japanese capacitors work within spec in a 20 year old computer.
We‘ve got a fridge working for many decades (I forgot how long precisely) and it was Japanese made. The coolant was NEVER refilled once. We had to replace it with a new one because it started to rust. And the irony was we had to take it out again from the garage when the new fridge fails after 2 years!
@@heavycurrent7462 Ah, sorry, I have also a small transistor radio with long forgotten type of batteries. Made in 1961. Belonged to my grandpa. Working well on AM. With leather!
I was amused by the part starting at 30:00 where sketches of production processes at RCA were used to "kickstart" the Japanese competition. During my working years before I retired, I was lucky to be part of a start-up factory in the southern U.S. that had some revolutionary design elements in my particular industry. These elements were born of experiences at a home factory in another state. At one point, a Japanese delegation wanted to tour our factory, and the company owner allowed it, but cameras were forbidden. About half a dozen gentlemen arrived in the delegation, and out came the sketch pads. They were all furiously drawing at high speed our layout and innovations. Being the engineer at the location, I was given instructions to let them see only so much. I had to physically block a small group of them with my body, to prevent them from seeing what we considered a highly innovative area of our process. That was over 30 years ago now.
@@tigerseye73 , well that's what people do if they are technology followers. Once those Asian become technology leaders the West will do the same, the method will be a bit different but the purpose is the same. Some 20 years ago the world was surprised at how good the Chinese springboard diving performed. Turned out the Chinese use a trampoline to train their athletes, and what the West do ? They hired all the Chinese coaches. Now the US is doing the same with advanced semiconductor technology from TSMC and Samsung. The US is using money incentives to lure these Asian factory into US soil.
An amazing story of innovation and achievement. It is my opinion that the invention and development of the transistor and then integrated electronics technology was one of the greatest feats of the twentieth century. It lead to all the wonderful devices we use everywhere today in year 2018. And I watched it all happen over the years.
I've worked in Japanese companies making diodes, walkman, floppy disk drives and CDROMs during those old days, absorbing into the Japanese work culture with strong determination, hardwork and vision.
@@afganno3385 lol, straight up racist to assume her culture is strictly the reason you're probably incompatible - this video is about the growth of a technology and its relationship to country's economies and the overall electronics industry. Appreciate the knowledge being shared.
@@cscansin who are you to tell me if or if not differences in cultures were/are a reason ive found my marriage hard work? ive been married for close to 20 years and i have a kid with the women and she's my best friend. the marriage is not hard work because either one of us is shagging somebody or the usual stuff. its down to the differences in culture. hindsight is a wonderful thing and i think we would both say, we wish we had spent alot more time talking about our cultures properly before we tied the knot. i would advise anybody marrying somebody from a different culture to put the effort in before hand. a wifes role IS different in japan than the uk. a wife properly runs the household after marriage. i must get back to my work now as im the worst salary man to of ever lived.
@@afganno3385 I took from what you said, you put a qualifier of race behind a marriage statement - my apologies and I appreciate the insight, 20 years is a success, congratulations and hope you both find what you need. With respect to, the expectation of a woman running the household is an archaic tradition which, atleast where im from, is dying and that's, personally, great to see. Too many lazy irresponsible fathers out there not helping with maintaining the house bc it's a "woman's" job. Anyways, great doc and surprised that it sparked much conversation.
Great documentary ,it proves that nothing of importance comes easy, i never realized that the beginning of a great company like SONY that brought us the transistor radio, walkman ,discman , Trinitron TV had such humble beginnings .We truly stand on the shoulders of giants
16:24 is amazing, using a mirror and light to control temperature with great precision manually. 21:04 zone melting with a bucket of water to control height. Conan-like.
This ingenious technique is indeed called _"Optical Lever."_ Most physicists at that time would have been familiar with it, because it had been used in sensitive _mirror galvanometers_ until electronic measuring instruments have replaced them. It was still very resourceful, to improvise in the way the Japanese transistor makers did with the limited means at their disposal!
The transistor was invented in 1947 at Bell Labs in New Jersey. In 1954, Texas Instruments of Dallas teamed up with Regency Electronics (its original name was Industrial Development Engineering Associates, or I.D.E.A.) of Indianapolis to manufacture the first pocket-size transistor radio.
@What's Growing Wrong‽ gli americani hanno il brutto vizio di prendersi dei meriti che non gli spettano come il telefono è stato inventato da antonio meucci nel 1871 ,prototipato nel 1854.
Remarkable footage. It was easier to produce germanium PNP type transistors then, as against NPN types using grown silicon crystals which we see today mostly. Amazing!
For all of those interested I am currently re-capturing these for a new higher quality upload. This original capture was made back in 2007, on a sub par capture card. It was captured in MPEG and the deinterlacing was poor. The new captures will be done raw and deinterlaced and uploaded in h265. It should result in a sharper more clear picture. Keep in mind this tape is a copy off of a copy I found at our local Japanese cultural centre back when i was in high school made tape to tape with two VHS decks. The tape was new but not the best quality, and dubbed at LP/EP speed. I do not recall if the tape i copied from was recorded in LP/EP or SLP. Trying to preserve this in as best quality I can before the tape degrades. Heads on the VHS deck were cleaned prior to capture. I have been attempting to capture this over the past few months but have had issues with audio sync and frame drops that I thik I have figured out. I will not remove the original uploads simply re-upload and create a new playlist. No colour/contrast correction etc will be applied, only deinterlacing to produce a progressive upload. The video bitrate of the original captures was 1039kbps, limited by the Gigabytes of storage I had back in the day. Now with Terabytes at my disposal I can capture RAW to hopefully produce the best possible video for upload.
