Hello PBS Space Time. I'm finishing up my REU with the Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX) with the University of Washington, and I just wanted to thank you for presenting axion physics in such a clear way. I was aware of the strong CP problem during the whole internship, but since I was focused on studying microwave cavities I never got the chance to learn more about it. This video helped me sound like a boss at the end of my presentation, and of course, the video was awesome regardless of the context it has to me. Just wanted to say thanks for helping me out.
I remember always thinking the Axion was one of the cooler names of all the theoretical particles. Kind of a let down that its named after detergent. Maybe we can get a Tide Pod particle next
Well, distinction between apes and monkeys is not present in every language. In polish they both can be called monkey. When talking more precisely, we say something that would translate roughly as 'chief monkey' to denote apes in particular.
@@vealck Yup. And phylogentically, apes are descendents of monkeys, so there's no way out on that front, either. In fact, some very dedicated traditionalists have occasionally tried to redefine either Old World or New World monkeys as not-monkeys to escape. The idea that we apes are not monkeys is a traditional hypercorrection even in English and based on the whims of nineteenth-century English schoolteachers.
It helps to pretend that he's a friend speaking directly to you. I pretend that I'm the ruler of earth and he's one of my scientific advisers. Once I believe that his words are intended for *me alone,* my brain is tricked into paying more attention/grasping more, as if I were listening to a friend make a high rant. I find myself nodding and understanding more when I pretend this.
@@littlecousin5630 Perharps he's refering to the axioms that build the real numbers? The real numbers can either be built from rational numbers (thus being indirectly built from natural numbers) or they can also be defined by axioms themselves.
@@lonestarr1490 Dedekind cuts are a definition, not an axiom. When you build the real numbers with them you define what is a cut, define the real numbers as the set of all those cuts, and then show that such definition has all the properties of the real numbers. So no axioms are used, since all properties can be proven from the definition.
Man, I was stomped at first. I thought to myself "Do they study theoretical particle that goes by the name Axion in just advanced calculus?". Then I read again, and yep, he was talking about Axioms, not Axions.
“If you’re gonna nerd, why not nerd all the way?” This is the deepest insight any of the infinite version of me have ever gotten from PBS Spacetime video. Nicely done!
Laundry detergent, dark matter, the biggest mystery in the universe... My missing sock is actually turned into dark matter by laundry detergent! I knew it!
@@Ru-mk8lp hardly vicious. Learned to paint watching Ross, when I was 8. Dumbed down science is why America is losing the science race. For instance Elon Musk making NASA look moronic. NASA is ripping off the taxpayers when some dork programmer could do it better
i knows some Opticks Tricks. particularly, how to shoot a 10 Mbps full duplex Internet connection over 1.4 km using only a single high output red LED of the type used in car brake lights, in a DIY way, building the machine in a garage by inexperienced people.
@@null-0x _actually_ it is called "OPTICKS: OR, A TREATISE OF THE REFLEXIONS, REFRACTIONS, INFLEXIONS and COLOURS OF LIGHT. ALSO Two TREATISES OF THE SPECIES and MAGNITUDE OF Curvilinear Figures."
I'm just waiting for them to discover the particle that makes sure all this is so overly complex, that the math seems tediously intractable, and mind bogglingly confusing as a whole for us average people. I hope when they do, they call it the Vogon.
8:57 you mention here that one of the possible reasons why we can't artificially detect axions is because we can't produce strong enough artificial magnetic fields. However, at 9:37, you mention that CAST uses its own strong magnetic field to convert potentially incoming axions back into photons. How are we sure that the magnetic field that CAST produces is strong enough to convert axions into photons?
Well he said that nature does half of the work, and maybe because we don't need to invest energy in the creation of axions, we can invest more in just the conversion of them back to photons.
He stated the axion may be in a different mass range than expected. As such, CAST would need to be tuned to find them which is a costly process as you need new wiring and sensors for each mass range. It's the same thing as why LIGO can't detect just any collisions and why we are building bigger interferometers.
It seems like the creation side would be easier to tune. We could measure the total energy absorbed by the metal as we tune the magnetic field, looking for a dip in energy representing the conversion of photons to unabsorbed axions.
Gary Barbour II I didn’t hear what must be an energy of photons to convert them into an axion, but heard “a fraction of electron mass”. That could mean that we can observe relic photons passed nearby a magnetar. We know for sure a deviation is about 10^-5K. Any evidence of the conversion must be easily detected.
"How are we sure that the magnetic field that CAST produces is strong enough to convert axions into photons?" They're not sure. They're just trying their best dude.
I got high and then started watching youtube videos. They recommended me the PBS Space Time guy explaining to me one of the leading theories about dark matter, one that I had tried to understand but never really did. You win, TH-cam algorithm.
I like that the theory side of these very complex subjects is "easy" to understand and really illustrates reality in a beautiful way, I find the idea of particles being wavelengths in different fields to be really interesting but I could not imagine actually formulating maths to describe these ideas.
while i saw and liked this video four months ago, i was directed here once again by the wonderful person anton petrov, who reported today on a new discovery seeming to give credence to the axion's existence. it use i think a 10,000 ton tank of liquid xenon, and they had far more detections than theorized. there are several other explanations, but the axion seems to be far and above the most likely answer. i would love a followup to this video that includes these new observations. but i'm thinking you'll probably give it a few months for confirmation of the data before making a video. still, can't wait to find out if we've finally found dark matter.
_"To Always go full N.E.R.D. or to Never go full N.E.R.D.?"_ _- and other seemingly absolute-therefore-false propositions_ (according to minds of a finite existential experience that is)
@@tarekwayne9193 Nord VPN recently had a massive security breach and then tried to deny it. When that didn't work they downplayed it. When that didn't work they finally admitted what had occurred. Very shady way of handling a security breach. Nobody expects a VPN to totally protect you from everything. What I do expect is for a security related company to handle security breaches openly and honestly which is pretty much the opposite of how Nord VPN handled theirs.
