Where do particles come from? - Sixty Symbols
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 21 มิ.ย. 2024
- Professor Ed Copeland discusses the origin of particles - including talk about inflation, re-heating, the Big Bang, and oscillons. More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓
New paper by Ed and collaborators...
Formation and decay of oscillons after inflation in the presence of an external coupling, Part-I: Lattice simulations: arxiv.org/abs/2406.00108
More Ed on Sixty Symbols: • Ed Copeland - Sixty Sy...
Ed's trilogy on the sofa: • Ed Copeland Longer Int...
Ed discusses his career on the Numberphile Podcast: • An A-Class Reject (wit...
Reheating after Inflation by Kofman, Linde and Starobinsky: arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9405187
Oscillons: Resonant Configurations During Bubble Collapse: arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9503217
Patreon: / sixtysymbols
The University of Nottingham physics: bit.ly/NottsPhysics
Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran
Animation by Pete McPartlan
www.bradyharanblog.com
Email list: eepurl.com/YdjL9 - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
More Ed on Sixty Symbols: th-cam.com/play/PLcUY9vudNKBNtF1y-sneLuyCTE-Mda561.html
Can you ask professor to explain the "flat" universe bit? I didn't understand most of what he was saying, but that part wasn't logical at all to me.
@@conanobrien1 curvature of space can be measured by measuring angles. Say you have laser beam and direct it with mirrors in such a way that the beam makes a complete triangle. In a flat space the sum of angles in such triangle would be 180 degrees, same what is used in Euclidean geometry. If the space has a negative or positive curvature, the sum of the angles in such triangle could be larger or smaller than 180 degrees
Have you changed microphones for recording or changed compressor, audio sound to polished and weird. Ed´s voice sounds different.
@@jormam69 Would that be the same (similar) as when they say big objects (black holes or galaxies) curve space-time?
We need more Prof Copeland on the whiteboard.
Professor copeland is the professor we never had in uni/school but one we always wanted. Great to see him again on 60 symbols
Love hearing Brady's questions - it's like having a representative for physics interested amateurs like me - but asking the right key questions. amazing video as ever...
My favourite Sixty Symbols professor :)
I do like his delivery
Ye, mine too.
His disposition is just so different from the image I have in my mind when someone says "physics professor," and it is wonderful.
yes
All the presenters are excellent, but i must say he is my favorite too (Tied with Sir Martyn I suppose)
I love how he talked so enthusiastically about those ocelots.
Yes, they love to vibrate when they purr.
@@jacobscrackers98 THIS! YES! 🤣😂🤣😅
Maybe call the initiation of inflation "The Cold Open".
That’s brilliant!
In Universe Res?
If it's within an eternal inflation model, call it the "quick stop."
Naaah, I suggest The Blow Out.
@@aretorta prolapsed singularity?
This is the best condensed explanation of the inflation model I've heard. Great science communication.
Well then.
I've been following physics with a rather close layman's interest for about 45 years and this is the first time I've heard that the "hot big bang" came _after_ inflation.
Quite a revelation for me and it makes me want to see an episode of Sixty Symbols or Numberphile where someone with the level of knowledge of Dr Copeland is in the middle of this sort of explanation and suddenly stops, gets a blank, mildly puzzled look on his face, says, "I've just thought of something I hadn't before," and goes into some furious computation which results in the solution to a heretofore unsolved physics/mathematics problem, yielding a massive breakthrough in the field.
So let's get crackin' guys!
You're got roughly a one hour in 60 years chance of that happening 😅
HBB is not equal to BB. BB was BEFORE inflation, HBB is just a new fancy term for saying "after inflation".
@@schawo2 Hm. I must have misinterpreted what the video was saying. I'll give it another look.
Thanks.
Excellent video! 🎉 Many thanks for the kind reference to our work (and our new paper at the end). Ed and Brady rock !! Will think of a new term for the start of inflation in our next paper :-)
I'm just going to give a second plug for my suggestion "The Cold Open", like the pre-credit scene in movies or shows. ^_^
If something hasn't yet inflated it must be a period of flacidity? ;)
Without a doubt. Ed is just one big cuddly hug of physics.
I'll nominate "The Big Breath", such as one would take before inflating a balloon. It would make the creationists happy and maybe they'd shut up for awhile.
is there a name for the sound you make right before you blow up a balloon? like ya know, the gulp of air you take as you lean back slightly and tilt your head up in preparation for blowing it up. Insufflation is the only word that comes to mind. though that's an imperfect fit.
