Believe me , what ever you do never give up, finally I have become a licensed Registered nurse on my 3rd attempt , I can't believe I almost gave up after not making it got the 2nd time, fortunately for me I was recommended to a tutor by my friend's
It’s more likely that the sounds used are from other sources, for instance in video games the sound of a crushed skull is usually from a melon being crushed
Holy shit the example for stridor literally gave me chills. That person wasn’t moving ANY air, I would be calling the intensivist for a tube QUICK lmao
This is excellent! I remember the first time I heard Sound #5. A friend asked me to go check on their mom and do some vitals - especially listen to her lungs. Everything sounded fine until one section of her lung...it was silent. I call my friend and tell her the results. They make an appointment and they found out she had lung cancer. Her lung was filled with so much fluid no sounds could be heard. You did an amazing job with this video. Very informative.
Wow such a great catch and blessing you were able to identify and assess promptly that helped them triage your friends mom for further care. Good work! And thank you so much for watching!!!🤍🤍🤍
@@caringcasa That is so sweet of you. The sad thing - she didn't survive. She did die from cancer, but at least she was able to get things in order and her family had plenty of time to say good-bye.
Studying for my entry test as an emergency paramedic in austria. Thanks, that helps a lot. In the textbooks they just describe the sounds, but actually hearing them is way more useful!
Best, clearest, well explained - fabulous! respiratory sounds excellent and long enough to clearly get the idea. Love the fact you included most common diagnosis and treatment
Great video. Only 1 mistake (very commonly misunderstood for beginners). Fine crackles cannot be cleared with a cough. That is course crackles. You did name the correct liekly respective pathologies though. That should also be a hint as to which type of crackles clear woth cough or not. Fine crackles (ie. Pulmonary fibrosis) are heard from multiple small bronchiolar space collapses. Coughing wont stop the crackles because this is a structural issue. Course crackles (ie. Pnemonia or COPD with heart failure) have secretions and can be heard on inspiration or expiration. Think about the the straw analogy, you can prodouce thay slund through a mostly empty soda can weather youre sucking in or blowing out. These can clear with a forceful cough when the fluid is pushed into a higher or lower lung space.
When you are bald and desperately looking for hair to rub together, my dog knows something is up, so he takes off. Thanks for the video; it really helped before testing, clinicals, & ride-alongs.
I found all of them! An old ICU MD cannot always ask for a TDM because of the unstable condition of his patient. Just looking at how he breaths and listening with a stethoscope can help a lot.
As someone who often has lung related ilnesses like pneumonia, severe cough, and asthma. I never thought that lungs could sound like these. Thank you, such a great.
I had never seen your channel I am an LVN going to RN school now and I definitely will watch your videos they are very straight to the point. Thank you
Wheezing occurs with inspiration as well. Especially in an asthmatic whos having an acute episode you are likely to hear inspiratory and expiratory wheezing as the bronchioles dont relax. Stridor is also usually heard with just your ear, especially in children with croup. Almost always you would walk into the room and know immediately they have stridor and is usually an emergency in adults.
I'm just a random non medical dude watching this, but I had asthma that was extremely bad as a child (ambulances called because my albuterol sulfate inhaler wasn't enough type of asthma) and I immediately recognized the sound of stridor. I've never heard that term before but I was like, "That's the sound of someone gasping for breath like an asthma attack, that's the sound of when breathing feels as painful as coughing with strep throat." Which is how I describe a severe asthma attack to people. It's like every breath you take stops short and hurts as bad as coughing when you have step throat.
I completely agree. It is also very important to note if the wheezing is inspiratory or expiratory to gauge severity of the obstruction and location of the obstruction for treatment.
Thank you for this video! As an SLP working w dysphagia patients I hear all kinds of lung sounds during my rounds. Although we can’t hear them quite as clearly w a cervical VS thoracic auscultation I can now at least differentiate the sounds w proper terms! No more broken chainsaw noises or bubble wrap popping!!
this was super interesting to hear as a person with both chronic lung problems and patulous eustachian tubes. I could identify most of these sounds because I've heard them in my own lungs before, but it never occurred to me there would be a muffled quality to sound heard through a stethoscope, they sound so loud and clear in my head 😂 all the more impressive that y'all can correctly identify and treat pulmonary problems, esp in an emergency situation
On the 24th of April 1985 whilst visiting my friend his alcoholic father burst in and stabbed me in the chest. Very soon there was a deluge of blood, frothing and a whistling sound and I felt light headed, this was my left lung collapsing which probably saved my life as it inhibited blood loss.