Motor Head VPNs aren’t even a security tool. Https encryption already protects against middle-men which is what NordVPN claims they protect against. VPNs are only really useful to convince websites you have a different IP address and/or mask your current IP address. Edit: They are also useful to mask the name of the website you are going to from the ISP. ie. If you want to access something censored in China or torrent stuff without your ISP’s knowledge. Both are fairly niche uses that if you are in either situation, you already know why to use a VPN.
I only open a tunnel if I'm looking up something really lewd (mostly because of its bundled browser) or want to access something as another country (darn YT country blocks)
15:50 Cube root. Space is three-dimensional. 15:54 Taking the square (or cube) root of a double exponential doesn't change it much. E.g., the square root of 10^10^120 = 10^(5×10^119) ~ 10^10^119.7, not 10^10^60-ish.
Hey there! Amazing show, keep it up, guys. I'd want to clarify one thing, though. In Polish, the letter 'W' is read/pronounced just like the letter 'V' in English (there's no 'V' in the Polish language'). So Frank Wilczek's last name should be pronounced just like you'd pronounce the English name 'Vilcheck'. Have a great day, science buffs! ;P
@@Jehannum2000 Actually, there is! And it's a letter which, in turn, doesn't exist in the English alphabet. And it looks like this: ł I hope it displays on your screen properly. Sometimes 'exotic' fonts don't. But yeah, when found in a word, this letter is read like the English 'w'. Hope this helps :) Have a great day!
That's the benefit of sexual reproduction, my friend. Diversity in a population. It ensures that while everyone is similar enough to be able to reproduce with each other, everyone is still somewhat different from everyone else. And so we have physicists, musicians, bankers and so on. But I guess economic growth has played an equally important role in it too. I mean, if you have to spend most of your time hunting or foraging for food, you're not going to have much time to think about physics. We're really lucky that we don't live in a time like that.
Why would you thank god for the efforts that people are doing? Just thank the people directly. Also, which god? One of those paradox gods or the more "sensible" ones from ancient religions like animals or trees?
Saying "Principia Mathematica" wrong but nonetheless getting the information across > Saying "That thing Newton wrote". The channel is great because it teaches. Do not stop teaching to please egos.
Wow! Even though, the Consiousness influencing QM video is more to my liking, I am glad I did not miss this one. I went in it without a clue what an Axion is, but your explanation with the graphics was top notch. If only i was a kid way back in school, your content is really inspirational.
Can you imagine how amazing it would be if this turns out to be true? If we perfect the technology, we could create axion telecommunications. You could send out a radio signal that gets turned into axions and then have a receiver that turns it back into photons and because axions can pass through everything you would get a zero interference signal.
3:36 okay wow, the strong CP problem really sounds like the intersection in which we need to keep a very close eye on. Our error, our missing connection, lies somewhere in the maths which cause this mismatch. I absolutely love it! I almost want to go to college to learn everything about these problems, just so I can help figure it out. It's so exciting and enticing, to see things like this unsolved to this day
Maybe, just maybe a very rare quantum phenomenon occurred that converted all the photons from every tenth frame of the video you watched to axions. Probability might be extremely small but still greater than zero😎
To me, PBS Space Time is single best physics channel for folks who studied college-level physics, but didn't quite make it to (or through) physics grad school. Agree?
Principia was probably called “princhipia” by Newton when it was written. In Classical Latin, "c" was always pronounced as "k". Since Medieval Christian times, the pronunciation of "c" before "e" or "i" became “ch”. Only in the 19th Century did Latín scholars outside the church go back to classical pronunciation.
He gets a lot of that comment haha. Maybe just try and break it down for yourself after a few watches if you need. It's especially difficult if you haven't seen the videos he references, but binging them can help get you an overall grasp of the big picture, which in turn will help ya at least follow the concepts he proposes if not the math. He's actually really good at explaining things I reckon. I have a lot of "wow, yeah that's awesome, I get it" moments.
It's okay to not get it. I sure don't. I'm a computer programmer and it's taken me years to get to the point where I understand enough of the fields terms that I can learn higher concepts. Just keep trying and you'll slowly gain an understanding. This guy's probably been to school for this stuff. I like to rewatch / relisten to videos and podcasts. Helps me pick up what I may have missed.
I hit my own event horizon of understanding physics when the scientists all agreed that words such as might, maybe, possibly etc were all good words to use. At least there is concensus on "We don't know".
I'd be curious to know more about how axions could fit within the framework of what we expect of that as the source of dark matter. Could that help to drive additional experiments to confirm or deny their existence? Great episodes always PBS Space Time team :)
The incompleteness theorem dictates you will need an infinite number of axioms to describe the universe... that's probably why there is so much dark matter.
I am so happy I found this channel! Fairly sure I've watched every video twice and some of them 10x!!! I'm constantly pausing and going on a google wormhole lathered in critical thinking lol it truly gives me so much joy that words fall short!!!! Love that I can still watch PBS just like when I was a kid!!!
In PUREX and applied physics, the TIDE of current thinking about the AXION question will GAIN traction from brute force, ARM & HAMMER type physics experiments and lead us, by the SEVENTH GENERATION, towards a path that is ALL FREE & CLEAR of any ambiguities.
Matt, at 15:51 I believe you meant that the distance would be the cubic root of 10^10^123 (or 90), which would be 10^(3,33*10^122 (or 89))-ish times the radius of the observable universe, which I believe means Rick has invented just an ultra-overpowered teletransport gun.
