Irradiated Salt Is Weird
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 18 มิ.ย. 2024
- Does irradiated salt become radioactive? Surprisingly, no. Only neutron radiation can make materials radioactive, so this salt is safe. The irradiation gives the salt an unusual orange hue, not due to impurities but due to defects in its crystal lattice called F-centres. These defects alter the salt's color by affecting its molecular orbitals. In this video, we'll explore the fascinating properties of irradiated sodium chloride, demonstrate how its color changes back to white when heated, and discuss its potential use as a thermoluminescent dosimeter, which measures radiation exposure. Join us to learn about the intriguing science behind this altered salt!
#crystal #radiation #light
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Impromptu poll: thoughts on the animated CG backgrounds:
1) I like it
2) distracting, still would be better
3)something more basic/realistic
4)No green screen (I don’t have space for a background setup yet but can work on something)
P.s I didn’t steal action labs idea, I wish I could get a video filmed and edited in under 5 days XD That being said go check out his electron in a box video for more irradiated salt
i like it c: so 1
I like it but the audio they make is very distracting, I think it'd be perfect if everything was the same but they just didn't make any noise.
1 I Like it but 2 the effect it leaves around the head hair is a little distracting. Please take this lightly as I understand the cost of a good CG effects and making an attractive set. I suggest working on both for versatility when shooting, as I did enjoy the video.
I didn't mind this. Thought it didn't take anything away either. Only slightly distracting, with the artifacts. Overall worth having imo
I don't think its bad. Maybe reduce the tick/tock sound.
If you deform irradiated salt under high pressure, it will turn blue due to the formation of free metallic sodium. That's how blue halite forms in nature, halite is irradiated by Sylvite (KCl) that's weakly radioactive, and is deformed in a salt deposit.
Interesting
@@Curiosity_labalso look up tenebrescence, hakmanite and a few other minerals reversibly change colour on exposure sunlight, UV and X-rays. There's a mountain side in Greenland were the rocks, made of tugtupite, are white when broken open, but quickly pink when exposed to sunlight. They slowly loose their colour in the dark.
Fascinating, so it’s not phosphorescence, where it looses its charge slowly after uv exposure, it gets coloured by UV and “bleached” by visible light. And heating it up destroys its ability to change. So yeah the effect is probably governed by f-centres,right? I’ll have to get some and try it out
Yep. Hence why I was confused by this vid at first.
Thank you Kanye, *very* cool!
Don't make sodium chloride angry! You wouldn't like sodium chloride when it's angry!
Don't make salt sad either, or it'll turn into Sulk.
Sodium: That's my secret, chlorine. I'm always angry.
😂😂😂 thanks Mr. McGee!
Shit! Now ima have to watch me some Bill Bixbey Hulk!
Yo, you ever hear of Peter, Bjorn & John?
Check out the video of their song, Young Folks. The animated one.
Great song! Wait till you see the congo player.
What's your profile? Looks like a form of anarchism?
@@kidyomu89 Transhuman Anarchism.
A friend once gifted me an irradiated sodium glass beer mug. Very dark at first, it slowly faded with exposure to light, as the electrons got knocked back to their basic state.
You exposed it to UV light?
Or does sodium glass loose it's irradiation from visible light?
@@jannikheidemann3805 Sunlight contains UV, so it just being outside or possibly near a window would be enough.
Probably the same reason that thorium coated lenses go yellow and turn clear after exposure to UV light.
F-centers can actually be made to lase; doping potassium or rubidium chloride with a small amount of lithium chloride can produce an F-center which lases in the infrared region. The pump source is typically an argon or krypton ion laser.
These f-centers are confining electrons to physically smaller sizes than their ground state will allow, right?
I don't know the terminology here, but do remember playing around with making and testing porous silicon way back when I was an undergrad. In that, we shifted the florescence (and lasing) frequency by etching Si so it ended up sort of like a sponge structure, and electrons were forced into higher states because they just didn't have enough space. I remember having my mind blown a bit learning how big electrons are in conductors and semiconductors... But not too much else ;)
TIL lase can be a verb
That is an even more efficient energy wasting process... I love it! :D
@@jackmclane1826 Well there are ways to pump them with dye lasers, and I sure nowadays there are other options like OPS lasers as well so you don't have to use an awfully power-hungry ion laser.