Thank you so much I’m having an OSCE meeting exam tomorrow morning and it’s really helping me , my answers are right and I’m really happy and confident now thank you from the deepest of my heart
I have bronchiectasis & geeze, you should hear what my lungs sound like when I have an NTM infection. My coworker 6 feet away could hear them! (infection was successfully treated) Great video!!
Thank you for your awesome video!!! This is the best of best video about lung sounds I've ever seen!!! I clearly got it! Especially I got to know what fine crackles and coarse crackles are. Thanks again!
@Nurse specialist yes I am ☺️. ATI and U World said I am very ready to take the exam but I still feel like I need to polish my knowledge more before taking the test.
Great video, just to clraify, i thought coarse crackles are more associated with patients with purulent ariway secretions, therefore by coughping you can clear them away, and fine crackles are more associated due to rapid openings of the small ariways. The video mentions it the other way, would like someboy's input on this please
30 yr RT here and I remember the use of the term "rales". This is a great video for the new generation of practitioners. In my learning years, I had to read a description of the sound and hope I would hear the different sounds during my clinicals so that my instructor could confirm my assessment.
Thanks for the good video, and for not dumbing it down like all the other videos do One thing I would like to see added is best placement of the stethoscope on the chest
Have you been struggling with NCLEX be it LPN or RN, have you taken the exam for more than once? Are you taking it for the first time? Do you have a too busy schedule to study? Get to Dr Needham for your NCLEX assistance. I’m so happy I finally passed my exams thanks to him. He’s got a magical qbank which will help you become a RN
1.Wheezing (pppppppooooohhhhh) Build up of mucus 2 Crackles ,Fine crackle has a high pitch (early heart failure) clears with coughing Course crackle has a long duration crunching of biscuits sounds 3. Straight Oooooi like an owl. sounds.
The NextGen nclex just started 😞and I just failed the exam on my second attempt 💔, i cannot begin to articulate the level of embarrassment and heartache I'm feeling right now 🤦🏻♀️💔💔, I'm confident that I will be a good nurse too. I just need to get past this too and move on
Just say "I haven't passed yet." Don't take it as a failure but see it as a learning opportunity. There is a lot of power in "Yet"; you are telling yourself that you will get there and that your eyes and heart are still fixed on your goal
Wow!!!! congrats and thanks for the encouragement words for all the people who have not take the NCLEX yet. yes, it is a crazy test for sure. I also used Clara's review material's. - | studied for 1 week and my test shut off at question 89. I cried too when I got my results and I pass
new subscriber here. i'm excited to learn a ton from you. thanks for sharing knowledge in a fun way... plus easy to understand. did i miss the wheezing sound?
Coarse cracked do clear with a cough. Coarse crackles are associated with secretions that can usually be cleared with a strong enough cough. If secretions are bad enough then it may not be cleared, but coarse crackles should be associated with the ability to be cleared with a cough. Coarse crackles are interchangeable with, “ronchi”. Ronchi is technically a outdated term that should not be used anymore and was replaced with coarse crackles. Fine or late inspiratory crackles normally do not clear with a cough. You can’t clear atelectasis with a cough right? But you sure can clear secretions with a cough. Fine or late inspiratory crackles is the terminal bronchiole or alveoli popping open after inhalation. These usually do NOT clear with a cough. RRT here!
I wanted to comment this too, RRT for 9 years. I always understood it as coarse crackles in the small airways which can be cleared with a cough while fine crackles is deep down in the alveoli which most of the time is fluid
I needed this to prepare for clinical, thank you!!
Important using sounds like ultrasound to locate things in the body
Wow
😮s😮 😢saw
@Nurse specialist No, im not in the medical field. I'm highly impressed how you shared this info.
