There are really two separate questions here: 1. How do we explain the amount of gold in the universe as a whole? 2. How do we explain the amount of gold we see in our human environment? Most of the video is about the first question, yet the second is also important to understand. It is very important to realize that what we see on the surface of the earth is mit necessarily representative of the universe at large. The bigest example is how Helium is the second most common element in the universe, but very rare on the earth's surface. Other elements are common on earth, but almost never found in pure form because they readily react with other atoms to form stable chemical componds. The fact that gold is not very reactive with other chemicals, but binds together with itself is one of the reasons pure, or nearly pure, gold can be "easily" found on earth. By "easily found" I mean when it is present it is easily identified and extractable. Also gold once isolated can remain so for centuries, unlike iron or copper that easily oxidize into "nonmetallic" forms.
Its all theory. From a planetary perspective of science, we have a single datapoint - Earth. Attempting to claim that all things earth must exist and work the same across millions of galaxies and even higher suns and planets is the height of hubris.
Ya, the video felt like it was going all over the place, and this is a good point. We're always trying to generalize things at such a scale based on such little information.
Around 3:10, the math is wrong by a factor of one million. 2.2*10^19 metric tons *1.6 parts /1,000,000 parts = 3.52*10^13 metric tons That's not 35 million metric tons, it's 35 trillion metric tons. Even if the error was that it should say "parts per billion", that's still off by a factor of 1,000.
@@EvilDaveCanada no, we use the same million. 1,000,000. we have the british billion, 1,000,000,000,000. These day for ease, especially with money, 1,000,000,000 is used.
@666soulreaperuk666 oops, my bad. I was reading an article about this last week and must have remembered it wrong. It's not like I'm going to have a million or a billion of anything.
Another explanation. Gold (and other heavy elements) aren't as common as our local environment would suggest. And that Earth just so happened to be born in proximity of a previous neutron star collision.
Good post. My guess is that they took that into account. Using statistics etc it might not be reasonable to assume a super rare neutron star Collison created enough good to explain what we see.
Do you think a lot of the magnetism comes from the same place... in neutron stars? So other terrestrial planets usually don't have gold like we do or do they?
You said "We were wrong about origin of gold" but you told the things we already knew. don't do clickbaits and stupid titles if you're talking about science.
@GordobChil: No, because of the title, _everybody_ was the target audience. If there hasn't been new info about it very recently, it is a clickbait title.
Yea, I was waiting on the actual conclusion. Lol. At least my knowledge of where most of the gold has been produced has been updated. Last time I heard about where it came from was use from a supernova. Didn't know they had recent discoveries of a neutron star merger even producing much more.
Interesting vid, thanks. On a semi-related note, I feel in addition to the reasons you listed for Au being so popular, there are a couple of more reasons: 1. It doesn't corrode or dissolve easily, meaning you never lose any of your investment even as you remelt and recast it, and is found in its natural form and needs no further refinement, 2. Its density allows for easily separation and concentration and more importantly, 2. It is just the right amount of rare. Uncommon enough to be sought after, while not being so rare as to be unobtainable. If it were as common as copper, it would lose all its value. If it were as rare as platinum, it would be yet another exotic metal.
Well, if it were as common as copper, it would lose SOME of its value. Copper is a precious metal just like silver and gold, that's why we've always made money out of it.
Beware@@drutter, your uneducated comment give internet a bad reputation.. Get your facts check before commenting... Copper is very useful, but it's not a precious metal.
Not just that, its ductility, malleability, heat and electricity conductivity are at the top, making it suitable for electronics which require high throughput and minimal contact points. Gold is the most forgiving metal out there, and since it's so soft, it's easily bent after creating jewelry, and that's why we add impurities to harden it (also for the cost).
@@SahilP2648 Fun fact - copper has better electrical and thermal conductivity than gold, at half the weight. Gold is only used in electrical connections because of its corrosion resistance. If gold were as common as copper, copper would be in more demand and therefore more valuable.
Sad clickbait. You lay it out as if some new discoveries were made, which would prove that ... "We Were Wrong About Gold's Origin" CLICKBAIT. EDIT: The video is really good, am really enjoying it, but the title suggest a DIFFERENT VIDEO. Don't bait your audience. It makes the audience feel taken for fools. Audience does not enjoy that
I don't want to be rude or anything, but apparently it's You that missed out something : the title doesn't "suggest" anything else other than scientific content, put in simple words for large audience. Which was brilliantly delivered
I agree with you!! The title is deliberately provocative in that typical manner of clickbait. Then again that's quite typical of these "scientific" presentations. There are some very interesting matters explained and I did find it mostly interesting. However, 7 years of observation with still what is "new" equipment does not fill me with confidence that we know it all - yes this was briefly touched on but his conclusion probably should have been "we need to keep looking before making any generalisations" and NOT such a silly conclusion as it may explain the price of gold today.
@sosfreeorganic and how is that? "we" don't know would have been better - not such a definitive "we were wrong"! 7 years of observation vs the age of the galaxy cf our level of observation with new equipment. The statistical science of these observations is complex. dear oh dear - 7 years (7 juvenile years ) in billions ........
@@pirobot668beta -- gold and silver are also money because it requires discipline and resources to extract, refine and protect. Currency by decree (fiat) only requires entries in a ledger... yet they already devalued the USD by about 50% over the last few years... other currencies fared worse. They are almost as common as sea water, yet there is nothing to drink!
This is very true and is the basis of Capitalism, or modern day economics if 'that' word is offensive. Money are just tokens that represent the desirability of an exchange according to those involved. There is no intrinsic value in money, it is merely a convenience in the enablement of the bartering process.
@@pirobot668beta That's not the actual reason. Things being rare isn't the necessity for making money. Else, that wouldn't explain why some e-money are valuable, and some aren't. The same goes for metals: some are MUCH more precious than gold AND harder to extract, yet, not money. Alternatively, money nowadays is often made of paper, not rare. It could be made out of wood, grain, stone... Anything, really. What defines a money is trust. And in gold we trust.
One tiny point of criticism; Dr Ben uses the term 'theory' a bit frivolously. I would prefer the term 'hypothesis', since the term 'theory' is misunderstood by so many people.
@@HBFTimmahhOK, how am I misunderstanding these descriptions of a hypothesis and a theory? A hypothesis: 1) A proposed explanation for a phenomenon 2) Based on limited evidence 3) Can be disproven 4) Used to guide further research 5) Can lead to the formation of a theory A theory: 1) A well-substantiated explanation for a phenomenon 2) Based on extensive research and evidence 3) Has been repeatedly tested and supported 4) Used to explain and predict natural phenomena 5) The end result of a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and supported
@@FlipjevanTiel the way you worded your comment it appears you think the words hypothesis and theory are similar in definition. They are not. While this Dr Ben is quite mistaken himself as shown in just this video, he did properly use these two terms, while you seem to think the differences in their definitions are minor.
Heavy elements are created by: 1. R-process: Ultra-rapid neutron absorption without sufficient time for decay between neutron impacts. 2. S-process: Repeated absorption of neutrons with time between impacts for some decays to occur. 3. F-process: While energy cannot be liberated from fusion of iron and more massive elements, such fusions can and do occur. Thermodynamics favors such endothermic fusions at sufficiently high temperatures. Such fusions can cool the core of a star, accelerating collapse. Such fusions produce high mass nuclei which quickly decay into more ordinary elements. 4. I-process: Inverse fission caused when heavy nuclei collide (as in F-process) in the presence of very high neutron fluxes during supernova explosions. This process is approximately the reverse of ordinary nuclear fission. 5. N-process: when outer layers of tentative neutronium are bounced off of cores in supernovae, and are ejected from the stars, then spall into ultra-massive nuclei that quickly decay into more stable ordinary nuclei. Not all of the above processes are distinct, but rather grade into one another. Furthermore, the initial rarity of the heavy but relatively non-reactive elements is exacerbated by the process of the formation of the Earth's core. These elements do not readily form oxides, but remain in elemental form. As such, they are soluble in the molten iron that makes up most of the Earth's core. They were therefore dissolved out of the original molten mass of metal and rock and descended to Earth's core. More reactive metals, like lead, for instance, DO readily form oxides. Hence, although lead's cosmic abundance is far lower than that of gold, it is far more common in the crust where oxides prevail.
"I-process: Inverse fission caused when heavy nuclei collide (as in F-process) in the presence of very high neutron fluxes during supernova explosions. This process is approximately the reverse of ordinary nuclear fission." Unlikely because there are no significant decay chains the form stable gold, nor is stable gold a fission daughter of any fission reactions. I suspect most of the gold originates from blackhole jets or white dwarfs eutron stars feeding on a gas giant.
As a relative layperson (biology rather than physics) I really admire your science communication skill here, both keeping it simple enough but also detailed enough to represent reality very well. You're actually so good at communication that at first I starting thinking "Oh no, another astrophysics video that skips along the deep well of truth and evidence like a stone, happily referencing anything that can get clicks or serve biases", but I was very very happily surprised to see your descriptions match all the underlying science that I've seen elsewhere in being an amateur. Very impressed with your description of recent research in this area. I wish more people knew about interferometry, LiGo, etc.. as it's one of the best ways to show how indirect measurements can reveal so much happening so far away.
Seconded. I braced for unscientific nonsense, was pleasantly surprised when I saw none. Turns out he's a real physicist, go figure. That's when I finally felt comfortable enough to subscribe. Unfortunately, the comments are not as erudite lol
(12:30) The recent price of gold isn't "skyrocketing". The value of intrinsically worthless fiat currencies used to describe the price of gold is cratering.
Correct, the "price" of gold in fiat currency tells us the value of the currency against the constant value of gold. this is the real reason that governments debase gold or leave a "gold standard" entirely. Devaluation of currency (inflation) is a policy implemented to provide more "free stuff" to the masses without increasing the tax load--or as Milton Freedman might have said, "inflating away the debt". That works as long as the economy is actually growing in GDP terms. But once GDP becomes stagnant or declines, it brings collapse. All fiat currencies eventually fall to zero value. But gold never does. So, no matter what else may be correct, it is an undeniable truth that we are indeed fortunate to have a durable, fungible, and tradable asset like gold to protect the real wealth of a nation--its production capacity.
paying for ngs in gold is a pain in the ass. so heavy AND when people used gold to pay for things... they often overpaid by substantial amounts... why? because one would need to break gold down into gold dust. And that dusty form makes gold easier to lose than, say, a nugget or ingot, etc. Plus one must weigh the gold out on a scale for commerce to take place. Paper money and coins of copper w a bit of nickel and some zinc sprayed on or dipped for shiny luster and corrosion and oxidation resistance works pretty well. Plus artists add beauty in the illustrations and reliefs on such items.
@@rwhite4688 You need to bone up on the bimetallic money system mandated by the Constitution of the United States and enforced by the Coinage Act of 1796. Use of gold as money presents no problem at all when it is made into coins of known value. Paper currency is not considered "money" under current U.S. law and one cannot force a merchant to accept token coins that contain no precious metals, e.g., pennies and nickels, as payment of debt in amounts exceeding 25 cents.
I would assume scientists considered this possibility, but it's hard to prove right or wrong without the data to back it up. That was also one of my first thoughts tho. Maybe our entire solar system basically formed in the neighborhood of a neutron star combiner event more or less right after it happened, thus being comparably rich in gold.
Sure sure, @@DrDeuteron ... but (at least in the observable local universe) those collisions aren't so common as to be confused for a uniform distribution of golden foam. There may, in fact, be more in region A than in region B.
Great thought: that we just potentially live in a higher than average gold location that can't be extrapolated out to assume the volume of gold that exists in the universe as a whole. The next logical question would be: how is it that we happened to receive such an outsized abundance of gold making us an outlier?
Video Start: Gold is the flesh of RA. Video End: Gold is the body of exploding stars. Humorously, this video goes full circle. Stated another way, "the body of exploding stars" = "the flesh Ra" the Egyptian sun god.
That’s what I always express to people. Most of our knowledge of things is not much different than past civilizations. The main difference is that we have been able to test a lot of those theories/hypothesis. They are more correct about the history of this world than most archaeologists/historians/scientists/etc. want to give them credit for which is why they call a lot of their knowledge as myths.
There actually is a cheaper method of manufacturing gold. Expose mercury to a neutron source, and it will convert into gold over time. It doesn't take a lot of time either. This experiment has been run successfully inside multiple nuclear reactors.
There's a lot of that going around in classical literature. Plato outright said that the Republic should invent myths that would inspire good citizens. He even invented some new ones, like the Atlantis story in Timaeus.
Gold prices going up means that interest rates are lagging inflation. This began to be more apparent when interest rates fell below 6% after a high of 18%, 20 years before. Gold prices advance on the financial crises that arose out of financial excesses where private money creation elevated asset prices. Gold in a purified form is still money, though it’s used as a store of value.