Excellent video. Interesting and informative. Max Tegmark has authored some relevant papers. And thanks for the reminder to head out to buy some Axion!
Exactly. However, it doesn't matter much, as the square root of 10^10^120 is ~10^10^119.7, while its cube root is ~10^10^119.5, not 10^10^60-ish as he said.
Also, all this is assuming that space on large scales is roughly flat. If it has negative curvature the distance can be much lower, although still far outside the accessible part of the universe.
Are you talking about non euclidean geometry stuff? If not than about what? If so than what kind of proportionality is possible in non euclidean geometry?
That's right, space in general relativity is curved not flat (non-Euclidean), but on large scales the curvature might average out to produce something that's roughly flat - or it might not. Some previous episodes go into more detail on this. If, on large scales, the curvature of space is negative and roughly constant, then on those scales the volume within a given radius is an exponential function of that radius, instead of being radius to the power of dimension as with flat space. In principle you could have something in between, such as an effective power law where the power (or "dimension") gradually changes between very different length scales. For example, some approaches to quantum gravity suggest that spacetime could be "2D" on the very smallest scales.
The key to reaching other universes of the multiverse is how close one can get to the speed of light. You said time dilation kicks in at about 80%c so if one can get closer and closer to 'c', then we could reach other universes of the multiverse in almost an instant of time. An extreme constant acceleration drive would probably do it.
Wow, what a trip. Have to review this again. Love the fact that a constant can be transmogrified into a field, and then call into existence a particle because thats how fields and particles work.
Uf Dark matter. It's about time PBS Space Time makes a video about Verlinde's work where dark matter is not a particle at all, but just a natural consequence of the same phenomenon that produces gravity.
Two questions: 1. You talked about mainly two experiments: the light shining through a wall and the helioscope. Why did you not comment on axions being generated at colliders? Is the interaction too small? 2. In the limit plot you show at 10:50 only the coupling to photons is scanned. Why not consider the coupling to gluons, quarks?
1.) The interaction would be quite common, but very hard to tell apart from the creation of high energy photons like gamma rays. A collider can only really identify a particle if it breaks down inside one of the detectors in a unique manner. 2) The photon-axion conversion is the only really simple reaction, so other couplings are ignored. They exist but don't really impact what we can look for and don't matter if the photon-based experiments find nothing.
in latin, c's are pronounced as hard k's. i did 6 years of latin, and my professor had a PhD in classical latin. i'm fairly confident in the hard k. the ch sound only came about later when latin started diverging into other romance languaged, like italian. it's possible that in modern church latin, some of these new pronunciations became common. and it's even possible that when this work of science was written, latin had evolved to use different pronunciations. but classically, in the times of the romans, c's were pronounced as hard k's. :D
@@thesuccessfulone Yeah, that's right. Latin is dead, so we throw out all its pronunciations, and kill all of its family, burn its house down and ensure that it never works in this town again. That'll show it.
It might sound crazy, but what doesn't in astrophysics? It might be a link between Brownian motion, "that field" (planck field?) of subatomic particles where particles are created and obliterated instantly, dark mater, the creation of the universe, the passing of time and temperature. In this hypothesis, there was not a Big Bang. And for these to be proved, some things need to be observed: - the Brownian movement is influenced by the interaction of "that field" - that theory were at the beginning of universe there was mater and antimatter. - the son is loosing mass? - a black hole produces mass? - the alteration of "that field" creates particles - heat or friction can act on "that field" - dark mater is the residual gravitational perturbation created by the particles popping in and out of existence in "that field" - the passing of time is just experiences for moving objects through "that field" that is like a wave. - and others subjects. So... in this hypothesis in the beginning of the universe there was just "that field". Everything was cold and homogeneous. By random alterations of "that field" particles were created, slowly atoms formed and those atoms assembled together and the first stars were created, the heat disturb "that field" and more particles were created. So it goes like that. If you are interested in this hypothesis, pleas contacted me by responding to this message. I will love to develop this ideas.
I'd advise caution, as the detection was only at 3.2 sigma confidence (5 sigma is what's required to be *really* confident in scientific circles). Still, it's encouraging.
I did shrooms this past weekend and was convinced I understood dark matter. lmao. I was sure that dark matter is exploded black holes and it's dust floating throughout the universe. Maybe the big bang isn't exactly how we conceive it currently, in that if all of the universe's matter was at one time in one area, it must have been something akin to a giant black hole. It exploded, expanding some of its matter into the normal matter we see today and the rest remaining in black hole form in the matter we can't see today but can measure, lol. What do you think?
Micro black holes have been a suggestion for dark matter, more or less following the logic of your psilocybin rumination. I think we nuke-wielding monkey brains have yet to glean enough information to say which possible solution is most likely.
About the pronounciation of "principia".. The latin pronounciation of C is known thanks to several poets that mused on the pronounciation of words when they were more and more influenced by the German tribes that knew a soft G. They differenciated the soft G from the hard C with a small symbol. The latin C is to be pronounced like a K sound and the word is pronounced like "prinkipia".
the whole pronunciation of "Principia" thing is hilarious. I go with what my Latin teacher told me which is to pronounce it "Prin-Kipia" but he was usually drunk while teaching so he's probably not a very reliable authority.
That's just about what I want to hear physicists say. Except leave out the LQG. Axion-like constructs could be discrete, self-gravitating quanta of what we interpret as spacetime.
Super nerd mode transforming that motivational learning into moral intention to direct application, while saving lives and souls. The purpose. Boundless Nampakkai
Hello PBS Space Time. I'm finishing up my REU with the Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX) with the University of Washington, and I just wanted to thank you for presenting axion physics in such a clear way. I was aware of the strong CP problem during the whole internship, but since I was focused on studying microwave cavities I never got the chance to learn more about it. This video helped me sound like a boss at the end of my presentation, and of course, the video was awesome regardless of the context it has to me. Just wanted to say thanks for helping me out.
