What Was Life Really Like For Medieval Peasant Women? | History Hit

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 24 ธ.ค. 2024

ความคิดเห็น • 954

  • @vanessabryan8873
    @vanessabryan8873 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +1140

    I like this kind of documentary because history was made of the lives of regular people, bakers and washerwoman, not just kings.

    • @utecanbolat3590
      @utecanbolat3590 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +28

      Exactly. Back in Hstory class at school they never taught us what the life of normal regular people was like.

    • @user-gp9es3rd3e
      @user-gp9es3rd3e 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

      Social history and cultural history as opposed to political or military history!

    • @dorotak1728
      @dorotak1728 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      Great point! And that history is much more fascinating and somewhat relatable 👏

    • @Inngieso
      @Inngieso 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@user-gp9es3rd3efitidiidyfiteiditttditddiysdiitditssitsiidtditditditdiiysiidtstsditditidditdissditiitiitsidiitydiysiddiyiysiyididiidydiyidyidyidydiyidiidysiyisiiydiydiyiyiydisyiyyiyidysiyydyrydiidysiyddiydisiddrysdisyyyddydidyydididiyyyiddiysiyyidddisydyidyddisudyiddidiydidiydiyyrididysyddyydyidsuyyiyiddysdidydidydidiidyididdisididdiddiydidiidddydidididdydiddiiddiddiidddusdsudiidididdiidididdidi rdyriiryirriirriyirririsuydidiydiyiyiryiryíodiiddiiddiididididdidiiddidididididididiiddidiiddiiddididddddddidddidididiudodiiddididdididdiiddiddiyfidididitrit rtutuditdudutdututd it yiyirdgi gitty

    • @Jizzlewobbwtfcus
      @Jizzlewobbwtfcus หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      To me Kings were the most uninteresting aspect of any era no matter what historian tries to enthusiastically say "he was a REALL interesting fellow".

  • @Skye_Writer
    @Skye_Writer 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1648

    Every time someone says "That job was too physically demanding for women in medieval times" and claims they couldn't have done it, I argue that they need to watch Ruth Goodman kneading huge mounds of dough, doing laundry, and then helping in the fields in all the Farm series of vids (Tudor Farm, Edwardian Farm, Victorian Farm). What she is doing is every bit as back-breaking as what the boys are doing.

    • @kamhyde40
      @kamhyde40 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +60

      Ahh-kinda like child bearing?

    • @petuniab.222
      @petuniab.222 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +25

      OMG please, for the love of God. Please use the word too, not to. They're not interchangeable

    • @Skye_Writer
      @Skye_Writer 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@petuniab.222 and there is NO chance that was a simple typo on my part instead of interchanging the words out of ignorance, right?
      You don't have anything BETTER to do with your day? Go to hell. I'm done with you.

    • @Skye_Writer
      @Skye_Writer 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +64

      @@petuniab.222 and there is NO chance that was a simple typo/keyboard not registering the 2nd click rather than me interchanging the two words out of ignorance?

    • @sh1ttywidow943
      @sh1ttywidow943 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +59

      @@petuniab.222Really? this is what you managed to glean from this?😂

  • @alietheartist734
    @alietheartist734 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +612

    The more I learn about women prior to the late 1800s the more I realize how much the Victorian concept of what women should be like has skewed and corrupted our overall concept of women in the past. I never learned about anything like this is school, and assumed that everything was done by men before like the 1940s. I am so glad that perspective was wrong, but I think this is why it’s so important to learn about women’s history.

    • @debbylou5729
      @debbylou5729 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +18

      I’m lucky. I have a lot of pioneer ancestry. My great great grandmothers and aunts took no crap. They knew, as did their husbands, that the family’s success meant both parents needed to work together

    • @ashleypaul6326
      @ashleypaul6326 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      @@debbylou5729Same 💪

    • @angelaleishman1570
      @angelaleishman1570 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +14

      But not for the working classes - the concept of women you refer to only really alluded to the upper and newly emerging middle classes, not to the working classes. In the early 1900s and 1910s, 20s and 30s in Dundee, Scotland, working class women worked long, hard shifts in the Jute Mills.

    • @antoniaadams2084
      @antoniaadams2084 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

      I think the difference is these are peasant woman, working class women and middle class women to this day will have different experiences.

    • @cristiniarguedini6186
      @cristiniarguedini6186 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      House work is work, and a lot of house chores have been elimited by modernity

  • @Limmonia
    @Limmonia 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +370

    working female traditional blacksmith here! this truly shows that women always have been able to buckle up and do the job.
    Sadly i still get comments about my profession and that i cant be doing it as good as a man could even though thanks to modern machines and work gear it is easier than ever.

