It just occurred to me the role Matt (and others like him) serve. Imagine if (or remember when) Matt wasn't on TH-cam and we had to be told about these things from.... journalists. Those brilliant people who accurately convey the latest developments in various fields. Like Carl Sagan and Neil Tyson, Matt is in a prestigious line of knowledgeable scientists with the skill of communication. He bridges the gap between working scientists and lay people like us. He's our "journalist" with his finger on the pulse of the latest goings on. And he KNOWS WHAT HE'S TALKING ABOUT. *I* may not always know what he's talking about, but I can have faith that HE does. Unlike when the news tries to tell us something. Thank you Matt!
Thats why I always think when someone says they really dislike Neil degrasse Tyson because he speaks too much etc, or not doing enough research, I think we are lucky we have these science communicators. They are immensely important. Matt, Carl Sagan, Neil, they reach a huge amount of people, conveying the previous scientific research results to the people all over the world, making kids interested in science and probably kickstart many science careers. It's amazing that science communicators these days can have a "rockstar status". People love them. And they have an important positive impact!
in a matter of speaking, Matt is playing the role of a journalist. Just a very well informed one, with a devoted team of people there to help him research and write out the script.
@@viliml2763 and he is hilariously wrong on many occasions, desperately nitpicky in others. he is the communicator for the low IQ masses. comparisons are really easy to make when you watch him present together with other scientists.
Really, please don't use the term "journalist," especially in the context of real scientific news and info. Nowdays, "journalist" leaves a bad taste in the mouth for me. A journalist working in a news networks, magazine and such tend to be either slightly distorted/leave things out, to fully blatantly off-base, whether it be due to being motivated for selling papers/increase viewership to just uninformed idiocy due to stupidity or just wilful ignorance of the facts. People like these gives the title "journalst" a bad name. OTOH, people like Neil, Matt, Carl and others are what I'd term the ideal journalist, in that they can (usually! *occasionally nudges Tyson*) convey difficult concepts in a way that can be comprehended by anyone with a least a modicum of intelligence and patience. They're those with great skills in Presentation, Communication and Explanation. Final Note, even Carl Sagan wont be able to make the most willfull dummies see the light too. And I think he's probably the best as it gets. Miss the great Mr. "Billions upon Billions upon Billions" Cosmos. His death in 1996 was a great loss to the world.
"Which actually makes Earth a Taurus, which explains so much." This is why I like this channel. Never too serious they can't enjoy the funny side of thing. Always so detailed your head gains some angular momentum. Brilliant!
@@verixcvoin1432 the universe is finite but expanding, but the scope of how large it is is incomprehensible... there is a 99.9% chance there is something else out there, that some other galaxy has the conditions to harbour life, but even so its completely unrelated to the original comment
@H D Aye, you got the concept of "the burden of proof" the wrong way around. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof, beit from religion to conspiracy theories. And besides: the only good Simulation Theory I know is the album by Muse ;-p
@@Lord_Ralph I agree, "and besides," that Muse album is interesting. Gives me "Bladerunner" vibes looking at the album cover and listening to it. With a touch of Tron and cyberpunk feel too. Cool!
Consider this: If Sagittarius A got active again 10,000 years ago, we'd still be 16,000 years away from realizing. Unless we develop superluminal means of observation or travel first, that is.
I kinda think FTL communications is more useful than transport at this point. If we could communicate with operations on Mars in real time then we could build a small outpost city entirely by remote without landing a single human being there.
Also, "[getting] active" isn't such an instant process; we'd see the signs starting, probably enough in advance of any serious action that we'd know about it before it really starts in earnest
@Belagerungsmörser the Sheep and there's always that one guy. let me fix that for you, his videos are always longer than 10min so that he can monetize them and make money off of them, so he makes them long on purpose.
Me: I'm passionate about the space and science. I love how the language of math can elegantly describe the beauty of the Universe. PBS Space Time: Saggitarius has a snack followed by a burp, to make bubbles.
This channel and this dude especially explains things in such a basic way, that someone with zero experience in astronomy or any other branch of "space science" for that matter, will easily understand what is being described and explained. I love it.
"The Mandalorian famously pioneered the use of video walls as backdrops to replace rear projection and chromakey. Now that ILM's done all that hard"development work, the tech is spreading to other TV shows. Clearly, to allow you to properly appear standing in front of the floating spacetime effect and keep up with the competition, PBS is obligated to buy you a wall-sized video display for your apartment. I have spoken.
It always amazes me how we can explore the center of a star or some of the most extreme places in the universe by using instruments while STAYING HOME :). So even in a pandemic we can still explore the universe.
Thank you Matt and everyone at PBS Digital Studios for keeping space time going right now! Although according to the anthropic principle we can only be living in a universe where space time persists through a global pandemic
I have questions. 1. Will have all the minor/ mini black holes merge in our Milky Way Galaxy. Will that Also add to the formation of the FermiBubble. 2. Why are all the black holes in our galaxy holes not merging ? If their Gravity is that strong, why are they attracting each other ? 3. Concerning S2 star that circle Sag A*, just how long will its lose its mass when is the nearest “food source” to it ? 4. Around 2030, a cloud of gas will feed Sag A*, will we have a front seat row to see the light bursting out ? Or is all still X ray radiation
Earth could be a torus, if we get the earth spinning fast enough that it begins to overcome its internal gravity but not fast enough that it tears itself apart.