Captures have been made. Verifying integrity and a/v sync, splitting and trimming video files, next comes the H265 encoding and then upload. Again quality is not superb considering the quality of the tape, tape speed used in recording, the original source tape which itself was a duplicate with source unknown, and the quality of the VHS decks I had at the time to make the copy. One was my parents fairly new for the time (2002ish model) sony, the other was my old front loading wood grained hitachi hifi deck from the late 80s early 90s. I made these dubs and original captures when I was 13-15yrs old.
Bravo! What a statement to determination and resourcefulness! This video makes one rather proud of the human spirit! Thanks for sharing and the very best of luck!
Great video, just stumbled upon it. When the transistor was invented, obviously engineers/scientists everywhere were interested but for some reason the Japanese became obsessed and saw it as a way to build the economy. Why did no other country have this obsession? (except USA, who invented it, of course) It is interesting to listen to the Japanese engineers, it is not something we study a lot. Japan has many of the best engineers in the world, but names are not well known. It is fun to listen to Japan vs USA engineers, all great but in different ways.
This is amazing, I have been involved in electronics for over 40 years and still didn't realise it was the yanks who invented the Germanian Transistor.
My father used to hand assemble germanium transistors in the 50s for GE . He said the failure rate was so high that they had big oil drums to store all the bad ones . That was kept secret from the other manufactures as they were in a price war.
simon hanlon FUNNY THING ABOUT THAT IS WE LEARNED HERE THAT EVERY MANUFACTURE WAS HAVING THE SAME PROBLEM BUT JAPANESE WOMEN WERE PROBABLY BETTER THAT MEN AT THIS TIPE OF WORK . WE SHOULD HAVE BEEN USEING ZUNI AMERICAN WOMEN WHO ACTUALLY ARE AMAZING MAKEING SMALL JEWELERY .
John Grzeskowiak He had 2 friends that worked with him there , one went on to start AMD and the other was also into microprocessors, my father carried on with GEC , later Marconi and worked on ICBMs Polaris and Trident. He still fixes radios at 86 years of age . I’ll ask him if he has any more stories from back then .
@John Grzeskowiak Hey John, I saw my Father today and asked him a bit more about the early days. He said they didn't scrap the old transistors because they couldn't risk anyone finding out. The oil drums were stored on site in Stockport....he said knowing GEC they are probably still stored somewhere :-) I asked him about the production side of things, he said they would use car headlight bulbs to solder the transistor wires in place and that local ladies would be lined up on the production line making germanium transistors...quite a sight.
@John Grzeskowiak I asked what he went on to work after transistors, he said he worked on control systems for atomic power stations. They had issues with transistor values drifting as they warmed up so he came up with an idea to use dc for the first stage, witch to ac through the next stages then back to dc for the final stage, he said it worked very well and the bosses were most impressed with his design. He said he then went onto space and defence system and couldn't tell me about that, he got choked up and a tear ran down his face and he said we did some pretty impressive things.
seiichi denda's story about how they reflected light off the needle of a meter to get the temperature accurately enough is truly amazing! thxu for including this gem! ✨
That was a point I made note of as well. The needle moved so little they couldn't see it. Adding the mirror and shining it at distant object just upped its measuring resolution. Using the slow release of water to move the heating coil around the tube was also impressive. If I'm ever lost in the woods trying to survive, I want one of these guys with me.
brings back many memories of my electronics school days. I remember going to Western Electronic Labs in NC ( want to say it was in Winston - Salem) I had sample of transistor with out the case. Wish I still had it.
I find it amazing how this closely this story of Japanese excitement, refinement, and application of overlooked western technology mirrors that of FM synthesis. Moog and Arp dismissed the technology and it may have been abandoned, but bright minds at Yamaha had the vision to throw their backing behind the research to complete and commercialise the process, and ultimately Japan would dominate the industry.
100% for this, with all those amazing clips from so long ago, and the Actual men who were "boys" there back in the day. A "completely impossible" thing to make, now a few cents each, and hugely better performance. Completely unbelievable, yet true
So wonderful to see these lovely people worked so hard to build the things necessary to produce the items needed to reach their goal. Amazing people. Reminds me of other people that dreamed and designed, and became great...
got to appreciate the applied engineering they did from first basic principals, using hot plate coils as resistors, making capacitors with drums filled with oil. Japanese McGyvers
I do like how Bell Labs offered even the 2nd and 3rd generation transistor technology to the world through symposiums!! It is not the best way to maximize profit $$ but it was the right thing to do! I am glad America/Bell Labs did it !!
Advanced Nutrition Inc. Same for optical transmission. The concept was conceived by Charlie Kao (Chinese) in the 1960s at Standard Telecommunication Labs (STL) in Harlow, England, when I worked there. The management had the vision to abandon microwave transmission underground, and fund work on a high capacity transmission medium, and lasers for the signal. And so optical fibre telecom was born, in our labs, and passed on to the world. Charlie got a Nobel Prize for it. By the way, STL labs is now sadly gone, as it went down with the demise of the Canadian company that it became part of - Nortel. Design of optical fibre systems continues to this day in Ciena, who bought the optical division of Nortel in Ottawa, where it still exists.
Amazing history video about science, technology & economic history & cultural realities that paved the way to all this Telecom & technology so common today with smartphones etc We hold billions of transistors in our hands now, built on the shoulders of giants. An amazing history. Transistors radically improved energy efficiency of information technology vs vacuum tubes :)
I’m just glad that there is some Japanese in me, I’m a mechanic and I have wrapped my body with towels and cut stuff many times and I still got 8 fingers!!!😜👨🏻🔧
the engineer even admitted the process being deadly -- how he would get electrocuted to unconsciousness and then get back to work...crazy but amazing stuff
Saudações. Estou grato por haver canais desse tipo, que nos trazem informação direto do chão de fábrica, mesmo que dos primórdios! Sou entusiasta de elétrica e estudando alguns aspectos das aplicações de eletrônica, sempre que chegava na parte de explicação sa "dopagem", os professores desenhavam, mas não exclareciam sobre esse assunto, no vídeo é possível visualizar claramente o processo de dopagem do material para confecção da camada de base do transistor. Salve! 💯
An old technician told me he could look at Vacuum tubes of the same type and they all matched each other in specs, but transistors were all different even with the same numbers. This video explains why that is, Thanks!
