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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 9 มิ.ย. 2011
- The Amygdala in 5 Minutes
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The neuroscientist gives a short primer on the brain's emotional processor.
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JOSEPH LEDOUX:
Joseph LeDoux is a professor and a member of the Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology at NYU. His work is focused on the brain mechanisms of emotion and memory. In addition to articles in scholarly journals, he is author of "The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life" and "Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are." He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a fellow of the New York Academy of Science, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Science, and the recipient of the 2005 Fyssen International Prize in Cognitive Science. LeDoux is also a singer and songwriter in the rock band, The Amygdaloids.
Professor LeDoux is a Big Think Delphi Fellow.
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TRANSCRIPT:
Question: What do we know about the amygdala?
Joseph LeDoux: Well the amygdala is a small region of the brain. It’s in what’s called the temporal lobe of the brain. If we divide the cerebral hemispheres of the four major lobes, occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal, it’s in the temporal lobe which is under the temporal bone, which is behind your ear.
And the amygdala would be located at a point where a line that goes through your eye and through your ear intersect in your brain. So imagine like someone has shot an arrow through your eye and another one through your ear, where those two come together would be roughly where it is. And on both sides of the brain, of course, because most structures, in fact, all structures are bilateral in that sense.
So its sometimes referred to as an almond or an almond-shaped structure, which is a bit of a misnomer because there’s one part of it that’s almond shaped and that caught the attention of early anatomists, and so they named this almond shaped structure the amygdala, but as the amygdala began to be defined more broadly, in includes a lot of structures other than that little almond-shaped piece.
It’s most commonly associated with fear, although that’s not its only function, it’s its most heavily studied function. And the reason for that is that it’s much easier to study fear than other emotions. Things that are bad have more weight than things that are good in a sense. You can put off eating, drinking, sex, whatever for an indefinite amount of time, but you have to respond to danger immediately. You know, you don’t find great novels about happy subjects, it’s always about the bad stuff and it’s sometimes said that there’s this negative bias in emotion, which his that most research on emotion is about the negative stuff. But the fact is that negative stuff turns out to be the most important for survival, in a sense, in terms of immediacy in having to respond to that.
Question: To what other structures is the amygdala connected?
Joseph LeDoux: So some of the key interconnections of the amygdala-and these connections actually define what it does in a sense, at least with respect to fear-the amygdala gets sensory information directly from the various sensory systems that process the external world. So the visual system, the auditory system, olfactory, touch, pain, and so forth. All of these kind of come together, or converge, in the amygdala. And then the amygdala on the output side with all the systems involved in the emotional reactivity. So, when you encounter sudden danger, you might freeze, your blood pressure and heart rate begin to rise, stress hormones are released, all of these things happen as a result of outputs of the amygdala.
So the amygdala you can think of as this circle with one input coming in being the... or the input coming in being a sensory, flow of sensory information from the external world, then outputs being connections to systems involved in controlling the responses. But we have to expand those inputs, so it’s not just getting one sensory input, but all sensory inputs. So each sensory system is coming in. And it doesn’t stop there because in addition to getting information from sensory systems, it also gets information from higher-order systems, like the prefrontal cortex and higher-order association areas involved in various kinds of integrative activities in the cortex.
Question: What role does the amygdala play in learning adaptive behaviors?
Read the full transcript on bigthink.com/videos/the-amygd... - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
That moment you realize you're a brain listening to a brain talking about it's own structure
I believe you are a soul interfacing with your brain (which has to be awesomely powerful to interface with the soul) which allows you to exist in this physical dimension.
Xbot4Life bullshit, my friend.
I believe that bible actually refers to the fact that your entire being is a "living soul". You don't have a sepperate component soul,you are a soul (nephesh). The soul actually dies. Ezekial18:4 Behold, all souls are mine; as the soul of the father, so also the soul of the son is mine: the soul that sinneth, it shall die.
