Nice one. One question: How is ancient Greek philosophy a) separate from stoicism and b) a unified ideology? (examples: cynicism, epicureans, that lasted more than 800 years, natural philosophers, neo platonism, skeptics etc etc). You could separate the fields of it at least: Logic, Ethics, physics, etc. anyeay, a great attempt. all the best, with respect
You mean the belief that all of suffering can be mended through the acceptance of alchohol into your heart? And through seeking friends forgivenes over a nice warm bear in desperate times
I'm subscribing for that!!!! Problem is: Lotta lots of very good content with quality; they're also longer-than-2-hours videos out there lately on YT. It's been seriously tough to keep up with all visualizations and self-given time to digest all of these material. I'm seriously struggling with that because YT channels like yours deserve all the investment from the platform. But it also get seriously menacing for those who can count on these free materials. Otherwise, great vídeo, pal!!!
What I found interesting is how much the philosophies are a reaction to one another - addressing the faults or weaknesses of a given philosophy by reframing it or moving in an opposite direction.
this the same thing i was saying the other day about stoicism and how a lot of idealogies are similar in some way and man I've always loved iroh man as someone who didn't had one he was one of the few father figures i had in my life he just oozes peace and wisdom
How intresting is that one thing I noticed that when you look at any ideology on paper they sound very convincing and unproblematic. And you'll realise there is no reason to fight among these ideologies yet they still do...
this is the first time, I want to watch a video related to philosophy and this time the first thought isn't to exit the video. I think it is because you started the video with stoicism, and listening about stoicism makes me motivated and makes me want to watch the whole video.
Cynicism , stoicism and many more were also greek types of philosophy. What you call greek philosophy is actually the philosophical mindset of the classical era. The rest of philosophical ideas began to flourish during the Hellenist age.nice video.
I mean I’m probably splitting hairs at this point, but wasn’t stoicism at the very least defined in the ancient Roman era? Or I guess sometime after Rome became an dictatorship. Or maybe I’m just thinking about Marcus Arilius as it’s mascot or something.
Stoicism started in ancient Greece, grew in influence there, and ultimately spread through Rome. Like many achievements of Greek intellectual life, it was adopted by the Romans to help explain and organize their traditions, customs, and social life.
@@nocturne000yes my brother. It is as the youtuber says it. You think of Markus Avrilious as the mascot but he is no way the one who is behind stoicism. Stoicism began in Hellenist period by the greeks who were actually unable to make an impact in their states since "poleis kratoi " have lost power and Hellenistic kingdoms were far too multicultural and too big for the citizen greek to anything to get his life back let's say. So he was a victim of globalisation let's say. Since they weren't able to act as active citizens as Socrates and his students would recommend they turned into theirselves and made peace with the fact that they can not change thing and that what is to happen will happen. The " hemarmene"- the destiny. So they had to just accept their destiny as it was. This is all behind stoicism and generally the rest of philosophical movements of Hellenistic period.
Nah. The contradictions or different focus among philosophies does not allow one to cherry-pick the "definitely true" parts into a compilation. And, most of these symbols are made up.
That's true, but what I meant is that each philosophy, even the really negative ones, have a grain of truth if you think non-dualistically which most Westerners cannot do. So-called contradictions only exist because each philosophy, religion and ideology believes it has the final truth. Quantum physics and other holistic ways of experiencing reality are dismantling the certainty and dualism inherent in all of these and even the certainty of many scientific principles. There are no absolute truths that humans could fully grasp because we cannot grasp the very essence of consciousness. As Einstein famously said, "I want to know god's thought, the rest are just details" and for him 'God' wasn't religious it was the energy of the cosmos which transcend human knowledge. @@stevepowsinger733
I do have university engineering degree but, I have never taken a philosophy course. I did not know that there were so many recognized philosophies with these interesting and fascinating names. I would not have known what most of these names before watching this TH-cam video. Many of these philosophies have similar and overlapping ideas. When I looked up the word philosophy, I learned that it was probably coined by Pythagoras (570-495 BCE) and that it usually refers to a certain way or method of thinking, behaving and living in a social group base on agreeable rules and laws based on beliefs that may or may not be proven to be true. It looks like many different ideas and ways to live in social groups have been identified or proposed so, I am sure there are a few different philosophies that are not listed here or do not have a name yet. If we can accept that the wellbeing and happiness of others benefits everyone and is the basis for morality, we should be able to evaluate the philosophies that or the most beneficial to the most people.
Thank you for this video, im taking Philosophy in college and its so much easier to understand how you break it down. Appreciate you taking the time to help others.
@InsightfulEverything I have add bad and it's so difficult to lock in and learn this like other courses, so I will keep watching every video I can and filling up notebook after notebook with note until I do get it lol
Haha lady, so why dafuq are you taking philosophy in college when you're just comparing what you are being taught with what you find on TH-cam? lol.. Another condemnation of higher learning.. lol
@drewpknutz1410 getting information in anyway is beneficial clown. Just like you actually watching videos and reading comments just to show people what a cornball is. You must love who you see in the mirror
The principles of Taoism make sense in a way because China to this day still has a very similar culture to what Taoism describes. Chinese people are know for their hard work but in many cases, I feel like Chinese culture to this day passively encourages a narrow mind, keeping the task to life simple- similar to Taoism. I’m not sure if this is as a result to their culture or their culture is a result of their values, but this definitely is correlated to the large number of Chinese labor intensive industries and it may also provide an answer to why most citizens of China don’t question the government’s censorship and communist views. Just a thought, I’m wondering if this makes sense to anyone else- I feel like a cracked the code to a big question of mine, but there is definitely a lot more to the story.
To my knowledge, China is more influenced by Confucianism than Taoism because of the popularity of it during the dynasties. From what I know about Taoism it's less of a narrow mind thing, and more of a expand your mind to the idea of being just a part or a different form of the universe or life, and finding balance in all energies. I can definitely see how that wouldn't be able to be fully embraced in the modern world, so it could manifest in the way of not questioning authority. But I do think the things you mention that you've observed would come from Confucianism.
