How to Tell Matter From Antimatter | CP Violation & The Ozma Problem
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 25 ก.พ. 2020
- This video was made with the support of the Heising Simons Foundation.
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This video is about the Ozma problem of distinguishing the chirality (ie left-handedness or right-handedness) of matter using weak interaction processes like beta decay (for example in uranium), or neutral kaon/k-meson decay. This is wrapped up in the phenomenon of CP violation, by which charge and parity are both violated by certain weak interaction processes - this enables antimatter to be unambiguously distinguished from matter, and left handed chirality from right handed.
REFERENCES
The Ozma Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Project
www.seti.org/seti-institute/p...
Sean Carroll on CP Symmetry (& why we shouldn’t trot out baryogenesis all the time)
www.preposterousuniverse.com/...
Electroweak CP Violation on Scholarpedia
www.scholarpedia.org/article/C...
The Wu Experiment
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuexper...
Martin Gardner, The New Ambidextrous Universe
books.google.com/books?id=kdL...
Lecture notes on CP Violation and the CKM Matrix, Cambridge (Mark Thomson)
www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk/thomson...
Homochirality
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homochi...
L-glucose (vs D-glucose)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-Glucose
Radioactive Nucleus Decay
www.radioactivity.eu.com/site/...
CP Violation in Semi-Leptonic Decays (SEE PAGE 426 for reference to definition of MATTER)
www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk/thomson...
Kaon Decay Modes
pdg.lbl.gov/2012/listings/rpp2...
Flipped bowling Jesus scene in Big Lebowski
• The Big Lebowski Jesus...
Isotopes of Uranium
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope...
Beta Decay
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betadecay
The Wu Experiment
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuexper...
Kaons
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaon
CP Violation in Symmetry Magazine
www.symmetrymagazine.org/arti...
Physics Stack Exchange on CP Violation
physics.stackexchange.com/que...
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I guess this is how we should teach our children what is left and what is right. "Simply build an particle accelerator".
me: ah, i can't remember my lefts and rights
some 5 IQ brainlet: hold up your hands and make an L shape with your finger and thumb
some 200 IQ alpha: build a particle accelerator each time you forget
@@nevanmasterson46 dude that L shape is a 300 iq move lol
@@xProSkythe exactly, whoever thought THAT one up is actually a genius
@@xProSkythe maybe it is until you realize you can make an L-shape with your right hand too.
"Make an L shape with the back of your left hand"
problem solved
Humans: Turn left
Anti-Alien: Turns left
Humans: no no no... the other left.
"No, your left"
"?????"
I hope most aliens have at least three hands.
"Are we going left?"
"Right."
@@jenschristensen9020 "I meant right as in correct."
Just give them the freaking coordinates
Me: "turn to the left"
Alien: turns right
Me: Jimmy we've discussed this already. Do we have to visit a particle accelerator again?
Lol
😅that's funny.😅
😂😂😂😂gosh the best comment here
Or it could be that they still haven't learned the language properly yet. It's not their fault English is so convoluted
@@Gospel-xm7vd Pretty sure they wouldn't be using English
"simply, build a particle accelerator."
Oh, ok. on my way
Beat me to it
Oh alright I mean if that's all...!
Everyone has the materials and the permissions to do it xD
Thats it?
1:18 "Not knowing left and right could impair intergalactic culinary relations"
This is of upmost importance.
Arena Closer
And accidentally sending a matter spaceship to an antimatter planet (or vice versa) could cause far more harm to our intergalactic relations.
@@ragnkja bro we don't even know if there are aliens of matter
Well figuring out if there made of the same matter is more critical figuring out what is life sustaining for each other is important dont want to poison a diplomat for intergalactic peace
Given the cost of shipping inter-galactically, getting our food order right the first time is absolutely critical.
If they made sweets out of L-glucose and sent them to us they would taste sweet but be completely undigestible to our bodies, essentially being the perfect zero-calorie food.
We're having a hard time finding evidence of alien life in general and MinutePhysics over here is discussing the ramifications of addressing left/right to anti-aliens.