Humour is what makes HUMANS so great, in spite of their short grubby lives. Space/time is simply a way to describe what is, and a quest to understand why (in spite of the fact most of us won't live long enough to see the answers to most of our questions).
14:49 It's the other way around. Uranium 235 has a shorter half life (a few hundred million year) than the half life of uranium 238 (a few billion years).
Number 1: Thank you for continuing PBS Spacetime. I totally love this program. Number 2: If the current theory for the age of the universe is incorrect, ... ?
@@spyrex3988 My point was that being a TH-camr is a job where people go to a studio to film, when it used to all be from home and it has returned to that
@@spyrex3988 in this day in age many youtubers don't produce at home anymore. The big ones have studios since... Let me guess RayWilliamJohnson and that's... 10-7 years ago? Now they have to work from home, because a studio ain't for one person to manage
Its always fun, as a geochemist, to see other scientists have to wade through background noise only to find something completely different than what they expected to find. Great show, and I'm glad to see this is still up! Keep up the good work, and stay safe!
First a disclaimer: I love astrophysics. But now to my point: I really couldn't be an astrophysicist... All they get is terribly noisy data and then they have to make models, calculate probabilities, and redefine their models until they finally reach their desired 42 sigma. It doesn’t change the huge uncertainties of the original data, but the maths checks out, so they need to be content. I would hate that. I love clean data, and I love the conclusions you can get from them. But astrophysics seldomly has than luxury. I really would love to be an astrophysicist. But I can’t ;)
The picture showed, with the bubbles, is the equivalent of looking at our galaxy, from 1 trillion light years away, from with in the Local Area Void. Wish we had more information on the area, our little galaxy is sitting in.
This was an interesting video. I liked it. I have always liked learning about astronomy and space sciences. They are my favorite fields of science. The lack of a green screen has changed some things in these videos, but the quality of them hasn't dropped that much. Good work.
I feel like I need to watch the these 10 times back to back videos to understand them properly. The sad part, I can’t do that, since someone always finds a way to bother me
Thanks for mentioning Clair Patterson :) for some reason he gets often omitted despite his huge contributions to science and public health. Thanks to him we no longer have leaded fuel.
The phrase "the energy of 100,000 super novi is a serious option the other option is way more terrifying..." Is why space is both terrifying and wonderfully amazing it's like imagine the most powerful explosion, explosions that are some of the the brightest things in the universe, now multiply that by 100,000 and is less scary than the other option the universe is truly awe inspiring
There is a question that haunted me since the episode called "The Impossibility Of Perpetual Motion Machines". If most of the conceived (even though they wouldn't work) perpetual motion machines use gravity as an external source of energy why are they called so since they get energy from an external source which is the Earth's gravitational pull ? Love the series 👍👍👍❤
simple answer: most people trying to make perpetual motion machines dont think about that. more complex answer: gravity has no energy when not in a system. therefore whenever you talk about gravitational energy, technically your talking about gravitational energy of the system. because a perpetual motion machine uses gravitational energy that means that the earth is part of the system, and therefore part of the perpetual motion machine. if you think about it like this (which is admittedly a little weird) there is no external source of energy of the system/machine, but it is transferring it from the gravitational potential to kinetic energy. however the total energy stays constant. hopefully this makes sense.
gravity is a conservative force, if the system cycles and comes back to the same initial state after some time, you will extract no energy from gravity
Perpetual machines try to get power from gravity from a plave it doesn't exist, which is the machine itself. A machine that uses gravity and works is the hydro energy plants, that take water with high potential energy losing energy while moving from a high ground to a lower ground and take energy from this movement. But that is only possible because the water had potential energy in a high altitude. A perpetual motion machine tries to both take petential energy from an object in high altitude while also giving energy to an object in a lower altitude while no losing energy to friction etc. Our hydro plants are only possible because our sun gives energy to water, which evaporates, rises and gains potential energy and then fall on montains and then rivers that lose potential energy, the point where we try to get some of this potential energy.
After pondering this question for some time, here's my conclusion (although I'm not sure I understand the problem, there is nothing in the definition of perpetual motion machines that prevents them from getting energy initially). At least some of the energy the machines take from the gravitational field they give back right? And because they give energy back, there is a limit on the amount of energy the machines overall take from the gravitational field right? So if you rephrase the idea of perpetual motion machines as machines that take a finite amount of energy over their operation time and run forever, you would still get the basic idea covered and you would allow for machines to take energy from an external source even forever, as long as the overall amount of energy they took overall is finite.
It is very easy to make perpetual motion. Superfluids and supersolids can do it. Add a few other ingredients, and some fancy physics on 50+ years, and you have a machine. Does it make energy? Maybe. But it can still be a machine with perpetual motion. Cool helium down to extreme low temperature. Helium can be implemented with other materials, and crystalline materials as well. Etc etc...
_@Matt_ - When the video cuts to your _questionably_ handsome face, the image quality in today's video is way superior to the pre-COVID-19 videos. For example: The lighting on your face is much nicer (it isn't extreme -- not too flat or too harsh -- yet still has good contrast). I like that the light comes mostly from the left but seems relatively diffuse. The art in the background makes an exceptionally excellent backdrop that is supremely pleasing -- many thanks to the artist!!! The focal length and field of view of the lens creates a much nicer image of you. In short, whenever you're allowed to crawl back out of your domicile, your Space Time "studio" would do well to duplicate the video setup of your home as it was captured today. Most excellent, dude! ;-)
When almost everything falls into the black hole it will start spinning faster without the gravitational drag. Just before its equator reaches escape velocity. If something falls in it could cause ripples that the tops are above the escape velocity so streams of material flow out to become arms of the galaxy. If nothing falls in the equator reaches escape velocity and creates a smooth disc galaxy. Quasars are probably fast spinning black holes that have something like a sun spot formed that the magnetic field is enough in that area to allow a view deep into the black hole much like you can see thru the sun's corona thru sunspots on our sun. The missing black hole corona area allows reactions from deep inside to escape.