Confucianism was always been the most dominant ideology throughout history(until communism). Taoism is not about keeping a simple life. Basically, Taoism says the future is inevitable so you can't/shouldn't try to change fate. All you should do is know everything and just watch the process without being involved. (yes I'm not Chinese but Vietnamese and our culture is alike)
Thank you for this video. Have subscribed. There is also another 'philosophy' called 'The Way,' which is based in trust in God through a living relationship with Him in His Spirit. One does not look so much to oneself for inspiration and resource but to His grace, a grace where His life is instilled in the believer's soul, a grace through which He is the resource, inspiration and guide.
that's called ego death and seems really depressing if you think about it for more than two seconds. I'll stick with stoicism and pragmatism thank you very much
I find great comfort in nihilism. When nothing holds intrinsic meaning, I feel liberated to live life on my own terms, pursuing the things I truly desire. In my opinion, it's a really good way to view life. :)
@Misa-oj3oo How is Marxism dumb? How will finding Jesus benefit anyone? You can’t be talking unless you actually elaborate on what you’re trying to say.
Brother love ur video. You covered a lot. Will be happy if you consider Indian Philosophy mainly The Upanishads(summary of vedas) and Bhagavad Gita. Vedas is vast so if you wish you can...influenced neils bohr,Oppenheimer, arthur schopenhauer, max muller, nikola tesla, Erwin schrodinger, etc. People call Hinduism as a religion but in our terms it is a philosophy. Yes, Hinduism is modern term. We call it Vedic Philosophy. Hope you show interest on this area :)
00:03 Stoicism promotes tranquility through acceptance and self-control 01:15 Philosophies of Buddhism, Christianity, and Taoism 02:28 Taoism encourages simplicity, spontaneity, and acceptance of change. 03:40 Individuals shape their destinies amidst existential challenges 04:49 Philosophies of wealth and power 05:59 Promotion of happiness and tranquility through simple pleasures and moderation 07:08 Different philosophical methods and their influences 08:15 Skepticism questions knowledge, emphasizing evidence and critical examination. Crafted by Merlin AI.
Timestamp 9:10 Confucianism collocated with PRC flag. (Communist state founded on totalitarianism Marxist philosophy.). Errors like this cause me to question the author's understanding of philosophy in general and political ideology in specifics.
Exploring diverse philosophies from Stoicism's focus on inner resilience to the sociopolitical critiques of Marxism, this overview highlights the rich tapestry of human thought. From existentialism's pursuit of meaning to the pragmatic emphasis on practical solutions, each philosophy offers a unique lens to understand our world.
There’s a lot of overlap, but I think the fundamental difference is that religion requires you to assume the existence of a higher power, while broader philosophy generally does not. For example to discuss Christian philosophy, it’s necessary to accept that that Jesus Christ was a real, divine being. You can’t really question that assumption because without it, the whole philosophy falls apart, and it can’t be proven through reason.
@100legodude I disagree. I don't think you need to accept that Jesus Christ was a real, divine being, in order to discuss christianity. You just need to understand the christians believe that. But anyone can discuss religious philosophy.
It’s important to note that while religions contain philosophies, a philosophy is not itself a religion. You can have a religious philosophy, a religiously neutral philosophy, or even an anti religious philosophy. Philosophy is integral to religion, but you can have philosophy without religion.
Philosophy and religion are different. I can’t see the inclusion of religions in this overview of philosophy. With religion, all knowledge is revealed, morality is “do it or else”. You may take it or leave it.
@@stevepowsinger733You're familiar with Civil Disobedience Philosophy right? Both Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. cite Jesus Christ as the intellectual inspiration for their philosophies. It's important to note that Gandhi was not himself a Christian and identified more heavily with Hinduism and Islam. Never the less, the idea that Jesus preached of "When your enemy strikes one cheek, turn the other cheek and offer it up for him to strike," is a core philosophical idea in Civil Disobedience. One that has been adopted even by people who aren't Christian such as Gandhi. That's not to say that "Christianity is true," no. I'm not making that argument. The argument I'm making is that religions contain philosophical thought as part of their teachings. So much so that certain schools of philosophy are identified by the religion they come from. Take for example Buddhism. Many people who are unaware of Buddhist gods such as Fudo Muyo, or Buddhist afterlives such as the reincarnation cycle of the Dalhi Llama and Panchen Llama, believe that Buddhism is "just philosophy". In fact the philosophy of Buddhism is so intertwined with the religion that while it is possible to teach the philosophy without the supernatural elements (Secular Buddhism) it is not possible to teach the supernatural elements without the philosophical elements. Thus the philosophy is integral to the religion as is often identified as the religion.
when peaople make these videos with the moving pen drawing it out, is that them atualy drawing it and animating them draw it or is it some kind animation that is stock from the image?
there is software that creates them automatically. Same with these videos where a hand placed things on a white background like postits and them wishes them away again. Nowadays you can even write a script and AI can create a video like this automatically
Very informative, loved the video! I am very sorry about some of the cruel (and in some cases, misogynistic and/or uneducated) comments that you have received regarding certain philosophies mentioned, however I love it when you hit them back 10x harder! 👏🏻
Glad you enjoyed it! Thanks so much for your kind words on the video. Philosophy likes to divide. It's always interesting to hear why people think the way they do ♀️.
I understood you couldn't include every World Religion, but hearing your summations of Hindu, Jain, Yoruban and Wiccan/Neopagan philosophies would have been cool, too! Perhaps you can do a video on World Religions in the future?
i like how i already borrow from most of these, but gave them my own spin to live life thrue to myself also, interesting how you mentioned Hedonism but refused to talk about it.. there's a few other philosophies you forgot but i don't care enough to give you a list..
He might have included Epicurus in the major Greeks. Edit: I see he did go over Epicurious briefly. Edit: I have since decided that Asian philosophy imbedded in their religions added something to the Western canon starting with Schopenhauer. Buddhism, in particular, has a somewhat logical structure.
Why is Christianity the only non philosophy added here, I mean an argument can at least be made that budhism is not a religion, but Christianity absolutely is. This feels like pandering or personal beliefs being inserted and ruins an otherwise awesome video.
@@InsightfulEverything No, nor do most philosophers, a religion may have philosopies attached, such as the onotological argument, but even, even if we did agree that religion is a philosophy then where are islam, pagnanism, judaism, janisim, wicca... the list goes on.
I really like taoism but my belief is more that maybe the tao could be considered in the same way maybe a true god above all other gods could be described, or at least similar, and that there could also be more gods, or demi gods, maybe thought of as not a physical being that walks around, but a spiritual being who's voice will be recognised through hearing or seeing the same values and opinions and thoughts over and over in different places, that can also be listened to giving more of a clue on what groups of people, certain situations maybe environmental or otherwise, and more may want and need
Stoicism, Cynisism, Confucianism, Pragmatism, Epicureanism, Utilitarianism, Ancient Greek Philosophy, Christianity, Machiavellism, Are the only ones you need.