"you need a better term for the start of inflation"
I feel like this is a good point to incorporate the term Horrendous Space Kablooie, introduced by the Watterson-Calvin-Hobbes paper.
Ah I love Professor Copeland vids!
Me 2
Agree
cannot go wrong with an Professor Copeland video :)
My 10 year subscription and I’m so excited to see a rare Ed new video dropped Thanks guy!
Thanks for your loyalty.
@@sixtysymbols
1) When was space-time born?
2) Where the initial insane amount of Potential Energy comes from?
3) If mass is created by interaction with Higgs and that interaction bends space then is gravity the interaction with Higgs?
FreeCourseWare from TH-cam here in the states has been incredible, with that said your channel and specific content is the cherry on top. Thank you sincerely Sixty Symbols I always recommend the channel to others.
Sincerely.
@@sixtysymbols So he says the system of equations is nonlinear 21:00, right? So I assume whatever system of nonlinear equations he is talking about are PDEs (partial differential equations) or even combinations of PDEs and functional and integral equations.
That's what we differential algebraists work on. We work on finding exact solutions. I own three large handbooks by Soviet authors on differential equationd, the largest of which is the 2nd edition of "Handbook of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations" by Andrei D Polyanin and Valentin F Zaitsev, followed by 2nd edition of "Handbook of Linear Partial Differential Equations for Engineers and Scientists" by Andrei D Polyanin and Vladimir E Nazaikinskii, and 2nd edition of "Handbook of Exact Solutions for Ordinary Differential Equations". The ODE book is especially full of exact solutions of different types of nonlinear ODEs.
All of the solutions are obtained by looking at differential symmetries of the ODEs. I still do not understand quite how they are getting these symmetries. The ODE book, but especially the nonlinear PDE book, have excellent sections on the general theory of differential symmetries. But, I cannot match that general theory up with the many many examples of exact solutions they find.
I would really LOVE to sit down with somebody to help me work that out together.
Nevertheless, one very general pattern that arises from these solutions is that ALL of them can be expressed, parametrically, by a finite tower of intermediate variables, where one variable in this tower satisfies a linear ODE over the differential ring generated by the variable below it. i.e. given G(x,y,dy/dx)=0 there exists a tower v1, v2, v3,..., v(m), t and another tower w1, w2, w3,..., w(n), t and some final common variable, t, below it, such that x satisfies a linear ODE w.r.t. t over Z{v1} = differential ring generated by v1=v1(t) over the integers, Z, with derivation D such that Dt=1, and v1 satisfies a linear ODE w.r.t. t over Z{v2} and so on until v(m) satisfies linear ODE over Z[t].
Similarly, y satisfies a linear ODE w.r.t. t over Z{w1} = differential ring generated by w1=w1(t) over the integers, Z, with derivation D such that Dt=1, and w1 satisfies a linear ODE w.r.t. t over Z{w2} and so on until w(n) satisfies linear ODE over Z[t].
i always love Professor Copeland and his giddy excitement explaining the fine details in the maths leading to the speculative conclusions and especially his recognition of their benefits and flaws. he's always ready to answer Brady's harder questions and can point immediately to the maths for any given wonderment. its stuff like this that inspires me to further pursue astrophysics as a career
WOW!!! That was by far THE Single BEST video this channel has produced in the last 13 years! It was deep, didn't dumb it down, explained it beautifully and filled a bloody big hole in my understanding of cosmology! I can't thank you enough! I can't wait to see what happens to the expansion rate of 1/H as Dark Energy becomes better understood; assuming I'm still here! BIG *_Thankyou!_*
it feels like seeing the professor after 100yrs
I love your drive to name things, scientists are spending all their energy on doing science and leaving none left for the creativity of naming things.
When we let physicists name things, we get “quarks” which have “flavors” like “charm” and “strange”
So if I understand, we now differentiate between some initial singularity and a "hot" big bang ? Wasn't aware of that.
Seems everything starts and ends with scalar fields, while everything else is just a consiquence.
Can't be easy to present such complex ideas in a simplified way for others to be able to grasp, great team work by Prof. Ed Coperland & Brady.
I eagerly await the Ed Copeland workout video.
Great video. He always makes these complex concepts understandable.