Well someone's gotta do the forward thinking
That's kind of what theoretical physics is all about. Thinking about problems that might be solvable in the near/distant future.
ye, thats so he doesnt have to have a hard time
The topic of this video comes from Feynman's Lectures On Physics book. He just copied what he read there, or he just copied what someone else read there. www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_52.html
Also, anti-matter aliens? Isn't that far fetched?
3:57
"simply build a particle accelerator"
what a flex
I'm going to use this.
* Alien visits earth *
Alien: "Du you know the way to the White House?"
Human: "Well, do you know kaons...?"
im just going to point
I mean if they were antimatter aliens, the White House may not exist anymore depending on proximity.
And if they were just made of matter (which is easily tested by the fact that they have safely landed on Earth) you can use good old uranium decay to explain instead
Also I just realised that if they're physically on Earth, the old fashioned "pointing in the correct direction" may be the way to go
"shit, they're getting clever now" *bombs earth*
If they didn’t blow up already, they could use the uranium method
I understood the anti-version of this video, so when I watched it my understanding was annihilated
I watched it in a mirror in reverse
This joke is SO UNDERATED HAHAH
Very good joke!
underrated
Is it really that funny though
minutephysics: "simply build a particle accelerator"
me: ?!
I was about to say this...
Well, it's easier than communicating with aliens so far away that we can't tell if they are made of matter or antimatter
Very simple, where do you need help?
A microwave oven is technically a molecular accelerator.. Will this work fine enough?
lmao that's what I was going to comment XD
"So you guys just have to look at the 20.1% decay"
"Oh.. got it! 1.02% thanks!"
when he says 1.02% then you'd interpret it as 20.1% only because you wouldn't be able to tell the difference, his speech would also flip
@@MugilanBaskaran thanks Captain Obvious.
Thanks for the explanation!
underrated
Hahahahah
"Simply build a particle accelerator" Can I get one at Ikea? And how many part(ticle)s does it consist of? Must be one hell of manual.
Fiyaaah just buy a desktop particle accelerator aka a CRT screen.
You can get it at πkea. th-cam.com/video/II8d__AH7EI/w-d-xo.html
Nick Olson-Harris r/angryupvote
@@lukefreeman828 does it shoot neutral kaons?
Maybe at the infinite one.
_"Everything mirrors perfectly except for this one thing"_
...
...
....why....?
That's what a mirror essentially is.
WE HAVE NO IDEA (i think... none of my professors would explain, but then again im just an undergrad)
why can't everything be 100% perfect ? the universe is so annoying
Because there is a larger symmetry that is preserved, we think. It's called CPT symmetry, meaning that if you took the mirror image, flipped the charge, and ran the experiment backwards in time, it would look identical again.
Often times, a broken symmetry on one level hints at another symmetry that is preserved on a deeper level.
Why? Or do you mean how?
I don't think we have ever produced an antimatter uranium atom. So, it's a prediction that anti U-239 would produce right handed anti-electrons that needs to be tested and verified, not a fact. That's important, after all, the CP-symmetry violation was a shock for physicists in the 1960s.
Excellent logic. When it comes to atoms, they only managed to create antimatter hydrogen and helium. These two elements only have a core-spin, which is easy to counter.
If anyone states there are other anti elements than those two, I love to see a link to the source.
actually particle accelerators easily have high enough energy to have create very short lived anti-uranium particles in principle.
@@sudazima Source: just trust me bro
@@mastershooter64 its not that hard.. LHC energy is ~14TeV a U-235 atom takes about 235GeV. E=MC^2
@@sudazima That is true for elementary particles, but for a complex particule composed of hundred of other simpler particules the probability that it will spontaneously create itself is abismally small. If you convert 235Gev of energy into matter it is extremely more likely to not be a U-235 than to be a U-235
7 year old me: Mom how to distinguish left from right?
Mom who also happens to be a physicist: Just build a particle accelerator...
At 7 years old, you asked your mom how to "distinguish left from right"?
What, are you Captain Holt?