@@InsightfulEverything Thanks for asking! Maybe some ideas from Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell regarding language philosophy and logic, I believe that could be interesting for a broader audience. You might also want to include the conflict between analytical and continental philosophy.
I think im a mix of stoicism and nihilism. I hope its not confusing. But for me i see a mix between those 2 when i think of how i veiw life and those around me
@@InsightfulEverything i tend to veiw my life as meaningless due to how short we live. and compared to how big the universe is i wont leave any marks ect. But i also tend to be humble, respectfull and wish to to help others when i get the chance with the idea of leaving an impact that could affect their lives in a positive way.
I forgot to mention. That i really enjoyed the video. Thank you for making something simple yet diving into something complex. It can really help those who dont really understand at first.
@@InsightfulEverything One of his ideas is Mimicry. Examples include Bee Flies to Bees. That lying is a part of the social fabric and is normal as we dominate and deceive one another. That Truth can be deceitful, and Lies can be honest. That Fever and Weakness we must live with. That life can be like playing a Yugioh Game/Show. Sometimes we follow conditioning than truth.. not sure if this is something he talked about.. and the will to power is the most important thing, but it must be tempered. Morality is like the penguin swimming, it's an active choice compared to our environment under discipline, integrity and bonds.
@@InsightfulEverythingHonestly its pretty hard to narrow it down, because logos has many meanings depending on the context. I would have said that the logos is the reason and law of the cosmos that connects all things and also is in the human himself as reason, which he needs to understand world around him and his role in that complex. Through this reason you realize that you have - to live naturally - accept your destiny and circumstance - focus on your thoughts and actions - control your human instincts and passions and thus reach true tranquility and bliss
Stoicism is a Greek Hellenistic philosophical school too. Born around 300-250bc in Athens. Her father was Ζήνων ο Κιτιεύς (from Kitio an ancient Greek city of Cyprus) who was teaching at Ποικίλη Στοά (Stoa) Athens. Ofcourse great Romans as Marcus Aurelius had a significant contribution.
I've had lots of good suggestions and some questionable ones for another video. Hopefully, you've subscribed and can catch that one when it's released.
I agree,Vedanta overrides all these for it is not the mind as philosophy pins its opinion too. To be the seer of the seen is to be liberated, this is the equality of all creation. There are no objects to rationalize with, this is unheard of to pure consciousness, unuttered is the silence of peace. Existence, it is the Self woven ONE.....
Well I didn't know there was an ideology that believed in a lack of meaning, I thought that was just being a philosophical or something, I think that life has no meaning and that noone has any purpose which is fine because I unlike alot people don't desire any meaning in life. I don't think morals are real but think they should be followed cause otherwise the world would fall into chaos.
HOW ABOUT JUST BEING A GOOD PERSON AND NOT TRYING TO HARM ANYONE OR ANYTHING THROUGH OUR JOURNEY....❤❤❤❤ AND JUST LIVING IN HARMONY AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE..
If I may... Perhaps a slower pace would help here. A 5/10% slower video would give a bit of time to absorb the material. What I missed was a clarification of key terms per philosophy. One example is 'Wu wei' in taoism. It is taken a priori as known. Does this help you? All the best.
I will add to this, as a teacher I'd love to see the different learning theory or developmental philosophies. Ideas I could latch onto that I may not have known about would be exciting.
@@InsightfulEverything it can be a great guide for future educators especially for those who cannot afford to enroll in a review center for their licensure examinations.
@@InsightfulEverything actually you can make 2 videos using the proponents of education in terms of theories, for example Erik Erikson's // psychosocial development theory, and the other could be the philosophical ideology like perennialism, humanism, constructivism and others that are being used in the field of education
The Problem is that Philosophy tends to Lead people questioning their Morals and believes to seek truth and Logic. While Religion gives its followers unquestionable Morals and believes. In Religion the philosophical act only developes around questions and topics that are in Line with the core philosophy of the Religion it self or with topics that arent contra to the Religion therefore blocking the core element of free philosophy. And the explanation why Nobody should Question the religious Morals or believes is allways "because divine intentions".
it's interestig how stoicism is one of the oldest forms of philosophy, yet to this day probably the most relevant one. It's basically "Don't dwell on victim mentality. Accept things how they are and find the positive in them." Many many young people should really read up on stoicism these days because victim mentality has become a main feature in western society. LGBTQXYZ and what not.
@@InsightfulEverything I don't get why this commenter is saying that the LGBTQ community has a victim mentality. For years they have fought for a better place in society, it is only natural that they let their struggles be known.
Thanks for watching. If you liked this video check out the follow up of this video here: th-cam.com/video/sszK2bAtmR8/w-d-xo.html
Nice one. One question: How is ancient Greek philosophy a) separate from stoicism and b) a unified ideology? (examples: cynicism, epicureans, that lasted more than 800 years, natural philosophers, neo platonism, skeptics etc etc). You could separate the fields of it at least: Logic, Ethics, physics, etc. anyeay, a great attempt. all the best, with respect
@@BullChapterBalintawak yeah it's a tough one. So many splinters off one philosophy. Just tried my best knowing I was never going to please everyone.
@@InsightfulEverything true that. Thank you for the insight and your hard work! It's great! All the best
Thanks for your kind words. 💕
Mine is alcoholism.
AA?
You mean the belief that all of suffering can be mended through the acceptance of alchohol into your heart?
And through seeking friends forgivenes over a nice warm bear in desperate times
@MalkuthEmperor bear🐻 or beer 🍻?
Team warm bear
😂
Nice, very impressive... Now let's see a 2 hour-long deep dive video
This would be wonderful
We can definitely do longer if you want 😁
I'm subscribing for that!!!! Problem is: Lotta lots of very good content with quality; they're also longer-than-2-hours videos out there lately on YT. It's been seriously tough to keep up with all visualizations and self-given time to digest all of these material. I'm seriously struggling with that because YT channels like yours deserve all the investment from the platform. But it also get seriously menacing for those who can count on these free materials. Otherwise, great vídeo, pal!!!
@@InsightfulEverythingHave you read Hinduism philosophies like advaita vedanta? Try explaining it.