@@casinatorzcraftlight amplified stimulate emission
This channel is criminally underviewed for such unique chemistry and engineering. Here's to the algorithm promoting this video around now
They use this in archeology to date pottery fragments as well. At the time of firing, all the color centers are cooked out. Over time, background radiation gradually introduces more color centers, which can then be registered when a fragment is heated. These can be calibrated to give an indication of the age of the fragments.
I've been wondering why pink salt was pink. Now I know it's just rusty.
I also didn't know the difference between irradiated and radiating, which is the more important take away here.
Wonder if that's gonna help with iron intake.
its not rust... there is a lot more than just iron in the salt. and those arent in oxide form?
@@pazsion rust is indeed iron oxide, iirc ferric oxide in its purest form.
Irradiated = hit by and/or penetrated by radiation
Radiating = the thing doing the hitting or penetrating.
I made a comment about this - I'm not sure which explanation is right, but the top Google result says the pink comes from trace minerals, while the second result says iron oxide. Regardless of which one is true there's prevalent misinformation.
Gamma ray salt lamps would sell like crazy
Lol
so pretty much a thorium salt reactor? HELL YEAH!
just bring some salt with you on any flights you go on?
It wouldn't last beyond 34 though
That's really interesting! I never knew irradiated salt had any of these properties.
thanks! love your channel, your NQR spectrometer blew my mind, it’s like an accessible version of NMR
Use high enough photon energies and you'll actually induce photodisintegration, which makes things radioactive.
Yes, that's what I thought, though the required energies are probably way higher than with irradiation.
300,000 volts... this can be onserved with any microwave oven. as it doesnt need that much, its just known to irradiate dust and such at that level... but it still occurs generally during the operation of the device over 3-5 years.
No way there's 300 kV in microwave lol
Yeah I wondered about that. Hit an atom with a high enough energy photon and you should be able to knock off a chunk of the nucleus, producing something that is likely not a stable isotope
@@pazsion No chance at 300 keV. You need MeV. But then, yes.
There is no way in hell that happens inside a microwave.
Thank you for doing this. As a chem major (55 years ago), I wrote a paper on this stuff. Never saw it before, though. Very nice.
Glad for the clarification between irradiated and radiation at the start to save any confused learners. Very cool video, I knew a lot of it already but I still learned some things.
Very thorough and informative video! 9:36 I think of an old documentary where some factory workers turn quartz into oscillators. Some of the crystal plates that have a higher frequency than desired are put into a device to receive a certain amount of X-ray radiation and measured again. After repeating this procedure, the frequency of the crystals goes back into tolerance. Now I know the fascinating principle behind it!
Said documentary (at 35min35s) th-cam.com/video/duZlWWwxIPQ/w-d-xo.html
Wow that’s an interesting application I didn’t know about
@@Nachos-sk7od whoaa, great comment and great watch thank you
just makes you scratch your head at the wonders of quartz
isnt like 66% of earths crust quartz too? some crazy amount
obviously the wonders of quartz was the reason the egyptians were able to move such huge blocks
some trick must of been at play.
same thing in peru how the stones were softened into place
@@SHERMA. How would Egyptians use X-Rays to transport stone blocks?
Wouldn't it be easier to slide the very smooth blocks they had over water that is frozen by the cold of the desert night?
Wouldn't the crystals maybe change frequency back to out of tolerance if they got too hot during soldering?
I once irradiated a piece of quarz crystal at a sterilization facility, it became noticeably darker
Nice, I would totally be putting random things in the beam if I worked there.
@@Curiosity_labI live relatively close to an experimental nuclear facility and they would irradiate golf balls. There were claims of longer drives but do not think anyone ever tested it properly.