As soon as we hit theory 2, a thought started nagging at me. 1 doesn't work, 2 doesn't work; me: why not both? That's when you know you're thinking like a physicist *\o/*
A neutron walks into a church. The pastor asks him "Do you believe in a god?". He says "I'm agnostic". The pastor says "What if I showed you irrefutable evidence that there is?". He says "I just couldn't be positive...". The pastor says "What if I showed you irrefutable evidence that there isn't?". He says "Even then, I couldn't be negative...".
One of the best episodes! Besides the info, of course - the graphics are incredible. But I see no credit for the music. Mixed low, it still was distractingly good. I thought I left some music on in the background. It matched the quality of the fantastic graphics, for sure.
10:11 Anyone else started laughing out loud at the sheer ridiculous magnitudes of the scales in this simulation? Few things can cheer me up like science can!
@@paulthomas963 I just mean the terminology seems weird-the Milky Way is a galaxy, not a galactic nucleus. I suppose “AGN” could be shorthand for “galaxy with an AGN” by synecdoche. That sort of thing always bothers me but probably because I spend too much time writing code.
I’m extraordinarily curious how the Fermi Bubbles are moving perpendicular to the galactic plane but are visible from our vantage point (not head-on). I thought intergalactic space was far more devoid of ordinary matter (non-dark matter). So, how do collisions of particles scatter/diffuse If they’re outside of and perpendicular to the galaxy. *Or are the instruments that incredibly sensitive?* I’d love to hear more about it.
The direct awnser largely has to do with scattering and underestimating the vastness of space. Remember that while "devoid of matter" relative to the Earth a galaxy's halo still has a large population of gas spread out in a nearly spherical distribution. In fact there is more baryonic matter in the halo than there is in stars and planets within the disk it is just diffused over a large volume with a radius over a million light years from the galactic center. If it helps put it into perspective there is enough matter that where the Milky Way's Halo and Andromeda's Halo have started to overlap about 1 million light years out this gas is actually getting compressed enough to trigger a wave of new star formation. On top of that diffuse distribution of matter there is still enough photons and channeled electrons/ions around from these energetic events that some of them will collide and scatter and a small percentage of those will be scattered our way and thus being able to be seen from our perspective. That percentage is small but because there are so many photons even a small chance will add up into a substantial amount of light. Does this help answer your question?
I've read that scientists sometimes detect the reflection of an outburst after the outburst happened when it's reflected from a reflective nebula. Is it possible that we could see such an echo from this rather recent outburst or would it be too faint?
@@KohuGaly The milky way is only 100,000 ly across, so it would be possible! There is even a class of objects that are gas clouds that are getting hit by radiation from a from a former active galaxy. They also have my favorite name ever: Voorwerpjes en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanny%27s_Voorwerp
@@KohuGaly Yes, but since our observations cover only a thousand years if you're feeling really generous, being able to expand that range to a 50 or a 100 times is already pretty neat.
Wait. Just wait. In the next hundred to 500 years we will have a way to utilize these forces, and observe past time. Oh wait, you and I won't live that long, sorry.
He addresses a very similar idea in the Boltzmann Brain episode; worth checking out if you’re interested in the topic, which is more philosophy of science than science proper
I only ever bring up that particular theory when arguing about science vs religion/pseudoscience. It makes a very clear example of something that is inherently unfalsifiable and thus is in no way scientific.
The charge of the system of two colliding protons will be conserved. If you are checking proton-antiproton then it is true. However for proton-proton there can be fusion for higher energy collisions, with gamma ray emission(neutral).
@@l0_0l45 This question arose from 4:10 Your answer doesn't make much sense. I stated two protons, not a proton and an anti-proton. When two proton smash there's a charge of +2 that needs to be conserved. I can only imagine that it gets carried away by the other stuff he mentioned. I asked for confirmation of that.
Can you guys make a chart of the order of watching your videos? A lot of your videos build up on previous ones so having a chart to follow would be nice. Kinda like Avengers cinematic universe chronological order :3
They have a few playlists that are in the correct order for each topic. Black Holes, Quantum Field Theory, Dark Matter & Dark Energy for example, along with a few other topics.
It just occurred to me the role Matt (and others like him) serve. Imagine if (or remember when) Matt wasn't on TH-cam and we had to be told about these things from.... journalists. Those brilliant people who accurately convey the latest developments in various fields. Like Carl Sagan and Neil Tyson, Matt is in a prestigious line of knowledgeable scientists with the skill of communication. He bridges the gap between working scientists and lay people like us. He's our "journalist" with his finger on the pulse of the latest goings on. And he KNOWS WHAT HE'S TALKING ABOUT. *I* may not always know what he's talking about, but I can have faith that HE does. Unlike when the news tries to tell us something. Thank you Matt!
Thats why I always think when someone says they really dislike Neil degrasse Tyson because he speaks too much etc, or not doing enough research, I think we are lucky we have these science communicators.