❤
Results?
Sounds like this is an exciting time to be studying axions right now! Some really interesting stuff coming
I remember always thinking the Axion was one of the cooler names of all the theoretical particles. Kind of a let down that its named after detergent. Maybe we can get a Tide Pod particle next
We’d have to find a way to convince children it wasn’t food
I was thinking the same thing Luke
Tide Podticle
God damn it, I need to stop coming to the comment section before finishing the video. I keep getting spoilers lmfao
Anyways, I don't think we'll get a Tide Pod particle, but I do see a chance in someone naming a laundry product Quantum Pods or some such
"If you're gonna nerd, why not nerd all the way?" Love it.
I have the feeling he wanted revenge for.. Something
Verbing weirds language...
Omg... this is just feeding the troll! what have you done!!?
Well, distinction between apes and monkeys is not present in every language. In polish they both can be called monkey. When talking more precisely, we say something that would translate roughly as 'chief monkey' to denote apes in particular.
@@vealck Yup. And phylogentically, apes are descendents of monkeys, so there's no way out on that front, either. In fact, some very dedicated traditionalists have occasionally tried to redefine either Old World or New World monkeys as not-monkeys to escape. The idea that we apes are not monkeys is a traditional hypercorrection even in English and based on the whims of nineteenth-century English schoolteachers.
I’ve heard some of the words he said before.
I'm with you there. I know it's English but not sure I understood very much of what he was saying!!! Brain feeling a bit small today 🤪
It helps to pretend that he's a friend speaking directly to you.
I pretend that I'm the ruler of earth and he's one of my scientific advisers.
Once I believe that his words are intended for *me alone,* my brain is tricked into paying more attention/grasping more, as if I were listening to a friend make a high rant. I find myself nodding and understanding more when I pretend this.
@@Reignor99 That's genius.
@@Reignor99 16:41 is for you. If you're going to nerd, why not nerd all the way?!
I hear the words, but when they're strung together- makes no sense.
Read the title as "Are Axioms Dark Matter?"
Based on how much I understood about them in advanced calculus, they might as well be.
@@littlecousin5630 Perharps he's refering to the axioms that build the real numbers? The real numbers can either be built from rational numbers (thus being indirectly built from natural numbers) or they can also be defined by axioms themselves.
@@yyeeeyyyey8802 Even if you derive the reals from the rationals, you need the cutting axiom of Dedekind to assure completeness of order.
@@lonestarr1490 Dedekind cuts are a definition, not an axiom. When you build the real numbers with them you define what is a cut, define the real numbers as the set of all those cuts, and then show that such definition has all the properties of the real numbers. So no axioms are used, since all properties can be proven from the definition.
Man, I was stomped at first. I thought to myself "Do they study theoretical particle that goes by the name Axion in just advanced calculus?". Then I read again, and yep, he was talking about Axioms, not Axions.
I feel like the comment went over the heads of anyone familiar with advanced calculus.
It's refreshing to find a channel that's willing to talk about complex subjects without "pulling any punches". No simplified metaphors.
"This particle can explain dark matter"
Yeah, I've heard this enough times to know where this is going...
Truly an issue. Dark matter candidates from modifications of theories are a dime a dozen, and same goes for new particles...
Truly an issue. Dark matter candidates from modifications of theories are a dime a dozen, and same goes for new particles...
Eventually it's going to be correct
Yeah there are too many ifs in this axiom hypothesis. Seems more like researchers are grasping for straws.
So true lol. So many clickbait articles too...
This video, my level of understanding kept oscillating between feeling like I am starting to get it, to feeling like you are speaking Klingon.
I get the feeling the editor messed up the framerate of the recordings for this episode...
Yes, very triggering. You can check "stats for nerds" from the video and see "dropped frames". Which is 0. Which means its not my end :D
Axions did it.
It's a PowerPoint slide
Oh good, not just me.
came here to look for this
"If you're gonna nerd, why not nerd all the way?" is a challenge that I'm sure will never be regretted.
I love episodes that explain how modern experiments are pushing the limits of the standard model
“If you’re gonna nerd, why not nerd all the way?” This is the deepest insight any of the infinite version of me have ever gotten from PBS Spacetime video. Nicely done!
It is a dumb idea. Nerds are people not machines and people will fool you when you lest expect it.
Laundry detergent, dark matter, the biggest mystery in the universe... My missing sock is actually turned into dark matter by laundry detergent! I knew it!
You are not funny, fat man
Maybe it quantum tunnelled out of the washing machine (or drier)?
Laundry detergent will take the dark matter off your underpants
Matt. You are to physics what Bob Ross is to painting. You make me amazed and profoundly calm at the same time.
Wasn't Bob a mediocre painter at best, who only had a painting career because of public funding? Oh I do see the correlations to this show.
@@elicallaway342 why so vicious?
@@Ru-mk8lp hardly vicious. Learned to paint watching Ross, when I was 8. Dumbed down science is why America is losing the science race. For instance Elon Musk making NASA look moronic. NASA is ripping off the taxpayers when some dork programmer could do it better
@@elicallaway342 I give you 3/10 trolling, please try harder next time.
@@elicallaway342 2/10 for trolling, you're not a good troll mate
can we somehow give this man an oscar or an grammy or an nobel prize or anything like that becouse he clearly deserves it
Yeah, what's the physics of getting an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony.... Is that a kind of entanglement?
"Ten to the power of ten to the power of ten to the power..." I feel like I live in Whoville.