Exactly, this is what people get wrong. The gold price doesn't react to an economic crises. Except for a short blip, because some traders are caught short. The big gold traders look at the developments in the currency markets. And when the FED starts printing, the gold price starts rising. The tangible inflation comes later.
While I agree with this, bonds right now give a higher rate of return than the (stated) inflation rate Obviously if the real inflation rate is higher than govt figures then gold is right where it needs to be but many talking heads were mystified that gold was going up when bonds were offering “real” returns I think most of the govts figures are self serving, they don’t want to acknowledge how bad actual inflation is (by leaving out food, energy, etc) but it’s still funny seeing zero hedge articles scratching their heads about golds increasing price
It's obviously not real gold based on the way he moves it around. Pure gold of that size has noticeable mass and he would be moving it differently. The color also appears wrong. My guess is plated aluminum as its the cheapest thing to produce that kinda looks like gold.
You'll be surprised, we use plenty of golden cutting tools when machining metal, the gold colour comes from a really hard titanium nitride coating which makes them really good at cutting metal
Gold is a fission product. It is not formed directly from r-process. It's a fragment resulting from the fission of heavier elements. Its abundance patterns are explained by the tendency of fission products to cleave into particular nuclides and decay into stable isotopes.
(I want to say I hadn't watched a lot of the video yet, and I didn't see where he said it was 1 ppm, so I just wanted to say, he got it wrong and is too high by a factor of about 1000.)
So, pressure, fission, heat, chemicals, centrifuge, and time are required to form gold. To produce gold is quite simple. Put lead into a parcel and send it through the post in a box labeled fragile! The recipient should receive gold. Just not necessarily in this centuary! Lol.
In the Inca civilization bit, your image of Inti is an Ecuadorian mask a thousand years older than the Incas (who conquered Ecuador just some decades before the Spanish came). I don't blame you though or the guy who made that animation for that TED talk, basically nearly all modern images about the Incas usually have errors, especially about their gods, of which they didn't made much iconography other than abstract stones and the like so we usually use the far more abundantly pre-Inca iconography to fill the gaps.
What blows my mind is that DNA studies show that the the first migration of humans to the Americas, genetically is closest to people of Papua New Guinea. Melanesians. Who conquered the South Pacific before the Polynesians came through. Archaeologists someday will realize that lots of people know how to sail. Right now they can't figure out how folks got to Australia 65,000 years ago when there was clearly not a land bridge.
@@grumpystiltskin They have found ancient Phoenician artifacts in Australia, so they made it here. They have also found a few small step pyramids as well.
@@kymhealy1252 No, I don't know. My brother had a magazine about these things, unsolved mysteries etc, Australian version, which showed it, maybe near Gosford, from memory? The magazine didn't give the exact location. Unfortunately he passed away 2 years ago so I have no idea how to find it again. If I get time I will do a bit of looking, no promises.
Found this really interesting as I used to be a manufacturing jeweller! As I'm Australian, I noticed that the price of gold was more aligned with the Australian dollar & other currencies of countries which were leaders in gold-mining. That meant that when the $AUD to $USD would fluctuate considerably, our gold-prices wouldn't vary quite as much while longer term trends were usually similar, signifying that supply & demand dictates prices over all!!
Yes, I similarly paused the video at that point and reflected on what I already understood about the thresholds for gold prospecting / exploring in terms of economies of scale and whether or not a drill sample should experience further interest in investment.
Really? There are gold mines that operate on 1.6 parts per billion of gold. I know of mines struggling at 1.6 grams per tonne. I’m fairly certain that you are mistaken. 1.6 ppb is about 1,000 times less than the level of profitability.
Who was wrong? As a primary and secondary student in the 1960s and living near the Johnson Spacecraft Center this is the same origin of metals that we were told in school.
@@DrDeuteron what I mean is, if the star is made of neutrons what force is holding the neutrons together. If there are stars made of neutrons does that mean they would lack any elements that didn’t have a balance between protons neutrons and electrons? Like Hydrogen Lithium Beryllium etc etc.
The value of gold decreases as the supply increases. We just find so little of it that the changes in value are miniscule. If we dug up ALL of it in the crust, it would be almost worthless.
Valid point, that's why it's a hedge against inflation. But that begs the point: What is a standard of value? That changes as well, depending on location, season, scarcity, etc.. I like to think of a loaf of bread = a buck. (I'm paying $6 now). What has it been over time? A 6 shooter, a horse, a month's rent, shave and a haircut, a woman (sorry), and even more sorry, a slave. That reminds of a story about Two Feathers and his six horse woman. Everybody laughed at Two Feathers, what a fool. The normal cost of a woman was two horses. But this woman cooked him the best meals and always made sure his clothes were tidy and the fire didn't smoke too much. And that their bed was warm and welcoming. And boy didn't she hold her head high when she walked past them two horse women. That's value!
If that was true then the value of gold would follow inflation curves of combined fiat currency... It doesn't. The number one effect on gold prices is threats to world peace. When the gold bugs get scared, the price rises as they buy more of it. As things cool off, the price drops. And anyone who can look at an inflation chart and compare it to the price of gold can clearly see that gold has never kept up with inflation for any significant period of time. Don't be silly, actually look these things up, this is a pretty difficult one to "do your own research" on and fail. Gold is great for a swing trade, just like bitcoin. But it makes for awful currency, and doesn't hold value well over time compared to a moderately well regulated fiat currency. The true test of inflation isn't even if it trades well against the dollar, but how it trades against other dollar measured equities and investments, and again, gold isn't even a top performer among metals more generally, much less good assets like s&p500, or the broader stock market. And just like fiat currency, more gold is produced every day, and there is no end in sight on that. There is a lot to dig up, it isn't a fixed volume that could fight inflation if it tried. And let's not even get into the actual costs of buying, trading, storing and guarding gold which severely undercuts it's literal face value. Like home owners failing to include property taxes and maintenance when determining the actual return on their flawed investment of a house, gold bugs fail to account for related fees related to their prized dragon horde... Or they trade in paper gold, which is just a speculation market akin to tulip trading by the Dutch, and isn't actually buying gold at all.
@@CaedenV In the 17th century, a nice tailored suit would cost you one ounce of gold. It's about the same today. With all its ebbs and flows, in the long run, the real value of gold remains relatively constant.
At 3:12 I think you meant to say 1.6 parts per billion (ppb). 1.6 ppm is low grade ore. What is still amazing about that though is you can take a sample from almost anywhere and it will have a measurable amount of gold in it even though it is an ultra low concentration. Even seawater contains gold.
Yes, I similarly paused the video at that point and reflected on what I already understood about the thresholds for gold prospecting / exploring in terms of economies of scale and whether or not a drill sample should experience further interest in investment.
Hmmm. Then i guess the Japanese habit of eating and drinking gold isn't THAT weird. Just very wasteful. Oh, and FYI, "There's GOLD in that there shit!"
He meant ppb: 1.6ppm is med-high grade ore for open pit mining (they can mine 0.2ppm), but below 'low-grade' for underground, i.e. not ore in most cases
@allan339 - ??? I think you did not grasp the point I was making . Filling a tank will be the LEAST of your problems under a full civil conflict between opposing ideologies . Fiat currency are worthless during a civil raw ( if you get the idea ) . Anyway, Allan ... I would not try to sound too pessimistic at this moment . Be safe and ... Happy Comrade !
One of the things I love so much about real science is that it is a model, and as such will change with new information. There's nothing wrong with revisiting old ideas and asking new questions.
Yep, only problem is that real science is vanishing and instead 'science' is being treated like an institution, much like the church was for centuries. With people deferring to 'the science' much like people used to defer to 'the pope' or 'the gospel'. Much of the consensus from people who fail to understand that science is simply a process is that "the science" is completely correct when spoken, which is antothetical to scientific progress as the point is to always question the results and skepticism is valued over blind acceptance.
The average concentration of Au in the crust is much less than 1.6ppm, which is a level of the ore in some gold mines. It's more like 0.001 to 0.006 ppm, 1 - 6 ppb, parts per billion.
0:49 it comes from the same place all the other elements heavier than iron come from supernovas and the fact that it is here indicates that our star is at least the second star to exist in this location because iron is a Starkiller and it cannot be fused to make heavier elements from Stellar Fusion
The kilonova hypothesis is billowing for years, although everything point in the direction, there is no known mechanism to create heavy elements like gold and even uranium and transuranic elements - simply from neutrons. Decay of a free neutron into a proton, an electron and and an antielectron-neutrino takes about a quarter hours. During a binary collision, there is simply not enough time to form enough protons. The heavier the elements to synthesize are, the more energy is required, since Coulomb's laws says, force increases with the product of atomic number. And energy is to integral of force along a distance.Therefore, I suspect, transmutation of heavy elements might occur during the early stage of a supernova. The Chandrasekhar limit may or may not play a crucial role. Giant stars are also no viable candidates, since they are used to collapse into a black hole in a quite unbureaucratic manner. Anton Petrov has already made videos about suddenly disappearing stars.
neutron stars have protons at at least white dwarf densities--as that is how degenerate pressure works.The only reasons the electron inverse beta decay into neutron is because the volume of a quantum state goes as 1/m, so the e is maxed out, but if it can merge with a p, then it can collapse much more as they both become an n.
In the most common types of stellar core collapse supernovae seen in the universe today, not so much. Such a supernova event happens at the end of the life of a class O (aka blue giant) star, which have a minimum mass of 8 solar masses, as in 8 times the mass of our sun. These are rare stars in the universe today because they are so short-lived compared to most main sequence stars: For example our own sun is thought to be somewhere between 4 and 5 billion years old, and thought to have roughly the same lifetime remaining before it depletes its supply of hydrogen, expands into a red giant and starts burning helium in its core. However, a blue giant star has a much shorter lifespan, measured in millions rather than billions of years, which explains why there are so few of them in the observable universe today - most of them burned out and went supernova billions of years ago. Although it is possible that some gold (and other similarly heavy elements) have been produced by blue giant star supernovae, it is more likely that most of the gold currently existing in the universe today was either made by the neutron star collision events described in this video, or in the much larger and massively more violent supernovae of the largest stars which have ever existed in the universe: Billions of years ago when the universe was much smaller in size and the matter it was composed of (mostly hydrogen and helium) was considerably more dense, the conditions existed for almost unbelievably massive stars to form - which might have been hundreds of times more massive than our sun. These would have been the first stars to ever exist in the universe, which would have had extremely short lifespans compared to even the largest known stars today. Their supernova events would therefore have been many orders of magnitude more energetic and violent than any supernova ever observed in known history, so these could easily have been responsible for the formation of far more gold and other heavy elements than any of the smaller supernova events which have occurred since then. The upshot of which is that you're partially right about supernovae being the source of some currently existing gold - but with the caveats that these were much larger supernovae than you may have been thinking of, and of course that stellar core collapse supernovae are not the only possible sources.
The problem is see is by 4:38 you’ve already broken the first two laws of thermodynamics. I thought gold is created by supernova was common science knowledge. The reason it’s “rare” is because it’s created at a specific pressure and temp and the star collapsing is only at that pressure and temp for millisecond before it starts making the next element.
It just occurred to me that the proper nomenclature to describe the profession if scientist should be like that of of Doctors and lawyers. It’s a mere practice. Because as new information unfolds, what we thought we knew, we really didn’t know. For example we use we use the phrase “down to a science” much too loosely in my opinion. Science does not = fact.
@@Petrvsco Wish I could tell you but the truth is stranger than fiction. There are many hidden things in our reality. You can go to where gold is created but you can’t take your meat suit. Only your energy body can go. It’s a major industrial facility that produces the gold we mine here on the surface. No school will ever give you this information
@@Thisjustin4clarity I don’t disagree. Science is a rigorous method to test ideas regarding how the universe work. Ir works by approximation. Then we get people that like to say things like “that violates the first two laws of thermodynamics” without actually explaining how.
@@tabascoraremaster1 no but it makes it the scientific consensus. Fusion only occurs in the core (and the next layer during red giant phase). But that's just the truth apparent via math and careful study in our dimension of reality so may not be true in all realities. Especially if this life is a simulation and stars are really only just code in a huge"universe existence" supercomputer.
I seem to recall in an issue of popular science about 15 years ago where scientists figured out a method to breed bacteria that poop out gold. It was still ridiculously expensive to produce, but far better than atomic transmutation in particle accelerators.
@@MrFram It could be. It was way back in the late 00's and the article specifically said that it was not filtering existing gold from another compound which is super suspicious. I can't find anything on it now but I am finding tons of stuff on 2 bacteria that refine gold from a toxic gold bearing compound. Perhaps it was that but the lab who first mentioned it in the article didn't know exactly what was going on?
Every once in a while someone will revive the sea water gold extraction process. Eventually it may actually become cost effective. But it is a good scam to raise funding.