Amethyst is another form of quartz that changes color based on radiation- the more exposure to it, the darker the purple color.
I worked in semiconductors, irradiation produced lattice defects that changed the electrical properties of the semiconductor. Producing electron / hole pair recombination sites.
Is there any material that when irradiated becomes a semi-conductor material? Perhaps this is out of your expertise.
I wonder if this phenomenon has been used to improve solar cell efficiency in some way as perhaps it could reduce recombination and force the electrons around the external circuit.
It could widen the band gap and capture more of the energy in sunlight.
@ahaveland I work on semiconductors, and we use electron irradiation to introduce defects. The defects act as "traps" for recombination, reducing stored charge, which ultimately reduces switching losses.
@guytech7310 I believe the answer is no. However, if you bombard a silicon wafer with neutrons, you get transmutation to phosphorus, which creates a semiconductor. This is called NTD (Neutron Transmutation Doping).
@@ic7481 The pure silicon already is a semiconductor, the phosphorus just makes it more conductive by increasing the ammount of free electrons.
Where in manufacturing is NTD used?
Damn, this was one of the best chemistry videos I've seen in a long time. No fluff, no patronizing, just to the point, informative, passionate, and entertaining! Love the way you break everything down.
Super informative! Big like from here
Thanks !
Because I’m BIG!
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Really well done video! The explaination was great, the experiments were well filmed and the infographics were well placed!
Why is nobody selling orange salt? There would be so many crazy people buying the healing salt...
Not enough demand to justify the cost involved, plus there are significant barriers to its mass production and people have a massive fear of radiation even if it's totally safe.
@@Nanamowa People love wearing "ionic" devices full of thorium though so it'll sell.
@@Nanamowajust say some shit abt "positive ions" and they'll eat it up
@@filonin2not so much dangerous
Radiation generators are expensive
I actually quite like this, you've got a sub. Love your voice and straight to it explanation.
I really enjoy you tackling possibile misunderstandings the moment they are relevant to the subject.
I love your presenting style. Straight and to the point, all the cool facts with none of the fluff.
Thanks, still a lot to work on but glad people are liking it
That was very cool! I had no idea about that phenomenon. Thank you for the video!
Very well done video packed with information! Never seen an orange salt before, very cool!
Great video, interesting and well presented! This channel deserves so many more subscribers!
Thanks! 👍
I’ve heard of irradiated NaCl during my crystallography classes at uni and I was always curious how it looks like and how its properties change. Thanks for sharing this with us 🤗
Hello from New York City. Your channel is great, keep it up!
This was incredibly interesting. I appreciate the simple presentation and find it fascinating to learn about how high energy photons can interact with every day materials to alter their appearance so dramatically. It makes sense, but I did not know about this phenomena.
Thanks!
Concise, precise and to the point, and that's very refreshing. Thank you so much for this video, I learnt some very interesting scientific facts.
Wow I never would have guessed an interaction like this even existed.Thanks for the video.
I didn't know a video about salt would be so informative and cool!
sweet video, very professional and wellmade!
Fascinating, excellent video mate!
Glad you enjoyed it!
Subbed, notes turned on 😇
You’re extremely good at explaining things bro. Thank you for the upload 🙂
I think you should review your physics background sir...
Gamma rays can activate materials and produce radioactive isotopes by ejecting ether a neutron (γ,n) or a proton (γ,p) if their energy is appropriate ( typically above 10-20 MeV, depending on the material)
Yes, I have actually observed this first hand, and it is the main reason why it typically is unsafe to go near a particle accelerator just after it was switched off. I had to follow those rules too before entering my experimental setups.
Bombarding materials with neutrons is indeed a way more efficient activation method, but gamma rays can produce unstable (a.k.a. radioactive) isotopes.
Very likely, your sample was irradiated with way lower energy x-rays - enough to dislodge an electron and creating color centers that way. When they fall back into the lattice ground state, yellow is emitted, but that low energy compared to gamma rays.
I suggest you double check what i wrote here and then correct your video if needed?