Great upload 👍🏾 However, Axion laundry detergent should be the sponsor of this video
They could never sponsor dark matter being left behind in your laundry
Dark matter always fades my colors.
"CP Violation"
Hehe... That's illegal.
This comment right here, officer.
@@avrenna *Chris hanson*
Why dont you take a seat
Report it to the Jadoon!
The term "CP" was used in physics long before it was used to describe that particularly rightfully forbidden type of information.
hehee funne
In classical Latin, C is pronounced as a K. Remember, English is three languages hiding under a trenchcoat pretending to be an adult.
I love this show. I started watching in 2018, and I haven't stopped since. Thank for you incredibly high value content.
"That thing Newton wrote" is a weird way to pronounce "Opticks"
i knows some Opticks Tricks. particularly, how to shoot a 10 Mbps full duplex Internet connection over 1.4 km using only a single high output red LED of the type used in car brake lights, in a DIY way, building the machine in a garage by inexperienced people.
That's how we say it in Australia. You mean, you say something different in your country?
do you mean: optics
@@Sci0927 No, Newton's book on Optics is called Optiks
@@null-0x _actually_ it is called "OPTICKS: OR, A TREATISE OF THE REFLEXIONS, REFRACTIONS, INFLEXIONS and COLOURS OF LIGHT. ALSO Two TREATISES OF THE SPECIES and MAGNITUDE OF Curvilinear Figures."
I'm just waiting for them to discover the particle that makes sure all this is so overly complex, that the math seems tediously intractable, and mind bogglingly confusing as a whole for us average people. I hope when they do, they call it the Vogon.
In triplicate
It would likely be a weakly interacting, low-mass, neutral particle with an affinity for poetry.
8:57 you mention here that one of the possible reasons why we can't artificially detect axions is because we can't produce strong enough artificial magnetic fields. However, at 9:37, you mention that CAST uses its own strong magnetic field to convert potentially incoming axions back into photons. How are we sure that the magnetic field that CAST produces is strong enough to convert axions into photons?
Well he said that nature does half of the work, and maybe because we don't need to invest energy in the creation of axions, we can invest more in just the conversion of them back to photons.
He stated the axion may be in a different mass range than expected. As such, CAST would need to be tuned to find them which is a costly process as you need new wiring and sensors for each mass range. It's the same thing as why LIGO can't detect just any collisions and why we are building bigger interferometers.
It seems like the creation side would be easier to tune. We could measure the total energy absorbed by the metal as we tune the magnetic field, looking for a dip in energy representing the conversion of photons to unabsorbed axions.
Gary Barbour II I didn’t hear what must be an energy of photons to convert them into an axion, but heard “a fraction of electron mass”. That could mean that we can observe relic photons passed nearby a magnetar. We know for sure a deviation is about 10^-5K. Any evidence of the conversion must be easily detected.
"How are we sure that the magnetic field that CAST produces is strong enough to convert axions into photons?"
They're not sure.
They're just trying their best dude.
I got high and then started watching youtube videos. They recommended me the PBS Space Time guy explaining to me one of the leading theories about dark matter, one that I had tried to understand but never really did.
You win, TH-cam algorithm.
I like that the theory side of these very complex subjects is "easy" to understand and really illustrates reality in a beautiful way, I find the idea of particles being wavelengths in different fields to be really interesting but I could not imagine actually formulating maths to describe these ideas.
Back here from Anton Petrov.
*hello wonderful person*
Rich Mitch same here, thanks to wonderful person Mr. Petrov.
Me too. Now I get deeper explanation, so my un-understandig is way deeper. So I am deeply happier. I became a nerd? :-) ;-o
This is not the place for that kind of commentary.
@@manjsher3094 wot
@@RichMitch Matt O'Dowd channel, let's not let channels cross. May end reality as we know it.
while i saw and liked this video four months ago, i was directed here once again by the wonderful person anton petrov, who reported today on a new discovery seeming to give credence to the axion's existence. it use i think a 10,000 ton tank of liquid xenon, and they had far more detections than theorized. there are several other explanations, but the axion seems to be far and above the most likely answer. i would love a followup to this video that includes these new observations. but i'm thinking you'll probably give it a few months for confirmation of the data before making a video. still, can't wait to find out if we've finally found dark matter.
Anton is so wonderful 🥰
this channel makes me wanna cry but also gives me an immense joy at the same time
_"To Always go full N.E.R.D. or to Never go full N.E.R.D.?"_
_- and other seemingly absolute-therefore-false propositions_
(according to minds of a finite existential experience that is)
Ya never go full nerd everybody knows that
@@mbabaneamputee7725 Your comment m-m-m-mmm-m-makes me happy.
Love nerds.
I feel like sometimes the " ...spacetime" suffix is forced. Today it was much more elegant. Bravo!
You might want to re-evaluate your relationship with Nord VPN given their recent difficulties and their shady response to those difficulties.
In any event I was going to say that no product exists that can totally protect you from prying eyes.
It's a mathematical impossibility.
@@tarekwayne9193 Nord VPN recently had a massive security breach and then tried to deny it. When that didn't work they downplayed it. When that didn't work they finally admitted what had occurred. Very shady way of handling a security breach. Nobody expects a VPN to totally protect you from everything. What I do expect is for a security related company to handle security breaches openly and honestly which is pretty much the opposite of how Nord VPN handled theirs.
@@motor-head I'm sure they'll lose and have lost a lot of business.
Motor Head VPNs aren’t even a security tool. Https encryption already protects against middle-men which is what NordVPN claims they protect against. VPNs are only really useful to convince websites you have a different IP address and/or mask your current IP address.