Such a high level of Intelligence + tenacity. The masses benefit so much from the hard work of a relatively tiny number of dedicated people. These nerds awe me - and I write "nerds" with the utmost respect (not as a derogatory title but as the pure gold of humanity). Sure, profit was the goal at Sony, but still, hats off to the people that make things work.
The patent was for the chemistry explaining the action of the transistor junctions, etc. The actual device was a "Crystadyne" which had been in use for a couple of decades by amateur and shipboard radio operators. When Dr. Shockley found out about it, he was incensed, because he knew what it was, having seen one in operation.
@silverbird58 point contact devices are older than tubes! shockley just found the physical background and developed with hid team a systematic manufacture method.
Interesting to learn that Texas Instrument was an oil (fossil fuel) company and made the first transistor radio. Something which didn't drain the batteries, stay cold and weight much less. Crystal radio which take no battery at all already existed, but only one person could ear the weak sound on headphone. AM radio only need 1 diode to demodulate the audio. After that, the capacitor to get the envelope and resistor to discharge the capacitor are implicitly present in the headphones. The transistors, or vacuum tube, are just amplifying the signal. There is many transistors in cascade because each one amplify only 100 times max. At that time, the gain was anything between 20 and 100 even if they all came from the same production line. Each stage is limited to a gain of 20 by using a resistor on the emitter. This reduce the gain to an almost fix value no matter how the transistor can really amplify. Raising the power from 10 milliwatt like these first radio to 80 watts, we just need to add a few mode transistors. 10 mW * 20 = 200 mW of next stage. Then 4 watts on the next stage, then 80 watts on the third stage. The heat of the "naive" design would be quite large, so 2 transistor are needed on the final output stage. One pulling toward positive when the waveform is raising, the other pulling toward zero (or negative) when the wave shape goes down.
They used to call the Japanese back then economic animals , they were the generation who had lost the war and lost their Asian face to the world and were out to regain their self esteem , every trick in the book was used to elevate themselves and line their bank account , they still die at work from overwork , they still have e poor housing , they still don't consume the goods they produce but expect everybody else in the world to buy theirs , they do everything possible to stop imports while destroying other countries manufacturing , now just replace the name Japan with China and that's what the world has to deal with now , I just replaced a Hoover vacume cleaner now made in China I bought for $450 , used 20 times and the motor burnt out , when they were made locally they would last 15 years , what I am saying is all our local manufacturing has been replaced with imported inferior Asian junk , the clothes are the worst .
@@bruceburns1672 I bought some quite expensive American audio equipment and it was cheap and badly assembled crap inside. Went to Sony, and got some decent stuff for less money. Japanese cars are also more reliable than American cars, everybody knows that. Anything coming from Samsung is also unexpectedly reliable and functional for it's price. Dunno about vacuum cleaners but my made in china Miele is still working fine.
Transistor Radios ....remember the models from the 60's? .. where models touted the number of transistors inside (more being better) ... and the leather protective cases. These were very common Christmas presents for kids.
I agree, AT&T is not the same anymore. I started working there in 1973 under the old Bell System. You hired on and had a job for life, that all changed after 1985 when they broke up the Bell System.
No lone genius could have ever discovered something like the transistor on his own - major breakthroughs like this require enormous financial resources and the contributions of a team, focusing on all the interrelated fields.
The one thing I have learned by reading this comment is people seem to think that the original inventor should be given all of the credit for every single improvement or advancement on their invention,... forever. Just because someone invents something doesn't mean its useful. In many cases in history, it takes a third party to look at an invention that seems like a novelty, that is deemed neat but useless and say "Hey I can use this for something" to which they set out to improve on the invention to make it into something that can be of use to society. Not once in the video does it claim that Japan invented the transistor. America did,... and it was crap. They didn't even have a viable prototype, just a jumble of wires and semiconducting minerals,.. a bare bones proof of concept that was temperamental at best. The Japanese saw the opportunity and benefits in perfecting the technology, and unfortunately for American inventors the foreigners usually see the these opportunities and act on them, long before they realize their oversight. It even happens right at home, just like the Edison and Tesla fight for standardizing electrical distribution. The fact that Edison ever thought he was smarter and superior to Tesla was laughable. Furthermore, Edison also noted the properties of thermionic emission while experimenting with his electric lamp, had he not been so full of himself and fixated on the glowing filament producing light he could have invented the vacuum tube as well. It takes more than one person to truly invent something, someone comes up with an idea, and someone else says "hey we can use that for something!" By the way, your beloved Henry Ford used Dodge Brothers internal combustion engines in his early vehicles, and Chevrolet was a Swiss automotive engineer. It takes groups of people to make progress, not just one.
You should pin the comment
RC286 Well said
@@CensoredByTH-cam. I hope you are not serious, if so, I feel bad for you...
@RC286 I scrolled through pages of comments and saw nothing but praise for the documentary and Japanese researchers. I assume you deleted some comments, but fixating on outliers like this just creates the problem it attempts to correct. Particularly when done in such an insulting way with straw man arguments that will make people contradict you out of annoyance if nothing else.
@Daswf852 It's called sardonic irony. The giveaway was I didn't include the word "privileged."