They are immensely important. Matt, Carl Sagan, Neil, they reach a huge amount of people, conveying the previous scientific research results to the people all over the world, making kids interested in science and probably kickstart many science careers.
It's amazing that science communicators these days can have a "rockstar status". People love them. And they have an important positive impact!
in a matter of speaking, Matt is playing the role of a journalist. Just a very well informed one, with a devoted team of people there to help him research and write out the script.
@@maan7715 Except Neil deGrasse Tyson talks more about bullshit than actual science.
@@viliml2763 and he is hilariously wrong on many occasions, desperately nitpicky in others. he is the communicator for the low IQ masses. comparisons are really easy to make when you watch him present together with other scientists.
Really, please don't use the term "journalist," especially in the context of real scientific news and info. Nowdays, "journalist" leaves a bad taste in the mouth for me. A journalist working in a news networks, magazine and such tend to be either slightly distorted/leave things out, to fully blatantly off-base, whether it be due to being motivated for selling papers/increase viewership to just uninformed idiocy due to stupidity or just wilful ignorance of the facts. People like these gives the title "journalst" a bad name.
OTOH, people like Neil, Matt, Carl and others are what I'd term the ideal journalist, in that they can (usually! *occasionally nudges Tyson*) convey difficult concepts in a way that can be comprehended by anyone with a least a modicum of intelligence and patience. They're those with great skills in Presentation, Communication and Explanation.
Final Note, even Carl Sagan wont be able to make the most willfull dummies see the light too. And I think he's probably the best as it gets. Miss the great Mr. "Billions upon Billions upon Billions" Cosmos. His death in 1996 was a great loss to the world.
"Which actually makes Earth a Taurus, which explains so much."
This is why I like this channel. Never too serious they can't enjoy the funny side of thing. Always so detailed your head gains some angular momentum.
Brilliant!
@Amy Mason I think (may be wrong) that because it's the bull, it's the same etymology as minotaur...
True
Taurus is an Earth sign.
"Whatever is happening here on earth, the universe remains awesome!"
I needed that...
It sounds better than, "Whatever is happening here on earth, the rest of the universe remains barren and lifeless."
Veri Xcvoin I bet tons of slime 😂
Yes, the cancer statistics agree 😂⚰️
@@verixcvoin1432 what are you even talking about, thats unrelated to the original comment...
@@verixcvoin1432 the universe is finite but expanding, but the scope of how large it is is incomprehensible... there is a 99.9% chance there is something else out there, that some other galaxy has the conditions to harbour life, but even so its completely unrelated to the original comment
"Whatever is happening here on Earth, the Universe remains awesome."
Thank you.
wrr
Heavy...
@@zes3813 yep
@@michelschildmeijer7457 The rest remains awesome
"...has been relatively calm, for as long as we've been observing it."
That made me chuckle, considering astronomical time-scales.
Yeah, like, literally anything could have happened by now. Perhaps literal evidence of alien life could be behind the shroud, or great remains...
Both blinks of an eye.
@H D who would bother trying to disprove something that can't be disproven? Better to just focus on things that can be proven or disproven.
@H D Aye, you got the concept of "the burden of proof" the wrong way around.
Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof, beit from religion to conspiracy theories.
And besides: the only good Simulation Theory I know is the album by Muse ;-p
@@Lord_Ralph I agree, "and besides," that Muse album is interesting. Gives me "Bladerunner" vibes looking at the album cover and listening to it. With a touch of Tron and cyberpunk feel too. Cool!
Consider this: If Sagittarius A got active again 10,000 years ago, we'd still be 16,000 years away from realizing. Unless we develop superluminal means of observation or travel first, that is.
I kinda think FTL communications is more useful than transport at this point.
If we could communicate with operations on Mars in real time then we could build a small outpost city entirely by remote without landing a single human being there.
@mnomadvfx well, with FTL transport comes FTL postal service. XD
@@mnomadvfx dumb, communications are a subset of travel, you get travel you get them both
Also, "[getting] active" isn't such an instant process; we'd see the signs starting, probably enough in advance of any serious action that we'd know about it before it really starts in earnest
If the central black hole became active 26 thousand years ago, we're going to have a bad year.
Okay, my ten minutes are up, time to get back to...
[PBS Space Time uploads]
OH COME ON.
i was about to get back to work but this just came up, and what sucks is that they're always more than 14 min long.
@Belagerungsmörser the Sheep and there's always that one guy.
let me fix that for you, his videos are always longer than 10min so that he can monetize them and make money off of them, so he makes them long on purpose.
I was going to go to sleep but then this drops.
Haha, I'm sitting on the toilet far too long I should be back to work.
@@guystokesable Boss makes a dollar while I make a dime. That's why I poop on company time. 😏
Me: I'm passionate about the space and science. I love how the language of math can elegantly describe the beauty of the Universe.
PBS Space Time: Saggitarius has a snack followed by a burp, to make bubbles.
PBS perfectly described me: I'm a Saggitarius. I've had a snack and then burped. And then I made bubbles (Don't ask for pictures).
@@Blubb5000 😂🤣😂🤣 pictures!😂😂😂😂😂😂😂
@@Blubb5000 Bubbles from both ends? *BURP* ... *POP* *POP* LOL
Thanks, needed that laugh. Been a tad depressed lately from being shut in so long. :]
Most humans apes cannot understand astrophysics, so ape talk helps the lesser human apes to understand difficult concepts.
@@ultrasonicradiation We're truly/great/ apes.