@felipeSilva-pj8vl Thanks so much. Really appreciate your comment and encouragement.
What I found interesting is how much the philosophies are a reaction to one another - addressing the faults or weaknesses of a given philosophy by reframing it or moving in an opposite direction.
Amazing. Thanks so much for watching and giving great insight with your comment.
Absolutely! Philosophies often react to each other, addressing flaws by either refining or opposing previous ideas. This keeps the dialogue evolving.
Great insight 😃
One common thing ive noticed with almost all of these is maintaining a harmony and mutual respect for everyone. Its like still in practice.
💯
thats far from the truth.
You need to elaborate 🤔💭
Stoicism is taught as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. It’s based of this and Zen is taught as Dialectic Behavioral Therapy.
Really can I read more on this?
Interesting video. No annoying 2 minute intro, Nice
Glad you liked it! And thanks for the view 🤠
I've been fluctuating between all of these depending on my sleep schedule
😂 which one are you at now?
When I don’t get at least 7 hours of sleep i morph into Nietzsche
😅😂 Do you also grow a moustache?
@@benkazel mustash and all? 😂
@@InsightfulEverything it appears they left our curiosity hangin 😂
What an irresponciblist
mine is autism
Ok then...
😂
🙂↕️
🧩
@@jeremiahduke3602 🧩🧩
Iroh: Wisdom is best pulled from multiple sources. If it only comes from one place, then it becomes rigid and stale.
Thanks for commenting ☺️ and watching.
#TRUTH
👏
this the same thing i was saying the other day about stoicism and how a lot of idealogies are similar in some way and man I've always loved iroh man as someone who didn't had one he was one of the few father figures i had in my life he just oozes peace and wisdom
I think this viewpoint should be more popular than it is. Thanks for commenting buddy ☺️
How intresting is that one thing I noticed that when you look at any ideology on paper they sound very convincing and unproblematic.
And you'll realise there is no reason to fight among these ideologies yet they still do...
Everyone trying to prove their favourite right instead of taking what you need and letting others do the same. Interesting to watch.
A lot of things work better without actual humans involved.
@@cartoonraccoon2078 agreed that's why they say execution is the daddy...
@@cartoonraccoon2078 Like Google? Oh wait, who would enter the searches? 🤯
@@AmanSingh-tk3oz Daddy of what? And why not Mummy?
this is the first time, I want to watch a video related to philosophy and this time the first thought isn't to exit the video. I think it is because you started the video with stoicism, and listening about stoicism makes me motivated and makes me want to watch the whole video.
This has to be one of the loveliest comments we've received. Thanks so much 😊
Not so impressive, they stuрidly removed Judaism and Islam! 🙄 List is ridiculous.
Mike 🤣
@@mikenoneofyourbusiness7122 Dude you're such an idiot 🤐
@@mikenoneofyourbusiness7122 You're ridiculous 😵💫
Cynicism , stoicism and many more were also greek types of philosophy. What you call greek philosophy is actually the philosophical mindset of the classical era. The rest of philosophical ideas began to flourish during the Hellenist age.nice video.
Thanks for watching and commenting
I mean I’m probably splitting hairs at this point, but wasn’t stoicism at the very least defined in the ancient Roman era? Or I guess sometime after Rome became an dictatorship. Or maybe I’m just thinking about Marcus Arilius as it’s mascot or something.
Stoicism started in ancient Greece, grew in influence there, and ultimately spread through Rome. Like many achievements of Greek intellectual life, it was adopted by the Romans to help explain and organize their traditions, customs, and social life.
@@InsightfulEverything Thank you for clearing that up. I’m not sure why I didn’t look it up before commenting, but oh well. Thanks again.
@@nocturne000yes my brother. It is as the youtuber says it. You think of Markus Avrilious as the mascot but he is no way the one who is behind stoicism. Stoicism began in Hellenist period by the greeks who were actually unable to make an impact in their states since "poleis kratoi " have lost power and Hellenistic kingdoms were far too multicultural and too big for the citizen greek to anything to get his life back let's say. So he was a victim of globalisation let's say. Since they weren't able to act as active citizens as Socrates and his students would recommend they turned into theirselves and made peace with the fact that they can not change thing and that what is to happen will happen. The " hemarmene"- the destiny. So they had to just accept their destiny as it was. This is all behind stoicism and generally the rest of philosophical movements of Hellenistic period.
Stoicism is beautiful to me
Glad you think so. Thanks for watching and commenting.
Pantheism: Everything is connected , everything is divine.
"What one man calls God another calls physics" - Tesla
I like this thinking 🤔💭. Thanks for watching.
👍
🥰
Love this. I'm always keen to see your videos. Super informative and concise.
Agreed
Glad you like them!
Not so impressive, they stuрidly removed Judaism and Islam! 🙄 List is ridiculous.
🥰
@@mikenoneofyourbusiness7122 You're ridiculous
"In terms of what psychology is seeking to understand, the East is 2000 years ahead of western psychology." - Carl Jung
Insightful. Any more pearls of wisdom from Mr Jung?
@@InsightfulEverything th-cam.com/video/ssuDqtUcKEw/w-d-xo.htmlsi=LxkPZC_8Tn6w3Ckm
Amazing 😍 thanks
The Skepticism section immediately made me think of "never tell me the odds" and "only a Sith deals in absolutes".
Ok, interesting analogy.
Everything-ism: The philosphy that takes ideas from every philosophy because on is true and relevant when examined from different angles and contexts
I like this philosophy best of all 💖
Nah. The contradictions or different focus among philosophies does not allow one to cherry-pick the "definitely true" parts into a compilation.
And, most of these symbols are made up.
Ok. Thanks for watching.
That's true, but what I meant is that each philosophy, even the really negative ones, have a grain of truth if you think non-dualistically which most Westerners cannot do. So-called contradictions only exist because each philosophy, religion and ideology believes it has the final truth. Quantum physics and other holistic ways of experiencing reality are dismantling the certainty and dualism inherent in all of these and even the certainty of many scientific principles. There are no absolute truths that humans could fully grasp because we cannot grasp the very essence of consciousness. As Einstein famously said, "I want to know god's thought, the rest are just details" and for him 'God' wasn't religious it was the energy of the cosmos which transcend human knowledge. @@stevepowsinger733
Thanks for clarifying ☺️
I do have university engineering degree but, I have never taken a philosophy course. I did not know that there were so many recognized philosophies with these interesting and fascinating names. I would not have known what most of these names before watching this TH-cam video. Many of these philosophies have similar and overlapping ideas.