The gold the bacteria poop out is not created by the bacteria, the bacteria are being used to breakdown the pyrite which contains the fully enclosed gold and thus to liberate the refractory gold and allow its subsequent recovery. It is a process similar to roasting the gold containing pyrite that is used throughout the mining industry. Once liberated or exposed from the pyrite by roasting or bio-leaching the very fine gold is easily dissolved in the cyanide solution used by most gold processing plants. Gold ores usually have pyrite or arsenopyrite associated with them as the gold is often carried in bisulphide rich groundwater. Sort of staggering to think that gold can be dissolved and transported in solution, but this is the genesis of most gold deposits, the gold is not created but is leached out of huge quantities of country rock and the deposited to form deposits that are economically extractable
TL:DR The Egyptians were right, Gold is the remnants of the body of RA, the Sun God; / Or more scientifically but less poetically, Gold is Steller Material
Incorrect. Stars have very little gold in them. You gotta wait until they get all explodey. Especially with colliding neutron stars. The first stars had no gold. Our star has a wee bit from kilonova events previously. Our star will not produce any new gold unless it collects enough mass through a collision with other stars.
Perhaps "Ra" was either an extra-terrestrial visitor or a human from an long dead advanced civilization that existed on Earth, who explained to the Egyptians the true origins of gold.
If it gets to that point the metals one should invest in are Brass and Lead. Maybe ten years after the Jackpot, gold will be useful again. You have to make out the other side of churn first.
Lead is so toxic, it's not worth using. Depending on where you are located copper alloys would be better for many purposes. Post-collapse, recycling metals will probably replace mining new raw metals.
That's assuming this "post-apocalyptic survival scenario" miraculously made all electronics and knowledge about them cease to exist. The substitutes for gold would be silver or tin, but not ideal for most applications because of corrosion. In a post-apocalyptic survival scenario where electronics still reasonably existed (what would make them vanish?), gold would still be incredibly valuable, if not more valuable than it is now.
I watched a video that says that most gold in the universe is produced in collapse stars (stars so heavy that even fission does not sometimes prevent collapse of the star) and those stars explode without even leaving a core, they cause fission of heavy elements that incudes gold.
Imagine: Somewhere in a solar system a little over 5 bln lys away, someone is watching our area of space because of the Gamma Ray Burst that would produce all the heavy elements we use today.
Gold can be created via LENR processes. It has been found in samples of materials involved with LENR experiments using a SEM. You simply add more protons to an atom until you have 79. There are processes in nature that can do these low energy nuclear reactions such as cavitation.
Must be trillions of Alien LENR's making all that gold. Cavitation barely works for deutrium & tritium, for get about heavy elements which will need about 1 Trillion times the pressure to fuse heavy elements like gold. Probably the most likely source for some of the gold & other heavy elements are plasma jets from black holes as well as white dwarf or neutron start feeding on a companion star and create collisions at near relativistic speeds. Perhaps there are other sources, but the odds of colliding neutron stars forming the bulk of heavily elements is zero: too rare to produce much of it.
So, something like the jets coming off of a black hole or something could just be a giant proton gun creating all sorts of elements? Sounds legit enough of a theory. Wonder if we could find signal of that in what we see?
Once you get the Process right, the Alchemist Stone takes 3 Years to make, and once it is made you have to ferment it with 1000x Silver at the White Stage, and then 1000x Gold at the Red Stage. This is of course what the Book of Aquarius says. Gold is the Purest of all the Metals and all Metals in the Earth eventually will become Gold.
Frequency Over Time and Elemental Formation In this model, we consider that elements start from hydrogen (the simplest element) and evolve over time, increasing in informational density and decreasing in frequency as they form heavier elements. Here's a detailed explanation: 1. Hydrogen as the Starting Point: - High Frequency, Low Information Density: Hydrogen, being the simplest element, represents the highest frequency and the lowest informational density. It is the first and most abundant element formed in the early universe through Big Bang nucleosynthesis. 2. Stellar Nucleosynthesis: - Formation of Heavier Elements: Stars fuse hydrogen into helium and, through subsequent fusion processes (helium burning, carbon burning, etc.), produce elements up to iron (Fe). These processes occur under extremely high temperatures and pressures within stellar cores. - Increasing Information Density: As elements form through fusion, their informational density increases. Iron represents a significant milestone, where fusion processes no longer release energy. 3. Transition to Lower Frequency, Higher Information Density: - Beyond Iron: Elements heavier than iron are not formed in significant quantities in regular stellar nucleosynthesis due to the lack of energy gain. Instead, these elements require environments with high neutron fluxes, such as supernovae and neutron star mergers. - Neutron Star Contributions: Neutron stars, with their extreme conditions, provide the necessary environments for the rapid neutron capture process (r-process), which forms heavy elements like gold, platinum, and uranium. Over time, these processes increase the informational density of the elements formed. 4. Elemental Evolution Over Time: - Temporal Development: The development of elements can be seen as a temporal progression from high frequency (early universe, simple elements) to low frequency (later stages, complex elements). - Lower Energy Requirements: As elements become more informationally dense, they require less extreme conditions for their formation compared to the high temperatures needed for initial fusion processes in stars. This supports the idea that neutron stars and other late-stage astrophysical phenomena play a crucial role in forming the heaviest elements. Visualising the Process - Spiral Model: Visualising this as a spiral, with hydrogen at the centre (high frequency, low information) and heavier elements at the outer edges (low frequency, high information), helps illustrate the progression and increasing complexity over time. - Temporal Axis: Adding a temporal axis to this model shows how elemental formation evolves from the early universe to present day, with increasing informational density corresponding to the age of the universe and the processes involved. Summary By considering frequency as developing over time, we see a coherent picture of elemental formation: - Early Universe: High-frequency, low-information elements like hydrogen dominate. - Stellar Nucleosynthesis: Stars create elements up to iron, increasing informational density through high-energy fusion processes. - Astrophysical Events: Supernovae and neutron star mergers further increase informational density by forming heavy elements under extreme conditions, which require less extreme temperatures due to their higher informational content. This model underscores the role of time and evolving conditions in the universe, supporting the idea that heavy elements develop through a combination of stellar and astrophysical processes.
Plot twist: we are the aliens. Humans from a distant future tried to see gold formation from too close and got sent back into the past by the time-space rip caused by the neutron stars dancing around each other
@@Azreal.ra9 It’s formed under high heat / high pressure scenarios involving quartz. When quartz is put under these conditions the quartz turns to steam and the steam travels through solid quartz. The rapid heating and cooling of the quartz itself in this process forms gold. I can usually explain this a little better but my mind is on other things and I’m sleepy 🥱. Somewhere amongst the comments of this video I probably explained it.
That's simply the antrophic principle, a mental bias that favors humanity and not the xenos. The converse of that is that we are kept in a zoo by stronger xenos, or even being simulated on a universe-grade computer.
Not only that, no one even knows how to make gold with very little effort, equipment or time. Well, after a year of theory and experimenting, I know for a fact everyone before me was very wrong about many things. When a craft has been established for so long, people can easily forget how many ways there are to go about things. I'm not finished my work just yet, but I can say with 100% certainty that if I had listened to a single person on earth, I wouldn't have have accomplished my goals because I did something, 2 ways at that, no one thought possible. Many, many people told me with confidence I was wrong, turns out I couldn't have been more right. Thank god people talk out of their asses without a single piece of real knowledge/experience, gave me the motivation to keep going until I discovered what might be the biggest leap in the goldsmithing field ever. Yesterday as of this writing was a good day for science, im exited to share it with the world one day.
Have you ever known anyone named Auric? I'm sure there are a few people with that name existing somewhere amongst the ~8 billion people on earth? A quick search (look, there's a squirrel), reveals US SSA data showing 6 babies/million named Auric in 2008. It has apparently(?) essentially disappeared since 2017? If that's true? I wonder why? Financial crisis? An actual Goldfinger would probably exacerbate osteoarthritis over time, of the fingers, hand, wrist, elbow and shoulder. Possibly the spine? A positive effect might be the lowered development and progression of rheumatoid arthritis? Pure speculation on my part. Feel free to "weigh in" on the topic.
I would have to think that the chances of only 7 years giving any statistical evidence that is convincing would be on the low end of the low end of possibilities. I doubt even 10,000 years (impossible probably) would give us the needed time to come to a statistically relevant conclusion.
It grinds my gears when someone calls alchemy "the pursuit of turning lead into gold"... For 3 reasons 1 of them, that it's essentially like describing physics as "the pursuit of unifying relativity and quantum mechanics"
@@friendlyone2706 exactly.... It's the same with alchemy. It was basically the mother of modern chemistry and pharmaceuticals.... Turning lead into gold was their "holy grail".. but just like there's more to physics than just quantum and relativity.. there's also more to alchemy than turning lead into gold But people never change... Each era thinks that they are the pinnacle of ingenuity and that all that came before them failed because they were simply too dumb "If I see further, it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants" ~ Sir Isaac Newton The four humors led to modern day blood tests and urine tests etc.... Using poultices in treating wounds and ailments eventually led to modern pharmacy Even the idea of using mercury to somehow turn lead into gold stemmed from logical (albeit misguided) thoughts.... After all... Mercury was used at the time to purify gold from a lump of earth.... Remember... The atomic theory was still in its infancy... At best...... Their dealings with mercury lead to what we know today about its dangers. Many laboratory procedures used today stemmed from things the alchemists researched We literally would not have chemistry if not for the great works of alchemists.(I already heard the argument of their being a different thing to replace it... But that's just using a different name for the same thing) These great men paved the way for our modern science, they should be celebrated, not ridiculed
@@MrJamezk 2. It's mostly people alluding to the worst examples of alchemy... Just like judging the entire African continent based on the blood diamonds movie 3. They use it as a way to discredit real scientific progress made by the alchemists. Eg; we now know that mercury is dangerous... But where did that knowledge come from? Also Mercury was actually used to purify gold.. it still is in some places. Newton said it best "I see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants". Those who came before me laid the foundations for what I build today
12:15 "...it's difficult to understand which way we are biasing ourselves." Yeah, extrapolating the statistics is difficult from one datum... BTW, even if your content wasn't so excellent (which it is), I'd still give you massive props for doing your own narration. You, Sophie, Anton, Derek, and a bunch of others I can't think of at the moment are a delight to listen to for your variety of nuance in your human voices.
none of the current theories take into account the fact that only some planets contain gold deposits and not all equally so something is not matching here
How tf does anyone even know that?? Who tf has gone to other planets to actually verify this?? Nobody. Even exoplanets are a stretch. No one actually knows what tf is on the surface.
So part 1 mystery is How is Au formed. Part 2 is as heavy elements sink to a bottom or inside the formation of a planet is it by volcanic or plate tectonics that pushes it to the surface ? Why then does it seem to aggregate in specific physiological locations or nuggets ?
As far as I know, gold on the surface arrived much later through meteors and interplanetary dust, gold sinked at the earths center is there never to be seen.
That leads to the question: what is the physical relationship between the Earth and the universe? Or, how did the Earth form OUT OF / FROM the Universe?
@rentoninnes Right. I think the core churns it up and out. A creek gets panned out, and gold can show up again. Maybe other planets have a similar thing, so it would make sense, in that case to have off planet gold aswell.
*Gold never goes up in price in "real" market mechanics. What is actually happening is that worthless 'paper money' gets worth less and less and that is called INFLATION. We have to remember that the experiment in PAPER MONEY is only 300 years old and DEBIT based economic models are only 71 years old so we really do not know when and how it will implode. We do have a similar case study in the ROMAN EMPIRE. It seems that in the year 340AD the Romans started minting coins in worthless metals like copper, bronze and even lead as they could not sustain or grow their economy by minting Gold and Silver coins. This was ultimately want ended the Roman Empire about 150 years later as fewer and fewer countries and businesses trusted their money as it HAD NO REAL VALUE. In America we took GOLD out of coins in 1933, Silver out of coins by 1971, Copper out of pennies by 1983 and Nickle out of 'Nickles" by 2011 - Sounding Familiar???*
Pricefixing precious metals is a bad idea. They are needed and wanted for more than just the social construct of representing exchange, and there is not enough of them to represent the scale at which we measure such exchanges now. The world population has doubled since Brenton Woods was dropped. And abject poverty has shrunk.
I lost a lot of money investing in gold I put a couple thousand dollars into gold and it went down and I needed money so I was forced to sell gold for a loss but I also sold a bunch of gold jewelry and coins I bought for about 500$ for 1100$
@@QUINTIX256 *I am a Dr. of Economics with 10 years at Yale under my belt. I can prove in one-word you are wrong,,, BITCOIN! The magic is that they are limited in numbers so the price goes up as more and more people split the coins value, kind-of like splitting stock (Or the 'stock' of a stick 600 years ago which is where the word 'stock' comes from). Bitcoin could split for the next 10,000 years and service the whole human race. I estimate that in 22 years 0.0000001 Bit-Coin will be worth about $1.00 - Let's just hope the newer computers can keep up with the block-chains. Money is just a 'yard-stick' for measuring labor, so that we all put in are fair share of work into society. That is all it has even been. Since Gold is impossible to counterfeit it stops corruption. Paper money is a license to steal PEOPLES HARD LABOR! Sorry but it's going to end very badly for believers in paper money, just wait long enough,,,,,.*
@@Ian-o9v *What??? LOL, if I have something you desperately need I can always demand you pay me more Gold for it. What do you mean Gold not subject to supply and demand?*
Look no further than our nearest star. A recurring micro novae could be a much better hypothesis. The gold found through placer mining in Alaska looks like it was simply splattered in a cataclysmic event. Australia also has these splatter nuggets and they are very much layer dependent. Any other novae would be just to far away or to far back in time to explain what the miners are finding.