”Galactic Core”
*painful Mass Effect flashbacks*
*painful Star trek V flashbacks*
Don't forget No Man's Sky!
@🐦MrSoTiredOfTheNewTH-cams😅 whats ptsd
*ASSUMING DIRECT CONTROL*
Haha. Perfect comment. All sci fi is great.
Wishing you all the best with the wierdness lately
Thanks for the second video in a row that doesn’t hurt my brain to try to understand
I'm sure we can get a Penrose diagram somewhere to make some quick Lorentz transformations.
This channel and this dude especially explains things in such a basic way, that someone with zero experience in astronomy or any other branch of "space science" for that matter, will easily understand what is being described and explained. I love it.
Lmao Samee XD
Lol... wonder if mental-masochism is a thing?
I 2nd that...
Thanks for working hard to keep this going even when working at home! Greatly appreciated.
Number 3: Why didn't they call it a "Hubble bubble?" Seems like they missed an opportunity.
Especially because it is a double bubble
Kenny Tritch - Double Hubble bubble trouble.
A Hubble bubble is what I'd call the part of the universe visible from Earth.
Hubba Bubba? Been done!
@@balcius doubel hubble bubbel troubel 2: bubbel boogaloo
"The Mandalorian famously pioneered the use of video walls as backdrops to replace rear projection and chromakey. Now that ILM's done all that hard"development work, the tech is spreading to other TV shows. Clearly, to allow you to properly appear standing in front of the floating spacetime effect and keep up with the competition, PBS is obligated to buy you a wall-sized video display for your apartment.
I have spoken.
10:55 - That one dish looking other way: Nope, not gonna look xD
Hahaha XD
Niiice, there's the rebellious one!
"And on our left..." "The OTHER left... oh"
It knows that the Earth is flat.
It's the lookout, making sure nobody sneaks up on them ;-)
It always amazes me how we can explore the center of a star or some of the most extreme places in the universe by using instruments while STAYING HOME :). So even in a pandemic we can still explore the universe.
Paused this in the first minute, just to acknowledge the pure brilliancy in ”whatever happens here on Earth, the Universe remains awesome”. Thank you!
I don't get what what's brilliant about this
Oh
Whats an astrophysicists favorite candy?
Starbursts
I figured it would be Astropops
Thought it was milky way
Thought it was smarties
Mars Bars.
Nerds.
"Whatever's happening here on Earth, the universe remains awesome."
...Have truer words ever been spoken?
The Earth's atmosphere is mostly Nitrogen followed by Oxygen.
@@scottdorfler2551 Not true throughout time....
Is "truer" the right word? Shouldn't be "more true"? I know both sound weird and English is barely my second language so is a genuine question
if there is noone to appreciate our appreciation, does our appreciation really matter?
Layth??
Thank you Matt and everyone at PBS Digital Studios for keeping space time going right now! Although according to the anthropic principle we can only be living in a universe where space time persists through a global pandemic
I have questions. 1. Will have all the minor/ mini black holes merge in our Milky Way Galaxy. Will that Also add to the formation of the FermiBubble. 2. Why are all the black holes in our galaxy holes not merging ? If their Gravity is that strong, why are they attracting each other ? 3. Concerning S2 star that circle Sag A*, just how long will its lose its mass when is the nearest “food source” to it ? 4. Around 2030, a cloud of gas will feed Sag A*, will we have a front seat row to see the light bursting out ? Or is all still X ray radiation
Hahahaha, trueeee 😹😹
Oh so now we're gonna have Torus-Earthers too ?
You don't believe that earth is a giant donut?
Donut-Earf Theory
It's actually a coffee cup.
... ask any topologist
Earth could be a torus, if we get the earth spinning fast enough that it begins to overcome its internal gravity but not fast enough that it tears itself apart.
Unfortunately, I read about that Idea in 2018
I love the way humor is such a big part of what makes space time so great.
Humour is what makes HUMANS so great, in spite of their short grubby lives. Space/time is simply a way to describe what is, and a quest to understand why (in spite of the fact most of us won't live long enough to see the answers to most of our questions).
@@AnthonyIlstonJones well said Anthony
9:50 "here is our best thinking on a most likely scenario"
me: Finally.
10 s later: Ok, you've lost me.
2:05 *Vsauce music intensifies*
Thank you! Your work end effort for educating and entertaining us is much appreciated in this time! Greetings from Prague, Czech Republic.
14:49 It's the other way around. Uranium 235 has a shorter half life (a few hundred million year) than the half life of uranium 238 (a few billion years).
Google says you are correct.
Yoda says correct are you
12:45 Vsauce music starts playing
2:06 too lol
Hey PBS, Matt here.
Or is it...?
"The Earth was created on Sunday the 21st of October, 4004 B.C. at exactly 9:00am". Would that be GMT or UGT (Universal God Time)?
I would guess that he meant Jerusalem time
It was something God did in the meantime, so GMT.
@@Wick9876 gaaaaahhhhhhhh
He ran out scrape paper. The Sunday 21st of Oct @ 9am part, was when he was scheduled to lead communion.
Finally a PBS Space Time video i can understand from start to finish.
Number 1: Thank you for continuing PBS Spacetime. I totally love this program.
Number 2: If the current theory for the age of the universe is incorrect, ... ?
What do you mean by the second point?
that background image is genuinly perfect.