Edit: They are also useful to mask the name of the website you are going to from the ISP. ie. If you want to access something censored in China or torrent stuff without your ISP’s knowledge.
Both are fairly niche uses that if you are in either situation, you already know why to use a VPN.
I only open a tunnel if I'm looking up something really lewd (mostly because of its bundled browser) or want to access something as another country (darn YT country blocks)
Physicist: I sense a disturbance in the forces!
Axion: Come to the dark side! of physics!
15:50 Cube root. Space is three-dimensional.
15:54 Taking the square (or cube) root of a double exponential doesn't change it much. E.g., the square root of 10^10^120 = 10^(5×10^119) ~ 10^10^119.7, not 10^10^60-ish.
Why is this so low?
@@anonanon3066 Maybe I posted too long after this video premiered and so not many have seen it. Thanks for the compliment!
but the spac 6 dimensions if am not mistaken
Hey there! Amazing show, keep it up, guys.
I'd want to clarify one thing, though. In Polish, the letter 'W' is read/pronounced just like the letter 'V' in English (there's no 'V' in the Polish language'). So Frank Wilczek's last name should be pronounced just like you'd pronounce the English name 'Vilcheck'.
Have a great day, science buffs! ;P
Is there an English double-u sound ("wah") in Polish? If so, what letter is it?
@@Jehannum2000 Actually, there is! And it's a letter which, in turn, doesn't exist in the English alphabet. And it looks like this: ł
I hope it displays on your screen properly. Sometimes 'exotic' fonts don't. But yeah, when found in a word, this letter is read like the English 'w'. Hope this helps :) Have a great day!
@@ajronmejden It did display correctly. I have seen this letter in Polish text. I never would have guessed it sounded like W!
@@Jehannum2000 Great, now you know :)
I thank God for people that love physics. I most certainly wouldn't be able to dedicate a lifetime to it. Keep on making discoveries.
That's the benefit of sexual reproduction, my friend. Diversity in a population. It ensures that while everyone is similar enough to be able to reproduce with each other, everyone is still somewhat different from everyone else. And so we have physicists, musicians, bankers and so on. But I guess economic growth has played an equally important role in it too. I mean, if you have to spend most of your time hunting or foraging for food, you're not going to have much time to think about physics. We're really lucky that we don't live in a time like that.
Why would you thank god for the efforts that people are doing? Just thank the people directly.
Also, which god? One of those paradox gods or the more "sensible" ones from ancient religions like animals or trees?
@Eero Huhtamo Damn, mate. Don't be that guy. It's just an expression 😂
Saying "Principia Mathematica" wrong but nonetheless getting the information across > Saying "That thing Newton wrote". The channel is great because it teaches. Do not stop teaching to please egos.
"Why not nerd all the way" i legitimately laughed. Thank youm
Wow! Even though, the Consiousness influencing QM video is more to my liking, I am glad I did not miss this one. I went in it without a clue what an Axion is, but your explanation with the graphics was top notch. If only i was a kid way back in school, your content is really inspirational.
The strong CP problem has a completely different meaning on the internet.
PhpBB's Control Panel is broken again!
(and I knew a forum where they renamed it "Captain Picard")
Epstein something something something
Cheese Pizza problem?
Yeah. CP symmetry might be the title of a particular type of fetish video. :)
I literally had an ad of a washing-up detergent play at the beginning of the video!
Can you imagine how amazing it would be if this turns out to be true? If we perfect the technology, we could create axion telecommunications. You could send out a radio signal that gets turned into axions and then have a receiver that turns it back into photons and because axions can pass through everything you would get a zero interference signal.
Hmm. Why not, if the conversion can be mastered. Hand it a modulated stream of photons.
3:36 okay wow, the strong CP problem really sounds like the intersection in which we need to keep a very close eye on. Our error, our missing connection, lies somewhere in the maths which cause this mismatch. I absolutely love it! I almost want to go to college to learn everything about these problems, just so I can help figure it out. It's so exciting and enticing, to see things like this unsolved to this day
Matt's turning into a legend. Great job again.
Next vexing question: Where did every 10th frame quantum-tunnel to?
Srsly, I think the framerate on this video is a bit janky.
no is not
Or maybe your device installed some updates while you watched the video.
CP violation causing a quantum tunneling effect. In short, DARK ENERGY.
Yep. It looks like a slideshow.
Maybe, just maybe a very rare quantum phenomenon occurred that converted all the photons from every tenth frame of the video you watched to axions. Probability might be extremely small but still greater than zero😎
To me, PBS Space Time is single best physics channel for folks who studied college-level physics, but didn't quite make it to (or through) physics grad school. Agree?
Would the duplicate universe have a duplicate Matt presenting another, equally awesome, Spacetime show?
science: we found a new particle/force/field/effect/metal genre
science: is it dark matter??
Principia was probably called “princhipia” by Newton when it was written. In Classical Latin, "c" was always pronounced as "k". Since Medieval Christian times, the pronunciation of "c" before "e" or "i" became “ch”. Only in the 19th Century did Latín scholars outside the church go back to classical pronunciation.
Always wondered about this. Cool info!
Short answer: maybe
Longer answer: how much infinite time do u have...
The day Revolver Ocelot asks a question to SpaceTime, you know things of slowed down on the battlefield.
Me: aha, hmm, aha, yep.
Nope, don't get it.
Basically watching it to hear him say spacetime at the end.
He gets a lot of that comment haha. Maybe just try and break it down for yourself after a few watches if you need. It's especially difficult if you haven't seen the videos he references, but binging them can help get you an overall grasp of the big picture, which in turn will help ya at least follow the concepts he proposes if not the math. He's actually really good at explaining things I reckon. I have a lot of "wow, yeah that's awesome, I get it" moments.