Believe me , what ever you do never give up, finally I have become a licensed Registered nurse on my 3rd attempt , I can't believe I almost gave up after not making it got the 2nd time, fortunately for me I was recommended to a tutor by my friend's
The fact our bodies make sounds that are used in horror films is scary and also amazing
It’s more likely that the sounds used are from other sources, for instance in video games the sound of a crushed skull is usually from a melon being crushed
The ghost probably died from asthma
@@krit_ck😂
Of course it's "scary", that's the point of "horror films". 🤪
Holy shit the example for stridor literally gave me chills. That person wasn’t moving ANY air, I would be calling the intensivist for a tube QUICK lmao
This is excellent! I remember the first time I heard Sound #5. A friend asked me to go check on their mom and do some vitals - especially listen to her lungs. Everything sounded fine until one section of her lung...it was silent. I call my friend and tell her the results. They make an appointment and they found out she had lung cancer. Her lung was filled with so much fluid no sounds could be heard. You did an amazing job with this video. Very informative.
Wow such a great catch and blessing you were able to identify and assess promptly that helped them triage your friends mom for further care. Good work! And thank you so much for watching!!!🤍🤍🤍
@@caringcasa That is so sweet of you. The sad thing - she didn't survive. She did die from cancer, but at least she was able to get things in order and her family had plenty of time to say good-bye.
@@InvestigatingDavidCrowleymay she rest in peace ❤😢
Studying for my entry test as an emergency paramedic in austria. Thanks, that helps a lot. In the textbooks they just describe the sounds, but actually hearing them is way more useful!
Wonderful, best of luck with your studies as a paramedic! Thanks for watching l! 🤍
where do you live in austria?
Hawara, i wünsch da viel Glück
Lungengeräusche san owa sicha ned beim Einsitegstest gefordert hawara
@@gamerconstruct Kinna mech is trotzdem... hawara
0:43 Wheeze
1:50 coarse crackles
3:32 stridor
4:53 bronchial breathing? She said this is rhonchi
6:04 no breath sound
6:59 pleural rub
Ty
@ 4:52 Rhonchi is correct
Good
1:50 is fine crackles
Fine cracles not coarse
Thank you: you speak clearly, not rushing, just enough info- not unnecessary too much- great study tool. 👍
Thank you much appreciated!!! 😀♥️♥️♥️
Best, clearest, well explained - fabulous! respiratory sounds excellent and long enough to clearly get the idea. Love the fact you included most common diagnosis and treatment
Thank you much appreciated!!!
Great video.
Only 1 mistake (very commonly misunderstood for beginners).
Fine crackles cannot be cleared with a cough. That is course crackles. You did name the correct liekly respective pathologies though. That should also be a hint as to which type of crackles clear woth cough or not.
Fine crackles (ie. Pulmonary fibrosis) are heard from multiple small bronchiolar space collapses. Coughing wont stop the crackles because this is a structural issue.
Course crackles (ie. Pnemonia or COPD with heart failure) have secretions and can be heard on inspiration or expiration. Think about the the straw analogy, you can prodouce thay slund through a mostly empty soda can weather youre sucking in or blowing out. These can clear with a forceful cough when the fluid is pushed into a higher or lower lung space.
Broke college students at 6:14.. "No my headphones busted again" 😅😅😅
🤣😆😆 that’s hilarious!
When you are bald and desperately looking for hair to rub together, my dog knows something is up, so he takes off. Thanks for the video; it really helped before testing, clinicals, & ride-alongs.
You are so welcome!!!🤣 Appreciate you!!! 💗
Studying for my final MBBS, and I want to say this is very helpful
Thank you for watching!!! Best of luck with your final! ⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️
Are you a Dr now? a sure hope you are, goodluck ❤😊
As an EMT this video is very helpful, thank you!
Undoubtedly this is better than any of the things I've ever read or listened to about this topic.
Appreciate you very much, thank you!!!🫶
Thank you for a great samples of lung sounds and memorable associations to distinguish between them. I am happy to find your video just before NCLEX!
Best of luck on your NCLEX!!!
@Grace
Madison
taking it in April, soon😁
I found all of them! An old ICU MD cannot always ask for a TDM because of the unstable condition of his patient. Just looking at how he breaths and listening with a stethoscope can help a lot.
As someone who often has lung related ilnesses like pneumonia, severe cough, and asthma. I never thought that lungs could sound like these. Thank you, such a great.
The human body is amazing at what it does and how it heals. Thank you so much for watching!
No.7 is like a purring cat just like my kitty when she's happy 😻
I had never seen your channel I am an LVN going to RN school now and I definitely will watch your videos they are very straight to the point. Thank you
Wonderful …Welcome to Caring Casa!!! 🤍Happy Learning!