I have a physics PhD, and even if gamma activation was not my main topic, I'm relatively confident about what I wrote.
Thanks for the input, I’m sure everything you wrote is correct. My statement was referring to natural radiation sources like cobalt 60 which was likely used to irradiate the salt and the other gems i show at the end. I should have worded it slightly differently but it’s hard to provide all nuance to complex topics in a short video. Am I right in assuming gamma radiation from natural radioactive decay like Co-60 does not reach the energies required for radioisotope production ?
@@Curiosity_lab Hi... yes Cobalt-60 gamma's 1.33 MeV are to low energy to activate nuclei. The energy for (y,n) interactions on deuterium is a bit over 2 MeV, and heavier element require even more. But at 10-15 MeV, definitely you are going to create radioactivity when irradiating materials. The choice and purity of the materials is important: some materials may have short half-lives.
Greeting
Cool stuff. Subbed!
First-time viewer here. Just wanted to say that you have a brilliant channel and wonderful content! Please keep the wonderful chem videos coming!
Very interesting video. Thank you for making it.
Thanks for the video, really, really interesting! 👏👏👏
Great explanations here. Subbed and liked 👍👍👍🔥
What a RAD video ;-) Thanks.
The light emission colors corresponding to the emission lines is super fascinating to me.
this is very cool! You have a new subscriber
This is a great video! So much great information that I did not know. I knew smoky quartz was due to natural radiation but I never knew gamma rays could change the color of other materials, or that light could be released by this materials. You got an other subscribe here! I think that thermoluminescence is used to date the age of minerals - did I remember that correctly?
Ty. Learning is fun. Got a lot from this.
Great explanations, especially of TLDs, keep up talks like this
"Too small to be useful"
Um... capacitor in nuclear powered photonic computer?
You're a genius John. You are going to the top if keep coming up with groundbreaking shiz like this
This is actually really interesting, more than I expected
Excellent video! Re: your invitation for ideas, the first one I had was using it for some inverse application for example what substances can become irradiated to then become transparent? 🤔😃
Really cool And interesting! Thank you!
I saw the same irradiated salt on ebay. Didn't thought much about it apart from it being super sterile. Subbed!
Really cool talk. Thanks
Fascinating! How have I never heard of this?
This is super interesting stuff. Im gonna look up some papers on this later. Do you yourself actively do any research on this phenomenon?
Interesting topic, never seen that before. The backgrounds were a bit distracting, but the rest of the video was very informative
Fascinating! I never heard of this before!!
That was very interesting. Thanks
I learned like 6 things. Good on you!
I really love your backgrounds. Very much like Myst.
Thank you teacher. Fascinating.
Subscribed!
😅Thank you, very interesting, subscribed and liked.
Very interesting. Thanks.
Fascinating. Thank You
This was a really really cool video. I put it in my "watch later" list ~22 hours ago, so that's when it was first recommended to me, just FYI. Liked and subbed without even clicking on your channel to see what else there is.
I can't emphasize enough what a satisfying video this was. I have to buy some irradiated table salt now.
Thanks so much :)
@@Curiosity_lab You're very welcome!! If you don't mind a question, do the irradiated crystals have any noteworthy properties under UV? I'd guess the answer is "no" based on that absorption spectra you showed in the video, but figured I'd ask you anyway!
Good question, I did test them under uv and they didn’t do anything interesting so didn’t put it in the video
That was interesting. Like!
That glow is super cool!
Yer fun.
From yr Victorian/ steampunk props to your London (?) accent, I approve whole heartedly. Subscribed.
Interesting topic and well explained.
Just a thought though. Do the video recording 5 times but only have it record one time randomly. I find that in not knowing if you are being recorded dialogue happens more organically. Some of the best stuff I end up recording is because I forgot I was recording.
Very interesting. And well presented. Thank you. Just try to drop the rising inflection!
Interesting video!
Very nice video...