😂😂
*Scientist A:* _"Do you know what's the difference between Matter and Anti-matter?"_
*Scientist B:* *shrugs *
*Scientist A:* _"Neither do I, but it doesn't matter."_
*but it doesn't antimatter
r/angryupvote
@@LittleWhole This isn't reddit
God might play dice, but he's really particular about his chirality, it seems.
Einstein would roll over in his grave. Not only does God play dice, the dice are chiral!
Yes but does Einstein roll in his grave to the left or to the right?
@@JoeTaber Well, it could be both at the same time unless you look. Aka Schrödinger's dead Einstein paradox.
Only an antimatter Einstein could roll in his grave, as his number's already up - not that that matters.
God doesn't play dice. th-cam.com/video/r1bDSlt1n9M/w-d-xo.html&t=2445
"Enter the K-on."
And thus, moe was scientifically proven.
😂😂😂😂😂TOTALLY UNEXPECTED
Digibro is proud
Glad I'm not the only one who heard Keion/K-on.
moe moe KYUN!
_No, thank you_
Perfect. Now that I know how to tell matter from antimatter, I'll never run the risk of accidentally annihilating myself, so long as I have a FRIKIN PARTICLE ACCELERATOR IN MY POCKET!
No, you need a sentient creature made of antimatter, and a way to communicate with it, to test it for you. And if it's actually normal-matter, it won't go too well for them.
*Pocket Accelerators
I'm sure I saw one of those in stock at Target...
Whenever I feel burnt out and feel like science has become tiring, minute physics seems to always pull me back in
His explanation and his videos make me feel at home (at my sciencey home)
Just sharing
Ah yes, simply build a particle accelerator :)
1:01 I wish the text would stay longer in the window. I don't mind hit pause while watching the video, but it would be nice to have a longer timespan to actually be able to hit pause.
If you're on PC, you can use . and , for advancing frame by frame.
@@FyneappleJuice Nice! I dodn't know that. Thank you! Still very short text though :/
Really annoying on mobile
@@LA-MJ Also a good argument. I never even thought about that
The first one was annoying. The second one at 3:14, flashing for less than half a second, exactly as Henry said the phrase "fast decaying," felt like some kind of cruel joke on the text-reading-completionist pause-ninjas of youtube.
When minutephysics starts talking about K-On!
When Minutephysics starts talking about CP Violation...
I like sushi
This reminds me of a story Feynman told in his 1964 Cornell lecture series on the same connundrum (Symmetry of Physical Law). He didn't call it the Ozma paradox or present a solution, but the way he tells it is so great.
On a half related topic: trying to define left and right leads to an interesting concept: rotational directions. We only have names for 2 rotational directions, on the XY axis. I'd say XZ rotation is leftwise and rightwise, and YZ rotation is forwise and backwise.
What i came here for: The Ozma Problem
What i understood: 🅰🅽🆃🅸 - 🅰🅻🅸🅴🅽🆂
Wouldn't an anti-alien by definition be human? lol anti=not alien=alien........so not alien?
@@christianheichel well yes, but technically no
Chris Heichel well it's a shorthand for antimatter aliens so technically you're correct but it's also not what we're talking about
@@christianheichel I mean.. maybe anti-humans from Anti-Earth, or are WE the Anti-aliens to them?
@@KaiserMattTygore927 (imitates explosion sound) mind blown lol I was originally just saying that to be funny with a play on words.
"Simply build a particle accelerator" want a coffee with it?
1 sugar plz
@@sam93931 normal or anti sugar?
@@jojoiv hmmm. good question, depends of the coffee I guess, i don,t want it to explode in my face =0
@@sam93931 Explode with the force of a couple nuclear bombs
@@jonathanouyang So I assume this is a strong coffee?
Hypothetically, when signalling aliens, you could polarize the carrier signal and use that as a reference for clockwise or counterclockwise and thus left and right
You would have to tell how to measure this polarization tho, should you measure from the electric field towards the magnetic field or the other way around? What if their standard for electric field has the opposite sign? So it's the same problem all over again (I think)
It's not so much about how to give specific signals for left and right but how define the very nature of left vs right.
Kind of like I could tell you my hair is blonde but if you don't know what color is it doesn't really make any sense.