As a retired UK paramedic brought back memories and surprised myself still got the knowledge
Please make more of such videos.... !!! It's very helpful ❤❤
Wheezing occurs with inspiration as well. Especially in an asthmatic whos having an acute episode you are likely to hear inspiratory and expiratory wheezing as the bronchioles dont relax. Stridor is also usually heard with just your ear, especially in children with croup. Almost always you would walk into the room and know immediately they have stridor and is usually an emergency in adults.
Correct. Many of these can be auscultated without stethoscope.
How inspiring
I'm just a random non medical dude watching this, but I had asthma that was extremely bad as a child (ambulances called because my albuterol sulfate inhaler wasn't enough type of asthma) and I immediately recognized the sound of stridor. I've never heard that term before but I was like, "That's the sound of someone gasping for breath like an asthma attack, that's the sound of when breathing feels as painful as coughing with strep throat." Which is how I describe a severe asthma attack to people. It's like every breath you take stops short and hurts as bad as coughing when you have step throat.
I completely agree. It is also very important to note if the wheezing is inspiratory or expiratory to gauge severity of the obstruction and location of the obstruction for treatment.
Yes, however, it is high during the exhalation phase
I hope we could hear it this clearly on the patients .
Thank you for this video! As an SLP working w dysphagia patients I hear all kinds of lung sounds during my rounds. Although we can’t hear them quite as clearly w a cervical VS thoracic auscultation I can now at least differentiate the sounds w proper terms! No more broken chainsaw noises or bubble wrap popping!!
Love this thank you for sharing!!!
Wow. I didn't know that there are many types of lung sounds. Thanks for the info
Thanks for watching!!! The learning is endless welcome to Caring Casa !!!
Thank you for your example and clear brief description. more power to you Ms Tina 😊
Thank you Mariz appreciate you! ♥️
Hi Ms. Tina. I shared this video to our trainees, and they played it while every body's listening ...all have learned something today 😉
@@marizcultivo9839 thank you so much for sharing, this is wonderful!!!
1.monophonic wheeze
Asthma
Copd
Bronchospasm
2. Fine crackles
Initial pneumonia
Copd
Chf
3.stridor
Airway obstruction
During inspiration - extra thoracic cause
During expiration - bronchio tracheal obstruction
4.Rhonchi
Expiration low pitched
Tumors
Edema
5.dimineshed breath sounds
Large consolidation
Pneumothorax
6.pleural rub
Dry lungs
Lower thoracic region
Shocked myself when I got them all…well except for that absent breath sound. Thought you froze. Thank you!!
🤣 thank you
this was super interesting to hear as a person with both chronic lung problems and patulous eustachian tubes. I could identify most of these sounds because I've heard them in my own lungs before, but it never occurred to me there would be a muffled quality to sound heard through a stethoscope, they sound so loud and clear in my head 😂 all the more impressive that y'all can correctly identify and treat pulmonary problems, esp in an emergency situation
Thank you so much for watching and sharing!! Wishing you a healthy year ahead!!! ♥️♥️
On the 24th of April 1985 whilst visiting my friend his alcoholic father burst in and stabbed me in the chest. Very soon there was a deluge of blood, frothing and a whistling sound and I felt light headed, this was my left lung collapsing which probably saved my life as it inhibited blood loss.
Lovely energy from you and thank you! awesome quiz and visuals
Thank you!!! 🤍🤍
This is the best video ever on TH-cam for lung sounds thank you so much I truly appreciate it ❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️💕💕💕💕💕💕💕💕💕
Thank you much appreciated!!🫶
Retired nurse here. Glad for the refresher.
Excellent explanations and analogies.Lung sounds made easy. Bundle of Thanks
Glad it was helpful!
Prepping for an exam and a clinical allocation this is very helpful (especially for an inexperienced individual )
Wonderful! Best of luck with your studies so glad you found my channel!
All your videos deserve way more views and likes! Everything is so easy to understand and the videos are so well edited
Hi Dianna,
Much appreciated please share! Thank you so much for watching!!!
Thank you so much I’m having an OSCE meeting exam tomorrow morning and it’s really helping me , my answers are right and I’m really happy and confident now thank you from the deepest of my heart
Thank you 🙏🏼
Only the whales know for sure what the first lungs were saying.
