Century of Crisis - Why the 1300s Were the Worst - Medieval DOCUMENTARY
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 25 ก.ย. 2024
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Kings and Generals' animated historical documentary series on medieval history continues with a video in which we will discuss why the 1300s were a century of crisis and what made them one of the worst eras to live in.
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"Emancipated" corpses? ;)
From their mortal coil? :-)
Glad you guys were able to get a better sponsor! I personally didn't mind because your videos are always worth watching, but still felt kind of uncomfortable.
@@KingsandGenerals do you have the sources for this episode made available somewhere?
i bought that game 2 decades ago almost soon..knights of honor 2 havent really played it on a decaded either...looked exavtually as the same failed to see any changes at all in that trailer...
And that's just Europe! Egypt was attacked again and again and had a bunch of teen sultans getting murdered, Syria kept changing hands, North Africa broke into three kingdoms that kept conquering each other, Anatolia and Iran imploded into a bunch of kingdoms that Timur slaughtered, Delhi was invaded by the Mongols, then after defeating them starting killing its way across India followed by coups, rebellions and Timur butchering everyone, coups and rebellions in the Majapahit, the Plague slaughtered millions more, the Yuan were kicked out in massive bloody rebellions that turned into civil war, Mali started going downhill with a ton of coups, the Chimor toppled the surrounding kingdoms, and Azcapotzalco, the Acolhua and Colhuacan went at each other and the wars created Aztec prestige.
Indeed, the idea of the Maghreb beeing divided in tree states, each reparted in the three geographical subdivisions of the Maghreb, is trully terrific.
More seriously yes, the post Almohad phase was terrible for the north african demography. We really need to wait at the really end of the ottoman / saadian period to see a recovery of the population.
the demographical balance was also disturbed by the arabisation/beduinisation process with Hillalian tribes. Iberians were attacking and capturing several islands and cities. Not to mention the etatic violence with the uses of mercenary tribes (mahzen, guich) to take taxes to the peasants. Hence all these beautifull fortified rural cities and granaries you can still visit in Tunisia and Morroco.
But in a cultural, architectural, political and intellectual perspective, we can deny prodigious achievments for each three of the post Almohad dynasties.
Meanwhile, in the Americas, the Native Americans are blissfully unaware, and continuing to go about their happy lives...
Damn
@@jacob4920 must not know of the violent history of pre-Columbian mesoamerican civilizations like the Zapotec, Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca. The Aztecs literally conquered less civilized tribes to use as sacrifices... Far from peaceful... 😂😂😂
In fact, the Spaniards used local resentment to Aztec rule to topple their empire as Cortez only had very few men and were totally outnumbered without the help of local tribes.
man 14th century was a trash century.
The way my college history professor put it was: "The fact that the history of western civilization didn't end in 1350 is nothing short of a miracle".
Western civilization= white civilization.
I doubt it was a miracle, but historians are in disagreement why the 14th century didn't end up like the 5th-6th centuries. My hypothesis has to do with both the continuity and flexibility of existing institutions.
Actually I think it has more to do with the hard work and perseverance of the people who lived to see those days, than with any miracle.
If you read accounts of the time, you can appreciate how much more horrifying it must have been. After all, we know that the plague ended and the climate changed again. At the time, every indication was saying this decline would continue until mankind was extinct.
Europe was far removed from the major threats of the era. At least threats that would have wanted to colonize them. When you don't have good ships, colonization is hard to pull off.
Theologian here with some interesting history to add:
Something often forgotten about is that the Catholic church was widely viewed positivity in European society up until the Black Death, since priests were often educated 2nd or 3rd sons from noble households. This meant that there was an expected decorum that priests were (in theory) supposed to behave accordingly to while operating as clergymen. Certainly there was corruption in the church, but it was far less prevalent before the Black Death.
However, the Black Death killed off many of these educated men, as they dutifully executed the Last Rites to the dying, despite knowing that this would put them in danger. The most cowardly/corrupt of the clergy were the ones who shirked this duty, meaning that the most dishonorable of the priesthood were the only ones left alive after the plague had ended. Additionally, because so many priests were dying, the Catholic Church was forced to rapidly conscript anyone who would take the empty positions. In some cases, illiterate teenagers as young as 16 were put in charge of entire villages.
The end result of all this was that in a single generation the priesthood had transformed drastically. In the eyes of the general public, the priesthood was no longer something to be respected, but instead a group of uneducated malcontents abusing their clerical offices. It is no surprise that we see in the aftermath of the Black Death a plethora of anti-clerical literature, the most famous of which being the Canterbury Tales.
Thank you for that. Had never read something like that or thought about it, but it does make sense.
It is similar to our world wars. Our best and bravest men died on the land and shores. We will never get them souls back as that was an age of when men were true men. Now, we have lesser beings, we have been dumbed down just like after bubonic plague. Granted, our ancestors that survived aren't the cowards as described in the original post but these events do tend to kill off the best.
Bocaccio's Decameron is from the same time period and isn't particularly kind to clergy either.
The Clergy is also one of the few places besides the military, were commoners could get upward mobility. There have been Bishops of common stock. And the Mashall of France at Agincourt, who was a commoner.
@@이이-n4z8y listen, I don't know how to tell you this, but I fear you have been lied to by someone who either didn't have any idea about religion in Europe in the Middle Ages or wanted to manipulate you. Either way, I suggest you check your sources. Good luck, friend.
This is why i love the evolution of this channel.
It went from covering Kings and Generals with names that are immortalized in history to covering the common people, without names, without graves, without exploits, that lived and died without leaving a trace.