Honestly, I really like the apartment vibe, it feels much more natural than the floating space background
Wow!! This episode was particularly brilliant! And during a pandemic??? Give this writer a massive raise PBS!!! Genius!!
Hope all is well out there in PBS land. That's an interesting picture in the back, there.
It's ugly imo.
@@gabor6259 I like it.
You never know
He said before it is his home and it was painted by his partner.
Sound is WAY better in this video than its been for a few videos (for past few months or so)
What a time, TH-camrs having to work from home
Ikr like that's totally not how they work even in normal times
@@spyrex3988 My point was that being a TH-camr is a job where people go to a studio to film, when it used to all be from home and it has returned to that
@@spyrex3988 in this day in age many youtubers don't produce at home anymore. The big ones have studios since... Let me guess RayWilliamJohnson and that's... 10-7 years ago?
Now they have to work from home, because a studio ain't for one person to manage
99% of them always did that though
@@Pauly421 That's kinda my point, they used to work from home but now they don't. Not that hard to understand
4:15 *YOU MUST CONSTRUCT ADDITIONAL PIONS!*
" and this activity is long past... or is it?"
That's some Vsouce questioning right there
Whatever is happening here on Earth this channel remains awesome too
Everyone: corona virus
PBS Space Time: Was The Milky Way A Quasar?
Eric Weinstein: Geometric Unity theory
Me: Ah yes, this universe is made out of universe
Aaand here we all are..
Interesting and worthwhile video.
Thank you! I learn not only the astronomy and physics from your videos, but the English language, too.
Cool. I learned a bit of German for the German version of kurzgesagt.
I like better the american one is easyer to me to understand but this guy is pritty clear to me.
Shoutout to our boy Matt for keeping up the awesome work during these times. He's our generation's Carl Sagan, in my opinion.
Neil Tyson is also engaged and entertaining, but only Matt is as suave as Carl Sagan. ;)
@@Yora21 Neil Tyson is the Carl Sagan of the TV, Matt is the Carl Sagan of TH-cam
Its always fun, as a geochemist, to see other scientists have to wade through background noise only to find something completely different than what they expected to find. Great show, and I'm glad to see this is still up! Keep up the good work, and stay safe!
So how do you feel about mantle chemistry?
Love your brow pressure and facial expressions during the narrative
I think 2:06 was the most vsauce "...or is it?" I've ever heard (aside from himself).
12:45... and again haha
Massive props for still putting out content.
First a disclaimer: I love astrophysics. But now to my point: I really couldn't be an astrophysicist... All they get is terribly noisy data and then they have to make models, calculate probabilities, and redefine their models until they finally reach their desired 42 sigma. It doesn’t change the huge uncertainties of the original data, but the maths checks out, so they need to be content. I would hate that. I love clean data, and I love the conclusions you can get from them. But astrophysics seldomly has than luxury. I really would love to be an astrophysicist. But I can’t ;)
The exact reason I decided not to study astrophysics but civil engineering
Funnily enough, that's the appeal for me. The sleuthing, as it were. You can make an entire career out of carefully working out one theory.
Haha love that expression at 12:45.. when you realize that you've done a few "or will it?"s already 🤣
Universe = Awesome
Matt's Apartment = Unfinished Walls
No.... Wait.... that's ART!
How he did that at 0:22 without a green screen is beyond my mathematical pixelated comprehension!
0:34 I cant be the only one expecting a "duration of spacetime" at the end of that sentence.
Yeah
It's a trick: spacetime has no durations, only intervals.
The picture showed, with the bubbles, is the equivalent of looking at our galaxy, from 1 trillion light years away, from with in the Local Area Void. Wish we had more information on the area, our little galaxy is sitting in.
@ritemoelaw_books83 And your estimated distance, to fit in the frame, at that angle would be?
This was an interesting video. I liked it. I have always liked learning about astronomy and space sciences. They are my favorite fields of science. The lack of a green screen has changed some things in these videos, but the quality of them hasn't dropped that much. Good work.
Very cool to hear humble and helpful teachers!
I feel like I need to watch the these 10 times back to back videos to understand them properly.
The sad part, I can’t do that, since someone always finds a way to bother me
Same.
Stay safe & Be careful Sir... You are more than a youtube mentor for me and most of us
Thanks for mentioning Clair Patterson :) for some reason he gets often omitted despite his huge contributions to science and public health. Thanks to him we no longer have leaded fuel.
The phrase "the energy of 100,000 super novi is a serious option the other option is way more terrifying..." Is why space is both terrifying and wonderfully amazing it's like imagine the most powerful explosion, explosions that are some of the the brightest things in the universe, now multiply that by 100,000 and is less scary than the other option the universe is truly awe inspiring
Thank you for giving Terra’s sidereal star sign . . . I always eschew the traditional calendar, too!
Taurus fits
The writing has only improved from great to greater and I'm loving every minute!
There is a question that haunted me since the episode called "The Impossibility Of Perpetual Motion Machines". If most of the conceived (even though they wouldn't work) perpetual motion machines use gravity as an external source of energy why are they called so since they get energy from an external source which is the Earth's gravitational pull ?
Love the series 👍👍👍❤
simple answer: most people trying to make perpetual motion machines dont think about that.
more complex answer: gravity has no energy when not in a system. therefore whenever you talk about gravitational energy, technically your talking about gravitational energy of the system. because a perpetual motion machine uses gravitational energy that means that the earth is part of the system, and therefore part of the perpetual motion machine. if you think about it like this (which is admittedly a little weird) there is no external source of energy of the system/machine, but it is transferring it from the gravitational potential to kinetic energy. however the total energy stays constant. hopefully this makes sense.
gravity is a conservative force, if the system cycles and comes back to the same initial state after some time, you will extract no energy from gravity
Perpetual machines try to get power from gravity from a plave it doesn't exist, which is the machine itself.