😂😂😂😂😂😂😂
I have bronchiectasis & geeze, you should hear what my lungs sound like when I have an NTM infection. My coworker 6 feet away could hear them! (infection was successfully treated)
Great video!!
Wow you must of went through a lot so glad you recovered!!! Thank you so much for watching!!!! ♥️♥️♥️
Thank you so much Ma'am..it's highly informative and sounds were so clear that cleared all my doubts of lung sounds..
Thank you for your great exam 👍
1. Wheezing
2. Crackles (Fine crackles, Coarse crackles)
3. Stridor
4. Ronchi
5. Absent breath sound
6. Pleural friction rub
7.
What a lovely teacher u are 😍, I couldn't heard this in OPD practice but i heard them here , thanku for this learning ❤️
Thank you, your very much appreciated!!! Welcome to Caring Casa!
Excellent capture of the different sounds.
Thank you!!!!
Thank you for your awesome video!!! This is the best of best video about lung sounds I've ever seen!!! I clearly got it! Especially I got to know what fine crackles and coarse crackles are. Thanks again!
Thanks for watching. Appreciate your feedback! 🤍
Excellent Review. Came in very handy.
Still fresh in my mind from nursing school ❤
Woohoo!!! Congrats 🪩on completing your nursing program and thanks for watching!!!
@Nurse specialist yes I am ☺️. ATI and U World said I am very ready to take the exam but I still feel like I need to polish my knowledge more before taking the test.
I was so concerned when I did not get to hear any lung sounds around 6 minutes HAHAHA, thought I was having temporary deafness 😭😹
😆
Oh wow, meanwhile I said the lung sound is Death... Thought something was wrong with my phone..
thank you, you made things easy for my tomorrow's Exam
I guessed them all right 🎉 thank youuuu for the quizz
Great job!!! ♥️
Habe selbst Asthma bronchiale.Etwas gruselig aber auch interessant zu hören wie sich eine kranke Lunge anhört.
Blessings, thank you for making the video very helpful 😊
I appreciate you BIG! Catch you on the next one! Tina
Excellent presentation thanks !
Great explanation. Thanks
Glad it was helpful!
Excited! video on sounds and very informative.
Woohooo glad you enjoyed! Thank you for watching I’ll catch you on the next one!!! Xoxo Tina
Thanks you big lady Iam watching you from Uganda keep it up
Thank you so much for all the support!!!!!!!
Great video, just to clraify, i thought coarse crackles are more associated with patients with purulent ariway secretions, therefore by coughping you can clear them away, and fine crackles are more associated due to rapid openings of the small ariways. The video mentions it the other way, would like someboy's input on this please
A VERY SPECIAL THANKS TO YOU MA'AM
The best ASMR before sleep!
the collasped lung was really releaxing
Super helpful as a trach and ventilator mom
♥️♥️♥️
you are my savior from my constant confusion and forgetfulness!
Thank you, I appreciate you!!!
@Grace
Madison
it went alright! :D
@Grace
Madison
congrats!✨
@Grace
Madison
its not really an exam, more like... Clinical posting, if you call it?
Back in my time crackles were called rales. I still after over 40 yrs still say rales.
I’m in a Respiratory Therapy school right now…. Our professors tell us to anticipate older professionals saying “rales”
30 yr RT here and I remember the use of the term "rales". This is a great video for the new generation of practitioners. In my learning years, I had to read a description of the sound and hope I would hear the different sounds during my clinicals so that my instructor could confirm my assessment.
Thanks so much! Extremely helpful! God bless you!
Appreciate you!!!!
@Grace
Madison
Yes I am indeed.
it was excellent, so I appreciate for that
What a great video you did, thanks and congrats 🥳 🎉🍾🎈, I am so great full
Thank you!!!! ♥️♥️
Thanks for the good video, and for not dumbing it down like all the other videos do
One thing I would like to see added is best placement of the stethoscope on the chest
Rhonchi can sound different depending on the stethoscope you use.
Noted
@Grace
Madison
no
This is great. Nice job👍
Thank you
Great video,just a recommendation that if u added normal vesicular breathing,it would be great to compare..