This humanizes history while also leaving a cautonary warning on how lucky we are in modern times.
"Lucky"
While i agree with the statement they improve over time, this comment is almost two or three years late. Such topics were already briefly covered in dedicated video about Roman economy or early Sumerian history. It's not a novelty, but is always nice to be covered, mainly due to the scarcity of artefacts or documentation.
@@enriquetaborda8521 mostly yes we are lucky maybe not as much as some 2nd half of a 20th century pleb but still luckier than most people throughout history
Do you really believe that here, in "modern" times the poorer people leave traces? It is very rare that a poorer family has cameras, or keeps diaries. We are the same as ever. It sickens me that Jacob Reet Smugg and Nigel Das Fuhrage will be contained within history, but my family line will not. And that is because of nothing except MONEY.
@@Demun1649 and idiocy. What you just said is a monument to ignorance and lack of self-awarenees.
Well, here in Portugal, to add insult to injury, we had a dynastic crisis, culminating in the interregnum of 1383-85, and the spectacular clash of the Battle of Aljubarrota of 14th August 1385 - where the king of Castille tried to annex Portugal, resulting in a defeat so profound his country observed a period of mourning of 2 whole years.
A new dynasty ensued, and went on to "battle the waves of the Ocean", as our writer Camões put so well.
they should have written 'battle poseidon' instead it would have been a better burn lol
Why did you do that Daniel?
@@muksimulmaad7413 Wouldn't fit Camões narrative (Os Lusíadas) since it revolves around the Olympian gods deciding whether to stop Vasco Da Gama's voyage to India or letting him be
- Our King D. Fernando I spent his lifetime trying to claim the Castillian thrones, only to suffer defeat and have to be forced his eldest daughter and heir apperant in marriage. This threatned Portuguese sovereignty has his only son had died shortly after birth, but Portuguese law was strict when it came to foreigners inhereting the crown
-D. Fernando dies basically heirless and the Castillian king D. Juan presses his apperant claim on the throne of Portugal
- The widow queen of Portugal, now ruling, is seen with distrust by the court as she is assumed to have an affair with a Galician noble
-João, master of the military order of Avis and illegitimate some of the king prior to D.Fernando, D. Pedro I, rises up and unites the Portuguese under his banner to fight off the Castilliand
-D. Nuno Alvares Pereira, constable of the realm, leads his army as they take position on a hill in Aljubarrota
-The battle ensues, around 6k with English aid in the side of Portugal agaimst the around 30k with the aid of France in the side of Castille. The Castillian king is thought to fall amidst the battle and morale is shattered. The Portuguese win
-Nuno's only daughter and child is married to the first duke of braganca, the son of the king D. João I. The line of bragança becomes the royal dynasty after the Portuguese once again fight for independance in 1640 and D. João IV, duke of bragança, becomes king
Just FYI, we spell it "dynastic" in English with a "y". Don't ask me why. I appreciate the extra information you provided!
It all started with three, mayby four devastating vulcanic eruptions mainly in nowadays Indonesia. This events brought hugh amounts of sulfur dioxide up in the stratosphere where it joined with water and became sulfuric acid. This acid reflects the sunlight back into outer space so the sunshine was reduced all around the globe. This started a self increasing process as the spread of areas covered with snow or ice also reflect sunlight in an ever growing level. The ice cores drilled in the arctic and antartic tell us the story of this catastrophic downfall year by year. It's a chronology of calamities.
Mount Tarawera eruption 1314
Volcanoes have altered history around the world more than most people realize. One or two volcanoes belching out countless tons of sulfur and ash will send us back to the 1300s faster than you can imagine.
That makes way more sense than what my geology 101 professor told me, they said that it was just due to changes in strength of sunlight lmao
@@grahm2817 funny. because that is what is in the comment above. The sunlight strength ... your prof didn't have the reason why. Now we do.
@@grahamfisher5436 Mt Kaharoa
No matter what you're going through in life, just say a silent prayer of gratitude that you weren't born in the 14th century 🙏🙏
And, no matter what you're going through in life, try to always remember that you are a current beneficiary of a an unfathomably long line of ancestors. Your great, great, great, great, great, great, great, great, great, great, great, great grandparents made it through awfulness like this. You can make it through today's world.
enough of them survived that we are still here now
@@jonhstonk7998 source: trust me bro
@@jonhstonk7998People back in the day suffered more, as they had to worry more about lack of food and water, the weather being too hot / too cold depending on where they lived, more mental and physical illnesses, less freedom and opportunities, lands being ravaged by war, poorer nutrition, more unsafe communities, less comfort in general, in contrast to unnecessary discomfort, and much more. Times are far better now than ever before in human history, and one could make the argument that some parts of the past were actually better than the 13th century, like during the five great emperors of Rome.
@@jonhstonk7998 Please use paragraphs.
This hits even harder as a hungarian history nerd.
The Árpád dynasty, the founders of the Kingdom of Hungary and it's rulers for centuries officially died out in 1301.
Talk about coincidence.
True... but hey ,Louis became one of the strongest ruler in Europe
@@silasz5553 Yeah, true. But it's still crazy that our founding dynasty died out (on the male side) literally in the first year of the "Century of Crisis".
and the ottomans were born in 1299!
And Přemyslid dynasty of Bohemia in 1306. 👀
@@Skelingtronnn Was about to write that
"Emancipated, bony corpses..." 7:49 They might be dead, but at least they had the right to vote.
I came down here to see if anyone else caught that haha
@@GraniteStateofMind me too lol
"A distant mirror" by Barbara Tuchman is an awesome book on the calamitous 14th century. I've read it many times. Great video as usual.