Or just refer to the rotational direction of the Galaxy(using the nearest galaxy as a reference for deciding which way is "up")
@@BastiatC 🤦♂️there are so many things wrong with that.
A. what if they are a race without eyes
B. The first picture of earth was upside down when taken. Who's to say they wont do the same with said galaxy.
C. If they already have a preconceived notion of left and right who's to say they won't see said upside down picture and end up sending their responses in the complete opposite direction due to said confusion?
Why are you here? I'm familiar with that profile pic.
I was looking for Civil Protection Violation, that one song but this is cool too.
"Simply build a particle accelerator" -MinutePhysics 2020
The topics you talk about are always about something big yet some how you never fail to explain it in a simple and easy way to understand. Thank you so much.
This is a tremendous "explainer" video on CP violation. Thank you!
i hate that name so much i like it
"What's antimatter?"
"It doesn't matter."
"Yes it does. I want to know."
"know what?"
"Antimatter."
"what about it?"
"I don't see."
"That's right."
"What's right."
"No matter."
Love!
Who?
Who?
Who's on first?
Yes.
What is mind?
No matter!
What is matter?
Never mind
How do we know about the way anti-uranium decays? The largest anti-nuclei created so far as far as I'm aware are anti-helium.
We don't, not directly. But we DO know what happens when antiparticles decay and across the board we see that the chirality, the 'handedness'of their particles is the exact opposite of their matter decays. So unless anti-uranium behaves differently for some utterly unknown reason then it *should* decay the way shown in the video.
@@garethdean6382 CPT symmetry violation?
@@garethdean6382 I see. The long-lived neutral kaon does seem to be an exception, though. Is there any reason why the uranium nucleus couldn't be an exception in the same way?
Thanks for asking, I was thinking of this myself. Also I thank Gareth for the answer.
Because we know how their constituents decay. There is a very good reason why kaons decay how they do, it is because there are intermediaries.
I like to think that there isn't actually a difference between the amount of anti-matter and matter particles in the universe, but rather the observable universe just happens to be in an area almost entirely made of up matter, and that there are also places made up almost entirely of antimatter, similar but opposite to us.
But that would violate the... I forgor 💀
Just as I think I figured out how the universe works, you come to offer a new point of view. You always explain something high above in the most intuitive way.
This issue has bounced around in my head since AP physics, 33 years ago. Thank you. I can rest now.
Rest in peace
I was in the 7th grade when I first saw one of your vids. Righ now I'm in my last year of college. Your videos still bring me that sense of nostalgia ❤️
Are you majoring in physics ?
@@lakshaygupta9061 Technically no but most of the lab work I do evolves a lot a chemistry and physics sooo it's a yes no 😂 depends on what I ultimately choose for my masters and doctors degree.
@@m.t1446 well best of luck for your future mate
Counterpoint: I'm never going to ask someone made of antimatter to make me pie so i guess you could say this problem doesn't....
Matter
So you're not going to share your favorite recipes with them? Rude.
I mean, anti-wheat behaves the same was as wheat, for example, so they could bake an anti-cheesecake and it'd taste the same as a regular cheesecake.
Also, then we could find out whether or not eating cheesecake makes them explode.
@@Kartoffelkamm what happens when the antimatter cheesecake interacts with your matter mouth my friend
@@cg1906 A noble sacrifice made for the greater good :)
@@pbj4184 yknow what. Good point 😂
We could nuke their entire universe by sending matter from our universe to them. We just need to make sure they don't have enough time to respond in kind...
"Simply build a particle accelerator.."
Sounds easy enough
"you definitely dont wanna shake EITHER hand of an alien made of anti matter".... love it dude, love it i cant stop laughing🤣
Who tried to rub the spot on his paper off your screen? Lol
Not this time, but I was convinced I needed to clean my monitor due to it sometime during the last month.
1:03 Potential impact on Intergalactic culinary relations 😹😹😹👍🏻💯
dear Henry, it's been 11 months since you made a video that's actually about physics, we miss it
*simply*
Build a particle accelerator. Hold up, let me call Stark Industries.