Now shut up, I'm trying to impress/bang this hot Berkeley chick.
i'm literally using billions of transistors to learn how transistors were invented/made. Cool.
William Morales had to read twice, but lol
you are a transistor hoarder
yEah WhaLE IIIMM USING 15 VaCuum Tubes to Watch ThIS!1!!!1
A sprinkling of silicon is all I need
@@lucaspratt4770 Watching TH-cam in the Fallout Universe, chucklehead?
"Ten million people starved to death"
The music: do do doooooo, la dee da
Lol
Mentos the freshmaker
I've been an electronics design engineer for 32 years now and still continue to get a kick out of this kind of material... great video. Thanks!
Humanity owes its present comfort to you, engineers. I have immense and great respect for all engineers. It is engineers who make the world more livable. 0 and 1 change the whole World. respect!
Bro please share how to become an electrical designer i am an electrical graduate
I'm not even worthy to reply, but thank you for your contributions.
That mirror on the needle trick is ingenious.
Helium Road Yeah, that's what I was coming to comment on too. It really really makes me want to grab that analog volt meter in the parts bin and give it an insane degree of accuracy. "Yeah, it measures microvolts and has a 30 volt range. No big, learned it from some Japanese guys who engineered their own transistors."
So many genius moments.
The hot plates. And the bucket of water.
Amazing.
@@zianian ...the buckets full of oil serving as capacitors!!!
The mirror galvanometer was invented in 1826 by Poggendorff, and maybe the japanese learned about it in school. Also, the bucket of water is an over 2000 years old invention. That is why school is so important for science and technology. Anyway, to develop the transistor, mankind had to discover quantum mechanics which helped the understanding the solid state and the band theory. Then it was a matter of technology. All our devices are based on the science of 1925: Schrodinger equation. After a century, it still produces effects, but the major science had no step further.
except not... if they had understood meter wiring, they could have adjusted the xfmr wiring on the primary or secondary and fixed the problem
I like how these engineers were determined, resilient, and successful. This is good inspiration.
Mr. S This was easily done, after WW2, US engineers, went over to Japan. Great.
@strontiumXnitrate Sad but true, that's why we are collapsing no one understands the only commodity of value is Labour.
Exploitation of said labour and hedonism*
“If you want to live a happy life, tie it to a goal, not to people or things”
Yeti I agree with you.
The Japanese didn't have the money, ut they had the intelligence, the enthousiasm, and the determination. Thumbs up !
We have to admire the ingenuity of these men, that developed science with so few resources.
That was before the USA made China great again, and Mexico is paying for it.
@@yolamontalvan9502 Shut up.
and the industrial complex foundation was already there remember
Right
I'm a nerdy, nerdy, nerd and I love a good documentary
This is a Good Documentary.
Can you please give some sites for downloading scientific documentaries ?
That would be very grateful and kind of you.
Everyone who says that of himself isn't.
+1 asking for more documentaries
@@QoraxAudio Oh. Okay thanks. Very deep.
That excitement and enthusiasm of those senior scientists. I love those humble beginnings of scientific research. Thanks for the video.
One of the best documentaries I have watched in a long long time. Thank you for sharing.
@ki gi hmmm ...poop, you say? 💩💩... ...🤡🤡
The national ethos of Japan and being an ancient, disciplined civilization, all adding in achieving success.
Audio equipment from Japan, vintage, or current is simply outstanding in design and operation
this is reminding me of Oswald Spengler. There's definitely a cultural attitude that contributed to this great Japanese technological success.
😃They had nothing more than little fishing boats when Europeans encountered them. Without Amerian and European technology, they would have nothing. What have they cone up with on their own????? And after decades, they still dont design their own computer chips! 😄
Hats off to the Japanese determination and ingenuity! Their passion for technology is inspirational.
@ki gi your brain is poop
Without the us they’d be nothing
@@trentbateman Yeah right, other way around
@@allentoyokawa9068 you mean how us invented many of the technologies that Japan then went on to perfect? Or how if the US let the soviets run it you’d be a quarter as wealthy as today? Or how the US forced Japan to open for trade in the 19th century which prevented it from becoming a technological backwater compared to other countries? We could go on…
@@allentoyokawa9068 Unfortunately many US Americans are blinded by propaganda.
I remember when I was a little kid in the early 60s nobody wanted anything that was made in Japan. Made in Japan meant it was something cheap and would fall apart easily. That sentiment was gone by 1968.
+ldchappell1
Japan got trade agreements that meant they could produce goods cheaper than the US. And when they made goods that were the same price as US goods they were better because they had more profit spaces.
German goods were just as good but were more expensive due to them not getting the same trade deals.
ldchappell1 Sony got rid if that sentiment.
Marcus Keulertz Back then it was made in Japan.
Soon it'll be made in India, then made someplace in Africa..
"Made in Germany" was the same story. It was a mark of terrible workmanship in the 1800s.
This is an excellent documentary with rich human interest from original interviews with those involved, plus ample technical detail about the inventions and processes sufficient to provide a good layman's understanding of this chapter in history. I am quite moved by the Japanese determination and resourcefulness to succeed in this arena despite daunting financial and political handicaps.
my deep respect to pioneers that showed unprecedented enthusiasm and ingenuity. such kind of the people are REAL heroes of the past war
You don't think people who got their faces blown off in combat to stop rampant expansionism, genocide and fascism were heros. Interesting.
@@DavidBrown-jk2pm what an stupid response!!
@@edvargas3105 You would have to be more articulate about why my response was stupid. Explanatory.
Wow! These researchers were so dedicated and so clever an so tenacious as to be greatly admired! These are the shoulders we stand on today! Thanks for the video as you have shown us something to be proud of!