Hah, I came here just to post this. Glad to see someone already recommended it on the first page. I've seen her chapter on the Black Death reprinted by itself in other publications, too. Suffice it to say, the 14th century was not a fun time.
Many thanks for the info. I was looking for a book that would encapsulate the whole century.
Emphatically agree!
Yes, a great read. My first thought after seeing this video title.
Truly a great book.
I now understand how the Ottoman empire rose out of all this.. I learned more from this one video than my entire medieval history class in college.
Check out our Fourth Crusade and Ottoman empire series for more
@@KingsandGenerals Please consider making one, of how the early modern thinking and mindset arose out of the ashes of the 1300s.
It looks very much probable to me that the generation that survived all this would then go onto say things like "what can we find on the other side of the ocean?"
@@landsknecht8654 I'd ague against that stance. Also, even today, people are asking themselves how to people lived though ww1 and 2. Since ww2 veterans are dying out, id say we are officially in the "we only have past ww2 events in our living memory" aera, so id challenge you to give an example keeping that in mind.
Another thing: while 200mil dead sounds horrible in any context, 200mil dead in medieval ages has a much greater impact than 200mil dead in modern ages. First of all because back then. There were altogether less people alive in Europe, second because there was no industrialization, one dead worker meant less produce. And well, hard times affect the producing classes more than the ruling ones. Looking at what percentage of people nowadays work in agriculture/essential industry compared to back then, id say a death is more likely back then to hit an essential worker than now..
So, yeah, I'd say those were far harder times... far, far harder
@@dipro001 how othmas rose? Plague hit them just like any other nation.
Thats not surprising .
In the grim darkness of the 1300s, there was no peace, only war and the laughter of thirsting gods
Thank you Conan the Barbarian
As someone who was born in the 1400s in Ohio, I can heavily confirm this video as a hood classic.
(Laughs in Snake River)
Funniest comment in Michigan.
Entirely plausable actually, if you meant the Islamic Calender.
That was really funny
🤓🤓🤓🤓🤓🤓🤓
"The whole of the Catholic world would fall victim to an apocalypse of fever, necrosis, and puss." This could be lyrics to a black metal album and I love it. Well done!
I pictured in my mind Sabaton, though they aren't black metal but I think about them whenever there's something brutal in history.
@@marcello7781 To be fair, at least half of Kings and Generals scripts could double as Sabaton lyrics.
The album should be named the bloody 1300ds.
@@QuasarSniffer I think this could be a brilliant line in a 1978 Superstar Billy Graham wrestling promo.
The 1300s were also the era of Petrarch, often considered the first figure of the Renaissance. (He coined the term 'dark ages' to refer to the era... ahem, before him.) Geoffrey Chaucer, Nicole Oresme, William of Ockham also lived in that era. Mechanical clocks, eyeglasses, and other things also date to that time or just before. It wasn't all calamity.
Yep and also lands of the Czech crown (Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia and Lusatia) were thriving under the rule of Charles the IV. of the house of Luxembourg - especially the city of Prague was growing in terms of architecture
I think that the scientific consensus on this term is that the plague really kickstarted a cultural and technological "revolution" of europe. As mentioned at the end of the video, labour became so scarce that those who survived could become quite wealthy and the rigid feudal system started to crumble
Aha, so it was going into the right direction, when all that shit happened and brought the era down
2:28 Context
5:00 Little Ice Age & Famines
7:52 Wars & conquests
12:12 *Black Death*
Wasn't there also a volcanic eruption in the 1300s that caused several years of very little sunlight and massive famines?
Mount Tarawera erupted 1314
Ah ok. I was like _climate change_ back then???
Are you sure you're not confusing that with the scourge of 536 AD?
1300: ,,the worst century,,
Serbia: ,,its our time to become empire and center of Orthodoxy,,
I know, at 7:50, he meant to say “emaciated corpses” , but, unfortunately, I believe he said “emancipated corpses” , which, pardon my dark demeanour, brings to mind a skeleton on a horse, riding over a hill into the sunset, screaming
“ FREEDOM!!!”.
For a moment I wondered if was a clumsy attempt at being poetic, as if to say they'd been freed from the horrors of the time, but then realised it was simply an error. I do like your image though.
For me it brought to mind Nietzche. All these dying peasants going "At last. Only in death are we truly free." I daresay your skeleton depiction is rather cheery in comparison.
"YOU CAN TAKE AWAY OUR LIVES, BUT YOU WILL NEVER TAKE, OUR FREEEEEEDOM!"
Whoever wrote the script for this video deserves a raise. Excellent
So many of these factors are similar or the same as what many historians now suspect culminated in the Bronze Age Collapse of the 12th century BC. Honestly, as insane as the devastation and death that actually took place in the 13th century AD was, it's perhaps even more remarkable that nations didn't collapse then in the same way that the Hittites, Mycenean Greece, or (to an extent) Egypt did.
It's exaggerated, these various things happened over a century, some of which didn't (flagelant orgies is nonsense), and the political history of the countries continue as usual. This video is a polemic, where they awkwardly undermine everything they're going to say in the beginning, and then make weird contextless statements about European society at the time, based more on popular imagination than real history.
Interestingly the map in this video is wrong, at least where Wales is concerned, the 'welsh kingdoms' did not exist after Edward I's reign, it was all England.
@@Epicrandomness1111 no one can be 100% but how do know the other stuff is nonsense I not saying your wrong just wondering.