When I looked up the word philosophy, I learned that it was probably coined by Pythagoras (570-495 BCE) and that it usually refers to a certain way or method of thinking, behaving and living in a social group base on agreeable rules and laws based on beliefs that may or may not be proven to be true.
It looks like many different ideas and ways to live in social groups have been identified or proposed so, I am sure there are a few different philosophies that are not listed here or do not have a name yet.
If we can accept that the wellbeing and happiness of others benefits everyone and is the basis for morality, we should be able to evaluate the philosophies that or the most beneficial to the most people.
Thanks
@Danny_6Handford What a wonderful and insightful comment you've left. Thanks for watching and commenting.
Nice, now let’s see Paul Allen’s Philosophical Ideologies.
Which one?
Thank you for this video, im taking Philosophy in college and its so much easier to understand how you break it down. Appreciate you taking the time to help others.
@kev-delcomcdelco4228 You're very welcome!
@InsightfulEverything I have add bad and it's so difficult to lock in and learn this like other courses, so I will keep watching every video I can and filling up notebook after notebook with note until I do get it lol
@@kev-delcomcdelco4228 good for you. 😂
Haha lady, so why dafuq are you taking philosophy in college when you're just comparing what you are being taught with what you find on TH-cam? lol.. Another condemnation of higher learning.. lol
@drewpknutz1410 getting information in anyway is beneficial clown. Just like you actually watching videos and reading comments just to show people what a cornball is. You must love who you see in the mirror
Great video man no bs and straight to the point
Thanks for the kind words and for watching
Earned a sub and a like, I looked for a proper explanation, im definitly saving this video. Wanted to get more into philosophy.
Awesome, thank you!
The principles of Taoism make sense in a way because China to this day still has a very similar culture to what Taoism describes. Chinese people are know for their hard work but in many cases, I feel like Chinese culture to this day passively encourages a narrow mind, keeping the task to life simple- similar to Taoism. I’m not sure if this is as a result to their culture or their culture is a result of their values, but this definitely is correlated to the large number of Chinese labor intensive industries and it may also provide an answer to why most citizens of China don’t question the government’s censorship and communist views. Just a thought, I’m wondering if this makes sense to anyone else- I feel like a cracked the code to a big question of mine, but there is definitely a lot more to the story.
Great breakdown. I can see how this makes sense. Did you just come up with that now?
To my knowledge, China is more influenced by Confucianism than Taoism because of the popularity of it during the dynasties. From what I know about Taoism it's less of a narrow mind thing, and more of a expand your mind to the idea of being just a part or a different form of the universe or life, and finding balance in all energies. I can definitely see how that wouldn't be able to be fully embraced in the modern world, so it could manifest in the way of not questioning authority. But I do think the things you mention that you've observed would come from Confucianism.
@@sarahmayp.779 thanks for giving us your thoughts on this.
Confucianism was always been the most dominant ideology throughout history(until communism). Taoism is not about keeping a simple life. Basically, Taoism says the future is inevitable so you can't/shouldn't try to change fate. All you should do is know everything and just watch the process without being involved. (yes I'm not Chinese but Vietnamese and our culture is alike)
@@rowannong4908 why do you say it's the most dominant in history?
3:48 Camus was an Absurdist not an Existentialist.
Thanks for commenting. He was actually both.
I haven’t seen him broken out from existentialism before but it makes sense.
@@stevepowsinger733 thanks for watching 😊
Thank you for this video. Have subscribed. There is also another 'philosophy' called 'The Way,' which is based in trust in God through a living relationship with Him in His Spirit. One does not look so much to oneself for inspiration and resource but to His grace, a grace where His life is instilled in the believer's soul, a grace through which He is the resource, inspiration and guide.
Thanks for the sub and for sharing.
that's called ego death and seems really depressing if you think about it for more than two seconds. I'll stick with stoicism and pragmatism thank you very much
@@EmptyHeadStudios to each their own.
Proud STOIC checking in🙏🏿
Good to have you here buddy
I find great comfort in nihilism. When nothing holds intrinsic meaning, I feel liberated to live life on my own terms, pursuing the things I truly desire. In my opinion, it's a really good way to view life. :)
Thanks for sharing!
Yeah, most people just stop at the life has no meaning part.
@BZZZZZZtium Yeah this isn't true all all. Look at all the religions.
Amazing Video! Very cool! Inspires a lot!
4:30 Our philosophy ✅️
Why Marxism?
thats like the dumbest one of all those philosophies, find Jesus
@@Misa-oj3oo why the dumbest?
@@Misa-oj3oo is Jesus lost?
@Misa-oj3oo How is Marxism dumb? How will finding Jesus benefit anyone? You can’t be talking unless you actually elaborate on what you’re trying to say.
Brother love ur video. You covered a lot. Will be happy if you consider Indian Philosophy mainly The Upanishads(summary of vedas) and Bhagavad Gita. Vedas is vast so if you wish you can...influenced neils bohr,Oppenheimer, arthur schopenhauer, max muller, nikola tesla, Erwin schrodinger, etc. People call Hinduism as a religion but in our terms it is a philosophy. Yes, Hinduism is modern term. We call it Vedic Philosophy. Hope you show interest on this area :)
Thanks for watching and leaving a great comment.
00:03 Stoicism promotes tranquility through acceptance and self-control
01:15 Philosophies of Buddhism, Christianity, and Taoism
02:28 Taoism encourages simplicity, spontaneity, and acceptance of change.
03:40 Individuals shape their destinies amidst existential challenges
04:49 Philosophies of wealth and power
05:59 Promotion of happiness and tranquility through simple pleasures and moderation
07:08 Different philosophical methods and their influences
08:15 Skepticism questions knowledge, emphasizing evidence and critical examination.
Crafted by Merlin AI.
Nice one 🔝
Timestamp 9:10 Confucianism collocated with PRC flag. (Communist state founded on totalitarianism Marxist philosophy.). Errors like this cause me to question the author's understanding of philosophy in general and political ideology in specifics.
👀
Guys I think I’m a stoic
Cool 😎
FO. Nobody cares about your thoughts what you think and which you belong to the best way to philosophy is that you keep it to yourself.