@Hand Grabbing Fruits shower in this ratio
What if the opposite-handed anti-aliens were also moving backward in time?
they would be opposite-handed aliens
Wouldn't you notice entropy and stuff? Time reversal is one of those things where you certainly CAN tell which one is normal and which one is not due to entropy.
@@Smitology That depends. People say that entropy always increases as you travel forward in time, but that's not inherent. Rather that's due to the low entropy conditions at the specific point in time that is the big bang. I like to phrase it as "entropy always increases moving away from fixed points." This means that if the aliens were on the "other side" of the big bang moving back in time, (assuming physics is truly reversible) then entropy wouldn't help.
If the aliens were moving backward in time then any communication between them would look like it was travelling backward in time to us, which is the same as sender and receiver being swapped. So the stream of particles encoding their reply would have to be moving backwards in time too... so it would look to us as if their reply was travelling from us to them and not the other way round, and the same for them. OK I really have no idea how that would work, if at all.
Then we might have to rethink the tenets of our communication
Last time i was this early the internet provider were defying math
hey, I saw that video!
and youtube was defying logic
Great videos, short and sweet
The fact that he didn’t say positron but said anti-electron bothers me.
CodiganY Technically his is more accurate. I mean, we don’t exactly call electrons “negatron”.
@@Uyhn26 Why *don't* we call electrons "negatrons"?
@@Uyhn26 It's sounds really cool.
Staglo Magnifico Chronicle reason.
@@Uyhn26 Anti-protons should be called netrons
Ah yes how do I tell the alien I am talking to how to bake my favorite cookies
Zteak10
For once, it actually makes sense to say “dextrose” rather than “glucose”.
Me watching this video:
“Ok i get it.”
“Ok i get it...”
“Nevermind”
This is so interesting!! I want to know more!
your channel is amazing
0:23 I always thought the writing behind McGonagall was in Ancient Runes. Never knew it was mirrored. Huh.
Fun fact: Runes are quite easy to distinguish. Since they were generally carved on wood, it was much easier to carve straight lines than curves. That's why runes consist almost entirely of straight lines, unlike modern alphabets.
@@feynstein1004 at a glance they always looked like straight lines to me (never paid it too much attention, and never up close in HD). That's why I thought they were runes. Or at least the prop departments attempt at being "magical".
@Harika Mohan You should watch Everything Wrong with Chamber of Secrets by CinemaSins lol
@@feynstein1004 yeah, should have known Jeremy would have caught it :D
"Enter the keion"
Yui saves the day once again
So, minute physics is now making more than a minute physics. Awesome. :)
really the best physics channel
Lal, for me it's the first video to call the CPT violation a good thing.
Aren’t we desperately searching for unexplainable things all the time, in order to get a broader set of data to build our next physical theory on? The more, varied disproof you have, the better.
@@atimholt true :)
Who would've thought that anime girls could help us communicate with aliens
lol
Macross Frontier
Zeppelans explain pls
@@themojolemon3701 sounds like K-on
I'm actually watching K-On right now lol!
Good thing you made this video, I thought I'd have to explain this to my family, because of course I could. Good save.
I always enjoy your drawing !
I find it amusing that this video avoids words like chirality and positrons when that is exactly what it is talking about.
Probs because it's easier to understand
I was looking for CP violation from half life 2, but I learned about this instead
Enjoy ur vids alot thanks for making them
I LOVE THIS CHANNEL
3:14 Light Music Club?
Hehe :3
This feels a little like an orientation video for SCP foundation employees.
"In the event of a [REDACTED]-class `Outer-space Entity` scenario, the MINPHYS Protocol will be enacted. As part of the protocol, all level 3 or higher personel will be provided with kaon-based devices used to distinguish:
-matter from antimatter;
-the universally agreed-upon directions "left" and "right" from eachother.
Personel are under no circumstance to make physical contact with any foreign entity until it is established whether or not it is made of antimatter."