Throughout the middle ages the Kingdoms of Europe consistently outperformed the entirety of the rest of the world in terms of wealth and knowledge. This gave them them the resilience to weather even this storm of unlikely events. Egypt's culture was also far beyond their contemporaries, hence why they managed to survive the Bronze Age Collapse while the Hittites, Mycenaeans and Assyrians did not.
@@MrSloth-sy3rh history is often interpretation of very substantial evidence. There probably are some records of these flagellant orgies happening, most likely even originals from the time, but the authenticity is sometimes hard to evaluate if the source situation is scarce. And conservative historians will tell you its nonsense, while more optimistic (or polemic, depending on the point of view) historians will argue for its authenticity.
This is just me guessing from the little experience with historical studies that I have tho, could very well actually be verifiably bullshit without any source material at all.
@@masseg6713 thank you explain my take ands it's just me is since so many people are Christan and near death they would try to avoid sexual sin.
Meanwhile Bohemia: *prospering for most of the century*
Meanwhile Australia: digeridooing whatever they want...
Poland too. Only King in history of Poland with name "Great" was rulling in mid 13th century
Lithuania from a minor Dutchy became one of the largest countries in Europe
Besides the Hussite wars.
Bohemia...the home of the real Budweiser 🤤👍. Damn it's good, too bad it's hard to get in the US
1300's Asia didn't catch a break after the decline of the Chinggisid Dynasties, the invasions of the 1200's Mongols were simply replaced by those of the Timurids with India taking China's gap :D
If the plague didn't get you, Timur did
Knights of Honor is my favorite game so far, gave me many happy moments in childhood. I am excited to see a sequel after so many years.
I'm a fan of RTS games, specially Total War. I've been following the development of this game since a couple of years, so I bought it as soon as it was released. Played a couple of hours so far, looking really good. I would say it is something between Total War and Crusader Kings and I'm loving it so far.
Beautiful music and game with depth and fun
Guys, I’m the same, love RTSs such as M2TW, RTW, KoH; if you guys want to play a more challenging game, buy one from the Paradox creators - Europa universalis IV, Crusader Kings 3 or Hearts of Iron IV
Actually the 1300's were the golden age of 1 particular European country: Hungary. The French Anjou dynasty which ruled in the 14# century is considered to be the best and most capable. The standard of living was also the highest in the 1300's due to urbanization, mining and the new gold currency, the forint.
Yep, Too bad the Angevin Louis The Great died without a male heir
The Arpad dynasty did die out though.
Actually Poland was also on the rise. United in 1320 by Władysław Łokietek, and the during the reign of Casimir the Great it was flourishing. The plague did little damage.
The same is true for Lithuania under Gediminas. Massive development, expansion and influx of the new with more security than ever before. Best of all Gediminas was a master of diplomacy and much of his expansion was done without requiring bloodshed, but with smart marriages and tolerance towards other faiths and cultures.
It almost seemed like the narrator just wanted to focus on bashing the Christians of the 1300s. Thanks for giving some other perspectives.
With the Black Death and Tamerlane running amok, the 14th century makes the 2020s feel like a picnic.
Don't you worry. The 21st Century Crisis has only just begun. I have a few things I can expect.
1. Wars (Russia has already invaded Taiwan, China is eyeing Taiwan like a predator, Western and Central Asia is a powder keg, America seems poised to enter a Civil War or at least a revolution as its elites are decadent and completely detached from reality, talks of Serbian independence in Bosnia, and so much more).
2. Economic collapse (we are seeing it already with the recent SV bank failure and inflation, and its only going to get worst).
3. Diseases (I think we already passed this phase [Covid-19])
4. Ecological disasters (Climate change)
5. Famines (Gonna hit the developing world especially hard).
And those are just the big ones.
I think we are witnessing the collapse of the Post-War world order which has existed since 1945 (You could even argue that it has existed since 1923).
However, I still have hope. I believe that once this crisis is over the human race will experience a rebirth of sorts. I especially have high hopes for America, if it can stay united then once the crisis has passed its gonna be poised to lead the west and humanity through a new golden age.
Your analysis is marvelous. You have a very strong knack for knowing the right words to choose to highlight the character of a situation in a way that feels truly objective, while still revealing strong underlying truths. Please keep up the awesome work. ✌️
7:49 I like how the emaciated corpses also happen to be "emancipated".
Skeletons emancipated from all that meat
Wasn't sure if that was an error or Kings and Generals was being sardonic. After all, only the dead are truly "free"! 👻
I wondered if anyone else noticed that.
Came here to learn about the plague, instead, got some spicy medieval BDSM lore. KINGS AND GENERALS videos never disappoint!
I thought today will be Pacific War series, but nevertheless all KG documentaries are awesome!
The other series I much better mate I was waiting for it too lol
The animations are on another level, good job man keep it up😇
I can't wait until the day we hear the words; This video is sponsored by Total War: Medieval III.
Btw, Crecy was in 1346, not 1337
He also said "emancipated" instead of "emaciated" corspes... I encountered a few other errors... Which is unusual.
Yes, then again, maybe the bones were "free" of flesh.
The 14th century saw the golden age of Hungary. Two of our top 3 kings ruled in this period and the country became a major power. The plague was relatively light in the country too. I suppose this century was more apocalyptic in western Europe, some had it much easier.
Down a dynasty, up everything else
same in Bosnia
@@dzenanbrkic9606 The Kotromanićs had a good run that century. Then, like Hungary, had the bad luck of the next century being very good for Turkey
The Angevins did very well for Hungary, and their momentum continued until the 16th century.