@@alirazaa778someone doesn’t know what a comment section is for 😂
@alirazaa778 But that would be like me saying no one cares about you not caring about @mitskisdreamgirl thoughts.
@samuel_s.8181 Agreed 😊
Exploring diverse philosophies from Stoicism's focus on inner resilience to the sociopolitical critiques of Marxism, this overview highlights the rich tapestry of human thought. From existentialism's pursuit of meaning to the pragmatic emphasis on practical solutions, each philosophy offers a unique lens to understand our world.
Thanks so much for your comment. I really appreciate you taking the time to give your thoughtful insight.
Forgot to mention that I also agree with you.
💯 agree
@ellenploaa 😊
3:19 I like how you just put the UK map just as he said inherently uncertain 😂😂
Not intentional and you're the first to notice
The "T" in "Tao" is pronounced as a "D". In this form of spelling, "T'ao", the "T" + " ' " is pronounced as a "T"
Ok thanks 🙏
Not so impressive, they stuрidly removed Judaism and Islam! 🙄 List is ridiculous.
Hello again and again 😂
@@mikenoneofyourbusiness7122 Dude you're such an idiot 🤐
@ellenploaa 😂
A longer one that explains them in depth with be even more helpful. thank you
Thanks for you input. Much appreciated. 😊💥
Not so impressive, they stuрidly removed Judaism and Islam! 🙄 List is ridiculous.
It's not a religious video
@@mikenoneofyourbusiness7122 Dude you're such an idiot 🤐
😂😂
Can anyone tell me where can i find the whole lecture
Not sure what you mean by whole lecture, but here is a follow up video on the same topic th-cam.com/video/sszK2bAtmR8/w-d-xo.html
Good crash course in philosophy. Thank you.
Thanks, I appreciate your kind words ♥
You havnt watch Crash Course philosophy!
Leave a link so we can all watch.
Stoicism stood out for me from all of them.
Yeah it's a good one isn't it?
Religions and philosophies are 2 different things.
How do you figure? I think philosophy is the cornerstone of religion.
No, one does not exclude other. Religion is essentialy philosophy with higher power added to the equation.
💯 Thanks for commenting.
There’s a lot of overlap, but I think the fundamental difference is that religion requires you to assume the existence of a higher power, while broader philosophy generally does not. For example to discuss Christian philosophy, it’s necessary to accept that that Jesus Christ was a real, divine being. You can’t really question that assumption because without it, the whole philosophy falls apart, and it can’t be proven through reason.
@100legodude I disagree. I don't think you need to accept that Jesus Christ was a real, divine being, in order to discuss christianity. You just need to understand the christians believe that. But anyone can discuss religious philosophy.
Why did you use the Phi during nihilism?
Open to suggestions...
It’s important to note that while religions contain philosophies, a philosophy is not itself a religion. You can have a religious philosophy, a religiously neutral philosophy, or even an anti religious philosophy.
Philosophy is integral to religion, but you can have philosophy without religion.
Great point of view 😊
Philosophy and religion are different. I can’t see the inclusion of religions in this overview of philosophy. With religion, all knowledge is revealed, morality is “do it or else”. You may take it or leave it.
I can. Thanks for commenting ☺️
@@stevepowsinger733You're familiar with Civil Disobedience Philosophy right? Both Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. cite Jesus Christ as the intellectual inspiration for their philosophies. It's important to note that Gandhi was not himself a Christian and identified more heavily with Hinduism and Islam. Never the less, the idea that Jesus preached of "When your enemy strikes one cheek, turn the other cheek and offer it up for him to strike," is a core philosophical idea in Civil Disobedience. One that has been adopted even by people who aren't Christian such as Gandhi.
That's not to say that "Christianity is true," no. I'm not making that argument. The argument I'm making is that religions contain philosophical thought as part of their teachings. So much so that certain schools of philosophy are identified by the religion they come from.
Take for example Buddhism. Many people who are unaware of Buddhist gods such as Fudo Muyo, or Buddhist afterlives such as the reincarnation cycle of the Dalhi Llama and Panchen Llama, believe that Buddhism is "just philosophy". In fact the philosophy of Buddhism is so intertwined with the religion that while it is possible to teach the philosophy without the supernatural elements (Secular Buddhism) it is not possible to teach the supernatural elements without the philosophical elements. Thus the philosophy is integral to the religion as is often identified as the religion.
Not so impressive, they stuрidly removed Judaism and Islam! 🙄 List is ridiculous.
when peaople make these videos with the moving pen drawing it out, is that them atualy drawing it and animating them draw it or is it some kind animation that is stock from the image?
Yes.
Yes
there is software that creates them automatically. Same with these videos where a hand placed things on a white background like postits and them wishes them away again.
Nowadays you can even write a script and AI can create a video like this automatically
@@meganoob12 really? Which AI does this? Asking for a friend 😏.
Very informative, loved the video! I am very sorry about some of the cruel (and in some cases, misogynistic and/or uneducated) comments that you have received regarding certain philosophies mentioned, however I love it when you hit them back 10x harder! 👏🏻
Glad you enjoyed it! Thanks so much for your kind words on the video. Philosophy likes to divide. It's always interesting to hear why people think the way they do ♀️.
You forgot Jainism and Zoroastrianism. Those two deserve their own video anyway. They were very pivotal for human history
Check out my playlist. You'll find then there.
Jainism wasn't pivotal for anything
I don't believe a major one.
No Discordianism?
Nope sorry, not this time.
I understood you couldn't include every World Religion, but hearing your summations of Hindu, Jain, Yoruban and Wiccan/Neopagan philosophies would have been cool, too!
Perhaps you can do a video on World Religions in the future?
You mean like this one...th-cam.com/video/_mrHohwwlUE/w-d-xo.html. Thanks for watching and commenting 😊✌
Very nicely put together. Im sure this video is going to be used in a Philosophy class
Glad you think so!
How could it not?
Naw thanks 😍
i like how i already borrow from most of these, but gave them my own spin to live life thrue to myself
also, interesting how you mentioned Hedonism but refused to talk about it.. there's a few other philosophies you forgot but i don't care enough to give you a list..
Not to worry. Otherwise have done it for you 😂😂
Not so impressive, they stuрidly removed Judaism and Islam! 🙄 List is ridiculous.