Any day with a new video from Ed is literally the best day of the year.
prof copeland is not only very nice, but always very insightful
The curvature of space thing is better illustrated by talking about the principles of Euclidean geometry. There are a few ways to approach it, but for me what comes to mind first is stuff about infinite parallel lines. In a flat space, parallel lines remain parallel forever; in a positively curved space, parallel lines will converge, and in a negatively curved space, parallel lines will diverge. This works the same if you're talking about a 2d surface (the ball and saddle visuals there) as well as 3d space. Gravity introduces positive curvature, and Dark Energy introduces negative curvature, and it turns out it all seems to balance out at larger scales making the Universe as a whole "flat" in all ways that have been attempted to measure it (IIRC, in general the margin of error is so small in most circumstances the curvature is treated as just being perfectly zero).
The idea of the universe being flat must be one of the most misunderstood concepts in physics. I can't count the number of times I've talked to laypeople who have heard this and think it means the universe is a flat plane. Unfortunately I don't think the professor's answer to your question innthis video helped that cause.
Maybe this warrants a special video in the style of your old "does light slow down in glass" video, to set the record straight.
in all fairness its not a very intuitive concept and it can be difficult to explain to people that you might call a layperson. I get the ideas needed and its still sometimes hard to wrap my mind around the idea of it.
@@1104Tea Yeah, I've tried to explain large scale spatial curvature to a few different people with mixed success. The classic analogy people always use is the surface of the earth, but extending to 3 dimensions is tricky. One guy didn't even believe me when I said parallel trajectories on earth come together. Plus there's the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic curvature...
I think i got a better appreciation of "the metric of spacetime" by playing around with simpler metrics. With chess distance one diagonal step has the same length as one axis-aligned step, meaning that a circle (i.e. constant distance from the center) has the shape of a square. With manhattan/taxicab distance one diagonal step is two axis-aligned steps, meaning a circle has the shape of a rhombus. Understanding that the very notion of "distance" depends on how/what we measure felt like a revelation.
But curvature is about direction rather than distance (i think). I still don't really understand what the heck intrinsic curvature means. Maybe the best analogy is still the Asteroids video game. It takes place on a flat surface but the edges are connected making it topologically a torus 🤷♂️
@@mxlexrd Try going with "Stand on the equator; we'll all walk due north on parallel paths. And it then gets crowded by the time you reach Canada." ;)
Professor Copeland, it's always very nice to listen to this gentleman.
There ought to be more content with him on youtube.
Sometimes i fantasize about the idea of science communicators saying explicitly what the units of measure are of all the different quantities they talk about, so we could do the dimensional analysis necessary to figure out the relationships between those quantities and better relate them to other physical processes we understand better.
But the simple beauty of such an idea leads to such ecstatic bliss that i pass out from excessive joy.
We need way more Ed Copeland on this channel!
Wow I have been studying physics and cosmology on my own since 13 years old now I am 52 . That Professor explained the Hot Big Bang and inflation better than anything I have ever heard or read . He should write a book on it I never heard anything close to that simple of an explanation without hardcore math involved.
I had been wondering what Dr. Copeland was up to. I don’t understand it, but it’s good to hear from him anyway
so glad to see this channel still going 👍👍👍
Would be cool if there were a 3D simulation of curved space and objects in it, so we can experience it more vividly
"...where we think these particles come from." Such an important and wise phrasing... and then there're articles and documentaries stating these hypotheses as fact. I wish more educators were like Prof. Copeland.
Always love Professor Copelands videos! Especially the one on cosmic superstrings.
Its always a great day when the new video its with professor Copeland
Love Ed he's one of the best, you can always feel his enthusiasm and it's contagious.
Mr Copeland seems like the kind of guy who I could find at a pub and still learn from after I've had a few drinks
Fantastic video! This is what I'm here for!
While this was a higher level video, I truly enjoyed watching this one. Really opened my mind about the nature of what we think of as the start of everything. Thank you Brady and Mr. Copeland!
So interesting and intriguing. I was just thinking about where particles come from yesterday and then this video appeared! Yay!
This specific area is worthy of at least a dozen more videos, perhaps with collaborators, such as other channels in the "Bradyverse", and Matt at PBS Space Time. Or perhaps start with a master playlist of the best videos in this area, with new content only to fill gaps and/or generalize the whole.