Astrophysics has a blind spot. Telescopes don't work underground. With an absence of evidence, we assume nothing happens. We can't match the conditions of Earth's core in any laboratory. You can't get those pressures and temperatures together for more than a few milliseconds. But we do have good experience with solid state fusion expenses experiments such as lenr. We know that we can transmute elements in laboratory conditions much faster then you'd expect from simple ballistic mechanics that explain hot fusion. Quantum mechanics applied to crystalline materials is not something that mathematics or computer simulation can deal with. So mathematical physicists are somewhat hostile to the idea that anything interesting could happen there. But it does! High temperature superconductors are similarly opaque to mathematical understanding. But that doesn't mean there's not an industry! Low energy nuclear reactions are those that are accomplished at small scale in laboratories. People are not aiming at making gold. But medical isotopes are being produced. The main goal seems to make low-grade heat for distributed Energy solutions that would be cheap and safe. You can't put a solar panel in your basement and have it work all winter long. The gadgets work but they have to beat a heat pump economically, And be manufacturable, and better understood, before they can be a product.
@@tektrixter I agree. Gold is 17x the density of water and about 1.5x the density of Lead. He wouldn't be able to shake it around so easily if it was really solid Gold.
Just because the fusion of heavier elements in a star can’t sustain fusion in a star; does not mean they do not occur. Imagine a star that is in the stage a fusing heavier elements. There is the possibility of random heavy elements being accelerated and colliding in the extreme temperatures and pressures of the sun. Stable elements like Gold may be a rare and endothermic process; but in a massive star over its lifetime would produce sufficient quantities to account for the amount of gold and other heavier the iron elements we find.
My favorite thing about gold is the fact that it's unique color is the result of relativistic effects. So, one of the most important clues to the true nature of our universe has been right there in front of us all along, in that beautiful golden glow.
+ Astrophysicist - gold comes from stars Geologist - gold comes from the Earth. Economist - Gold comes from the market. Anthropologist - Gold is a random material given value based on cultural beliefs and norms Barbarian - Gold comes from plunder Nazis - Gold comes from the teeth of our victims
We were taught it came from Supernovas back during the early ages of the Universe. Sounds like we really have no idea. Only 4 Olympic sized swimming pools is all we've ever collected- that's nuts, I thought it was WAY more than that! Nice vid, sub earned!
Isaac Newton was not searching for the philosopher's stone. He did do alchemy, but this is most likely because he was trying to understand the forces between substances in order to understand what force is, and therefore how gravity works. Source: a lecture from Piers Bursill-Hall
@3:08: Wouldn't there be more gold in the earth than just based on those ppm? Since Gold is a siderophile element, which means it has an affinity for iron. During the differentiation of the earth, some of the gold was pulled into the core of our planet along with iron. Meaning there could be more gold the deeper you go.
Impressive delivery, without apparent cuts. Wonderfully interesting. I am a dummy no training in physics, What I found so interesting was a question, some time back which was, how fast if gravity ? Same speed as light is the answer. Proven by the collision of two stars. Each captured in the gravity field of the other orbiting and flashing gravity and light, in effect sending out massive waves of gravity whilst emitting light allows a comparison. Cleverly you measure the difference of arrival time on earth, like a race. Turns out the difference over a fantastic distance was just two seconds.
Great visuals that go along with the great story telling. Any other info supplied whether accurate or inaccurate is just a bonus, something to have somewhere in the memory bank.
I spent a happy day panning for gold once in Scotland, and came back with some recognisable flakes and micro-nuggets - its a fun way to waste a day, and I recommend it!
@@vincentyeo88 🙄 they found a reservoir of water way way further down than the thickness of the Earth crust, 😅 it's actually where the outer core is supposed to be located. 😏 You just have to wait for the textbooks catch up with recent discoveries. 😏 And that should only take a few life times to happen.
People get excited about the price of gold. It should scare the hell out of us. It is proving that the dollar is losing buying power. Our dollar was based on a set amount of gold. Now the dollar is based on what we're told it's worth.
The philosophers stone isn't a substance. It's a person. The German text on alchemy describes the divine opposites(my Dad and me). These two don't need any substance to turn base metals into gold. The true philosopher only needs his or her body/touch. This world is full of magic, God's magic
When a star switches its primary fuel source (e.g. going from Hydrogen Fusion (4 H -> He) to Triple-Alpha (3 He -> C), the prior reactions are still going on, but at a decreasing rate. This does mean that the star's energy production is less than required to offset the inward pressure from gravity, as stated in the video. Eventually, the waste product of the prior step will reach enough temperature and pressure to start fusing itself, and the process continues, with layers of fusion reactions continuing, with Hydrogen on the outside, then helium, then carbon, then oxygen and nitrogen and some neon, etc. As stated, iron is the end of the process because fusing iron is energy-absorbing.
Maybe the explanation for the discrepancy is simply that Earth happened to form from a cloud of interstellar gas and dust that had recently been enriched by a neutron star collision... so, it's possible that planets that are as rich in gold as the Earth are relatively rare in the Galaxy.
There are really two separate questions here:
1. How do we explain the amount of gold in the universe as a whole?
2. How do we explain the amount of gold we see in our human environment?
Most of the video is about the first question, yet the second is also important to understand. It is very important to realize that what we see on the surface of the earth is mit necessarily representative of the universe at large. The bigest example is how Helium is the second most common element in the universe, but very rare on the earth's surface. Other elements are common on earth, but almost never found in pure form because they readily react with other atoms to form stable chemical componds. The fact that gold is not very reactive with other chemicals, but binds together with itself is one of the reasons pure, or nearly pure, gold can be "easily" found on earth. By "easily found" I mean when it is present it is easily identified and extractable. Also gold once isolated can remain so for centuries, unlike iron or copper that easily oxidize into "nonmetallic" forms.
Thanks - saved me time
Its all theory. From a planetary perspective of science, we have a single datapoint - Earth. Attempting to claim that all things earth must exist and work the same across millions of galaxies and even higher suns and planets is the height of hubris.
Ya, the video felt like it was going all over the place, and this is a good point. We're always trying to generalize things at such a scale based on such little information.
Lol way way off
And 3) what is the process whereby gold accumulates into veins?
Around 3:10, the math is wrong by a factor of one million.
2.2*10^19 metric tons
*1.6 parts
/1,000,000 parts
= 3.52*10^13 metric tons
That's not 35 million metric tons, it's 35 trillion metric tons.
Even if the error was that it should say "parts per billion", that's still off by a factor of 1,000.
Quality
Hey buddy, this guy's a doctor.
Maybe wrong math is the new right math..
The British use the word "million" for the same quantity as people in North America call "Billion"
@@EvilDaveCanada no, we use the same million. 1,000,000. we have the british billion, 1,000,000,000,000. These day for ease, especially with money, 1,000,000,000 is used.
@666soulreaperuk666 oops, my bad. I was reading an article about this last week and must have remembered it wrong. It's not like I'm going to have a million or a billion of anything.
Another explanation. Gold (and other heavy elements) aren't as common as our local environment would suggest. And that Earth just so happened to be born in proximity of a previous neutron star collision.
Good post. My guess is that they took that into account. Using statistics etc it might not be reasonable to assume a super rare neutron star Collison created enough good to explain what we see.
Bingo
Do you think a lot of the magnetism comes from the same place... in neutron stars? So other terrestrial planets usually don't have gold like we do or do they?
Gold is petrified ancient cheese. When will people wake up?
New theories on the liquid metallic hydrogen Sun suggest that gold is produced along with other heavier elements during micro Nova events on the Sun.
You said "We were wrong about origin of gold" but you told the things we already knew. don't do clickbaits and stupid titles if you're talking about science.
All for views. Just got a hater...
I didn’t know it. And what he described at the beginning was exactly what I thought. I guess I’m the target audience.
@@GordonChil
Glad you enjoyed the info.
@GordobChil:
No, because of the title, _everybody_ was the target audience. If there hasn't been new info about it very recently, it is a clickbait title.
Well said. Video title is clickbait and misleading. Not in the spirit of real science.
Q: So just how much gold did they make?
A: None of your bismuth.
Brought my free energy device.
Let's make some gold! 😊
You should consult the Auricle. He should know.
@@John-wd5cb Not too much, you don't want a price collapse.
@@ohasis8331 will stash the rest.
You shale not use bad puns here!
"we were wrong about Gold's origin" centuries ago. Next video "we were wrong about the Sun being a chariot ridden by a god across the sky".
I agree. It's always the gospel until it isnt anymore
Yea, I was waiting on the actual conclusion. Lol. At least my knowledge of where most of the gold has been produced has been updated. Last time I heard about where it came from was use from a supernova. Didn't know they had recent discoveries of a neutron star merger even producing much more.
Interesting vid, thanks.
On a semi-related note, I feel in addition to the reasons you listed for Au being so popular, there are a couple of more reasons:
1. It doesn't corrode or dissolve easily, meaning you never lose any of your investment even as you remelt and recast it, and is found in its natural form and needs no further refinement,
2. Its density allows for easily separation and concentration
and more importantly,
2. It is just the right amount of rare. Uncommon enough to be sought after, while not being so rare as to be unobtainable. If it were as common as copper, it would lose all its value. If it were as rare as platinum, it would be yet another exotic metal.
Well, if it were as common as copper, it would lose SOME of its value. Copper is a precious metal just like silver and gold, that's why we've always made money out of it.
Beware@@drutter, your uneducated comment give internet a bad reputation.. Get your facts check before commenting...
Copper is very useful, but it's not a precious metal.
But platinum cost about half as much even if it has many similar property's of gold (and more).
Not just that, its ductility, malleability, heat and electricity conductivity are at the top, making it suitable for electronics which require high throughput and minimal contact points. Gold is the most forgiving metal out there, and since it's so soft, it's easily bent after creating jewelry, and that's why we add impurities to harden it (also for the cost).
@@SahilP2648 Fun fact - copper has better electrical and thermal conductivity than gold, at half the weight.
Gold is only used in electrical connections because of its corrosion resistance.
If gold were as common as copper, copper would be in more demand and therefore more valuable.
Sad clickbait. You lay it out as if some new discoveries were made, which would prove that ... "We Were Wrong About Gold's Origin" CLICKBAIT. EDIT: The video is really good, am really enjoying it, but the title suggest a DIFFERENT VIDEO. Don't bait your audience. It makes the audience feel taken for fools. Audience does not enjoy that
As far as I can tell, the title is _exactly_ correct as to the content in the video.
He's a doctor, they just injected the entire world with poison. What do you expect?
I don't want to be rude or anything, but apparently it's You that missed out something : the title doesn't "suggest" anything else other than scientific content, put in simple words for large audience. Which was brilliantly delivered
I agree with you!! The title is deliberately provocative in that typical manner of clickbait. Then again that's quite typical of these "scientific" presentations. There are some very interesting matters explained and I did find it mostly interesting. However, 7 years of observation with still what is "new" equipment does not fill me with confidence that we know it all - yes this was briefly touched on but his conclusion probably should have been "we need to keep looking before making any generalisations" and NOT such a silly conclusion as it may explain the price of gold today.
@sosfreeorganic and how is that? "we" don't know would have been better - not such a definitive "we were wrong"! 7 years of observation vs the age of the galaxy cf our level of observation with new equipment. The statistical science of these observations is complex. dear oh dear - 7 years (7 juvenile years ) in billions ........
More money than has ever existed.
Federal Reserve: hold my beer
Gold is money because it it rare.
Make Gold as common as water, it loses all value.
Y'all OK?
@@pirobot668beta -- gold and silver are also money because it requires discipline and resources to extract, refine and protect.
Currency by decree (fiat) only requires entries in a ledger... yet they already devalued the USD by about 50% over the last few years... other currencies fared worse. They are almost as common as sea water, yet there is nothing to drink!
This is very true and is the basis of Capitalism, or modern day economics if 'that' word is offensive. Money are just tokens that represent the desirability of an exchange according to those involved. There is no intrinsic value in money, it is merely a convenience in the enablement of the bartering process.
@@pirobot668beta That's not the actual reason.
Things being rare isn't the necessity for making money. Else, that wouldn't explain why some e-money are valuable, and some aren't. The same goes for metals: some are MUCH more precious than gold AND harder to extract, yet, not money. Alternatively, money nowadays is often made of paper, not rare. It could be made out of wood, grain, stone... Anything, really.