A machine that uses gravity and works is the hydro energy plants, that take water with high potential energy losing energy while moving from a high ground to a lower ground and take energy from this movement. But that is only possible because the water had potential energy in a high altitude.
A perpetual motion machine tries to both take petential energy from an object in high altitude while also giving energy to an object in a lower altitude while no losing energy to friction etc.
Our hydro plants are only possible because our sun gives energy to water, which evaporates, rises and gains potential energy and then fall on montains and then rivers that lose potential energy, the point where we try to get some of this potential energy.
After pondering this question for some time, here's my conclusion (although I'm not sure I understand the problem, there is nothing in the definition of perpetual motion machines that prevents them from getting energy initially).
At least some of the energy the machines take from the gravitational field they give back right?
And because they give energy back, there is a limit on the amount of energy the machines overall take from the gravitational field right?
So if you rephrase the idea of perpetual motion machines as machines that take a finite amount of energy over their operation time and run forever, you would still get the basic idea covered and you would allow for machines to take energy from an external source even forever, as long as the overall amount of energy they took overall is finite.
It is very easy to make perpetual motion. Superfluids and supersolids can do it. Add a few other ingredients, and some fancy physics on 50+ years, and you have a machine. Does it make energy? Maybe. But it can still be a machine with perpetual motion.
Cool helium down to extreme low temperature. Helium can be implemented with other materials, and crystalline materials as well.
Etc etc...
Why is this just the best thing on the internet?
Because it's not...
_@Matt_ - When the video cuts to your _questionably_ handsome face, the image quality in today's video is way superior to the pre-COVID-19 videos. For example: The lighting on your face is much nicer (it isn't extreme -- not too flat or too harsh -- yet still has good contrast). I like that the light comes mostly from the left but seems relatively diffuse. The art in the background makes an exceptionally excellent backdrop that is supremely pleasing -- many thanks to the artist!!! The focal length and field of view of the lens creates a much nicer image of you. In short, whenever you're allowed to crawl back out of your domicile, your Space Time "studio" would do well to duplicate the video setup of your home as it was captured today. Most excellent, dude! ;-)
Hope you find the courage to just ask him out on a date.
His partner made that painting. Last week's episode comment section.
Shooters shoot
@@jonb5310 Not the best choice in pick-up lines, lol - _"...your questionably handsome face"_
When almost everything falls into the black hole it will start spinning faster without the gravitational drag. Just before its equator reaches escape velocity. If something falls in it could cause ripples that the tops are above the escape velocity so streams of material flow out to become arms of the galaxy. If nothing falls in the equator reaches escape velocity and creates a smooth disc galaxy. Quasars are probably fast spinning black holes that have something like a sun spot formed that the magnetic field is enough in that area to allow a view deep into the black hole much like you can see thru the sun's corona thru sunspots on our sun. The missing black hole corona area allows reactions from deep inside to escape.
This camera capture of you looks more cinematic / smooth / balanced lighting than the (actual) segments. 🤷🏽♂️ Well done.
mad props for quoting PTerry and the apprentice mr. Gaimen
As soon as we hit theory 2, a thought started nagging at me. 1 doesn't work, 2 doesn't work; me: why not both? That's when you know you're thinking like a physicist *\o/*
Monocausal explanations for complex dynamic systems are usually nonsensical.
@@Yora21 This is dependent entirely on perspective, and sometimes unknown evidence.
Still missing something tho.
@@BassNinja always
The fact that you mentioned the precession of the equinoxes made me so happy.
I think I prefer this background more... a bit more relaxing and “human”(?)
Yeah, it's really comfy. I like it more too.
No I like it when he is floating in space 😆
A neutron walks into a church. The pastor asks him "Do you believe in a god?". He says "I'm agnostic". The pastor says "What if I showed you irrefutable evidence that there is?". He says "I just couldn't be positive...". The pastor says "What if I showed you irrefutable evidence that there isn't?". He says "Even then, I couldn't be negative...".
5:54 Well, like almost everything else, it's gonna be released at least a few month later due to the current crisis
Sagittarius A* is the eye of the most tragically comedic face I've ever seen. Like a goofy little ghoul...like a goofy little ghoul
i feel like you write bad songs
@@NTMA11 horrible songs that Sagittarius whispered into my ears
@@Scribe13013 the only thing whispering into your ears is a mild, drug-fueled pyschosis
I knew it! He resides in a golden pyramid, floating above the galaxy.
Y'all are so awesome, thank you!
The irony: You *are* floating somewhere out in space :D
One of the best episodes! Besides the info, of course - the graphics are incredible. But I see no credit for the music. Mixed low, it still was distractingly good. I thought I left some music on in the background. It matched the quality of the fantastic graphics, for sure.
10:11 Anyone else started laughing out loud at the sheer ridiculous magnitudes of the scales in this simulation? Few things can cheer me up like science can!
Out of all of the TH-cam channels I don't understand, this one is my favorite.
Brad, this comment just slays me with glee. I could not agree more.
I waited for the creepy horror movie background music - and wasn't disappointed. 👽
I don't want to live in a universe where a quasar can't grow up to be a galaxy. If he wants to.
so Earth is a torus?