For me even if I don't understand half of it, I still find it super interesting
It's okay to not get it. I sure don't. I'm a computer programmer and it's taken me years to get to the point where I understand enough of the fields terms that I can learn higher concepts. Just keep trying and you'll slowly gain an understanding. This guy's probably been to school for this stuff. I like to rewatch / relisten to videos and podcasts. Helps me pick up what I may have missed.
Take a shot every time Matt says "Ten to the power of"
*dies*
I believe that in Latin the letter "c" is always pronounced as the letter "k". So the second way you pronounced it would be the most correct.
👌🏾
In classical Latin, yes, but Newton didn't live in 100 BCE.
It is axiomatic that this lecture will leave your perplexed.
Close enough to me. I'll called dark matter are Axions. Case closed. Pack it up guys.
Hey! This is the stuff I am researching right now for a Undergrad presentation. I love this stuff so much.
"That thing Newton wrote" ... I LOVE IT!!!
I hit my own event horizon of understanding physics when the scientists all agreed that words such as might, maybe, possibly etc were all good words to use. At least there is concensus on "We don't know".
Phew, just in time - thought this was due yesterday? I was going into withdrawal there!
I'd be curious to know more about how axions could fit within the framework of what we expect of that as the source of dark matter. Could that help to drive additional experiments to confirm or deny their existence? Great episodes always PBS Space Time team :)
The incompleteness theorem dictates you will need an infinite number of axioms to describe the universe... that's probably why there is so much dark matter.
😑😑😏😲🥺
I am so happy I found this channel! Fairly sure I've watched every video twice and some of them 10x!!! I'm constantly pausing and going on a google wormhole lathered in critical thinking lol it truly gives me so much joy that words fall short!!!! Love that I can still watch PBS just like when I was a kid!!!
I'm so early that the video is at 15 FPS. Wait a minute...
Wonderfully informative and fantastically interesting. Thank you kindly @PBS Space Time for making this.
I need to dig a few tons of salt out of my personal salt-dome deposit to take with these new ideas...
So, if the Axion actually exist, you would be left... Salty?
In PUREX and applied physics, the TIDE of current thinking about the AXION question will GAIN traction from brute force, ARM & HAMMER type physics experiments and lead us, by the SEVENTH GENERATION, towards a path that is ALL FREE & CLEAR of any ambiguities.
Could you do a video on quantum spin and relativity, and how spin gives bosons and fermions different properties?
Matt, at 15:51 I believe you meant that the distance would be the cubic root of 10^10^123 (or 90), which would be 10^(3,33*10^122 (or 89))-ish times the radius of the observable universe, which I believe means Rick has invented just an ultra-overpowered teletransport gun.
InB4 *The Axion Axiom™*
Nicely played, (you beat me to it.)
y e s
Congrats! This exceptional lecture indicates that you (unlike many others) really understand what you're talking about.
Thoroughly impressed with this video, one of the best.
Excellent video. Interesting and informative. Max Tegmark has authored some relevant papers.
And thanks for the reminder to head out to buy some Axion!
15:50 don't you mean the cubic root because volume is proportional to radius cubed and so radius is proportional to volume to the third root?
Exactly. However, it doesn't matter much, as the square root of 10^10^120 is ~10^10^119.7, while its cube root is ~10^10^119.5, not 10^10^60-ish as he said.
Also, all this is assuming that space on large scales is roughly flat. If it has negative curvature the distance can be much lower, although still far outside the accessible part of the universe.
Are you talking about non euclidean geometry stuff?
If not than about what?
If so than what kind of proportionality is possible in non euclidean geometry?
That's right, space in general relativity is curved not flat (non-Euclidean), but on large scales the curvature might average out to produce something that's roughly flat - or it might not. Some previous episodes go into more detail on this.
If, on large scales, the curvature of space is negative and roughly constant, then on those scales the volume within a given radius is an exponential function of that radius, instead of being radius to the power of dimension as with flat space.
In principle you could have something in between, such as an effective power law where the power (or "dimension") gradually changes between very different length scales. For example, some approaches to quantum gravity suggest that spacetime could be "2D" on the very smallest scales.
This channel is one of my precious few happy places... think about it.
ugh NordVPN...
fiskfisk33 it’s what helps keep the show alive 🤷🏻♂️ I like learning. Don’t you?
@@FuttBucker42069 they're not a reliable service. they had a data breach recently
@@Balorandy which also proved they dont store data. I would argue it makes them more trustworthy than any other major vpn provider out there.
The key to reaching other universes of the multiverse is how close one can get to the speed of light. You said time dilation kicks in at about 80%c so if one can get closer and closer to 'c', then we could reach other universes of the multiverse in almost an instant of time. An extreme constant acceleration drive would probably do it.
Wow, what a trip. Have to review this again. Love the fact that a constant can be transmogrified into a field, and then call into existence a particle because thats how fields and particles work.
Uf Dark matter. It's about time PBS Space Time makes a video about Verlinde's work where dark matter is not a particle at all, but just a natural consequence of the same phenomenon that produces gravity.
Axions are the heroic free radicals that made Axiom save the day.
Genius. I pareticularly liked the answers to questions, but the whole thing was just gorgeous.
Two questions:
1. You talked about mainly two experiments: the light shining through a wall and the helioscope. Why did you not comment on axions being generated at colliders? Is the interaction too small?
2. In the limit plot you show at 10:50 only the coupling to photons is scanned. Why not consider the coupling to gluons, quarks?
1.) The interaction would be quite common, but very hard to tell apart from the creation of high energy photons like gamma rays. A collider can only really identify a particle if it breaks down inside one of the detectors in a unique manner.