@@Tareltonlives we could have outheld the Ottomans with the help of the west but the pope decided that Croatia is gonna be the first line of defence since he knew about the ‘heretics’ in Bosnia and wanted the Ottomans to kill em off
17:03 Charles IV, King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, had a long and successful reign. The Empire he ruled from Prague expaned, and his subjects lived in peace and prosperity. When he died, the whole Empire mourned. More than 7,000 people accompanied him on his last procession...........
KCD reference
The 17th century was even more brutal. The ice age was so much deeper that the Cossacks ended up colonising the entire Siberia over furs that were in very high demand in Europe. Same goes for North America and the settlers there. Aside from all the religious wars that took place. I think John Green from Crash course history did an episode on that some years ago.
Technology was much better in the 17th compared to the 14th. Duh
@@john.premose doesn't mean that less people died, and it's not really THAT much better either
@@ellidominusser1138 yes it was
@@ellidominusser1138 they had guns, ships that could sail across the Atlantic, there's no comparison
@@john.premose Obviously they had better technology, I'm not denying that. But nowhere near to the progress of the 19th century onward. That doesn't mean that they had much better medicine though. The mortality still was high and barely decreased in these few hundred years. I see no connection between how brutal ( which i interpret as how many people died or how low they standard of living was) a century was with guns and ships. Guns of course meant that more people would die from war, but better boats would mean that less boats sank to the bottom of the ocean. I don't get your point
Intereting thing is that 14th century is also associated with a philosphical breakdown of the medieval synthesis, related to Ockham and his nominalism & denial of formal causality. Robert C. Koons called it the first anti-realist revolution.
"A comprehensive form of realism, as exemplified by Plato, Aristotle, and Boethius,
was the dominant school in Western philosophy from the time of Augustine until that of Scotus. Today, a comprehensive form of anti-realism, as exemplified
by Rorty, Foucault, or Derrida, is at or near dominance in the academy. The transition from the first state to the last took place in four great waves: Occam, Bacon, Hume and the post-modernists. These waves correspond to the dismantling, one by one, of Aristotle’s four causes: formal, final, efficient, and material.
Nominalists such as Occam rejected the real existence of properties, types, and other universals. All that exists is individual: all predicates and other general terms refer distributively to their many satisfiers, not to a single universal entity. Thus, nominalists denied the reality of Aristotle’s formal cause: form as such does not exist. Although it took several hundred years for this conclusion to be explicitly
drawn, it follows from the rejection of form that there can exist no real final
causes. Final causation implies a real relationship between an individual and a
form that is only partially or imperfectly realized in the present state of that
individual. If forms are unreal, so are such relationships.
Descartes, Bacon, and Galileo urged that final causation be banished from
natural philosophy. This was to some extent justified by the over-reliance of
Aristotelians on final causation, especially in physics. Moreover, the concen-
tration of scientific research on matters of efficient causation undoubtedly con-
tributed to the rapid growth of physical and chemical sciences in the early modern period. However, the banishment of final causation to the realms of
a priori psychology and revealed theology was unjustified and has done great
harm to both philosophy and science.
Bacon and Descartes did not deny the existence of final causation absolutely,
but they denied its existence within nature. All final causation was made depen-
dent on the intentions of conscious agents, whether human or divine. Anything
that is not a human artifact could have a proper function only by reference to the design intentions of God. This identification of final causation with divine intention led to the subsequent confusion by many of teleological explanation with the attribution of perfection or optimization.
Once final causation was relegated to revealed theology, it was inevitable that a Hume would appear, who would attempt a thoroughly non-teleological account of the human mind. Epistemology thus became the study of the operations of the human mind, without reference to the proper functions of the human faculties. As Hume so clearly saw, the operationalist empiricism that results undermines the rationality of induction and renders causal connection inaccessible. Consequently, the third of Aristotle’s causes, the efficient cause, went under. Kant attempted to minimize the damage of this loss by making
causation an unavoidable projection of the finite understanding, rather than the
accidental result of associations in this or that individual human being. With
Hume and Kant representing the two alternative poles, one of individualistic subjectivism, and the other of universal, inter-subjective anti-realism, modern philosophy has sought out many devices for reconstructing epistemology and ethics without the use of either final or efficient causation, without notable
success.
Post-modernism has been the natural response to the evident failures of
modern philosophy. Without final or efficient causation to tie human ideas to
objective reality, the materialistic story of modern scientific philosophy becomes
merely one story among many equally legitimate alternatives. Since truth is
impossible, reason becomes optional.