What defines a money is trust. And in gold we trust.
@@pirobot668beta Not true. Gold is magic. Therefore it is rare.
One tiny point of criticism; Dr Ben uses the term 'theory' a bit frivolously. I would prefer the term 'hypothesis', since the term 'theory' is misunderstood by so many people.
Agree. Theories tend to be testable. Hypotheses are proposed explanations usually waiting for some comprehensive experimentation.
Clearly you misunderstand both terms.
@@HBFTimmahhOK, how am I misunderstanding these descriptions of a hypothesis and a theory?
A hypothesis:
1) A proposed explanation for a phenomenon
2) Based on limited evidence
3) Can be disproven
4) Used to guide further research
5) Can lead to the formation of a theory
A theory:
1) A well-substantiated explanation for a phenomenon
2) Based on extensive research and evidence
3) Has been repeatedly tested and supported
4) Used to explain and predict natural phenomena
5) The end result of a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and supported
@@FlipjevanTiel You should add that a theory can also be disproved.
@@FlipjevanTiel the way you worded your comment it appears you think the words hypothesis and theory are similar in definition. They are not. While this Dr Ben is quite mistaken himself as shown in just this video, he did properly use these two terms, while you seem to think the differences in their definitions are minor.
Heavy elements are created by:
1. R-process: Ultra-rapid neutron absorption without sufficient time for decay between neutron impacts.
2. S-process: Repeated absorption of neutrons with time between impacts for some decays to occur.
3. F-process: While energy cannot be liberated from fusion of iron and more massive elements, such fusions can and do occur. Thermodynamics favors such endothermic fusions at sufficiently high temperatures. Such fusions can cool the core of a star, accelerating collapse. Such fusions produce high mass nuclei which quickly decay into more ordinary elements.
4. I-process: Inverse fission caused when heavy nuclei collide (as in F-process) in the presence of very high neutron fluxes during supernova explosions. This process is approximately the reverse of ordinary nuclear fission.
5. N-process: when outer layers of tentative neutronium are bounced off of cores in supernovae, and are ejected from the stars, then spall into ultra-massive nuclei that quickly decay into more stable ordinary nuclei.
Not all of the above processes are distinct, but rather grade into one another.
Furthermore, the initial rarity of the heavy but relatively non-reactive elements is exacerbated by the process of the formation of the Earth's core. These elements do not readily form oxides, but remain in elemental form. As such, they are soluble in the molten iron that makes up most of the Earth's core. They were therefore dissolved out of the original molten mass of metal and rock and descended to Earth's core. More reactive metals, like lead, for instance, DO readily form oxides. Hence, although lead's cosmic abundance is far lower than that of gold, it is far more common in the crust where oxides prevail.
"I-process: Inverse fission caused when heavy nuclei collide (as in F-process) in the presence of very high neutron fluxes during supernova explosions. This process is approximately the reverse of ordinary nuclear fission."
Unlikely because there are no significant decay chains the form stable gold, nor is stable gold a fission daughter of any fission reactions.
I suspect most of the gold originates from blackhole jets or white dwarfs
eutron stars feeding on a gas giant.
@@guytech7310 These reactions are so fast that stability of an intermediate is of no consequence.
@@DavidFMayerPhD The issue is Gold is unlikely to be formed from fission reactions since there is no fission products the lead to stable gold.
You should make your own video
How does neutron capture produce a new element?
"...and probably most importantly, it's shiny..." This. This right here. Had me right in the feels.
As a relative layperson (biology rather than physics) I really admire your science communication skill here, both keeping it simple enough but also detailed enough to represent reality very well. You're actually so good at communication that at first I starting thinking "Oh no, another astrophysics video that skips along the deep well of truth and evidence like a stone, happily referencing anything that can get clicks or serve biases", but I was very very happily surprised to see your descriptions match all the underlying science that I've seen elsewhere in being an amateur. Very impressed with your description of recent research in this area. I wish more people knew about interferometry, LiGo, etc.. as it's one of the best ways to show how indirect measurements can reveal so much happening so far away.
Seconded. I braced for unscientific nonsense, was pleasantly surprised when I saw none. Turns out he's a real physicist, go figure. That's when I finally felt comfortable enough to subscribe.
Unfortunately, the comments are not as erudite lol
When he says "... an object with a radii of..." I lose all confidence in his communication skills and as a source of knowledge.
100 years ago this is what they came up with...BIG BANG has been disproven and 99% everything else this moron said geesh!!!!
Your comment reminds me of Sabine Hossenfelder. Prime example of a physicist pretending to be an expert on all political and biological issues.
@@crimson4066 Not sure exactly who are the subject and object of your comparison here. I do know Hossenfelder.
In my youth, I wondered where Solid Gold Dancers came from.
Great comment simply fantastic 😂
They came from Soul Train
Man...brings back the memories. 🤤
Or Goldfinger?
Broken homes
(12:30) The recent price of gold isn't "skyrocketing". The value of intrinsically worthless fiat currencies used to describe the price of gold is cratering.
My Grandma said "Whenever the price of Gold goes up, the value of the Dollar goes down."
thats a thing they never tell you
Correct, the "price" of gold in fiat currency tells us the value of the currency against the constant value of gold. this is the real reason that governments debase gold or leave a "gold standard" entirely. Devaluation of currency (inflation) is a policy implemented to provide more "free stuff" to the masses without increasing the tax load--or as Milton Freedman might have said, "inflating away the debt". That works as long as the economy is actually growing in GDP terms. But once GDP becomes stagnant or declines, it brings collapse. All fiat currencies eventually fall to zero value. But gold never does.
So, no matter what else may be correct, it is an undeniable truth that we are indeed fortunate to have a durable, fungible, and tradable asset like gold to protect the real wealth of a nation--its production capacity.
paying for ngs in gold is a pain in the ass. so heavy AND when people used gold to pay for things... they often overpaid by substantial amounts... why? because one would need to break gold down into gold dust. And that dusty form makes gold easier to lose than, say, a nugget or ingot, etc. Plus one must weigh the gold out on a scale for commerce to take place. Paper money and coins of copper w a bit of nickel and some zinc sprayed on or dipped for shiny luster and corrosion and oxidation resistance works pretty well. Plus artists add beauty in the illustrations and reliefs on such items.
@@rwhite4688 You need to bone up on the bimetallic money system mandated by the Constitution of the United States and enforced by the Coinage Act of 1796. Use of gold as money presents no problem at all when it is made into coins of known value. Paper currency is not considered "money" under current U.S. law and one cannot force a merchant to accept token coins that contain no precious metals, e.g., pennies and nickels, as payment of debt in amounts exceeding 25 cents.
What if heavy element distribution isn't completely uniform and we were lucky to form in an area where one can get at more of it than typical?
I would assume scientists considered this possibility, but it's hard to prove right or wrong without the data to back it up. That was also one of my first thoughts tho. Maybe our entire solar system basically formed in the neighborhood of a neutron star combiner event more or less right after it happened, thus being comparably rich in gold.
100 years ago this is what they came up with...BIG BANG has been disproven and 99% everything else this moron said geesh!!!!
ejecta may be asymmetric, but a neutron star merger occurs in a volume the size of Los Angeles^1
[1] to the 3/2 power, ofc.
Sure sure, @@DrDeuteron ... but (at least in the observable local universe) those collisions aren't so common as to be confused for a uniform distribution of golden foam. There may, in fact, be more in region A than in region B.
Great thought: that we just potentially live in a higher than average gold location that can't be extrapolated out to assume the volume of gold that exists in the universe as a whole. The next logical question would be: how is it that we happened to receive such an outsized abundance of gold making us an outlier?
Video Start: Gold is the flesh of RA.
Video End: Gold is the body of exploding stars.
Humorously, this video goes full circle. Stated another way, "the body of exploding stars" = "the flesh Ra" the Egyptian sun god.
Essentially, the Egyptians weren't wrong.
That’s what I always express to people. Most of our knowledge of things is not much different than past civilizations. The main difference is that we have been able to test a lot of those theories/hypothesis. They are more correct about the history of this world than most archaeologists/historians/scientists/etc. want to give them credit for which is why they call a lot of their knowledge as myths.
@@raedwulf61
Well, except for the stars not being gods.
@@unduloidsay that to Helios’ face without hiding behind Gaia’s skirt, I double dog dare you.
Yeah, cause he believes in globe Earth and "space" ... he's a science NPC.
There actually is a cheaper method of manufacturing gold. Expose mercury to a neutron source, and it will convert into gold over time. It doesn't take a lot of time either. This experiment has been run successfully inside multiple nuclear reactors.
Awesome, this is the stuff people need and want to hear about.
The king Midas example about mythology surrounding gold isn't the best, it's more a moral story about greed ending with tragedy.
There's a lot of that going around in classical literature. Plato outright said that the Republic should invent myths that would inspire good citizens. He even invented some new ones, like the Atlantis story in Timaeus.
@@zimriel Which explains a politicians need to gaslight and bs so much.
But also in the modern time there exist such "king Midas" entities, only what they touch turns into shit, not gold.
@@faq_is_love
Yeap, like Jeff Bezos and Musky Musk.
@@elram2649 Idk about Besos and Musk before Twitter disaster did decent job. I mean more things like Microsoft, Google and Apple.
Gold prices going up means that interest rates are lagging inflation. This began to be more apparent when interest rates fell below 6% after a high of 18%, 20 years before.
Gold prices advance on the financial crises that arose out of financial excesses where private money creation elevated asset prices. Gold in a purified form is still money, though it’s used as a store of value.
Exactly, this is what people get wrong. The gold price doesn't react to an economic crises. Except for a short blip, because some traders are caught short. The big gold traders look at the developments in the currency markets. And when the FED starts printing, the gold price starts rising. The tangible inflation comes later.
excuse me sir this is wendy's
@@jaskbi lol
While I agree with this, bonds right now give a higher rate of return than the (stated) inflation rate
Obviously if the real inflation rate is higher than govt figures then gold is right where it needs to be but many talking heads were mystified that gold was going up when bonds were offering “real” returns
I think most of the govts figures are self serving, they don’t want to acknowledge how bad actual inflation is (by leaving out food, energy, etc) but it’s still funny seeing zero hedge articles scratching their heads about golds increasing price
@@mennovanlavieren3885 The current driver appears to be China buying up huge amounts.
I love that his little gold bar he holds up is just a vape without the cartridge in it
It's obviously not real gold based on the way he moves it around. Pure gold of that size has noticeable mass and he would be moving it differently. The color also appears wrong. My guess is plated aluminum as its the cheapest thing to produce that kinda looks like gold.
You'll be surprised, we use plenty of golden cutting tools when machining metal, the gold colour comes from a really hard titanium nitride coating which makes them really good at cutting metal
@@perryallan3524 hence me pointing out it's just a gold bar vape mod. I know exactly which mod it is. I've given dozens away
Gold is a fission product. It is not formed directly from r-process. It's a fragment resulting from the fission of heavier elements. Its abundance patterns are explained by the tendency of fission products to cleave into particular nuclides and decay into stable isotopes.
those usually end in lead. wouldn't that be too uncommon to be a reasonable explanation?
@@herbert164 well, gold is about 1 to 6 ppb of Earth's crust; lead is about 13,000 ppb, so it is hugely more common than gold in Earth's crust.
(I want to say I hadn't watched a lot of the video yet, and I didn't see where he said it was 1 ppm, so I just wanted to say, he got it wrong and is too high by a factor of about 1000.)
Well captain obvious, please tell us why there is much more gold on our planet than there ought to be , if it is fused together in stars.
So, pressure, fission, heat, chemicals, centrifuge, and time are required to form gold. To produce gold is quite simple. Put lead into a parcel and send it through the post in a box labeled fragile! The recipient should receive gold. Just not necessarily in this centuary! Lol.
In the Inca civilization bit, your image of Inti is an Ecuadorian mask a thousand years older than the Incas (who conquered Ecuador just some decades before the Spanish came). I don't blame you though or the guy who made that animation for that TED talk, basically nearly all modern images about the Incas usually have errors, especially about their gods, of which they didn't made much iconography other than abstract stones and the like so we usually use the far more abundantly pre-Inca iconography to fill the gaps.
What blows my mind is that DNA studies show that the the first migration of humans to the Americas, genetically is closest to people of Papua New Guinea. Melanesians. Who conquered the South Pacific before the Polynesians came through.
Archaeologists someday will realize that lots of people know how to sail. Right now they can't figure out how folks got to Australia 65,000 years ago when there was clearly not a land bridge.
@@grumpystiltskin They have found ancient Phoenician artifacts in Australia, so they made it here. They have also found a few small step pyramids as well.
@@blucat4ok grumpy I live in Australia...can you suggest where I visit to find these pyramids
@@kymhealy1252 No, I don't know. My brother had a magazine about these things, unsolved mysteries etc, Australian version, which showed it, maybe near Gosford, from memory? The magazine didn't give the exact location. Unfortunately he passed away 2 years ago so I have no idea how to find it again. If I get time I will do a bit of looking, no promises.