2) The photon-axion conversion is the only really simple reaction, so other couplings are ignored. They exist but don't really impact what we can look for and don't matter if the photon-based experiments find nothing.
in latin, c's are pronounced as hard k's. i did 6 years of latin, and my professor had a PhD in classical latin. i'm fairly confident in the hard k.
the ch sound only came about later when latin started diverging into other romance languaged, like italian.
it's possible that in modern church latin, some of these new pronunciations became common. and it's even possible that when this work of science was written, latin had evolved to use different pronunciations. but classically, in the times of the romans, c's were pronounced as hard k's. :D
You don't need a VPN. If you had the padlock in your address bar, you already HAVE an "encrypted tunnel".
Re Principia. According to Metatron, in classical Latin, it's prin-KIP-ee-a; in Ecclesiastical Latin, it's prin-CHIP-ee-a. (BTW, he's a linguist.)
But Latin is dead so we use a soft c
@@thesuccessfulone Yeah, that's right. Latin is dead, so we throw out all its pronunciations, and kill all of its family, burn its house down and ensure that it never works in this town again. That'll show it.
@@macronencer nah we just robbed it of its culture and language and abused it posthumously
I believe we have a new contender for the next PBS Space Time t-shirt.
It might sound crazy, but what doesn't in astrophysics?
It might be a link between Brownian motion, "that field" (planck field?) of subatomic particles where particles are created and obliterated instantly, dark mater, the creation of the universe, the passing of time and temperature.
In this hypothesis, there was not a Big Bang.
And for these to be proved, some things need to be observed:
- the Brownian movement is influenced by the interaction of "that field"
- that theory were at the beginning of universe there was mater and antimatter.
- the son is loosing mass?
- a black hole produces mass?
- the alteration of "that field" creates particles
- heat or friction can act on "that field"
- dark mater is the residual gravitational perturbation created by the particles popping in and out of existence in "that field"
- the passing of time is just experiences for moving objects through "that field" that is like a wave.
- and others subjects.
So... in this hypothesis in the beginning of the universe there was just "that field". Everything was cold and homogeneous. By random alterations of "that field" particles were created, slowly atoms formed and those atoms assembled together and the first stars were created, the heat disturb "that field" and more particles were created.
So it goes like that.
If you are interested in this hypothesis, pleas contacted me by responding to this message. I will love to develop this ideas.
We have detected axions! Only 4 months after this video was uploaded!
I'd advise caution, as the detection was only at 3.2 sigma confidence (5 sigma is what's required to be *really* confident in scientific circles). Still, it's encouraging.
I did shrooms this past weekend and was convinced I understood dark matter. lmao. I was sure that dark matter is exploded black holes and it's dust floating throughout the universe. Maybe the big bang isn't exactly how we conceive it currently, in that if all of the universe's matter was at one time in one area, it must have been something akin to a giant black hole. It exploded, expanding some of its matter into the normal matter we see today and the rest remaining in black hole form in the matter we can't see today but can measure, lol. What do you think?
That was a pretty sweet backflip
Micro black holes have been a suggestion for dark matter, more or less following the logic of your psilocybin rumination. I think we nuke-wielding monkey brains have yet to glean enough information to say which possible solution is most likely.
I think drugs are bad but this comment is great
Where did your reply go?
I can’t find this comment...
I want to read it
About the pronounciation of "principia".. The latin pronounciation of C is known thanks to several poets that mused on the pronounciation of words when they were more and more influenced by the German tribes that knew a soft G. They differenciated the soft G from the hard C with a small symbol. The latin C is to be pronounced like a K sound and the word is pronounced like "prinkipia".
I typically understand less than 2% of this show. but am addicted and have watched almost since its inception.
"One of the tiniest and most elusive potential particles in all of spacetime". I see what you did there.
Strong CP symmetry problem can be explained using axion and it will solve dark matter problem and with this darkness will end.
Magnificent Seven will rescue us
the whole pronunciation of "Principia" thing is hilarious. I go with what my Latin teacher told me which is to pronounce it "Prin-Kipia" but he was usually drunk while teaching so he's probably not a very reliable authority.
He was right for once, at least according to ancient Roman pronunciations of Latin.
@@vampyricon7026 Roman Latin was around long enough to have more than one pronunciation.
>"He was usually drunk while teaching"
Hey, that's how the Romans did it.
If you believe in Loop Quantum Gravity you could almost say axions could be related to discrete quanta of space and time.
That's just about what I want to hear physicists say. Except leave out the LQG. Axion-like constructs could be discrete, self-gravitating quanta of what we interpret as spacetime.
Everytime you mention CP violation in these videos i always have to go back and listed to the Half-Life 2 soundtrack
At least you dont have to go back and look at some CP... I'll get my coat
Knowing Valve I wouldn't be surprised if that track was specifically named after the physics concept.
@@SuperSmashDolls of course it is, nearly everything in the series is, the game itself even
Wow - explaining an undetectable form of matter with another undetectable form of matter. Turtles all the way down? But I love this PBS program!
*Currently* undetectable. The hope being of course that we CAN detect it Nobody's sitting in bed going 'Boy, I hope we find nothing tomorrow!'
@@garethdean6382 130 years later, the aether theory is still awaiting confirmation.
Pretty sure it's been solidly disproved. But hey, flat Earth has made a comeback too.
The last pronunciation is correct, prinCipia. Go Matt, go!
Super nerd mode transforming that motivational learning into moral intention to direct application, while saving lives and souls.
The purpose.
Boundless Nampakkai
X, Y, and "ZED" Caught me off guard. Word of the day is ZED
Zed is the correct way to say Z :)
Optimax71 only if you don’t have a flag on the moon ;)
@Evan Daire Damn savage 😂
Love it what the dude at the top said!