Post-modernism will turn out, I believe, to be a transitional episode, and
not a permanent condition. The absolute indifference to intellectual discipline
that post-modernism fosters will inevitably provoke a reaction in the opposite
direction. Indeed, the reaction has already begun, as evidenced by the Aus-
tralian materialism of David Armstrong, Frank Jackson, and others, and the
teleological naturalism of Millikan, Dretske, and Papineau. A coherent and
viable alternative to the failures of modern philosophy and the vacuity of post-
modernism must, and I think will, be built on the restoration of all four of
Aristotle’s causes. By recognizing that our cognitive faculties are objectively
ordered to the end of truth, and by recognizing that universal types are every
bit as real as particular instances, we can successfully depend on the possibility
of both truth and knowledge. Moreover, since our volitional faculties are also
objectively ordered to a systematic end -- human eudaemonia - we can close
the infamous fact/value gap and restore ethics to its rightful place among the
sciences." ~ R.C. Koons (2000)
"What was the meaning of all that dim but vast unrest of the twelfth century; when, as it has been so finely said, Julian stirred in his sleep? Why did there appear so strangely early, in the twilight of dawn after the Dark Ages, so deep a scepticism as that involved in urging nominalism against realism? For realism against nominalism was really realism against rationalism, or something more destructive than what we call rationalism. The answer is that just as some might have thought the Church simply a part of the Roman Empire, so others later might have thought the Church only a part of the Dark Ages. The Dark Ages ended as the Empire had ended; and the Church should have departed with them, if she had been also one of the shades of night. It was another of those spectral deaths or simulations of death. I mean that if nominalism had succeeded, it would have been as if Arianism had succeeded, it would have been the beginning of a confession that Christianity had failed. For nominalism is a far more fundamental scepticism than mere atheism. Such was the question that was openly asked as the Dark Ages broadened into that daylight that we call the modern world. But what was the answer? The answer was Aquinas in the chair of Aristotle, taking all knowledge for his province; and tens of thousands of lads down to the lowest ranks of peasant and serf, living in rags and on crusts about the great colleges, to listen to the scholastic philosophy." ~ G.K. Chesterton (1925)
Starting the 100 years war has got to be one of the most useless things ever done in history. Well done, Edward.
1300s European doomer:
- eats rotten corpses to survive
-home swept away by blizzard
-village well poisoned by the duke of Gascony who has a feud with local lords
-born too late to live the liberation of Jerusalem, too early to witness the Age of Colonization
-hopes for ships to bring food, they bring the Plague instead
-half-Scandinavian but lives in Italy
At least he can knock off Chad noblemen off their high horses with a modest longbow.
4:57 im glad you highlighted the fact that alot of this would depend on the temperament (or in some cases the mood) of the lord in question. Even in largely oppressive systems/rough times, not everyone is an ass All the time
Chivalry was also an invention of this era,
Another great video. (I’m so happy you made a collaboration with knights of Honor)
That was everyday life back then and here we are today crying over a latte that wasn’t made perfectly.
Love you videos and always am excited to see more!
I mean, life is brutal in places that aren't most of Europe and North America.
Being alive in the Levant is pretty hard, the horn, west and central Africa, brutal cartel violence from Brazil to Mexico, Georgian death camps for queer people, Ukraine, Chinese repression of Muslims, War in south and north east Turkey against political and ethnic minorities waged by the state, abject poverty in Los Angeles, New Dehli and Manilla, it's fucking brutal to be a person in many places. It may be the best time to be alive, but it's still rough for a lot of humans in the world.
I mean its a video about the worst year of the middle ages so maybe it wasn’t like this all the time.
Commenting because I love this channel and as an offering to the TH-cam gods to bless K&G
Thanks!
Here in morocco the plague discimated almost half the population in cities like fez and marrakesh lost almost 80% of their populations , but the merinid dynastie prouved itself a cultural hub in wich morocco reached a high level of culture and learning despite these calamities
The animation and artwork is on another level
I always question people who want to live in ancient centuries, not realizing how fortunate they are to live in an age with modern medicine, etc.
Anyways, amazing video!
In terms of safety not every country in this world is safe now. If you think from the perspective of a first world person you wouldn’t understand why, but for some in this world it would be a better experience. Also, the world then was more social and less stressful in many ways. People worked less days as well, at least in England.
Also, if you discount infant mortality, life expectancy wasn’t ridiculously low
For me it isn’t even Modern medicine, but Modern Sanitation. Do you know how kickass toilets are? Before them the only alternatives were a) shit in a hole like a peasant or b) shit in a bowl and then yeet it into the street. Or even more grossly the river. Yeah that’s gonna be a no for me chief.
@@cubaj8723 Agreed. You would be dirty always...however you would also have much more freedom. Tough choice.
Modern medicine is overplayed. The civil engineer, with clean water supply and well run sewer systems, have done more to improve human health and life span. There are many parts of the 3rd world, that still live in medieval conditions. One of the first things you'll see an aid organization do, when they go to a 3rd world region, is to establish a clean water supply, and teach proper sanitation.
Ahhhh i haven't watched the vid yet but this is one of my favorite era's of European history, i love that I can watch these videos on the internet and gain so much information, ive been obsessed with history since i was a kid but i always find out at least one new piece of info whenever i watch these vids.
About 9 mins in the comment that Crecy was won by peasants with the longbow, who didn’t even have the “decency to speak a civilized tongue” -being Welsh - made me smile in spite of myself.
The French would in fact win that debacle known as the Hundred Years War (I refer to it as just the French Wars as the conflict had distinct phases and despite a couple notable victories the English couldn’t hold any of the territory they claimed as theirs).
Worse, when the French altered the tactics to better suit their situation it was the English who would begin the painful and financially crippling cost of ransoms. If you want to know the real
Roots of the so-called War of the Roses just look at a couple generations of me for whom France offered no glory, no vast fortunes to be made free booting and claiming ransoms, no stalwart king to lead them, instead, decades of losses, inept and greedy commanders, and back biting amongst the nobles, no one wanted to take the blame for losing France (again).
idk how he keeps doing it but his visuals are always getting more and more stunning
Too much about Western Europe and too little about Eastern, although there was an incredible amount of things happening in the east.
Just think, we are all descendents of people who survived these wars and the plague!
Meanwhile the scenario in Bangladesh under the Bengal Sultanate was different Bengal was in it's greatest era of peace and prosperity as an independent state.
I'm pretty sure I love Kings and Generals because of the Knights of Honor game. The game I used to play constantly. Glad to see you both on the same side.