Found this really interesting as I used to be a manufacturing jeweller!
As I'm Australian, I noticed that the price of gold was more aligned with the Australian dollar & other currencies of countries which were leaders in gold-mining.
That meant that when the $AUD to $USD would fluctuate considerably, our gold-prices wouldn't vary quite as much while longer term trends were usually similar, signifying that supply & demand dictates prices over all!!
Good show, but one mistake. Earth's crust is about 1.6 ppb (parts per billion!). 1.6 ppm is ore grade in some mines.
Yes, I similarly paused the video at that point and reflected on what I already understood about the thresholds for gold prospecting / exploring in terms of economies of scale and whether or not a drill sample should experience further interest in investment.
More than one mistake but well done for catching this one.
Really? There are gold mines that operate on 1.6 parts per billion of gold. I know of mines struggling at 1.6 grams per tonne. I’m fairly certain that you are mistaken. 1.6 ppb is about 1,000 times less than the level of profitability.
@@bugsy1254didn't he comment ppM was mine value while ppB was Earth's Crust? Or am I not following your reply?
His math was off by a magnitude of 6 as well. 3 with the more correct figure of 1.6ppb.
Who was wrong? As a primary and secondary student in the 1960s and living near the Johnson Spacecraft Center this is the same origin of metals that we were told in school.
Nothing is wrong, he is just lying to you in order to make you click on his video so he can make money off your time. Downvote him.
no you weren't. Neutrons stars were not well known in the 60s, and CCSN were not a thing before 66.
@@DrDeuteronneutron stars… what holds them together exactly?
@@raycar1165 what do you mean "together"? Is that the opposite of "dispersed" or "collapsed", because it matters.
@@DrDeuteron what I mean is, if the star is made of neutrons what force is holding the neutrons together.
If there are stars made of neutrons does that mean they would lack any elements that didn’t have a balance between protons neutrons and electrons? Like Hydrogen Lithium Beryllium etc etc.
Love the delivery, just found you, awesome video! Subbed
The value of gold does not increase or decrease. The value of the monetary scrip you use to buy gold with increases or decreases in value.
The value of gold decreases as the supply increases. We just find so little of it that the changes in value are miniscule. If we dug up ALL of it in the crust, it would be almost worthless.
Valid point, that's why it's a hedge against inflation.
But that begs the point: What is a standard of value?
That changes as well, depending on location, season, scarcity, etc..
I like to think of a loaf of bread = a buck. (I'm paying $6 now).
What has it been over time? A 6 shooter, a horse, a month's rent, shave and a haircut, a woman (sorry), and even more sorry, a slave.
That reminds of a story about Two Feathers and his six horse woman. Everybody laughed at Two Feathers, what a fool. The normal cost of a woman was two horses.
But this woman cooked him the best meals and always made sure his clothes were tidy and the fire didn't smoke too much. And that their bed was warm and welcoming.
And boy didn't she hold her head high when she walked past them two horse women. That's value!
If that was true then the value of gold would follow inflation curves of combined fiat currency... It doesn't. The number one effect on gold prices is threats to world peace. When the gold bugs get scared, the price rises as they buy more of it. As things cool off, the price drops.
And anyone who can look at an inflation chart and compare it to the price of gold can clearly see that gold has never kept up with inflation for any significant period of time. Don't be silly, actually look these things up, this is a pretty difficult one to "do your own research" on and fail. Gold is great for a swing trade, just like bitcoin. But it makes for awful currency, and doesn't hold value well over time compared to a moderately well regulated fiat currency.
The true test of inflation isn't even if it trades well against the dollar, but how it trades against other dollar measured equities and investments, and again, gold isn't even a top performer among metals more generally, much less good assets like s&p500, or the broader stock market.
And just like fiat currency, more gold is produced every day, and there is no end in sight on that. There is a lot to dig up, it isn't a fixed volume that could fight inflation if it tried.
And let's not even get into the actual costs of buying, trading, storing and guarding gold which severely undercuts it's literal face value. Like home owners failing to include property taxes and maintenance when determining the actual return on their flawed investment of a house, gold bugs fail to account for related fees related to their prized dragon horde... Or they trade in paper gold, which is just a speculation market akin to tulip trading by the Dutch, and isn't actually buying gold at all.
Exactly, but try to get a normie to understand this...
@@CaedenV In the 17th century, a nice tailored suit would cost you one ounce of gold. It's about the same today. With all its ebbs and flows, in the long run, the real value of gold remains relatively constant.
At 3:12 I think you meant to say 1.6 parts per billion (ppb). 1.6 ppm is low grade ore. What is still amazing about that though is you can take a sample from almost anywhere and it will have a measurable amount of gold in it even though it is an ultra low concentration. Even seawater contains gold.
Yes, I similarly paused the video at that point and reflected on what I already understood about the thresholds for gold prospecting / exploring in terms of economies of scale and whether or not a drill sample should experience further interest in investment.
Hmmm. Then i guess the Japanese habit of eating and drinking gold isn't THAT weird.
Just very wasteful.
Oh, and FYI, "There's GOLD in that there shit!"
He meant ppb: 1.6ppm is med-high grade ore for open pit mining (they can mine 0.2ppm), but below 'low-grade' for underground, i.e. not ore in most cases
Who else thinks that gold bar is fake ?
100%
Am I missing a joke?
Or are u saying thst gold can't be made into bars?
Lol. I'm assuming I'm missing something
fake af
Bro, I was thinking the same thing, dude!!!😅😅😅😂😂
He is tossing it around like it is Styrofoam.
They figured out transmutation at the FED, they make gold out of thin air!
No they create money out of thin air in which you can buy gold with
If they could do that, they could fill Fort Knox back up with gold bullion again!
@@drutterno need for bullion when you have fiat
@@PastorShayne - Fiat currency is not so desirable during a civil war ... Gold on the other hand ...
@allan339 - ??? I think you did not grasp the point I was making . Filling a tank will be the LEAST of your problems under a full civil conflict between opposing ideologies . Fiat currency are worthless during a civil raw ( if you get the idea ) . Anyway, Allan ... I would not try to sound too pessimistic at this moment . Be safe and ... Happy Comrade !
One of the things I love so much about real science is that it is a model, and as such will change with new information. There's nothing wrong with revisiting old ideas and asking new questions.
Fetuses are real people.
Indeed.
@@theplinkerslodge6361There's GOLD in them there feti!
Yep, only problem is that real science is vanishing and instead 'science' is being treated like an institution, much like the church was for centuries. With people deferring to 'the science' much like people used to defer to 'the pope' or 'the gospel'.
Much of the consensus from people who fail to understand that science is simply a process is that "the science" is completely correct when spoken, which is antothetical to scientific progress as the point is to always question the results and skepticism is valued over blind acceptance.
Stop presenting theories as facts your doing humanity a great disservice.
The average concentration of Au in the crust is much less than 1.6ppm, which is a level of the ore in some gold mines. It's more like 0.001 to 0.006 ppm, 1 - 6 ppb, parts per billion.
Exactly they are counting gold that has sunk down near the core. Translation, we ARE NOT ever getting it. On the surface it is far less common.
0:49 it comes from the same place all the other elements heavier than iron come from supernovas and the fact that it is here indicates that our star is at least the second star to exist in this location because iron is a Starkiller and it cannot be fused to make heavier elements from Stellar Fusion
That's right, there have been a few stellar generations so far.
I like the idea that gold is sun sweat.
this video is longer than it needs to be. says we were wrong. then says we dont really know.
im still set on my thoughts on the process.
The kilonova hypothesis is billowing for years, although everything point in the direction, there is no known mechanism to create heavy elements like gold and even uranium and transuranic elements - simply from neutrons. Decay of a free neutron into a proton, an electron and and an antielectron-neutrino takes about a quarter hours. During a binary collision, there is simply not enough time to form enough protons. The heavier the elements to synthesize are, the more energy is required, since Coulomb's laws says, force increases with the product of atomic number. And energy is to integral of force along a distance.Therefore, I suspect, transmutation of heavy elements might occur during the early stage of a supernova. The Chandrasekhar limit may or may not play a crucial role. Giant stars are also no viable candidates, since they are used to collapse into a black hole in a quite unbureaucratic manner. Anton Petrov has already made videos about suddenly disappearing stars.
Kilonovae are unfathomably rare. Could they really explain the abundance of gold?
neutron stars have protons at at least white dwarf densities--as that is how degenerate pressure works.The only reasons the electron inverse beta decay into neutron is because the volume of a quantum state goes as 1/m, so the e is maxed out, but if it can merge with a p, then it can collapse much more as they both become an n.
It's made when a star dies is called a Supernova.Without that it wouldn't exist.
Nope, or very little. More like when neutron stars collide.
If only someone would make a video or something to explain it...
Watch the video. Can you stay awake that long?
@@yessopie 😄
In the most common types of stellar core collapse supernovae seen in the universe today, not so much. Such a supernova event happens at the end of the life of a class O (aka blue giant) star, which have a minimum mass of 8 solar masses, as in 8 times the mass of our sun. These are rare stars in the universe today because they are so short-lived compared to most main sequence stars: For example our own sun is thought to be somewhere between 4 and 5 billion years old, and thought to have roughly the same lifetime remaining before it depletes its supply of hydrogen, expands into a red giant and starts burning helium in its core. However, a blue giant star has a much shorter lifespan, measured in millions rather than billions of years, which explains why there are so few of them in the observable universe today - most of them burned out and went supernova billions of years ago.
Although it is possible that some gold (and other similarly heavy elements) have been produced by blue giant star supernovae, it is more likely that most of the gold currently existing in the universe today was either made by the neutron star collision events described in this video, or in the much larger and massively more violent supernovae of the largest stars which have ever existed in the universe: Billions of years ago when the universe was much smaller in size and the matter it was composed of (mostly hydrogen and helium) was considerably more dense, the conditions existed for almost unbelievably massive stars to form - which might have been hundreds of times more massive than our sun. These would have been the first stars to ever exist in the universe, which would have had extremely short lifespans compared to even the largest known stars today. Their supernova events would therefore have been many orders of magnitude more energetic and violent than any supernova ever observed in known history, so these could easily have been responsible for the formation of far more gold and other heavy elements than any of the smaller supernova events which have occurred since then.
The upshot of which is that you're partially right about supernovae being the source of some currently existing gold - but with the caveats that these were much larger supernovae than you may have been thinking of, and of course that stellar core collapse supernovae are not the only possible sources.
We could call this the “Stepping Stone Theory of Noonereallyknows”
Exactly. Pretty far out on the fringe. I tell you with certainty, because there's no one with a better theory so far.
The problem is see is by 4:38 you’ve already broken the first two laws of thermodynamics. I thought gold is created by supernova was common science knowledge. The reason it’s “rare” is because it’s created at a specific pressure and temp and the star collapsing is only at that pressure and temp for millisecond before it starts making the next element.
😂 gold is created by super nova!? Hmm. And Science told them that. I wonder what other garbage science told people.
It just occurred to me that the proper nomenclature to describe the profession if scientist should be like that of of Doctors and lawyers. It’s a mere practice. Because as new information unfolds, what we thought we knew, we really didn’t know. For example we use we use the phrase “down to a science” much too loosely in my opinion. Science does not = fact.
@@Petrvsco Wish I could tell you but the truth is stranger than fiction. There are many hidden things in our reality. You can go to where gold is created but you can’t take your meat suit. Only your energy body can go. It’s a major industrial facility that produces the gold we mine here on the surface. No school will ever give you this information
@@Thisjustin4clarity I don’t disagree. Science is a rigorous method to test ideas regarding how the universe work. Ir works by approximation.
Then we get people that like to say things like “that violates the first two laws of thermodynamics” without actually explaining how.
@@marilynlucas5128 dont be a lunk head.
5:20. hydrogen usually doesn't get used up. Smaller the star = sooner it explodes and blows unfused hydrogen to the wind.
😂
Sounds like you are an expert on this.
@@tabascoraremaster1 I've seen multiple sources agree on this point.
@@TheAnantaSesa I believe you have seen those but that doesn't make it true.
@@tabascoraremaster1 no but it makes it the scientific consensus. Fusion only occurs in the core (and the next layer during red giant phase). But that's just the truth apparent via math and careful study in our dimension of reality so may not be true in all realities. Especially if this life is a simulation and stars are really only just code in a huge"universe existence" supercomputer.
I seem to recall in an issue of popular science about 15 years ago where scientists figured out a method to breed bacteria that poop out gold. It was still ridiculously expensive to produce, but far better than atomic transmutation in particle accelerators.
99% chance it was fake
@@MrFram It could be. It was way back in the late 00's and the article specifically said that it was not filtering existing gold from another compound which is super suspicious. I can't find anything on it now but I am finding tons of stuff on 2 bacteria that refine gold from a toxic gold bearing compound. Perhaps it was that but the lab who first mentioned it in the article didn't know exactly what was going on?