The Hot Big Bang starts with the unification of almost all fields, where at increasing energy levels the electromagnetic and weak fields unify into the electroweak field, and the other fields unify at ever higher energies until all are unified into a single "grand" field. It is thought the Higgs is the second field to separate, preceded only by the inflaton, with the others following in short order. The "Cold" Big Bang creates (or is created with) the unified field (that also includes the inflaton), and it is the separation of the inflaton field that drives the HBB.
Or at least that's what I gather to be the case. I've not kept up well with research in this area.
As the temperature of the universe continues to drop, each combined field separates in turn, excitations in that field create both the specific force-carrying particles and the particles upon which they act, such as the photon being the force carrier between charged particles for the electromagnetic field, and gluons being the force particles between quarks in the strong field. With other fields for the quark colors and flavors.
However, the photons in the plasma presumed to be present in the electromagnetic field when it separates is NOT what we see as the CMB! The CMB was generated much later, by a different mechanism.
What determines the temperature at which each field will separate (with cooling) or will unify (with heating)? What determines what happens within each field as it separates? (The Higgs in an especially delicious example.)
Professor Copeland shows that even superficial exposure to the math can yield fascinating diagrams that in turn can motivate high-level discussion in a generally comprehensible manner. I had not previously heard of "oscillons", yet quickly comprehended how they fit into the overall picture.
More please!
Yesssss this is right up my alley, can't wait to hear Prof Ed speak on this
Ed is a top presenter. great guy.
I love Professor Ed Copeland!
Brady coming in hot with the banger questions again. Always a pleasure to watch
I love Professor Copeland's amusement. He obviously enjoys what he is doing.
Please more with Professor Copeland.
Thank you so much!
Very interesting.
Glad you enjoyed it!
Professor Copeland. My favourite. Thanks for a very nice video
This was mind blowing and enlightening to me!
Well explained and intuitively taught
I love this corner of youtube!
An excellent presentation!
This Copeland guy is fantastic! cheers from Spain!
Great video. Please make more advanced videos like that!
Amazing explanation. 👍
YES more of the latest research like this please!!!!
I was just asking myself this question this morning! Timely😊
Okay, we're having this conversation. So...when a mommy particle and a daddy particle love each other very much....
Cant daddy particle love another daddy particle?
Too funny! I came down to suggest the name "Conception".
@beebhaz as long as they they're both positive (or both negative) they should get along quite well
This is like an early Christmas present i adore Sixty Symbols (10 years goes by Fast!)
…a stork particle brings them a baby particle, and that’s how you create a family…i mean, hadron.
This channel remains a true gem.💙
I feel like we just got let in on some physics secrets. A fascinating glimpse of how these scientist really think and view things. Thanks Brady and Dr. Copeland! :)
Flatness is best described with triangles.
Triangles made in flat space are 3 angles that add up to 180 degrees.
Very very large triangles measured across the observable universe likewise would have 3 angles adding up to 180 degrees.
this is definitely the most confusing lesson. It's awesome but posing so many questions, like why does the process when the particles got diluted by the inflaton field stop? It's because the potential energy of the field reached a certain frequency at that point. I really need more explanation on the energy, frequency parts, like some example maybe. Thanks Sixty Symbol and Professor Ed a lot for this amazing video.
Love seeing some of what’s at the forefront of physics research!
Great video! Did anyone else notice this: It felt like Eds voice was sounding somewhat strange sometimes, like if there was some resonance ;-) of another mic or something, that was interfering
Its been too long since Ive seen a Prof Copeland vid.
More maths on sixty symbols!! This was incredible. We need more of this! There is no accessible physics that show maths!! Please Brady!
Ed Copeland. I've never clicked faster to watch a vid.
Missed you Ed!
Please more videos like this one.
The part about the oscillons' role in cosmological phase transition made me think of an emulsion that arises during a chemical phase transition.
Phase separation can occur in a solution when a change to its physical or chemical properties means that the lowest energy state will now be achieved when one component becomes a separate phase instead of part of the solution. Sometimes this occurs rapidly, but sometimes an emulsion forms, in which the phases form intermixed bubbles or particles. These bubbles are inherently unstable, since the lowest energy state is for the phases to be completely separate. But they can sometimes take an extremely long time to gradually disappear.
"Yahweh , what are you doing?"
"I'll just be a moment dear, I'm reheating this melon."
"Be careful , the microwave has been on the blink lately."
Fascinating!
You always ask such great questions, Brady.❤
Is there some sort of effect or compression on Ed's voice in this particular video? It almost sounds like his audio is clipping or he's been autotuned.