If anybody is interested in the literature of this time I recommend The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio
Spicy
@Gary Allen I understand but I don't think it's a good idea to ban this book from public libraries and other places. If you are offended by that then you could also say Shakespeare is offensive and so on about many classic writers.
@Gary Allen Nevermind, I saw your channel, you're interested in literature, sorry about my previous comment, I thought you were trying to say that Boccaccio is offensive and should not be read. Yeah, its a little dorky but it has some cheeky stories
Wonderful video! What a terrible time for humanity, hopefully we won't face something like this again anytime soon.
This was absolutely excellent, guys. Thank you.
12:18
"Thus, it is lachrymose indeed that we have not yet touched upon what was arguably the most cataclysmic ingredient in this stew of despair."
I just love this little colourful little sentence here. I had to look up "lachrymose" though.
And the reason for all this misery: the Mongols. So many people died under their conquest that global temperatures decreased sparking the little Ice Age. And because they opened up the Silk Road, the Black Death spread across Eurasia
-France: "Dont make us come over there."
-Flanders: "Please do, it's a fuckin' party over here."
Dem Battle of the Golden spurs vibes..
I was really surprised to see that Knights of Honor II has been released. I remember it being announced many, many years ago, but it fell off the radar, even though I'd occasionally check the Steam page for it. I had assumed it had been cancelled in production. I haven't seen any trailers or advertisements for it before now.
Interesting video! I never fail to laugh when a Medieval map of Europe shows Flevoland in all its future glory
Just a quick heads up . The hundred years war started in 1337 . But crecy was fought in 1346 . Other than than this was great . Thank you !!!!
The plunder in the start of 14th century was a great prologue of what was going to follow in Europe the next century. The "old guard" of empires was going to an end and new powers were risen.
Thank you for the video. 9:05 Battle of Crecy was in 1346 not 1337
Most common line spoken by 14th Century comedians: "whoa... tough crowd..."
My brother and I were talking about the middle ages and he said " some people lived to be 30" . I always thought that was very profound.
Thank you for sharing the video it really makes you think how much better we have it now
Even before the bubonic plague rats would contaminate food. It was a part of life to find tons of rats on farms and where people stored food. When they eventually found out about the diseases rats caused dogs were bred to kill them and stray cats were allowed to roam around
Was waiting for more than a decade for Knights of Honor 2...Can't believe they made it eventually :D
And yet, the 14th century is considered, at least here in Bohemia (now Czechia), as one of the greatest episodes in our history. All thanks to emperor Charles the IV., who is also called Father of the Nation.
Castles were built, cities grew, universities and other institutions were established as Bohemia and especialy Prague became the political and cutural center of the HRE.
15:10 There is an annotation for Basel here, however you can find similar things elsewhere in Switzerland. Relatively close to the parliament building there's an information thingy you can visit irl indicating that that part of town had been torched in antisemitic persecutions, as part of the history of the plot where the capitol now stands & where there used to be a synagogue until the mid-14th century.
Plague, constant warfare, religious fanatics, sign me up kings 😁👍
Fascinating! I've just started getting more interested in European history, and this is an excellent overview of the 14th century. Even the comments section is full of great information! Smart viewers!
In addition: Lithuania during 1300's was in constant warfare as a target of Baltic crusades, suffering constant invasions by Europe-fed Teutons and plundered annually or sometimes several times a year. East-western part of the country become uninhabited wasteland and was consumed by forest. Bubonic plague did not affected as much though.
The plague didn't affect a lot of Eastern Europe too much. Low population densities meant that it had a more difficult time jumping between populations centers. As a result, descendants of people from places like Poland are genetically different from the rest of Europe, as their ancestors survived despite not having the genes needed to do so.
I can relate considering the history of the Second Bulgarian Empire 1330's onward
A quick review of knights of honor 2. Game's expensive, but it's more fun and diverse than the 1st part. I'm 15 hours in. Right now instead of attacking a close stronger neighbor, I've bribed 6 rebel lords I've captured earlier into raiding the neighbor while on the opposite side the strong neighbor decided to make a defensive pact against me that was joined by 3 other strong neighbors. As a retaliation I've sent a spy into his court and ordered him to sow discontent amongst population, which incited rebellions some hours after. Now when he's distracted fighting rebellions I've sent a diplomat into that country to mend the relations with them so I could conquer the land 6 loyal to me rebel lords are ravaging.
I'm hooked.
"Hardship, scarcity, filth, violence, and religious fanaticism..." Sounds like my last Saturday night.
14th century ars subtilior music was truly unique and wonderful
Could you make a video about the danish crusades? If it would be interesting for you :)
@Aloha well primarily the Danes who went with the Germans to Latvia and Estonia, under Valdemar Sejr
Bastards betrayed us tho >:(
Or the Careers of Valdemar Atterdag and Drottning Margrete
@@arawn1061 well true, uniting the kingdom, or forming one of the greatest unions at the time
@@iLovePyRo_ Yeah im currently studying this very topic in its relation to Visby and Gotland. So a video on this topic would be pretty convenient
Really cool using games to show the battles, never seen that in a history documentary before ^^
I remember playing the original KoH about 15 years ago, great game, I’ll check it out! Thanks for your great content!
Hyped for the game! Currently downloading while watching the video!
Our History teacher in middle school taught us that the horrible weather and the bubonic plague were the main reasons the Renaissance came to be. People realized religion, prayers aren't saving them so they turned to Science. Even though in the beginning they killed on mass cats, because they thought they carried the plague, oh the irony.
This isn’t true at all. Nearly all the early scientist were extremely religious and were often motivated by religion.