I really like how they show the process in making transistors using manual methods, like we could possibly make transistors in our kitchens. A great invention and a great documentary!
This might be a documentary about the birth of the Japanese electronic industry but it's the best documentary about the birth of the transistor itself I have ever seen. I did not know that it took Bell Labs began looking for an alternative to tube 10 years before the invention of the transistor. I also always thought that the first transistorized commercial pocket radio was created in Japan, I did not know that Texas Instrument got there first. And those pocket radios would be about $450 U.S. in today's money. They were the smart phones (or VCR. personal computer, televisons, ...etc) of their era.
I am old enough to have see in my country every single electrical product from European and American and local replaced with Asian manufacturers , very few of the original manufacturers exist , Motorola invented the mobile phone , where are the majority now made , you name it any product the Asians now make all the money and have all the jobs from hundreds of years of investment and development just handed to them on a platter , how long did it take Samsung to copy Apples original smart phone , in an instant , and then became the dominant player , they are just thieving scum , absolutely no principals .
The transistor is based on the P-N junction which is also an invention of Bell Labs.
You are a dumb arse so called Professor ( a professor of bullshit ) Europeans originated from the top of India , Aryans , now look it up and get an education in truth .
Bruce Burns please tutorials
It's you who has it backwards, Bruce. Aryans (indo-Europeans) came to India. The fairer skinned Indians usually have Aryan genes where the darker skinned Indians have Dravidian (original) genes. The Aryans came thousands of years ago, granted. But migrated *to* India, nonetheless. The Aryans also migrated through Iran (which derives it's name from Aryan).
Irreplaceable history footage and a credit to every person involved in inventing and improving solid state amplification. Just a brilliant story.
Thank you very much to publish so great documentary!
Thank you for uploading this
Do people even appreciate how strongly you must believe in your basic concepts to go through all these frustrating experiments?
Anybody 'normal' would have given up. Not these guys. Their concept of 'normal' was that of trying until you succeed.
Somehow, they 'knew' it could be done.
Now we know it also. Except for those who think that it was always there. It wasn't. Actual people made it happen.
Hats off.
exactly... because these guys understood a concept
and that concept was... NEVER GIVE UP
even when they succeed (as you put it) they still don't give up , they move on to something else or perfect what they invented , in short, for them they do this until they die, IT'S A LIFESTYLE, not a job
A fascinating history. Thanks for the upload.
Japan still makes the best components such as transistors and definitely capacitors. I’ve seen Japanese capacitors work within spec in a 20 year old computer.
20??? I have a TV set, B/W, made by Matsushita în 1963. Working properly!!!
We‘ve got a fridge working for many decades (I forgot how long precisely) and it was Japanese made. The coolant was NEVER refilled once. We had to replace it with a new one because it started to rust. And the irony was we had to take it out again from the garage when the new fridge fails after 2 years!
@@heavycurrent7462 Ah, sorry, I have also a small transistor radio with long forgotten type of batteries. Made in 1961. Belonged to my grandpa. Working well on AM. With leather!
Flavius Nita some of those old AM radios worked without batteries at all.
I think they have laws in Japan were you can't trash home electronics so easily, I guess that adds incentive to engineer things to last.
I was amused by the part starting at 30:00 where sketches of production processes at RCA were used to "kickstart" the Japanese competition. During my working years before I retired, I was lucky to be part of a start-up factory in the southern U.S. that had some revolutionary design elements in my particular industry. These elements were born of experiences at a home factory in another state. At one point, a Japanese delegation wanted to tour our factory, and the company owner allowed it, but cameras were forbidden. About half a dozen gentlemen arrived in the delegation, and out came the sketch pads. They were all furiously drawing at high speed our layout and innovations. Being the engineer at the location, I was given instructions to let them see only so much. I had to physically block a small group of them with my body, to prevent them from seeing what we considered a highly innovative area of our process. That was over 30 years ago now.
and next time they sent people with photographic memory
haha. asians love to copy, its in their blood
Now I bet your company is teaching the Chinese how to do the manufacturing.
Clever, those little Asians', s n e a k i n g around to steal someones' ideas.
@@tigerseye73 , well that's what people do if they are technology followers. Once those Asian become technology leaders the West will do the same, the method will be a bit different but the purpose is the same.
Some 20 years ago the world was surprised at how good the Chinese springboard diving performed. Turned out the Chinese use a trampoline to train their athletes, and what the West do ? They hired all the Chinese coaches.
Now the US is doing the same with advanced semiconductor technology from TSMC and Samsung. The US is using money incentives to lure these Asian factory into US soil.
This is the most precious video i have ever seen
An amazing story of innovation and achievement. It is my opinion that the invention and development of the transistor and then integrated electronics technology was one of the greatest feats of the twentieth century. It lead to all the wonderful devices we use everywhere today in year 2018. And I watched it all happen over the years.
I've worked in Japanese companies making diodes, walkman, floppy disk drives and CDROMs during those old days, absorbing into the Japanese work culture with strong determination, hardwork and vision.
i married a japanese women.........and wish i did'nt!
@@afganno3385 lol, straight up racist to assume her culture is strictly the reason you're probably incompatible - this video is about the growth of a technology and its relationship to country's economies and the overall electronics industry.
Appreciate the knowledge being shared.
@@cscansin who are you to tell me if or if not differences in cultures were/are a reason ive found my marriage hard work? ive been married for close to 20 years and i have a kid with the women and she's my best friend. the marriage is not hard work because either one of us is shagging somebody or the usual stuff. its down to the differences in culture. hindsight is a wonderful thing and i think we would both say, we wish we had spent alot more time talking about our cultures properly before we tied the knot. i would advise anybody marrying somebody from a different culture to put the effort in before hand. a wifes role IS different in japan than the uk. a wife properly runs the household after marriage. i must get back to my work now as im the worst salary man to of ever lived.