Find the antimatter mirror of the SCP Foundation and contact them so that an elimination experiment can be co-conducted against SCP 682 and its mirror counterpart in which each SCP 682 will be forced to contact one another in the attempt to obliterate one another's matter resulting in a perfect release of energy that can be harnessed by both Matter SCP and Antimatter SCP foundations.
one of the biggest challenges in studying anti-atoms is containment, after all...
CP violation measurements were a part of my master thesis
This is the ultimate solution without a problem :) I like it.
Alien: which direction is left?
Humans: You see Mars? Thats to the left of us
you have to mention in relativity to something like the sun or it could be on the right.
@@natecummins9962 Actually it depends on a point of reference, the position of the observer looking at that reference point, and the orientation of the observer (+ a notion of up/down/left/right) in order to fully describe what "left of something" means.
Fiyaaah fucking Albert Einstein over here
3:14 Enter the K-On!
*Digibro would like to know your location*
Hm, I searched “K-On, CP, violation” and got something completely different.... hey are those sirens outside?
@@ObjectsInMotion just as i read this comment i heard sirens. witchcraft.
Please do a video on the strong CP problem! :)
been watching for awhile... are you a teacher? you explain things really well
At the pi-timestamp: not to be confused with the K-On!
Aha u smart
am i the only one who was thinking of CP Violation from HL2?
CP Violation in HL2 works both because of the CP Violation discussed in this video AND because it's short for Civil Protection Violation.
I came to look for this specific comment about hl2
I knew CP Violation from my research, dont know about HL2
@Eric Lee ?
@Eric Lee ?
When I was much younger, the way I remembered what "Left" is was "The general direction you need to run towards in Zillion after issuing the destroy base command on the mainframe".
If only I had back then a particle accelerator and the knowledge presented in this video...
This video was so educational
K-On! gang, assemble. My favorite is Mio. Whether mirrored or anti-matter, doesn't matter.
I think the fact that we could communicate at all would mean that we must have been able to solve similarly hard problems for defining our words
Also TIL that CP Violation is another title of something in Half Life that is actually a real physics thing
Thanks for this nice video 👍
This is so far above what my brain was prepared to try to understand
thanks youtube, i needed to know this for...
science and...stuff
Addendum: The aliens have an antimatter Samuel R. Jackson.
Jackuel R. Samson.
@@dibbidydoo4318 Same place musta' given us Ton Jravolta in that one episode of Space Dandy.
If you think about it there must be a L. Kelly lurking somewhere in the cosmos.. ..but I'm willing to bet it's in the US..
@@NETkoholik Wouldn't anti-chiral R. Kelly by L. Kerry? :P
Well, you could say that your right hand is the hand that comes first if you were to start at your back and rotate around your body counter clockwise relative to a clock flipped to the horizontal with its face facing up or facing towards your head positioned at your waist.
I am impressed by all the small things in the universe humans have learned so many facts about. Like the probability of tiny things decaying into other tiny things.
Can't believe that one anime about cute girls doing music things is the solution to an intergalactic communication problem
Minute physics: simply build a particule accelerator
Me: instructions unclear watched K-on!
Tres cool vid!
Great, now I have to spend about ten hours thinking about this.
Got my particle accelerator, which way should i turn the screws to assemble it?
"Simply, build a particle accelerator"
LOL
At 0:23 we are seeing the right side of Maggie Smith's face on the left side of the frame in the bottom flopped shot, but that means that what appears to be the left side of her face on the right side of the frame in the above original shot is actually the right side of her face.
Seems like a trivial detail, but then you have to realize that a camera takes a mirror image when it captures a shot (why the left side of an image is actually the ride side of the object in the image), however, if that image is further mirrored it does not reverse the mirroring effect so a mirror image of an object will forever have reversed symmetry making it essentially a glimpse of a parallel reality that only exists while it is being observed.
In other words, when you look in the mirror you can see your parallel doppelganger but you can never see "yourself" because your reflection shows your features on the opposite side of your face and body from the side on which really are really and from the side that everyone else sees.
Wooow, this video is awsome!
I’m torn between my love for this channel and wonderful-ness of the name “Ozma”
Ozma is also boss in Final Fantasy 13/14, and it looks like.... a mirror, actually. A shape shifting mirror that drags you into another dimension. Who knew...