Every once in a while someone will revive the sea water gold extraction process. Eventually it may actually become cost effective. But it is a good scam to raise funding.
The gold the bacteria poop out is not created by the bacteria, the bacteria are being used to breakdown the pyrite which contains the fully enclosed gold and thus to liberate the refractory gold and allow its subsequent recovery. It is a process similar to roasting the gold containing pyrite that is used throughout the mining industry. Once liberated or exposed from the pyrite by roasting or bio-leaching the very fine gold is easily dissolved in the cyanide solution used by most gold processing plants. Gold ores usually have pyrite or arsenopyrite associated with them as the gold is often carried in bisulphide rich groundwater. Sort of staggering to think that gold can be dissolved and transported in solution, but this is the genesis of most gold deposits, the gold is not created but is leached out of huge quantities of country rock and the deposited to form deposits that are economically extractable
Gold bugs, were they patent and copyrighted?
It turns out that not all neutron star mergers are the same.
All neutron star mergers are theory and speculation and all photos of celestial bodies are CGI and AI confirms this fact
The price of gold is skyrocketing because you can't merely print it from a printing press.
TL:DR The Egyptians were right, Gold is the remnants of the body of RA, the Sun God; / Or more scientifically but less poetically, Gold is Steller Material
Incorrect. Stars have very little gold in them. You gotta wait until they get all explodey. Especially with colliding neutron stars. The first stars had no gold. Our star has a wee bit from kilonova events previously. Our star will not produce any new gold unless it collects enough mass through a collision with other stars.
@@kayakMike1000 literally what I said
@@kayakMike1000 pump da breaks
Perhaps "Ra" was either an extra-terrestrial visitor or a human from an long dead advanced civilization that existed on Earth, who explained to the Egyptians the true origins of gold.
In a Post-Apocalyptic Survival Scenario you need to Understand that if I have
Food and You Have Gold then I Have Everything and you Have Nothing.
If it gets to that point the metals one should invest in are Brass and Lead. Maybe ten years after the Jackpot, gold will be useful again. You have to make out the other side of churn first.
Lead conquerors all in a post apocalypse world. No matter what others have the proper application of lead can bring you anything that’s needed 😏
Lead is so toxic, it's not worth using. Depending on where you are located copper alloys would be better for many purposes.
Post-collapse, recycling metals will probably replace mining new raw metals.
@@christal2641 he’s talking about brass and lead bullets. 😝
That's assuming this "post-apocalyptic survival scenario" miraculously made all electronics and knowledge about them cease to exist. The substitutes for gold would be silver or tin, but not ideal for most applications because of corrosion. In a post-apocalyptic survival scenario where electronics still reasonably existed (what would make them vanish?), gold would still be incredibly valuable, if not more valuable than it is now.
I watched a video that says that most gold in the universe is produced in collapse stars (stars so heavy that even fission does not sometimes prevent collapse of the star) and those stars explode without even leaving a core, they cause fission of heavy elements that incudes gold.
Imagine: Somewhere in a solar system a little over 5 bln lys away, someone is watching our area of space because of the Gamma Ray Burst that would produce all the heavy elements we use today.
and sent their 90% light speed harvesters towards our sun?
Gold can be created via LENR processes. It has been found in samples of materials involved with LENR experiments using a SEM.
You simply add more protons to an atom until you have 79.
There are processes in nature that can do these low energy nuclear reactions such as cavitation.
Yes and even small amounts over billions of years can yield quite a bit
Must be trillions of Alien LENR's making all that gold. Cavitation barely works for deutrium & tritium, for get about heavy elements which will need about 1 Trillion times the pressure to fuse heavy elements like gold.
Probably the most likely source for some of the gold & other heavy elements are plasma jets from black holes as well as white dwarf or neutron start feeding on a companion star and create collisions at near relativistic speeds. Perhaps there are other sources, but the odds of colliding neutron stars forming the bulk of heavily elements is zero: too rare to produce much of it.
So, something like the jets coming off of a black hole or something could just be a giant proton gun creating all sorts of elements?
Sounds legit enough of a theory. Wonder if we could find signal of that in what we see?
_"You simply add more protons to an atom until you have 79."_ I hate to be the bearer of bad news but, that isn't how things work.
You can't manufacture gold.
You can't achieve nuclear fusion on earth,
..unless you have a mini sun.
Once you get the Process right, the Alchemist Stone takes 3 Years to make, and once it is made you have to ferment it with 1000x Silver at the White Stage, and then 1000x Gold at the Red Stage. This is of course what the Book of Aquarius says. Gold is the Purest of all the Metals and all Metals in the Earth eventually will become Gold.
Ha ha, you got the first part right.
@@wisdom.research1051 Is there a Metal that is more pure? If so, I would like to know. I'm always open to new Information.
“Hey, we’re on campus, where’d you get that slightly radioactive gold?!”
“That’s none of your Bismuth!”
-a Nuclear Chemist
gold cannot hold radioactivity.
Wrong! It HAD BEEN his Bizmuth! But now it's gold.
@@ashyslashy5818Perhaps it's not 24 carat? I assume whatever the impurity is CAN be radioactive.
@@MrJamezk exactly, thank you 😆
@@MrJamezk 😆
Frequency Over Time and Elemental Formation
In this model, we consider that elements start from hydrogen (the simplest element) and evolve over time, increasing in informational density and decreasing in frequency as they form heavier elements. Here's a detailed explanation:
1. Hydrogen as the Starting Point:
- High Frequency, Low Information Density: Hydrogen, being the simplest element, represents the highest frequency and the lowest informational density. It is the first and most abundant element formed in the early universe through Big Bang nucleosynthesis.
2. Stellar Nucleosynthesis:
- Formation of Heavier Elements: Stars fuse hydrogen into helium and, through subsequent fusion processes (helium burning, carbon burning, etc.), produce elements up to iron (Fe). These processes occur under extremely high temperatures and pressures within stellar cores.
- Increasing Information Density: As elements form through fusion, their informational density increases. Iron represents a significant milestone, where fusion processes no longer release energy.
3. Transition to Lower Frequency, Higher Information Density:
- Beyond Iron: Elements heavier than iron are not formed in significant quantities in regular stellar nucleosynthesis due to the lack of energy gain. Instead, these elements require environments with high neutron fluxes, such as supernovae and neutron star mergers.
- Neutron Star Contributions: Neutron stars, with their extreme conditions, provide the necessary environments for the rapid neutron capture process (r-process), which forms heavy elements like gold, platinum, and uranium. Over time, these processes increase the informational density of the elements formed.
4. Elemental Evolution Over Time:
- Temporal Development: The development of elements can be seen as a temporal progression from high frequency (early universe, simple elements) to low frequency (later stages, complex elements).
- Lower Energy Requirements: As elements become more informationally dense, they require less extreme conditions for their formation compared to the high temperatures needed for initial fusion processes in stars. This supports the idea that neutron stars and other late-stage astrophysical phenomena play a crucial role in forming the heaviest elements.
Visualising the Process
- Spiral Model: Visualising this as a spiral, with hydrogen at the centre (high frequency, low information) and heavier elements at the outer edges (low frequency, high information), helps illustrate the progression and increasing complexity over time.
- Temporal Axis: Adding a temporal axis to this model shows how elemental formation evolves from the early universe to present day, with increasing informational density corresponding to the age of the universe and the processes involved.
Summary
By considering frequency as developing over time, we see a coherent picture of elemental formation:
- Early Universe: High-frequency, low-information elements like hydrogen dominate.
- Stellar Nucleosynthesis: Stars create elements up to iron, increasing informational density through high-energy fusion processes.
- Astrophysical Events: Supernovae and neutron star mergers further increase informational density by forming heavy elements under extreme conditions, which require less extreme temperatures due to their higher informational content.
This model underscores the role of time and evolving conditions in the universe, supporting the idea that heavy elements develop through a combination of stellar and astrophysical processes.
ChatGPT.
@@vincehomoki1612 correct. Though much like a calculator, you have to put in the right calculation to get the right output...
Plot twist: aliens told our ancestor's how gold was actually formed, kicking off their beliefs in sun gods and their fascination with gold.
Plot twist: we are the aliens. Humans from a distant future tried to see gold formation from too close and got sent back into the past by the time-space rip caused by the neutron stars dancing around each other
@glitch1182 Love it!
I can tell you how gold is formed
@@nerobaal6655 can you actually? Very curious on the topic :)
@@Azreal.ra9 It’s formed under high heat / high pressure scenarios involving quartz. When quartz is put under these conditions the quartz turns to steam and the steam travels through solid quartz. The rapid heating and cooling of the quartz itself in this process forms gold. I can usually explain this a little better but my mind is on other things and I’m sleepy 🥱. Somewhere amongst the comments of this video I probably explained it.
Maybe the solution to the Fermi Paradox is that the universe is young, and WE are the Elder Gods
No.
Ph'nglui mglw'nafh Trump Mar-a-Lago wgah'nagl fhtagn.
That's simply the antrophic principle, a mental bias that favors humanity and not the xenos. The converse of that is that we are kept in a zoo by stronger xenos, or even being simulated on a universe-grade computer.
Not only that, no one even knows how to make gold with very little effort, equipment or time. Well, after a year of theory and experimenting, I know for a fact everyone before me was very wrong about many things. When a craft has been established for so long, people can easily forget how many ways there are to go about things. I'm not finished my work just yet, but I can say with 100% certainty that if I had listened to a single person on earth, I wouldn't have have accomplished my goals because I did something, 2 ways at that, no one thought possible. Many, many people told me with confidence I was wrong, turns out I couldn't have been more right. Thank god people talk out of their asses without a single piece of real knowledge/experience, gave me the motivation to keep going until I discovered what might be the biggest leap in the goldsmithing field ever. Yesterday as of this writing was a good day for science, im exited to share it with the world one day.
Amazing, hope it's true !
No one believes you.
Luckily Goldfinger didn’t want to implode the Sun to make gold.
He DID but while strapped down for a laser death, Bond told him it didn't create thst much gold.
Have you ever known anyone named Auric?
I'm sure there are a few people with that name existing somewhere amongst the ~8 billion people on earth?
A quick search (look, there's a squirrel), reveals US SSA data showing 6 babies/million named Auric in 2008.
It has apparently(?) essentially disappeared since 2017? If that's true? I wonder why? Financial crisis?
An actual Goldfinger would probably exacerbate osteoarthritis over time, of the fingers, hand, wrist, elbow and shoulder. Possibly the spine? A positive effect might be the lowered development and progression of rheumatoid arthritis?
Pure speculation on my part. Feel free to "weigh in" on the topic.
Nevertheless, Fort Knox's gold isn't that important anymore...
@@brilanto If there's even any still there...
@@brilanto WHO knows? I mean that people using the WHO for Worldwide Tyranny probably know.
On January 6th 1970 the price of Gold was $35.70
it was 314.50, or so, in 1987?
@@stephenkolostyak4087Is that a question or a statement?
@@sauceboss2367 A statement?
@@skipondowntheroad5833 Question: did the gold ounce become more valuable or is a more correct statement the value of the dollar has been gutted?
100 years ago this is what they came up with...BIG BANG has been disproven and 99% everything else this moron said geesh!!!!
I would have to think that the chances of only 7 years giving any statistical evidence that is convincing would be on the low end of the low end of possibilities. I doubt even 10,000 years (impossible probably) would give us the needed time to come to a statistically relevant conclusion.
I was thinking the same thing. 2 events 7 years apart is virtually nothing.
well, 0 +/- 1 in 7 years can cover a larger chunk of space, and if we need "20" to match observation, 0(1) isn;t going to cut it.
It grinds my gears when someone calls alchemy "the pursuit of turning lead into gold"...
For 3 reasons
1 of them, that it's essentially like describing physics as "the pursuit of unifying relativity and quantum mechanics"
Ah, but that is a pursuit of physics -- the Holy Grail of fame greater than Newton's or Einstein's.
@@friendlyone2706 exactly.... It's the same with alchemy. It was basically the mother of modern chemistry and pharmaceuticals.... Turning lead into gold was their "holy grail".. but just like there's more to physics than just quantum and relativity.. there's also more to alchemy than turning lead into gold
But people never change... Each era thinks that they are the pinnacle of ingenuity and that all that came before them failed because they were simply too dumb
"If I see further, it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants" ~ Sir Isaac Newton
The four humors led to modern day blood tests and urine tests etc....
Using poultices in treating wounds and ailments eventually led to modern pharmacy
Even the idea of using mercury to somehow turn lead into gold stemmed from logical (albeit misguided) thoughts.... After all... Mercury was used at the time to purify gold from a lump of earth.... Remember... The atomic theory was still in its infancy... At best......
Their dealings with mercury lead to what we know today about its dangers.
Many laboratory procedures used today stemmed from things the alchemists researched
We literally would not have chemistry if not for the great works of alchemists.(I already heard the argument of their being a different thing to replace it... But that's just using a different name for the same thing)
These great men paved the way for our modern science, they should be celebrated, not ridiculed
What are the other two?