Ezekial18:20 The soul that sinneth, it shall die. The son shall not bear the iniquity of the father, neither shall the father bear the iniquity of the son: the righteousness of the righteous shall be upon him, and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon him
King R
IF, and lets maked it a big IF. IF the barbaric bible is true, do you think youll end up in heaven or hell when you soon die?
+Xbot4Life First of all the bible clearly states that heaven is within,so it's not a place. Heaven is a spiritual condition in which God is on the throne of our lives. Very few people will have this become a reality in the flesh but eventually ALL of mankind in the spirit will experience this reality in the completion of all things at the Great White Throne Judgement.
I had an bilateral amygdala lesion two years ago.. I met a near fatal accident which almost killed me and left me in hospital for four months. Consequently, it had fucked up my brain and there were severe injuries which made me nearly dysfunctional. Doctors decided on a bilateral amygdala lesion and I was left without an amygdala. So far, I believe I am no longer the same person. I can no longer feel some emotions like guilt, remorse, shame, fear and sympathy. My empathy is normal tho, i can understand the thoughts and feelings of other people without getting affected by them myself -- in other words, i dont feel sympathy for them.. tho my sympathy was always on the lower end, now it is zero. My startle has become almost zero. My personality has taken a 180° turn -- totally opposite of my old self.. now driving at 150 kph doesn't press those internal brakes inside me which i used to feel once.. , somehow I no longer feel those fearful sensations again.. I am no longer anxious at all, very cool always... I remember i used to feel anticipatory anxiety before doing something novel, but its all gone now. I rock! I can still become extremely violent and agitated but in a very cold, calm and calculating way. I have gained a lot of control on my life and can see it with a great detail, almost in a slow motion because emotions dont really act as cogs and dont create a blurring and noisy effect. Everything seems to me crystal clear than ever. With emotions i had biases and irrational thinking, now everything seems to be very clear, almost in a slow motion with great details. I see everything but dont feel it anymore. I can also modulate my behaviour which I couldn't do right after my surgery for many months. . Just ask my mother how different I was before. I still remember those fears but somehow it appears I am intoxicated with alcohol without losing my body control. I no longer care about anything. I have become very disinhibited and temperamentally a very different person. My mother tells me I am no longer her son. LOL
Bro do a psychopath/sociapath test... tell me your result after
Apologies. I know this comment is about a year old. I just want you to know, I hope you are doing well. From a internet stranger.
Bro so sorry about this, hope you're doing well.
@@oedihamijok6504 he wouldn’t be a psychopath or sociopath he wasn’t born with his brain wired like that nor did he learn the behaviour due to environmental reasons to be a sociopath. But this proves the connection between the amygdala and true emotions of the soul in my opinion. People with Autism and Aspergers lack high activity in the amygdala aswell. It’s crazy this almond shaped piece of your brain holds what might give you a sense of living in this world. Very unfortunate for this man to have this happen to him. His colour for life has become grey. One day hopefully his amygdala can regenerate itself overtime.
Dang, fascinating. Hope you’re still cool!
"Oh Amygdala, oh Amygdala... have mercy on the poor bastard!"
+Marcohazard fear the godhead
Bloodborne?
Yes
The funniest comment I've seen 😂😂
This is the best explanation of the Amygdala. Thank you for the best 5:37 minutes of my time. Trying to diagnose myself.
this was so boring to listen to
@@infoharvester it's an educational video about a piece of the brain, what else do you want
@@aagh8714
the guy has a monotone voice. Are you saying that learning is intrinsically boring?
Thank you SO much! I love how this video is so direct and isn't like "blah, blah, blah," as the other videos can be.
the meeting point of sight and sound! that is AMAZING!
Beautifully explained , thank you sir
There are good reasons to have a sense of fear in terms of avoiding physical danger, but brain imaging and stimuation are advancing so quickly that we will be able to selectively target the amygdala due to the incredibly precise technologies, such as focussed ultraound, we are developing that can hit tiny clusters of neurons deep in the brain, where the primal parts of the brain operate - the basal ganglia, thalumus, hippocampus etc.The 'trouble spots' lol.