EVERYTHING FINALLY MAKES SENCE
Except you can't spell.
Nicely done. Thank God this is happening in the super fast broadband era. Can you imagine being quarantined in the old dial-up America Onhold days?
Isn't it a bit odd to talk of the Milky Way “being” an AGN rather than *having* one?
What is agn?
@@MarkSmith-wb2eh active galactic nuclei
@@paulthomas963 I just mean the terminology seems weird-the Milky Way is a galaxy, not a galactic nucleus.
I suppose “AGN” could be shorthand for “galaxy with an AGN” by synecdoche. That sort of thing always bothers me but probably because I spend too much time writing code.
I'm really thankful the @PBSSpacetime is still producing awesome content!!
4:30 Gotham galaxy is in trouble!
Great job guys! Glad to have y'all on the Tube droppin' the knowledge. Stay safe and keep on keepin' on.
I’m extraordinarily curious how the Fermi Bubbles are moving perpendicular to the galactic plane but are visible from our vantage point (not head-on).
I thought intergalactic space was far more devoid of ordinary matter (non-dark matter). So, how do collisions of particles scatter/diffuse If they’re outside of and perpendicular to the galaxy.
*Or are the instruments that incredibly sensitive?* I’d love to hear more about it.
6:07...
The direct awnser largely has to do with scattering and underestimating the vastness of space. Remember that while "devoid of matter" relative to the Earth a galaxy's halo still has a large population of gas spread out in a nearly spherical distribution. In fact there is more baryonic matter in the halo than there is in stars and planets within the disk it is just diffused over a large volume with a radius over a million light years from the galactic center. If it helps put it into perspective there is enough matter that where the Milky Way's Halo and Andromeda's Halo have started to overlap about 1 million light years out this gas is actually getting compressed enough to trigger a wave of new star formation. On top of that diffuse distribution of matter there is still enough photons and channeled electrons/ions around from these energetic events that some of them will collide and scatter and a small percentage of those will be scattered our way and thus being able to be seen from our perspective.
That percentage is small but because there are so many photons even a small chance will add up into a substantial amount of light. Does this help answer your question?
Really elegant artwork on your wall.
Hey, when is the anisotropic universe video coming out, cant wait, did that paper actually shake cosmology?
If the universe is anisotrpic then for sure my work is right. The universe has 7 density levels so it cant be isotropic at all.
you all stay safe, sir! thank you all for continuing to educate us!
I've read that scientists sometimes detect the reflection of an outburst after the outburst happened when it's reflected from a reflective nebula.
Is it possible that we could see such an echo from this rather recent outburst or would it be too faint?
Our galaxy is 100000 light years across. Everything in our galaxy is way too close to see a million-year-past reflection.
@@KohuGaly The milky way is only 100,000 ly across, so it would be possible! There is even a class of objects that are gas clouds that are getting hit by radiation from a from a former active galaxy. They also have my favorite name ever: Voorwerpjes en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanny%27s_Voorwerp
@@KohuGaly Yes, but since our observations cover only a thousand years if you're feeling really generous, being able to expand that range to a 50 or a 100 times is already pretty neat.
Wait. Just wait. In the next hundred to 500 years we will have a way to utilize these forces, and observe past time.
Oh wait, you and I won't live that long, sorry.
The painting behind him is called Moldy Shower
Have anybody remembered to mention the "Last Thursday" hypothesis for the age of the earth?!
Or the five-minute hypothesis for that matter?
He addresses a very similar idea in the Boltzmann Brain episode; worth checking out if you’re interested in the topic, which is more philosophy of science than science proper
I only ever bring up that particular theory when arguing about science vs religion/pseudoscience. It makes a very clear example of something that is inherently unfalsifiable and thus is in no way scientific.
aidan levy that’s why you need to have FAITH /s
No, but I do remember Last Tuesdayism. Why are you 2 days late? Did CoVid delay that too?
These jets emit large, diffuse structures known as "radio bubbles"
4:10 How can two colliding protons generate a neutral particle? Or is the charge carried away by the "Plus some other stuff" ?
The charge of the system of two colliding protons will be conserved. If you are checking proton-antiproton then it is true. However for proton-proton there can be fusion for higher energy collisions, with gamma ray emission(neutral).
@@l0_0l45 This question arose from 4:10
Your answer doesn't make much sense. I stated two protons, not a proton and an anti-proton. When two proton smash there's a charge of +2 that needs to be conserved. I can only imagine that it gets carried away by the other stuff he mentioned. I asked for confirmation of that.
If you are thinking pions, then depending of the charge of the pions, the decays will never violate C-Symmetry.
See the decay products on the Wikipedia page to resolve your query en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion
@@l0_0l45 It's not about the pion!
“They found something totally unexpected”-it’s those kinds of moments that make science so awesome 😄
Appetite for destruction? I'm totally fine with that kind of stuff!
Thank you, PBS SpaceTime!!! These videos make my day!
Can you guys make a chart of the order of watching your videos? A lot of your videos build up on previous ones so having a chart to follow would be nice. Kinda like Avengers cinematic universe chronological order :3
how about you do that
They have a few playlists that are in the correct order for each topic. Black Holes, Quantum Field Theory, Dark Matter & Dark Energy for example, along with a few other topics.
@@NTMA11 I don't know the order, i wouldn't mind doing it. Some playlists are ordered backwards too :|
The sound quality in this is really good.