I'm glad I found your channel
Concerning tinting gems with Gamma radiation; In the late 80's-early 90's, some geniuses stole some high level waste from a military base in Ohio (Wright Patterson, [I think?]) They were using it to tint normal diamonds to increase their value. Nice trick though one of them died outright from radiation exposure, the other survived but served time. They had a trailer out in the woods, 'Breaking Bad' style, the whole area had to be dug up and disposed as low level waste. The fact alone they were able to steal high level radioactive waste and smuggle it out of a military facility is pretty scary.
I calibrated radiacs in the navy. We had a gamma source (cesium) and had heard about making rubies more red. Never did it though....
This is excellent, it's like having this stuff explained to me by a mate.
Another application of thermoluminescence is that it can be used for archeological dating. Since heating makes the dislocated electrons recombine, and, if you know the mineral's response to radiation and the radioactivity of the sample you are studying, you can predict at what rate it will "charge", heating a mineral sample and measuring how much thermoluminescence there is lets you calculate how long ago that sample was last heated to a temperature hot enough to recombine the dislocated electrons, which could for example be the time a piece of pottery was fired.
Also, in quartz, the stored energy can already be released by exposure to sunlight, which means that by measuring the luminescence of sand (here stimulated by light rather than heat), it is possible to figure out how long a sediment has been buried.
Good demonstration and the explanation is correct the loss of the chloride ion on irradiation creates a defect in the crystal and changes the absorbance . If you are interested you will find the phenolic antioxidant when gamma irradiated will turn deep blue or some more complex structure turn greenish
Stable phenoxy radicals are form
I never thought about about chemical reactions/processes have a color if filmed in the dark, pretty cool.
Solid video
Amazing, never thought I'd be so interested in irradiated salt.
Interesting!
That smoky quartz was so cool
Very cool video.
Very cool. It's interesting to get your perspective and The Action Lab's perspective on it, for an even deeper understanding.
I replaced some glass lenses and prisms on a periscope for reading the serial numbers on nuclear fuel. The lenses went brown for the same reasons, they could be brought mostly back to clarity by sitting them on a UV light box which I believe provided enough energy to allow the defects in the crystal lattice to return to their lower energy state, however it took years sitting on the UV light box, worth it for expensive camera lenses.
Does it also emit light when you crush it? Or when you dissolve it in water?
Would love to see food safe irradiated salts as a novelty food garnish
Nice video !
I found the ticking of the 3D clock a bit annoying though, but that's a detail
Good to know, was it the audio or the visual
@@Curiosity_labI like the clock, as well as the lighter than air craft.
@@Curiosity_lab the audio
Very interesting.
I subscribed. Fun. I once heated iodizied salt in a test tube with hydrogen peroxide and it turned a pale purple. The non iodized salt didn't.
And I once read where manganese was add to antique glass as an oxygen ' getter', but after exposure to years of U.V light it takes on a pale purple.
cool, I really like the effect of sprinkling it on a hot plate
This is related to the Wigner effect. Additional heat release from crystal dislocatons in an irradiated material. Used to be a problem in graphite moderated reactors till they figured it out.
Interesting
You can also generate radioactive elements by irradiation with sufficiently high energy heavier ion beams, not only neutrons. For example 12C with 6Li gives radioactive 13N.
Depending on how much crystal deformation there is, can it be used to "trap" other material? How is reactivity and hardness/strength affected? I'm mentally comparing it to activated charcoal for how structure impacts reactivity, and to iron carbides for how structure affects hardness/toughness.
For example, can this be used to "anneal" a crystal so it doesn't break as easily?
Thanks for giving nuclear salt a taste for our curiosity. Subscribed
Very cool
Radioactive minerals slowly turn themselves amorphous by self-irradiation. The term metamict describes such minerals. Atoms can also be knocked out of place in the lattice by recoil when an alpha particle is emitted. The brannerite (UTi2O6) specimen i used for most of my PhD work was completely metamict.
Imagine a high end restaurant where when your food comes out, the lights go off and the finishing salt is sprinkled on top... That would be neat.
Did I miss the part where you described your irradiation machine - is it one of the commercial cobalt 60 models?