@@afganno3385 I took from what you said, you put a qualifier of race behind a marriage statement - my apologies and I appreciate the insight, 20 years is a success, congratulations and hope you both find what you need.
With respect to, the expectation of a woman running the household is an archaic tradition which, atleast where im from, is dying and that's, personally, great to see. Too many lazy irresponsible fathers out there not helping with maintaining the house bc it's a "woman's" job.
Anyways, great doc and surprised that it sparked much conversation.
@@cscansin i was kind of joking with my original comment.
Great documentary ,it proves that nothing of importance comes easy, i never realized that the beginning of a great company like SONY that brought us the transistor radio, walkman ,discman , Trinitron TV had such humble beginnings .We truly stand on the shoulders of giants
First transistor radio was made in Germany by Herbert Mataré, first commercial transistor pocket radio by Regency in the US (TR-1).
My wife's grandfather had some of the first walkman patents and he worked for Dictaphone in CT.
16:24 is amazing, using a mirror and light to control temperature with great precision manually. 21:04 zone melting with a bucket of water to control height. Conan-like.
it's like a weightless lever which amplifies the needle's movement so it can be accurately observed
This ingenious technique is indeed called _"Optical Lever."_ Most physicists at that time would have been familiar with it, because it had been used in sensitive _mirror galvanometers_ until electronic measuring instruments have replaced them. It was still very resourceful, to improvise in the way the Japanese transistor makers did with the limited means at their disposal!
What does Conan-like means ?
Anything to do with the detective ?
The barbarian, not the detective.
@@PotionsMaster666 this conan. th-cam.com/video/1ayIJed2dn4/w-d-xo.html
it is just amazing, i would like to thank all of the people who made our life easy.
What an amazing document! Thanks for uploading!
Cool training video! I’m impressed by this hard core science... Thanks for a down to earth Techincal aspects of crystal growth explained.
Fascinating documentary. Love the accounts and memories of those involved, and the way they are translated into English.
The transistor was invented in 1947 at Bell Labs in New Jersey. In 1954, Texas Instruments of Dallas teamed up with Regency Electronics (its original name was Industrial Development Engineering Associates, or I.D.E.A.) of Indianapolis to manufacture the first pocket-size transistor radio.
@What's Growing Wrong‽ Not Japan...
@What's Growing Wrong‽ gli americani hanno il brutto vizio di prendersi dei meriti che non gli spettano come il telefono è stato inventato da antonio meucci nel 1871 ,prototipato nel 1854.
Yet they can only fit a trillion of them on a circuit board in 2023.
Loved it thank you will watchbpart 2
thank you for uploading this wonderful video
Remarkable footage. It was easier to produce germanium PNP type transistors then, as against NPN types using grown silicon crystals which we see today mostly. Amazing!
For all of those interested I am currently re-capturing these for a new higher quality upload. This original capture was made back in 2007, on a sub par capture card. It was captured in MPEG and the deinterlacing was poor. The new captures will be done raw and deinterlaced and uploaded in h265. It should result in a sharper more clear picture. Keep in mind this tape is a copy off of a copy I found at our local Japanese cultural centre back when i was in high school made tape to tape with two VHS decks. The tape was new but not the best quality, and dubbed at LP/EP speed. I do not recall if the tape i copied from was recorded in LP/EP or SLP. Trying to preserve this in as best quality I can before the tape degrades. Heads on the VHS deck were cleaned prior to capture. I have been attempting to capture this over the past few months but have had issues with audio sync and frame drops that I thik I have figured out. I will not remove the original uploads simply re-upload and create a new playlist. No colour/contrast correction etc will be applied, only deinterlacing to produce a progressive upload. The video bitrate of the original captures was 1039kbps, limited by the Gigabytes of storage I had back in the day. Now with Terabytes at my disposal I can capture RAW to hopefully produce the best possible video for upload.
will you reup to this channel?
@@cpufreak101 On this channel.
Captures have been made. Verifying integrity and a/v sync, splitting and trimming video files, next comes the H265 encoding and then upload. Again quality is not superb considering the quality of the tape, tape speed used in recording, the original source tape which itself was a duplicate with source unknown, and the quality of the VHS decks I had at the time to make the copy. One was my parents fairly new for the time (2002ish model) sony, the other was my old front loading wood grained hitachi hifi deck from the late 80s early 90s. I made these dubs and original captures when I was 13-15yrs old.
First video is done rendering, looks as good as it will get. Upload tomorrow. The other 3 to follow.
First one is up. th-cam.com/video/XLlIb_p11cM/w-d-xo.html
Bravo! What a statement to determination and resourcefulness! This video makes one rather proud of the human spirit! Thanks for sharing and the very best of luck!
I have been in electronics for years but this documentary is mind blowing.
Very well made documentary!!!
Great video, just stumbled upon it. When the transistor was invented, obviously engineers/scientists everywhere were interested but for some reason the Japanese became obsessed and saw it as a way to build the economy. Why did no other country have this obsession? (except USA, who invented it, of course) It is interesting to listen to the Japanese engineers, it is not something we study a lot. Japan has many of the best engineers in the world, but names are not well known. It is fun to listen to Japan vs USA engineers, all great but in different ways.
Awesome video! Just awesome.
Very informative video. Thank you
This is amazing, I have been involved in electronics for over 40 years and still didn't realise it was the yanks who invented the Germanian Transistor.
great doc....and stunningly funny too. the translator translating laughter slayed me
Priceless! Must be learnt by students in technical universitys worldwide.