Hello again 😂
@@mikenoneofyourbusiness7122 Dude you're such an idiot 🤐
😂
Great video that covers everything that wasnt taught to me at school, thanks 👍
Aww thanks so much for the awesome comment ☺️
He might have included Epicurus in the major Greeks. Edit: I see he did go over Epicurious briefly.
Edit: I have since decided that Asian philosophy imbedded in their religions added something to the Western canon starting with Schopenhauer. Buddhism, in particular, has a somewhat logical structure.
Should have kept on watching instead of writing this comment.
Really interesting and informative
Glad you think so!
Thanks, it was very informative.
Glad it was helpful!
Glad it was helpful!
Why is Christianity the only non philosophy added here, I mean an argument can at least be made that budhism is not a religion, but Christianity absolutely is. This feels like pandering or personal beliefs being inserted and ruins an otherwise awesome video.
You don't consider religion a philosophy?
@@InsightfulEverything Then why did you exclude Islam?
@@InsightfulEverything No, nor do most philosophers, a religion may have philosopies attached, such as the onotological argument, but even, even if we did agree that religion is a philosophy then where are islam, pagnanism, judaism, janisim, wicca... the list goes on.
@@Resavian check out my other video on every religion. You'll find them there.
May as well toss feminism in too. Less a philosophy than a religion these days.
I really like taoism
but my belief is more that maybe the tao could be considered in the same way maybe a true god above all other gods could be described, or at least similar, and that there could also be more gods, or demi gods, maybe thought of as not a physical being that walks around, but a spiritual being who's voice will be recognised through hearing or seeing the same values and opinions and thoughts over and over in different places, that can also be listened to giving more of a clue on what groups of people, certain situations maybe environmental or otherwise, and more may want and need
Food for thought..
Stoicism, Cynisism, Confucianism, Pragmatism, Epicureanism, Utilitarianism, Ancient Greek Philosophy, Christianity, Machiavellism, Are the only ones you need.
Thanks for letting me know.
I'd like to see a second part that also features analytic philosophy.
Ok that sounds interesting. What would you want to see in that video?
@@InsightfulEverything Thanks for asking! Maybe some ideas from Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell regarding language philosophy and logic, I believe that could be interesting for a broader audience. You might also want to include the conflict between analytical and continental philosophy.
@marc8239 Ok thanks for letting me know.
I hope to one day see Christians practice what they preach.
Interesting 🤔
Have you seen it in yourself? And have you tried to show anyone that you managed to be the perfect Christian?
@@maverick7291 who are you asking this question to?
Yeah. I'm sorry, some of us aren't that great :[
@@InsightfulEverything the person who wrote this main comment.
I think im a mix of stoicism and nihilism. I hope its not confusing. But for me i see a mix between those 2 when i think of how i veiw life and those around me
@matthewgamboaalvarado3067 That's not a combo you would automatically go with. But yes I can totally understand why you would pick that?
@@InsightfulEverything i tend to veiw my life as meaningless due to how short we live. and compared to how big the universe is i wont leave any marks ect. But i also tend to be humble, respectfull and wish to to help others when i get the chance with the idea of leaving an impact that could affect their lives in a positive way.
@@matthewgamboaalvarado3067 Casually wondering whether you're atheist or agnostic (or neither)?
@@InsightfulEverything i do present traits of being an agnostic, but im religious towards god do at the sime time not :V
I forgot to mention. That i really enjoyed the video. Thank you for making something simple yet diving into something complex. It can really help those who dont really understand at first.
Is there a reason why Hinduism (followed by about 600 000 000 people) is not covered?
Yes there is
Minor religion compared to umbrella religion
✌️
Good video.
Thanks for the visit
please make a video on all the misunderstood ideas of nietzsche
Ok, give me 3 to start with
@@InsightfulEverything One of his ideas is Mimicry. Examples include Bee Flies to Bees. That lying is a part of the social fabric and is normal as we dominate and deceive one another. That Truth can be deceitful, and Lies can be honest. That Fever and Weakness we must live with. That life can be like playing a Yugioh Game/Show. Sometimes we follow conditioning than truth.. not sure if this is something he talked about.. and the will to power is the most important thing, but it must be tempered. Morality is like the penguin swimming, it's an active choice compared to our environment under discipline, integrity and bonds.
Cool. Thanks so much for sharing.
I know its a very short and compact explanation, but the logos should be mentioned when talking about stoicism. It is the very core of stoicism.
What would you have said about the logo?
@@InsightfulEverythingHonestly its pretty hard to narrow it down, because logos has many meanings depending on the context. I would have said that the logos is the reason and law of the cosmos that connects all things and also is in the human himself as reason, which he needs to understand world around him and his role in that complex. Through this reason you realize that you have
- to live naturally
- accept your destiny and circumstance
- focus on your thoughts and actions
- control your human instincts and passions
and thus reach true tranquility and bliss
@carlo3182 thanks for your response. I don't agree with the need to analyse the logos in such a succinct video but I value what you've said.
I am going to subscribe to you in the hope of great upcoming videos.
Awesome, thank you! We won't disappoint ☺️
Me too
@ellenploaa thanks
There is some good in each philosophy. I'm inclined to Existensialism.
Thanks for watching and commenting 🥰
what? i only now realise this channel has less then 1000 subs. Very amazing content!
Thanks we really appreciate your kind words 🤩😎.
If you would like to see certain content then please be sure to let us know the topic.
No doubt will get 100k soon
💥💥💥💥💥💥💥 💯
very good explaining
Glad you think so!
Good job. Keep’em coming.
We will! Thanks for your encouragement. ❤️
Nope. Not so impressive, they stuрidly removed Judaism and Islam! 🙄 List is ridiculous.
Mainly religions
@@mikenoneofyourbusiness7122 Dude you're such an idiot 🤐
💯
What do you think about maximizing entropy as the ultimate virtue?
Ultimate disorder, chaos and uncertainty? This never seems to work out well in any kind of apocalyptic movie.
Thanks for that Informing Video!
It Benefits us all!👍
So nice of you. 😊
@@InsightfulEverythingAnd it clears [up] the Unnecessary Confusion, not to mention.
👍
YAS!
@ellenploaa thanks
Nihilism for me
Stoicism is a Greek Hellenistic philosophical school too. Born around 300-250bc in Athens. Her father was Ζήνων ο Κιτιεύς (from Kitio an ancient Greek city of Cyprus) who was teaching at Ποικίλη Στοά (Stoa) Athens. Ofcourse great Romans as Marcus Aurelius had a significant contribution.