@@joellaz9836 Well duh, since the only thing they knew was religion. With time they opened their minds more and more and began not to believe, but to think. Galileo Galilei destroyed all religions with his invention of the telescope.
Many people still believe in Religion and God you and you're history teacher like it or not
@@westsidermetalhead4997 No actually he didn't destroy anything.
He couldn't prove shit about his heliocentric theory, because he didn't have access to the technology that enables the observation of distant parallaxes. A technology that only appeared two centuries after his death.
At the time, his theory was basically a wild guess, a guess which he couldn't prove substantially with the tools available to him, but still proclaimed to be the absolute truth which he wanted to teach as dogma.
The Church asked him not to publish his works as long as he couldn't bring sufficient proofs for his theories.
He refused.
Which is why he got censored, tried and condemned.
The Church eventually embraced heliocentrism in the 19th century, when the conclusive and absolute scientific proof in support of the theory was finally produced.
@@westsidermetalhead4997 what Einstein, the greatest known mind, think of religion and God?
Only because most of my family was of noble blood would this period of time be acceptable, as we resided in the Italian portion of the HRE. During the plague my ancestor closed the Castel and ordered everything continuously cleaned. No animals were allowed within the walls. All survived as the plague killed large numbers in the surrounding area.
With regards to the Black Death, Milan was an exception: the fierce Luchino Visconti walled alive the first citizens showing symptoms, letting them die of the disease or starvation, and blocked the city gates, keeping a tight control. In all, 10-15% of the population died, in stark contrast with the rest of Italy (and Europe). One case of Black Death-zero policy that worked 😆
Mi sa che i visconti avrebbero potuto unificare l'Italia
I love these sponsors! It fits the video so well and makes me want to play it to discover more.
I would love videos going over what was happening in different regions around the world at the same time in the 13th century!
interesting video, but 7:50 "emancipated, bony corpses" is quite something
So, if I ever put my hands on a time-machine, I know now to what time I DON`T want to go.
With all the turmoil Covid has caused, imagine having to face a desease capable of whiping out 80% of the population of a given city......
Must have truly looked like the end of the world.
You mean the govs caused. Im sure more ppl were hurt by them than by c0v!d itself
All seasons are beautiful for the person who carries happiness within.
Minor correction. The origin of the plague has recently been traced to Kyrgyzstan rather than China as previously believed.
A recent study of Ashkanasi jews has found that all are decended from a very small population dating to the mid to late 1300s. It seems they were driven out of western Europe into the then depopulated areas in Eastern Europe where they thrived
Why did they thrive in Eastern Europe?
To add to this tragedy , we should remember that some of the most powerful earthquakes in the Mediterranean basin happened in this period
I think the 13th century for Poland wasn’t that bad, considering the relative peace and successes of monarchs like Casimir the Great. Also Poland was not really touched by the plague for some reason.
One of the best videos from Kings and Generals great summary!
I saw a history program on utupe about 1300.a few months ago. And he said it's was the worst time in the middle ages. But not so much detail. But did say different things. Why monks all way look fat in one subject . Good job. 👍😊
Europeans never talk about the negatives on their history
@@StrawHalo44 yer, that's kinder true. Everybody likes reading everybody else horrible history. Lol 😊🎅🌲
Love the way you guys used all the pictograms of knights of honor II
Good overview. I knew about most of the big events mentioned here, but it's always helpful to have them placed into context like this. There was some info new to me, too, such as the self flagellation movement. Crazy stuff. I'll have to read up on that.
I've only been a subscriber for a couple weeks !I must say I'm captivated by the graphics . The contents are terrific .However we get lost in the major event how
Europe rebuilt itself with such losses must have truly been a gargantuan effort ?
Suffering truly breeds inventions. I find this extremely interesting to how society
Recovered to the point and how it effects our current pandemic and its lasting effects on society today !
The 1300s: The 2020's of the Middle Ages
Sad that despite millennia of shared suffering amongst the vast majority of our ancestors, we still live in a world defined by more suffering still. We truly don’t learn jack. Feels hopeless
It was a decisive turning point for both European and Middle Eastern power. The European began to rise prosperous while the Middle Eastearn began to decay
Why do you say that? Imo, it’s not until the 1600s-1700s ish that the shift in the balance of power from the Islamic world to post Christendom Europe. Given the fact Muslim empires have dominated europe up until 1600s ish- especially the Ottomans.
Ottoman empire
Decay? The Muslim world continued to prosper with trade expanding in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean. Ibn battuta began his travels and wrote about the riches in Muslim lands. It is also the time of the rise of the Timurid Empire, Ottoman Empire, and even later on the Mughal empire.
@@rarelife-f7h this is not about the collapse of the Islamic world as a whole of course, but about the end of the Golden Age. The old Islamic monarchies became decrepit and were conquered by the Ottoman Empire, with the exception of parts of North Africa and Persia. The Ottoman Empire was able to create a modern military and administrative system, but in general its culture is marked by a conflict between the needs of the state and Islamic conservatism, which has been gaining momentum since the fall of Baghdad. The greatness of the Ottoman Empire was associated with its flexible policy both in the west and in the east. Suleiman the Magnificent for the first half of his life wanted to realize the Roman heritage by joining the pan-European narrative game, but the same things that once lead to Ottoman’s dominance will become a source of it fall.
For some reason, we continue to associate the success of cultures solely with the political scope of states and external paraphernalia, and not with complex and long processes, such as creation of communal law or secularization, which occurred exclusively in Medieval Europe due to its polycentric and dynamic nature.
Eh, US foreign policy and wahabbi radicalism have a lot to do with the Mideast's decline