Very informative corrected a lot of misconceptions I had.
everyone: we got no money so i guess we cant do anything
japanese: we will use mirrors and garbage to make it work
Go watch Kerosan and get back to me
Lol!!!!!!
These transistors were built like samurai swords.
My father used to hand assemble germanium transistors in the 50s for GE . He said the failure rate was so high that they had big oil drums to store all the bad ones . That was kept secret from the other manufactures as they were in a price war.
simon hanlon FUNNY THING ABOUT THAT IS WE LEARNED HERE THAT EVERY MANUFACTURE WAS HAVING THE SAME PROBLEM BUT JAPANESE WOMEN WERE PROBABLY BETTER THAT MEN AT THIS TIPE OF WORK .
WE SHOULD HAVE BEEN USEING ZUNI AMERICAN WOMEN WHO ACTUALLY ARE AMAZING MAKEING SMALL JEWELERY .
John Grzeskowiak They were sold to scrap metal dealers
John Grzeskowiak He had 2 friends that worked with him there , one went on to start AMD and the other was also into microprocessors, my father carried on with GEC , later Marconi and worked on ICBMs Polaris and Trident. He still fixes radios at 86 years of age . I’ll ask him if he has any more stories from back then .
@John Grzeskowiak Hey John, I saw my Father today and asked him a bit more about the early days. He said they didn't scrap the old transistors because they couldn't risk anyone finding out. The oil drums were stored on site in Stockport....he said knowing GEC they are probably still stored somewhere :-)
I asked him about the production side of things, he said they would use car headlight bulbs to solder the transistor wires in place and that local ladies would be lined up on the production line making germanium transistors...quite a sight.
@John Grzeskowiak I asked what he went on to work after transistors, he said he worked on control systems for atomic power stations. They had issues with transistor values drifting as they warmed up so he came up with an idea to use dc for the first stage, witch to ac through the next stages then back to dc for the final stage, he said it worked very well and the bosses were most impressed with his design. He said he then went onto space and defence system and couldn't tell me about that, he got choked up and a tear ran down his face and he said we did some pretty impressive things.
seiichi denda's story about how they reflected light off the needle of a meter to get the temperature accurately enough is truly amazing! thxu for including this gem! ✨
Wow a prog that actually shows you something in detail -fascinating
Old school skills on display.
As a SONY Professional video maintenance engineer this really is interesting. Thanks.
I loved hearing how they increased the resolution of the thermometer meter using reflected light. Ingenious!
That was a point I made note of as well. The needle moved so little they couldn't see it. Adding the mirror and shining it at distant object just upped its measuring resolution. Using the slow release of water to move the heating coil around the tube was also impressive. If I'm ever lost in the woods trying to survive, I want one of these guys with me.
I love and admire their ingenuity.
Necessity is the mother of invention.
Ichiban!
brings back many memories of my electronics school days. I remember going to Western Electronic Labs in NC ( want to say it was in Winston - Salem) I had sample of transistor with out the case. Wish I still had it.
I find it amazing how this closely this story of Japanese excitement, refinement, and application of overlooked western technology mirrors that of FM synthesis. Moog and Arp dismissed the technology and it may have been abandoned, but bright minds at Yamaha had the vision to throw their backing behind the research to complete and commercialise the process, and ultimately Japan would dominate the industry.
100% for this, with all those amazing clips from so long ago, and the Actual men who were "boys" there back in the day.
A "completely impossible" thing to make, now a few cents each, and hugely better performance. Completely unbelievable, yet true
So wonderful to see these lovely people worked so hard to build the things necessary to produce the items needed to reach their goal. Amazing people. Reminds me of other people that dreamed and designed, and became great...
This is fascinating!!!
The length of my genetal-area is also quite fascinating, I can tell you this much.
Huge respect to all involved for this great invention.
Thanks for sharing
got to appreciate the applied engineering they did from first basic principals, using hot plate coils as resistors, making capacitors with drums filled with oil. Japanese McGyvers
I do like how Bell Labs offered even the 2nd and 3rd generation transistor technology to the world through symposiums!! It is not the best way to maximize profit $$ but it was the right thing to do! I am glad America/Bell Labs did it !!
Advanced Nutrition Inc. Same for optical transmission. The concept was conceived by Charlie Kao (Chinese) in the 1960s at Standard Telecommunication Labs (STL) in Harlow, England, when I worked there. The management had the vision to abandon microwave transmission underground, and fund work on a high capacity transmission medium, and lasers for the signal. And so optical fibre telecom was born, in our labs, and passed on to the world. Charlie got a Nobel Prize for it. By the way, STL labs is now sadly gone, as it went down with the demise of the Canadian company that it became part of - Nortel. Design of optical fibre systems continues to this day in Ciena, who bought the optical division of Nortel in Ottawa, where it still exists.
Amazing history video about science, technology & economic history & cultural realities that paved the way to all this Telecom & technology so common today with smartphones etc
We hold billions of transistors in our hands now, built on the shoulders of giants. An amazing history. Transistors radically improved energy efficiency of information technology vs vacuum tubes :)
A wonderful history.
That water bucket set to control the coil lift is really really clever
I’m just glad that there is some Japanese in me, I’m a mechanic and I have wrapped my body with towels and cut stuff many times and I still got 8 fingers!!!😜👨🏻🔧
Electronics Engineering in post war japan was not for wimps!!! It was deadly. Awesome video. I learned a lot.
The U.S. started / funded some Japanese electronic firms to help them rebuild. Much like we did in Europe after the war.
the engineer even admitted the process being deadly -- how he would get electrocuted to unconsciousness and then get back to work...crazy but amazing stuff
@@clementoseitano7568 Yes! Watching this video solidified that fact.
Saudações.