My sister dressed up as Ozma for Halloween when she was 8. She was so obsessed with the Oz books and *so mad* when nobody knew who she was.
@@DFPercush It was in FF9 first, appearing as the Giant Magical Marble of DOOM!
If we can't tell matter from antimatter in distant galaxies, how do scientists conclude that there are way more matter than antimatter in the universe?
One possible counter argument is that galaxies often collide or even merge with each other; if there were both matter and antimatter galaxies in the universe, just one collision/merger would leave pretty clear evidence of antimatter galaxies; no such event has ever been recorded.
For the past two years, I have been studying an area of math known as googology. Googology is basically the study of very large numbers and the notations that is used to express them. When you study googology in depth, you can see that the so-called scientific notation which we usually use to express large numbers is actually incredibly weak in comparison to many of the commonly used notations in googology such as Knuth's up-arrow notation, fast-growing hierarchy, Bird's Array Notation and Bashicu Matrix System, although it may not seems weak at all to an average person. This is mainly because we don't need numbers much larger than those that can be made using exponents in real life. For example, the mass of Sun is approximately 2*10^30 kg and the number of subatomic particles in the universe is approimately 10^80.
Below I will show you the formal definition and some examples of expression in Knuth's up-arrow notation:
a^^^^...^^^b with n uparrows = a^^^...^a^^^...^^a^^^...^^a... ...a^^^..^^a with (n-1) uparrows between each successive a's
Where a^b is the same as a raised to the power tower of b
First, we will take a review of addition, multiplication and exponentiation. We had all studied in school that addition is repeated counting, multiplication is repeated addition and exponentiation is repeated multiplication, mathematically:
a+b = a+1+1+1...+1 (repeated b times)
a*b = a+a+a...+a (repeated b times), and
a^b = a*a*a*a...*a (repeated b times)
Now, we will start with the double up-arrow operator, which is better known as tetration.
a^^b (read this as "a tetrated to b") = a^a^a^a^...^a (b times) (a power tower of a's b terms high)
Keep in mind that exponents are always right-associative, so a^b^c^d is the same as a^(b^(c^d))
For example, 2^^3 = 2^2^2 = 2^4 = 16
2^^4 = 2^2^2^2 = 2^2^4 = 2^16 = 65536
2^^5 = 2^2^2^2^2 = 2^2^2^4 = 2^2^16 = 2^65536 = 10^(log10(2)*65536) using rules of logarithm = approx. 2*10^19728 (a number WITH 19729 DIGITS!!!!!!)
3^^3 = 3^3^3 = 3^27 = 7,625,597,484,987 (approximately 7.6 trillion for short)
10^^^3 = 10^10^10 = 10^(10 billion) = 1 followed by ten billion zeroes
Now do you see how powerful tetration is in comparison to scientific notation?
But that's not the end of the story. Just like how tetration is repeated exponentiation, pentation is repeated tetration, which is normally denoted as triple up arrows (^^^) In summary, the n arrow operator is repeated (n-1) arrow operator
After that, I suggest you to learn the definition of fast-growing hierarchy, which is basically like this:
f_n(a) = (f_(n-1))^a(a), when n is a successor ordinal, or in other words,
f_(n-1)(f_(n-1)(...(f_(n-1)(a))...)) (nested n times)
When n is a limit ordinal, f_n(a) is defined as f_(n[a])(a), where n[a] is the n-th element of the fundamental sequence of the ordinal n
For the definition of successor and limit ordinals, you can search it yourself in Googology Wiki
Now, here's an equation for you. Given that 1/f_x(100) is the amount of DNA I inherit from my mom, try to find the ordinal x. The ordinal x here is known as my DNA ordinal