👏. Thanks for watching and commenting
Cool 😎😎
Thanks for the 😍
Hey Chatgpt, nice video
Thanks for watching 🤖
Entertaining. I just keep watching and learning without being bored. 🙃
Yup
Thanks for the comment
This is the best compliment 💕
Not so impressive, they stuрidly removed Judaism and Islam! 🙄 List is ridiculous.
🤣
I say take the good bits from all of them and hash 'em together! Choosing according to your ideal world view! 🖖
Agreed 💯
There is no "T" sound in Taoism. It's pronounced like a "D" as in Daoism.
👍
no realism? or do you see that as a variation on pragmatism? likewise empiricism?
I've had lots of good suggestions and some questionable ones for another video. Hopefully, you've subscribed and can catch that one when it's released.
Scholastic philosophy gang.
Best combination of the genius of greek philosophy with the guidance of correct Christian theology.
Thanks, 💥 Any other videos you'd like to see made?
Need to know more about this philosophy
Maybe we can do a video on it
Subscribed. Great presentation
@rackallthetime Thanks for the love ♥
It's an AI voice reading an AI written script, sadly.
@@vitmoudry I've been fooled
@@Damienahughes we've both been fooled.
this is actually very good, man
thank you for this, god bless you❤
Thanks for the love 💖
Not so impressive, they stuрidly removed Judaism and Islam! 🙄 List is ridiculous.
@@mikenoneofyourbusiness7122 I understand your point, but mistakes can happen my friend! no one is perfect of course
Thanks for watching and for your comment.
@@mikenoneofyourbusiness7122 Dude you're such an idiot 🤐
What about Optimism?????
What about it?
Cool
Thanks for the comment
Good video👍🏻
Thanks 👍
Your take on taoism is not good. It’s not about balance of opposites, it’s about dissolving the illusion of opposites.
Thanks for your critique 👍
I love philosophy.
Yeah me too.
Wait where is Vedanta?
One for religious philosophy
I agree,Vedanta overrides all these for it is not the mind as philosophy pins its opinion too. To be the seer of the seen is to be liberated, this is the equality of all creation. There are no objects to rationalize with, this is unheard of to pure consciousness, unuttered is the silence of peace.
Existence, it is the Self woven ONE.....
So many people, so many opinions
very informative
Im a definite nihilist
What makes you say that?
Well I wasn't aware of nihilism before, and after doing more research into it, it aligns with my philosophical views
@@unpopular_theories thanks for sharing. Can I ask what parts in particular you resonate with.
Well I didn't know there was an ideology that believed in a lack of meaning, I thought that was just being a philosophical or something, I think that life has no meaning and that noone has any purpose which is fine because I unlike alot people don't desire any meaning in life. I don't think morals are real but think they should be followed cause otherwise the world would fall into chaos.
@unpopular_theories I know the meaning of life. Morals aren't real for some ie sociopaths/psychopaths. For most we feel the pull of right and wrong.
HOW ABOUT JUST BEING A GOOD PERSON AND NOT TRYING TO HARM ANYONE OR ANYTHING THROUGH OUR JOURNEY....❤❤❤❤
AND JUST LIVING IN HARMONY AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE..
Sounds like an awesome philosophy to live your life by.
This is as good a place to start as any😊
@@tommcfadden5232 can't argue with that 🎤
A longer version of this that explains how philosophy is informed by the ideologies before them would be invaluable to people.
Thanks for your suggestion. Could you give me an example of what you would like to see?
If I may... Perhaps a slower pace would help here.
A 5/10% slower video would give a bit of time to absorb the material.
What I missed was a clarification of key terms per philosophy. One example is 'Wu wei' in taoism. It is taken a priori as known.
Does this help you? All the best.
Of course all constructive criticism helps. Thanks for watching and dropping a comment ☺️.
Buddhism ❤❤❤❤
Yeah I agree 💯
was this script and video completely AI generated? 🙂.. does it matter? not really..thanks for the summary 🙏🏻
If you find AI that does videos like this, please let me know.
Thanks for watching.
make a vid about every learning proponent and their ideas, or every philosophical ideology in education
Can I ask why? 🤔
I will add to this, as a teacher I'd love to see the different learning theory or developmental philosophies. Ideas I could latch onto that I may not have known about would be exciting.
@@InsightfulEverything it can be a great guide for future educators especially for those who cannot afford to enroll in a review center for their licensure examinations.
Can you add to this and specifically what you would like to see?
@@InsightfulEverything actually you can make 2 videos using the proponents of education in terms of theories, for example Erik Erikson's // psychosocial development theory, and the other could be the philosophical ideology like perennialism, humanism, constructivism and others that are being used in the field of education
Can someone tell me the difference between existentialism, nihilism and absurdity
@GregoryKn TH-cam can
Religions are not really Philosophy. I mean philosophy is a part of it put religion is something special by it self
I think religion is philosophy and then some...
The Problem is that Philosophy tends to Lead people questioning their Morals and believes to seek truth and Logic. While Religion gives its followers unquestionable Morals and believes. In Religion the philosophical act only developes around questions and topics that are in Line with the core philosophy of the Religion it self or with topics that arent contra to the Religion therefore blocking the core element of free philosophy. And the explanation why Nobody should Question the religious Morals or believes is allways "because divine intentions".
Thanks for this great insight ☺️
it's interestig how stoicism is one of the oldest forms of philosophy, yet to this day probably the most relevant one.
It's basically "Don't dwell on victim mentality. Accept things how they are and find the positive in them."
Many many young people should really read up on stoicism these days because victim mentality has become a main feature in western society.
LGBTQXYZ and what not.
Interesting. Just to clarify, do you think the LGBTQ community have a victim mentality?
@@InsightfulEverything I don't get why this commenter is saying that the LGBTQ community has a victim mentality. For years they have fought for a better place in society, it is only natural that they let their struggles be known.
I was trying to get clarification but no response unfortunately.
Christianity is not an idealogy it is a religion.
So, does that mean we can't have a Christianity-themed ideology party?
True philosophy leads to theology.
Praise Jesus Christ.
Thanks for watching and commenting.
@@InsightfulEverything please critique me
Ok....you're wrong! Please critique me.
@@InsightfulEverything now i know you're being spiteful
No. Merely taking the outlook as you but on the other side.