@@MrJamezk 2. It's mostly people alluding to the worst examples of alchemy... Just like judging the entire African continent based on the blood diamonds movie
3. They use it as a way to discredit real scientific progress made by the alchemists. Eg; we now know that mercury is dangerous... But where did that knowledge come from? Also Mercury was actually used to purify gold.. it still is in some places. Newton said it best "I see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants". Those who came before me laid the foundations for what I build today
12:15 "...it's difficult to understand which way we are biasing ourselves."
Yeah, extrapolating the statistics is difficult from one datum...
BTW, even if your content wasn't so excellent (which it is), I'd still give you massive props for doing your own narration. You, Sophie, Anton, Derek, and a bunch of others I can't think of at the moment are a delight to listen to for your variety of nuance in your human voices.
Dying stars produce gold. There has to be a gold asteroid somewhere in the universe travelling through space.
There is an solid diamond planet out there. Was in the news some years ago.
Both of these don’t seem correct at all.
Imagine if it landed in my pool ;)
Your conclusion does not logically follow from your initial statement.
Do silver next
And platinum
It's all the same. Nothing heavier than iron can be accounted for by stellar processes
It seems the title should be "we are still not sure where gold comes from" after millennia of study.
So we still know nothing.
I can tell you how gold is formed
Excellent graphics and your usual most welcome narration skills.
none of the current theories take into account the fact that only some planets contain gold deposits and not all equally so something is not matching here
Nice catch. These astrophysicists can't explain a thing 🤘🏿👹
How tf does anyone even know that?? Who tf has gone to other planets to actually verify this?? Nobody. Even exoplanets are a stretch. No one actually knows what tf is on the surface.
I can tell you where gold comes from
@@nerobaal6655 don't insert the Fort Knox jocks here
So part 1 mystery is How is Au formed.
Part 2 is as heavy elements sink to a bottom or inside the formation of a planet is it by volcanic or plate tectonics that pushes it to the surface ?
Why then does it seem to aggregate in specific physiological locations or nuggets ?
certainly doesn't explain millions of tons of it...
As far as I know, gold on the surface arrived much later through meteors and interplanetary dust, gold sinked at the earths center is there never to be seen.
@@junglimaharaj69 Yes, it is one of the metals that can be found in nearly pure native nuggets. It would only take you seconds to Google this.
@@junglimaharaj69 huh, ofcvourse it is, many many have been found, some surprisingly large,
@@junglimaharaj69 It's commonly found in the form of nuggets, amongst former river gravels sluiced in placer mining operations.
Gold is found in veins deep in the earth. It has never made sense to me that it it comes from outer space.
That leads to the question: what is the physical relationship between the Earth and the universe? Or, how did the Earth form OUT OF / FROM the Universe?
I'm not smart enough to ponder the universe, and get paid. I'd like to find some gold though.
It seems to be scattered across the surface and then bubbled up from the core again over time. If that makes sense
@rentoninnes Right. I think the core churns it up and out. A creek gets panned out, and gold can show up again. Maybe other planets have a similar thing, so it would make sense, in that case to have off planet gold aswell.
Gold is found in our veins my brother
The amount of Gold in the Universe is inversely proportional to the amount of drugs needed to come up with these theories.
😂
I can tell you where gold comes from.
*Gold never goes up in price in "real" market mechanics. What is actually happening is that worthless 'paper money' gets worth less and less and that is called INFLATION. We have to remember that the experiment in PAPER MONEY is only 300 years old and DEBIT based economic models are only 71 years old so we really do not know when and how it will implode. We do have a similar case study in the ROMAN EMPIRE. It seems that in the year 340AD the Romans started minting coins in worthless metals like copper, bronze and even lead as they could not sustain or grow their economy by minting Gold and Silver coins. This was ultimately want ended the Roman Empire about 150 years later as fewer and fewer countries and businesses trusted their money as it HAD NO REAL VALUE. In America we took GOLD out of coins in 1933, Silver out of coins by 1971, Copper out of pennies by 1983 and Nickle out of 'Nickles" by 2011 - Sounding Familiar???*
Pricefixing precious metals is a bad idea. They are needed and wanted for more than just the social construct of representing exchange, and there is not enough of them to represent the scale at which we measure such exchanges now. The world population has doubled since Brenton Woods was dropped. And abject poverty has shrunk.
Is gold not subject to supply and demand?
I lost a lot of money investing in gold I put a couple thousand dollars into gold and it went down and I needed money so I was forced to sell gold for a loss but I also sold a bunch of gold jewelry and coins I bought for about 500$ for 1100$
@@QUINTIX256 *I am a Dr. of Economics with 10 years at Yale under my belt. I can prove in one-word you are wrong,,, BITCOIN! The magic is that they are limited in numbers so the price goes up as more and more people split the coins value, kind-of like splitting stock (Or the 'stock' of a stick 600 years ago which is where the word 'stock' comes from). Bitcoin could split for the next 10,000 years and service the whole human race. I estimate that in 22 years 0.0000001 Bit-Coin will be worth about $1.00 - Let's just hope the newer computers can keep up with the block-chains. Money is just a 'yard-stick' for measuring labor, so that we all put in are fair share of work into society. That is all it has even been. Since Gold is impossible to counterfeit it stops corruption. Paper money is a license to steal PEOPLES HARD LABOR! Sorry but it's going to end very badly for believers in paper money, just wait long enough,,,,,.*
@@Ian-o9v *What??? LOL, if I have something you desperately need I can always demand you pay me more Gold for it. What do you mean Gold not subject to supply and demand?*
Look no further than our nearest star. A recurring micro novae could be a much better hypothesis. The gold found through placer mining in Alaska looks like it was simply splattered in a cataclysmic event. Australia also has these splatter nuggets and they are very much layer dependent. Any other novae would be just to far away or to far back in time to explain what the miners are finding.
Guess you never heard of plate tectonics.
@@williamwilson6499 What?!
@@williamwilson6499 Gold vans yes but not splatter layers. The nuggets look like they were molten gold thrown into a pot of wet or frozen mud.
Astrophysics has a blind spot. Telescopes don't work underground. With an absence of evidence, we assume nothing happens. We can't match the conditions of Earth's core in any laboratory. You can't get those pressures and temperatures together for more than a few milliseconds.
But we do have good experience with solid state fusion expenses experiments such as lenr. We know that we can transmute elements in laboratory conditions much faster then you'd expect from simple ballistic mechanics that explain hot fusion.
Quantum mechanics applied to crystalline materials is not something that mathematics or computer simulation can deal with. So mathematical physicists are somewhat hostile to the idea that anything interesting could happen there. But it does!
High temperature superconductors are similarly opaque to mathematical understanding. But that doesn't mean there's not an industry!
Low energy nuclear reactions are those that are accomplished at small scale in laboratories. People are not aiming at making gold. But medical isotopes are being produced. The main goal seems to make low-grade heat for distributed Energy solutions that would be cheap and safe. You can't put a solar panel in your basement and have it work all winter long. The gadgets work but they have to beat a heat pump economically, And be manufacturable, and better understood, before they can be a product.
If that gold bar he's holding is real it's got to be at least 10 ounces.
Judging from how he moves it, it does not have enough weight to be solid gold.
That is closest to the truth of all I heard here. Solute
@@tektrixter I agree. Gold is 17x the density of water and about 1.5x the density of Lead. He wouldn't be able to shake it around so easily if it was really solid Gold.
So we're just blatantly clickbaiting now?
Followed by a sick AI puking up words and stuff.
Nice looking fake gold you got there my dude.
Oooooooh.... you really got em!
No way, people use props in their productions?
(Just wait until you see the world stage.)
Nobody's ever seen a star form... that's speculation at best
Just because the fusion of heavier elements in a star can’t sustain fusion in a star; does not mean they do not occur.
Imagine a star that is in the stage a fusing heavier elements. There is the possibility of random heavy elements being accelerated and colliding in the extreme temperatures and pressures of the sun. Stable elements like Gold may be a rare and endothermic process; but in a massive star over its lifetime would produce sufficient quantities to account for the amount of gold and other heavier the iron elements we find.
I can tell you where gold comes from
My favorite thing about gold is the fact that it's unique color is the result of relativistic effects. So, one of the most important clues to the true nature of our universe has been right there in front of us all along, in that beautiful golden glow.
+
Astrophysicist - gold comes from stars
Geologist - gold comes from the Earth.
Economist - Gold comes from the market.
Anthropologist - Gold is a random material given value based on cultural beliefs and norms
Barbarian - Gold comes from plunder
Nazis - Gold comes from the teeth of our victims
We were taught it came from Supernovas back during the early ages of the Universe. Sounds like we really have no idea. Only 4 Olympic sized swimming pools is all we've ever collected- that's nuts, I thought it was WAY more than that! Nice vid, sub earned!
Isaac Newton was not searching for the philosopher's stone. He did do alchemy, but this is most likely because he was trying to understand the forces between substances in order to understand what force is, and therefore how gravity works.
Source: a lecture from Piers Bursill-Hall
@3:08: Wouldn't there be more gold in the earth than just based on those ppm? Since Gold is a siderophile element, which means it has an affinity for iron. During the differentiation of the earth, some of the gold was pulled into the core of our planet along with iron. Meaning there could be more gold the deeper you go.
@Carlton-B I thought it was the pressure that keeps it molton?
Fun fact: There's an asteroid in the solar system named "Pysche 16" and it is made entirely out of gold, and some other heavier elements.
Gold is to protect earth from radiation and diamond from inner core ,oil for moving of rocks plates underground but not sure about this one
All of the gold ever extracted from the earth by humanity would currently be worth about one third of the US National Debt. 3:17
They are going to deliberately collapse the monetary system in the US, then start a war. Get ready.
I realized he didn’t know what he was talking about when he started posturing so called “big bang theory” nonsense
Impressive delivery, without apparent cuts. Wonderfully interesting. I am a dummy no training in physics, What I found so interesting was a question, some time back which was, how fast if gravity ? Same speed as light is the answer. Proven by the collision of two stars. Each captured in the gravity field of the other orbiting and flashing gravity and light, in effect sending out massive waves of gravity whilst emitting light allows a comparison. Cleverly you measure the difference of arrival time on earth, like a race. Turns out the difference over a fantastic distance was just two seconds.
Great visuals that go along with the great story telling.
Any other info supplied whether accurate or inaccurate is just a bonus, something to have somewhere in the memory bank.
I spent a happy day panning for gold once in Scotland, and came back with some recognisable flakes and micro-nuggets - its a fun way to waste a day, and I recommend it!
Did you know … that in the Kingdom of Heaven the streets are made of XAU ?
I know where gold comes from
A Brilliant & Fun Observation - thank you for sharing 👍
The core of the Earth was gold, it's the reason we have an atmosphere. Soon they will discover they got it all wrong.
So, all the textbooks written the core as molten iron are wrong.
@@vincentyeo88 🙄 they found a reservoir of water way way further down than the thickness of the Earth crust, 😅 it's actually where the outer core is supposed to be located.
😏 You just have to wait for the textbooks catch up with recent discoveries.
😏 And that should only take a few life times to happen.
@@WWG1WGA136
Thank you for the interesting information.
I am not going to buy anymore textbook 🤣
@@vincentyeo88 😏 you're welcome, and if you would have paid attention in your studies you would know that the Earth's core is also comprised of gold.
People get excited about the price of gold. It should scare the hell out of us. It is proving that the dollar is losing buying power. Our dollar was based on a set amount of gold. Now the dollar is based on what we're told it's worth.
As the universe expands , stars are further and further apart so less likely to merge.
The philosophers stone isn't a substance. It's a person. The German text on alchemy describes the divine opposites(my Dad and me). These two don't need any substance to turn base metals into gold. The true philosopher only needs his or her body/touch. This world is full of magic, God's magic
EXACTLY!!!!!
and you are referring to jacob boehme i think
That was a good video man, I didn't know about the neutron star collisions. Just run your script through a grammar checker and you're good my friend.
When a star switches its primary fuel source (e.g. going from Hydrogen Fusion (4 H -> He) to Triple-Alpha (3 He -> C), the prior reactions are still going on, but at a decreasing rate. This does mean that the star's energy production is less than required to offset the inward pressure from gravity, as stated in the video. Eventually, the waste product of the prior step will reach enough temperature and pressure to start fusing itself, and the process continues, with layers of fusion reactions continuing, with Hydrogen on the outside, then helium, then carbon, then oxygen and nitrogen and some neon, etc. As stated, iron is the end of the process because fusing iron is energy-absorbing.
I started putting half my wage into gold when it was $290 an ounce. I made a wise decision.
No, you didn’t
Maybe the explanation for the discrepancy is simply that Earth happened to form from a cloud of interstellar gas and dust that had recently been enriched by a neutron star collision... so, it's possible that planets that are as rich in gold as the Earth are relatively rare in the Galaxy.