Here's the approximate value of x in Bashicu Matrix System: (0,0,0)(1,1,1)(2,2,2)(3,3,3)(3,3,0)(4,4,1)(5,5,2)(6,6,2)(7,7,0)(8,8,1)(9,9,2)(10,9,2)(11,9,0)(12,10,1)(13,11,2)(13,11,2)(13,11,1)(14,12,2)(14,11,1)(15,12,2)(15,11,1)(16,12,0)(17,13,1)(18,14,2)(18,14,2)(18,14,1)(19,15,2)(19,14,1)(20,15,2)(20,14,1)(21,15,0)(22,16,1)(23,17,2)(23,17,2)(23,17,1)(24,18,2)(24,17,1)(25,18,2)(25,17,0)(26,18,1)(27,19,2)(27,19,2)(27,19,1)(28,20,2)(28,19,1)(29,20,2)(29,19,0)(30,20,1)(31,21,2)(31,21,2)(31,21,1)(32,22,2)(32,21,1)(33,22,2)(33,21,0)(34,22,1)(35,23,2)(35,23,2)(35,23,1)(36,24,2)(36,23,1)(37,24,2)(37,23,0)(38,24,1)(39,25,2)(40,25,2)(40,25,1)(41,26,2)(41,22,1)(42,23,2)(42,23,2)(42,23,1)(43,24,2)(43,23,1)(44,24,2)(44,23,0)(45,24,1)(46,25,2)(47,25,2)(47,25,1)(48,26,1)(49,27,0)(50,28,1)(51,29,2)(52,29,2)(52,29,1)(53,30,0)(54,31,1)(55,32,2)(56,32,2)(56,32,0)(57,33,1)(58,34,2)(59,34,2)(59,34,0)(60,35,1)(61,36,2)(62,36,2)(62,36,0)(63,37,1)(64,38,2)(65,38,2)(65,38,0)(66,39,1)(67,40,2)(68,40,2)(68,40,0)(69,41,1)(70,42,2)(71,42,2)(71,42,0)(72,43,1)(73,44,0)(74,45,1)(75,44,0)... ...
For the definition of Bashicu Matrix System, you can search it up yourself in google
So can you please help me to analyze my DNA ordinal?
For someone writing a fiction around antimatter civilisation.. .this was most helpful!
20.1% vs 20.3%? Is that a significant difference?
What is the likelihood that that difference arises instead from chance? How many experiments have been performed in human history? What portion of them are the ones that give is this difference in numbers?
Probably all of the experiments gave the same result. 0.2% is a huge difference. It is not small.
The LHC alone produces 600 million collisions per second, so even if only a relatively small amount of those produce kayons, we get loads of kayon decay experiment samples. lhc-machine-outreach.web.cern.ch/lhc-machine-outreach/collisions.htm
Depends on whether the result is above the 5 sigma threshold, which would make it statistically significant. I doubt Henry would cite it otherwise. Besides, the absolute percentage numbers don't mean much without the measurement error.
It's significant, the difference in k-long (which is what is being talked about in this video, it is incorrect when he says it is difference between K0 and anti-K0) decays to e+ compared to e- is 0.34%+/-0.01%, so the difference is definitely significant. It's been measured by a few different experiments, the most precise measurements of it are by KLOE and KTeV, which are consistent with each other. @@Dom-Nom-Nom claim about the LHC given us enough kaon decay samples isn't really true, we will never be able to measure this difference at the LHC (0.3% is a really really precise measurement, the LHC measures very few things this precise, certainly not kaon experiments, the background is much too huge).
@@BlueCosmology Thanks! Are there links to learn about those two experiments? They sound interesting.
How do we produce a mirror image experiment?
How do we find a uranium nucleus which is mirrored?
And where will the antimatter aliens live?
A void?
Many nuclei have an intrinsic 'spin' to them which can be aligned or anti-aligned with magnetic field. This allows you to turn nuclei into spinning tops of a sort which can be pointed in mirror directions.
But as for anti-aliens? Well yeah, probably not that likely.
Umm we also live in a void. So yeah, a void is a totally plausible place for antimatter aliens to live.
@@SocialDownclimber We don't live in a void though. There are atoms in space, like hydrogen. There's also energy but that's not important to the discussion.
I love the fact you had used the blue and orange instead of red 🧡💙
I heard you talking about violating the CP symmetry, and that talk of symmetries reminds me of the best, if theoretical, symmetries ever- supersymmetry (SUSY)