Really enjoyed the simplicity of this explanation.
Joseph, this continues to be a very helpful video and explanation for regular folk- thanks again for tickling everyone's amygdala- Neil Slade
Thank you for this informative video The Amygdala.Very helpful-Dr.Balu.
This is really helpful. Thank you.
nicely explained!
Thank you for this!
Those " emotional forces" all emit chemicals (nuerotransmitters) to dif. parts of the brain. Determining how much of which chemicals go from where to where in the brain can give us huge insight into what chemically and physically helps to, perhaps not necessarily create, but bring out those emotions. implications are huge...finding out low serotonin encourages depression led to SSRIs. Also, brain damage in specific parts of the brain have helped show the function of that part.
Very informative.
I learn clearly, thanks.
That could be explained with re-uptake and/or enzyme (MAO) adjustments to extreme situations in short term extreme situations? But I wouldn't expect that mechanism to work long term. Once your system is no longer able to adapt, it will break down. Essentially, at the end of the day, you are going to need amino acids in order to synthesize neurotransmitters.Unless you know a way to make serotonin (for instance) out of thin air?If you do - please share - because that could really come in handy!
does amygdala just form associations btwn random or neutral external stimuli?
Love this video!
Great synopsis.
"Subliminal. " goes into further detail.
Everything you said was true, I just wanted to add that it's not because it's psychological that it has nothing to do with hormones. When you're depressed, you "feel" this state of mind because of changes in the production of neurotransmitters (ex : serotonin, endorphins, ...) interpreted by your brain. Yes, there are "natural" ways to re-equilibrate the action of neurotransmitters, but for some people it's harder to do, so they get help from drugs.
What do you think happened to my son who was believed to be more MR than he is , when he was put in a "resource room" with two medically needy students in pain. Crying all day for years. He forgot everything he had known before being placed in the RR . Mainly obsessed about praying for little girl and other child who is severe non-verbal individual.
The sky and the cosmos are one. -The Choir
Oh Amygdala, Oh Amygdala, have mercy on the poor bastard
I always thought that the Queen Amygdala was the responsible for Anakin's fate.
"Fear... to the dark side it leads."
Question, perhaps unrelated to the Amygdala but I did read that it does intercept and processes sexual signals. Then upon digging a bit I found out that it may or may not be true as different answers kept surfacing, does anyone know which part of our brain intercepts and deals with sexual signals sent by another person?
Brain.exe has stopped working.
Brain Watchdog: anomalous hypoactivity detected. Releasing cortisol.
“it’s most commonly associated with fear”
i mean you could say that about them in bloodborne
i wonder if i can train myself using these pavlovian behavioral principles...do i ring a bell before i eat and before i lets say study then will it be easier / more pleasant to study?
woof-woof
Great, now I can beat the boss, thanks for the video
You gained plenty of insight from this didn't you :)
I've read about this in the past. He's right and this is true.
Doesn't it make more sense that traditional methods of chemical alteration that we've been using since time immemorial without knowing to call them that that that would be more safe?
Sound is a physical process including talking and listening. So are the changes in how we think and feel during talking so shouldn't talk therapy be used first and pills resorted to later? Shouldn't we regard talk therapy as fundamentally a chemical process?
Although I disagree with a Pav-stimulus as an all-out defense response. This is saying that behavior (somewhat) cannot be adjusted. The brain has plasticity and can be changed from age twenty to twenty-five. Pavlov's tests were not congruent with human tests. Neurons (species to other species) are quite different, in essence.
Soldiers are more disciplined and their focus narrowed around certain tasks. Their ability to reason would thus be judged upon that context. Their ability to reason may take a hit later due to damage to non-prioritized parts of the brain that weren't important to reason during that context but were in later ones.
pitch perfect!
This awsome
I wish I could have my amygdala removed.
I have crippling anxiety and depression. I'm currently on 5 medications and tried probably 15-20.