Great suggestion thank you
Have you been struggling with NCLEX be it LPN or RN, have you taken the exam for more than once? Are you taking it for the first time? Do you have a too busy schedule to study? Get to Dr Needham for your NCLEX assistance. I’m so happy I finally passed my exams thanks to him. He’s got a magical qbank which will help you become a RN
1.Wheezing (pppppppooooohhhhh)
Build up of mucus
2 Crackles ,Fine crackle has a high pitch (early heart failure) clears with coughing
Course crackle has a long duration crunching of biscuits sounds
3. Straight Oooooi like an owl. sounds.
The NextGen nclex just started 😞and I just failed the exam on my second attempt 💔, i cannot begin to articulate the level of embarrassment and heartache I'm feeling right now 🤦🏻♀️💔💔, I'm confident that I will be a good nurse too. I just need to get past this too and move on
Just say "I haven't passed yet." Don't take it as a failure but see it as a learning opportunity. There is a lot of power in "Yet"; you are telling yourself that you will get there and that your eyes and heart are still fixed on your goal
Took my NCLEX -RN test last week and passed with 185 questions on my first try!! Huge Thanks to MS Cynthia, she is a game changer
I have sat for NCLEX Exam for the 9th time now and still failed, i guess licence isn't meant for people like me💔💔😩
Wow!!!! congrats and thanks for the encouragement words for all the people who have not take the NCLEX yet. yes, it is a crazy test for sure. I also used Clara's review material's. - | studied for 1 week and my test shut off at question
89. I cried too when I got my results and I pass
Really!!?? you also know about her too Seriously I thought am the only that know about her
I love these education videos ❤
Thank you for watching- catch you on the next one!!
Well done. Scary!
Thanks a million. So informative and helpful 🎉
♥️♥️♥️
Adding this to my asmr playlist
This is just what I need
Thank you
Glad you found it helpful! Catch you on the next one!
Great review! Thanks!
Thank you Meghan🥰
😊
Nice video. From a curious soul with no medically related job or ambitions.
Thank you
its greatest one my dear
No. 5 got me thinking my speaker isn't working 😂
Crackling #2 pneumonia maybe
Thanks for Awesome lectures
♥️♥️♥️
new subscriber here. i'm excited to learn a ton from you. thanks for sharing knowledge in a fun way... plus easy to understand. did i miss the wheezing sound?
Welcome Glen! Thank you so much!!! Appreciate you!!! ⭐️
Ok I will probably listen to this video 20x 🤦🏽♂️
The first 2 sounds I knew immediately because I have heard them inside of me.
I'm From Bangladesh. I'm BSc nursing student.. Your video good or Very Nice
Thank you so much! So happy you found Caring Casa- welcome! 💗
nice diamond ring!
I am so glad to see it many many thanks
Wonderful thank you for watching!!!!
This is a great video. Thank you so much
Much appreciated, thank you!
Excellent
Wheezing, Crackles (fine Vs coarse), stridor, rhonchi, absent, pleural rub,
It is really useful info. Thank you!!
Perfect video
I’ve always thought stridor sounded like windshield wipers
I love your videos. You are very smart thanks for explaining. Happy heart day 😉
I appreciate you thanks for the love!!! Happy to have you along!!
@Grace
Madison
yes i will on April or May. What about you?
Hahaha the number 5 gives me a shock hahaha
I’m not a nurse or anyone in the medical field. Just thought it was an interesting video to watch. Some of these sounds made my lungs feel strange.
Well thank you for watching glad you stopped by!!!
Coarse cracked do clear with a cough. Coarse crackles are associated with secretions that can usually be cleared with a strong enough cough. If secretions are bad enough then it may not be cleared, but coarse crackles should be associated with the ability to be cleared with a cough. Coarse crackles are interchangeable with, “ronchi”. Ronchi is technically a outdated term that should not be used anymore and was replaced with coarse crackles. Fine or late inspiratory crackles normally do not clear with a cough. You can’t clear atelectasis with a cough right? But you sure can clear secretions with a cough. Fine or late inspiratory crackles is the terminal bronchiole or alveoli popping open after inhalation. These usually do NOT clear with a cough. RRT here!
I wanted to comment this too, RRT for 9 years. I always understood it as coarse crackles in the small airways which can be cleared with a cough while fine crackles is deep down in the alveoli which most of the time is fluid
Great info....thank you