Yeah! I was looking for this. Sounds like it been pitched down or he's got a cold or something
I'm not complaining or trying to be rude!
Glad I wasn't alone in this thought. Feels like there may be distortion from any audio level normalization is my guess, since Ed isn't wearing a microphone and his distance from the mic probably isn't constant
Mic broke, so we had to fix up the camera audio the best we could
The animation with the sled reminds me of Line Rider :)
One thing I can't wrap my head around is the idea of anything happening "in a few 10^(27) seconds" BEFORE time exists.
always a pleasure
Loved it!
Very informative. I am none the wiser but I really enjoyed listening.
This is profound - one of the first bit of theoretical physics that seems both grounded and groundbreaking. There are so many ideas here I've never heard of - is this an established area of research, or is Prof Copeland giving the pre-amble to a massive publication from his team?
There's a third mode of reheating oscillation called the Big Crunch enhancer, where the sled gets coated with non-nutritive cereal varnish. It's semi-permiable. It's not osmotic. What it does is it coats and seals the flake, prevents the milk from penetrating it.
So he says the system of equations is nonlinear 21:00, right? So I assume whatever system of nonlinear equations he is talking about are PDEs (partial differential equations) or even combinations of PDEs and functional and integral equations.
That's what we differential algebraists work on. We work on finding exact solutions. I own three large handbooks by Soviet authors on differential equationd, the largest of which is the 2nd edition of "Handbook of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations" by Andrei D Polyanin and Valentin F Zaitsev, followed by 2nd edition of "Handbook of Linear Partial Differential Equations for Engineers and Scientists" by Andrei D Polyanin and Vladimir E Nazaikinskii, and 2nd edition of "Handbook of Exact Solutions for Ordinary Differential Equations". The ODE book is especially full of exact solutions of different types of nonlinear ODEs.
All of the solutions are obtained by looking at differential symmetries of the ODEs. I still do not understand quite how they are getting these symmetries. The ODE book, but especially the nonlinear PDE book, have excellent sections on the general theory of differential symmetries. But, I cannot match that general theory up with the many many examples of exact solutions they find.
I would really LOVE to sit down with somebody to help me work that out together.
Nevertheless, one very general pattern that arises from these solutions is that ALL of them can be expressed, parametrically, by a finite tower of intermediate variables, where one variable in this tower satisfies a linear ODE over the differential ring generated by the variable below it. i.e. given G(x,y,dy/dx)=0 there exists a tower v1, v2, v3,..., v(m), t and another tower w1, w2, w3,..., w(n), t and some final common variable, t, below it, such that x satisfies a linear ODE w.r.t. t over Z{v1} = differential ring generated by v1=v1(t) over the integers, Z, with derivation D such that Dt=1, and v1 satisfies a linear ODE w.r.t. t over Z{v2} and so on until v(m) satisfies linear ODE over Z[t].
Similarly, y satisfies a linear ODE w.r.t. t over Z{w1} = differential ring generated by w1=w1(t) over the integers, Z, with derivation D such that Dt=1, and w1 satisfies a linear ODE w.r.t. t over Z{w2} and so on until w(n) satisfies linear ODE over Z[t].
Damn these people are smart working on these things
My favorite speaker
Did the inflaton field vanish completely (from the Lagrangian?) or is it like the top quark field whose particle can still be accessed at the right conditions? Does it contribute to the universe's vacuum energy density?
Absolute legend.
How is this not Roger Penrose's cycler universe
Norway. The answer is Norway. There's this small village where they make them particles
I’m early enough to say:
More Backstage Science please!!!
fascinating.
amazing.
Ed! My favorite!!!
Any recommended book about this reheating phase of universe?
"The universe is flat!"
"No, the universe is inflating!" :p
Professor Ed!!! 🎉❤
Ed copelandddddd yay
17:20 Ah yes, I've heard of these before!
These are the cats in the jungle biomes I believe.
This is so beautiful and explains so much. It wonderful to be shown active research.
Pleased that you enjoyed it
@sixtysymbols - I was hoping for an on early cosmology by prof Copeland's and/or prof. Merrifield. It's like 12 years since their talk about the biggest thingy in the universe.
Can you do a follow up on Cosmic Strings with professor Ed? It was a couple of years ago you talked about that work he did
Thanks a Lot ...
Great Knowledge , Great People