I was in that same situation for a decade before finding a regular meditation, yoga and exercise routine. Try it if you haven’t already. Give yourself a month of consistent practice and see how you feel.
U need a friend..
Is that actually possible? It would be interesting to see what effect it would have on people with depression and stuff like that.
Me too
Have you tried CBD?
Yes but most of what gets prescribed today is new.
I'm not saying they should never be used but from what I've experienced and what I've heard they are prescribed too fast.
Yes that's true!
My science project this year
i have social anxiety, and they say its because of high levels of serotonin in the amygdala... can this be treated. Any neuroscientists?
I also have sa cannabis must have an effect on the amygdala because it takes away a lot of the symptoms of my sa
This isn't Bloodborne
Even human beings has feeling in different ways ↕️ some are emotional sometimes miserable sometimes it depressions sometimes 😊 and we express 🚛 by the action So we always react with our own actions and other see in their own way ↕️ what 😦 to do it is on ourselves.
Also if your mood changes but your worldview does not (I'm thinking more minute changes that scientists haven't gotten to yet likely change more with traditional methods i.e. talking than with new inventions) then you will wind up going back to your baseline. Tolerance sets in and the treatment becomes mediocre at best.
Oh amygdala, oh amygdala, have mercy of the poor bastard
The only problem with the chemical theory is that it is interpreted and used too literally.
Why can't talking to people and resolving their issues be a chemical cure and tried first rather than drugs?
Sound is a physical process. The conversion of sound into information and the emotional responses are as well. So it follows that talking about your problems can change your brain chemistry.
Do not try to live without this little gadget that triggers helpful responses.
Bloodborne anyone
F$@K that boss
I caned the amygdala first time, then again Micholas was a nightmare
I still have nightmares from them
It's part of NLP lens system.
this is wrong .................. amygdala is a eight armed monstrosity from he'll
hell
More like space
Psychopaths are afraid of amygdalae because it is the main formation of compassion.
@@nickilovesdogs8137 It's also a video game boss...
@@dirtyharry0191 interdimensional
Sadness is the opposite of happiness. Granted I wouldn't say I'm happy when I'm afraid.
You would imagine for the same input the amagdala is getting the output would be exactly the same?
How much is the amygdala active of the day?
If your a psychopath its turned off also part of the limbic system if turned off but otherwise depends on the person's major nagetive and major positive emotions are dampened down
How do I SHRINK my amygdala? I want to get rid of my social anxiety
Rather than shrink the amygdala, develop the prefrontal cortex that regulates the amygdala.
Check out The Emotional Life of Your Brain by Richard Davidson
anapanasati1970 Thank you, I will :)
A lot of meditation, try 1 hour sessions everyday
***** Thanks man, I'll check it out
My amygdala is broke.
@Helmholtz bull fucking shit if your joking which i really hope you are joke is funny
Helmholtz no it’s borderline pd
Helmholtz or any cluster b pd
@@thelegendkillersshittyduff1335 ...
I was looking for a Boss fight tutorial but ok
Joker_Kat13 Just killed it in ng+6. Watch my videos and stay tuned. I do videos of dark souls and bloodborne.
Well if you want to know more about the limbic system, please listen to robert salposky, this scientist is ok but robert salposky is in a different level...
I'm not quite sure if you know about LeDoux - but he definitely deservers more than "ok"
I 💘 Amy G. Dala !
If your an artist, the amygdalla is responsable for that voice that screams "don't do it, it might not work" because it has pre-associated failiure in art with failiure of carreer, and therefore no food on the the table and therefore death.
So next time you hesitate because of that you need to lean into it instead because it means you're on to something interesting or original.
*you're
I don’t have fear to anything
he has rly great skin
eh? Doesn't one need nutrition to synthesis the chemicals required for day to day physical and mental functioning?