Estou grato por haver canais desse tipo, que nos trazem informação direto do chão de fábrica, mesmo que dos primórdios!
Sou entusiasta de elétrica e estudando alguns aspectos das aplicações de eletrônica, sempre que chegava na parte de explicação sa "dopagem", os professores desenhavam, mas não exclareciam sobre esse assunto, no vídeo é possível visualizar claramente o processo de dopagem do material para confecção da camada de base do transistor.
Salve! 💯
An old technician told me he could look at Vacuum tubes of the same type and they all matched each other in specs, but transistors were all different even with the same numbers. This video explains why that is, Thanks!
Very cool video, great to see the creative techniques the Japanese came up with.
Excellent. Love the transformers of old and the "capacitor oil cans". Also Sony's "I only believe what I see". Thanks Matt.
Exelent coment!
Thanx for sharing!
Very interesting video.
Such a high level of Intelligence + tenacity. The masses benefit so much from the hard work of a relatively tiny number of dedicated people. These nerds awe me - and I write "nerds" with the utmost respect (not as a derogatory title but as the pure gold of humanity). Sure, profit was the goal at Sony, but still, hats off to the people that make things work.
They are nerds, but they also enjoy sexual intercourse with slightly aroused female specimen.
The patent was for the chemistry explaining the action of the transistor junctions, etc. The actual device was a "Crystadyne" which had been in use for a couple of decades by amateur and shipboard radio operators. When Dr. Shockley found out about it, he was incensed, because he knew what it was, having seen one in operation.
@silverbird58 point contact devices are older than tubes! shockley just found the physical background and developed with hid team a systematic manufacture method.
Awesome documentary
Proves the old adage, “where there’s a will there is a way.” True passion and determination.
Interesting to learn that Texas Instrument was an oil (fossil fuel) company and made the first transistor radio. Something which didn't drain the batteries, stay cold and weight much less.
Crystal radio which take no battery at all already existed, but only one person could ear the weak sound on headphone. AM radio only need 1 diode to demodulate the audio. After that, the capacitor to get the envelope and resistor to discharge the capacitor are implicitly present in the headphones. The transistors, or vacuum tube, are just amplifying the signal.
There is many transistors in cascade because each one amplify only 100 times max. At that time, the gain was anything between 20 and 100 even if they all came from the same production line. Each stage is limited to a gain of 20 by using a resistor on the emitter. This reduce the gain to an almost fix value no matter how the transistor can really amplify.
Raising the power from 10 milliwatt like these first radio to 80 watts, we just need to add a few mode transistors. 10 mW * 20 = 200 mW of next stage. Then 4 watts on the next stage, then 80 watts on the third stage. The heat of the "naive" design would be quite large, so 2 transistor are needed on the final output stage. One pulling toward positive when the waveform is raising, the other pulling toward zero (or negative) when the wave shape goes down.
Thank you for this
um, edit more.
Thank you
Great ingenuity using what they had, not what they needed.
Nice video, thanks for sharing it :)
amazing story of Japanese hard-work and enthusiasm.
They used to call the Japanese back then economic animals , they were the generation who had lost the war and lost their Asian face to the world and were out to regain their self esteem , every trick in the book was used to elevate themselves and line their bank account , they still die at work from overwork , they still have e poor housing , they still don't consume the goods they produce but expect everybody else in the world to buy theirs , they do everything possible to stop imports while destroying other countries manufacturing , now just replace the name Japan with China and that's what the world has to deal with now , I just replaced a Hoover vacume cleaner now made in China I bought for $450 , used 20 times and the motor burnt out , when they were made locally they would last 15 years , what I am saying is all our local manufacturing has been replaced with imported inferior Asian junk , the clothes are the worst .
@@bruceburns1672 I bought some quite expensive American audio equipment and it was cheap and badly assembled crap inside. Went to Sony, and got some decent stuff for less money. Japanese cars are also more reliable than American cars, everybody knows that. Anything coming from Samsung is also unexpectedly reliable and functional for it's price. Dunno about vacuum cleaners but my made in china Miele is still working fine.
Transistor Radios ....remember the models from the 60's? .. where models touted the number of transistors inside (more being better) ... and the leather protective cases. These were very common Christmas presents for kids.
I loved the video because it taught me history without getting bored. Thank you it was interesting. Where do you get these historic videos from?
Thank you for the information, it is very useful for me
Clever is an understatement.
Amazing that the technology was so primitive in the beginning, yet worked.
to think... i remember a day when youtube would suggest Part 2 of a video after viewing Part 1. what a concept
Apologies citizen, but all our servers are deployed currently working out the best ads to serve you! Stand by.
Thank-you!
The music is gold.
Patience and persistence is the key to success.
And luck. Dont forget about luck.
There are no keys to "success".
And large genetalia.. At least for success in reproductional field
AT&T films brings back memories, I worked under the old Bell System. Employees took pride in their work and Ma Bell took care of it's workers.
+Bri G. Those days are over. They're nothing but corporate greed now and couldn't care less about their customers. I just got rid of them.
I agree, AT&T is not the same anymore. I started working there in 1973 under the old Bell System. You hired on and had a job for life, that all changed after 1985 when they broke up the Bell System.
No lone genius could have ever discovered something like the transistor on his own - major breakthroughs like this require enormous financial resources and the contributions of a team, focusing on all the interrelated fields.
"We just shined a light onto the temperature gauge needle for 10x better accuracy", how clever these guys were is remarkable.
they just solved the problem using analog machine-related thinking right??
16:00 Whoa, that's some impressive problem solving!
This is one of the most interesting video series on Y.T.
Rock and Roll music unplugged - very interesting view of the start of a new music genre and generation - the transistor portable radio.
This is remarkable!