Would we be better with an amygdela
I wanna get my amygdala removed. I live in Canada and have crippling generalized anxiety disorder and it's complete torture. How do I get this done and who needs to clear me to get this surgery? Every single day of my life is consumed with anxiety and I want it to end. It is my life mission to get this demonic almond shaped shit out of my skull.
your story is sad and frightening. but what's MR?
I think it's better to say amygdalas rather than amygdala. There are two of them, and what each does is determined by sex.
amygdalae
Amygdala is a loanword, so it's fair game to call pairs of them either amygdalas or amygdalae. Just like octupus and penis.
***** Hopefully never!
Amygdali is also okay, but the common practice is just to say amygdala for both, and most people know what one is talking about, and I think that's fine.
I will forever clap for others until its my turn 🎉🎉🎉
Not always. Soldiers have been known to go without food for more than two weeks and still able to reason. Also there have been those suffering from food shortage for twenty+ days and able to respond to stimuli at even high-levels.
Depends upon the individual, I think.
Peace.
Friendly reminder that the brain named itself
Add this to the title: 's ragdoll
AN EYE FOR AN EYE
THATS HOW THE GAME WORKS
I’M LOSING MY AUTONOMY A MUTILATED PART OF ME-
Finally. About time
drain gang reference
Can the amygdala shut off my emotions? Cuz I have depression due to the lack of people who came here from amygdalas rag doll
All attempts to explain mental and emotional functioning from such brain parts as the amygdala have failed and will continue to fail. The amygdala can tell us nothing about such fundamental emotional forces as love and hate, let alone such emotionally complex structures as moral conscience. The physical aspect of the brain and the thoughts and feelings of the individual psyche are two different things. This presentation of the almighty amygdala shows just how little is known about the mind.
lizard brain all action and reaction, no subtle. you cannot train it not to react.
You can't just think it away... but you certainly can train it.
it's monkey brain not lizard
The amygdala I know can shoot lasers...
*f r e n z y*
Love can be based off of 2 simple emotions, fear or happiness... Happiness is just the opposite of having fear... Any emotion can be based off of simple emotions in my opinion.
TH-cam comments get worse, within months. Anyway, great info.
~. Interestiiiiiiiiiiing... 🧐🤔😏
I hate learning emotion
Sounds like the subconscious mind.
tought my cat b4 myself... or... attendance... from where presenting :');
shpongle anyone?
Who's a clever fellow
Amy G. Dala. Yeah, I think I dated her.
hahahahahahaha good one!
Queen Amygdala from Star Wars? No?
Wrong spelling?
amygdala in Greek means almond
It also means tonsil.
And in french amygdale means tonsil i know this because i play too much bloodborne
La asta te uiti tu Camelia ? Hmmmmm
This guy is the shit...
His caption reads "Neuroscientist"
:OOOOOOOOOO
The evil almond!
and now you know what alcoholism is !
You would think it would be spelt “Amigdala” not AMYgdala 🤔
Drain gang fr fr
The amygdala in a small and useful sentence: The amygdala is useless.
End of story.
As a self identifying hippocampal trans decaf soy bean i have to say you are being very amygladaphobic, please check your white matter privilege.
strikeout1991 We wouldn’t be anywhere without the amygdala. Without stress we are nothing.
Phillip Jennings got really old
Neuroscience is all hypothetical, no one truly know how to define emotions. It's almost not real science.
You clearly have no idea what you're talking about. Please go sit down somewhere.
I agree 100%
Have you bothered to take a neuro-physiology course before making such a statement? Doesn't sound like it. The brain is an immensely complex structure, and of course just like ALL fields in the sciences there are still unanswered questions, that doesn't negate the biological foundation of things involving neuroscience (emotions, mental illness, neurological disorders, etc).
What specifically is garbage? And you of ALL people should understand the basis of neuroscience (i.e., electro-physiology, neuroplasticity) has relatively new areas of study. Do you think all effort should stop in understanding brain function?
Game grumps anyone?
Flatbush Zombies anyone?
at...att....atte...atten....attent....attenti...attention....this is you