    • @dismutased
      @dismutased 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

      Awesome! Yep learning the trade myself. We can do it all! Also people don't realise power hammers have been around for centuries, powered by water, oxen, horses or people.

    • @scarletamazon3455
      @scarletamazon3455 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

      It's amazing how many men, especially, wish to degrade women no matter what they do. As if there haven't been women pulling their weight (while also giving birth to children) in every period of history.

    • @katebrady2002
      @katebrady2002 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      A male blacksmith told me once that women are actually better suited to being farriers because of how their hips work, so they can hold up horse’s legs easilier and not strain their backs

    • @sarabrown56
      @sarabrown56 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      It's not a matter of "women's history" it's not "black history" it's JUST history and what we mostly know is that of men because that's who recorded history for the most part. History is written by those that work the war.

    • @topherh5093
      @topherh5093 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      AHHHHAHAHA OK

  • @amandapittar9398
    @amandapittar9398 หลายเดือนก่อน +69

    The WORLD functions on women’s low paid and unpaid work. I’ve worked for 35 years as my husband’s partner in business and as an unpaid housekeeper, gardener, cook, nurse. I’ve volunteered in Hospice and Church goodwill shops, I’ve sewn costumes for ballet, musicals and school shows, I’ve driven children to games, shows, practices and other school events outside normal hours and volunteered for camps. I’ve taken reading recovery classes and craft classes. Women do billions of dollars,pounds and euros worth of unpaid work every day. They care through love and duty, social conscience and civic pride. Women are awesome. The world floats on our love and care.

    • @angelaperezmayers2437
      @angelaperezmayers2437 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

      Very well said! ❤

    • @MrEzradelucas
      @MrEzradelucas 21 วันที่ผ่านมา +2

      It's not the structure of society that's the problem it's your own inability to regulate the value constructs in your relationships

    • @wendyfaith1048
      @wendyfaith1048 18 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

      ​@@MrEzradelucas NOT entirely the failing of women to establish their value. It takes COPPERATION AND AWARENESS on the part of men. Men are not always generous or even kind.

    • @jimmyzoom1143
      @jimmyzoom1143 10 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

      Women are awesome, and now you can all relax and let men do all the physical work and invent everything

  • @ODDwayne1
    @ODDwayne1 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +572

    I love this kind of topic. Real life. And especially women. The people usually erased from history.

    • @cala4465
      @cala4465 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +15

      thank u king

    • @Littlemouse884
      @Littlemouse884 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Same

    • @cassidynichols-dahill1066
      @cassidynichols-dahill1066 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +37

      Exactly. I hated history in high school because it was all about dates and wars. It wasn’t until I was 26 that i started watching videos like this. Now I love history

    • @matthewc4590
      @matthewc4590 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +12

      It's good to see them recognized for their hard work at last.

    • @parkcrashers5922
      @parkcrashers5922 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      If they were erased from history then how do you know this is true and not just a made up story?

  • @decaalv
    @decaalv 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +467

    I think of the common people a lot. The unspoken heroes of humanity.

    • @LaoWatsonSmith
      @LaoWatsonSmith 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +12

      How good of you to spare a crumb of your thought

    • @vymell2379
      @vymell2379 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      ​@@LaoWatsonSmith 😂😂😂

    • @2msvalkyrie529
      @2msvalkyrie529 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      " Common People " contribute virtually nothing to Society. ! Geniuses , Men and Women with outstanding drive and ambition
      and great Artists on the other hand were essential to our History. Common People
      couldn't run a winkle stall.....!!😂

    • @cranberry420
      @cranberry420 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

      ​@@2msvalkyrie529 Without "common people", things wouldn't work.
      Try living a month without trash pickup workers, truck drivers and such.

  • @OisinKelleher
    @OisinKelleher 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +104

    For anyone who is interested, the village she is filming in there, at the start, is Little Woodham - a 17th Century Living History museum.

    • @aphantom6834
      @aphantom6834 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      Nice. Thanks

    • @ninagall7500
      @ninagall7500 หลายเดือนก่อน

      She tells us exactly that, if you're interested

  • @dismutased
    @dismutased 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +120

    Woman blacksmith here! I always suspected there were far more women balcksmiths and other male dominated trades in historical times. Families had a particular trade for business and all hands were needed. If a blacksmith had only daughters or a daughter showed a particular knack for the trade then it seems only logical in a time when resources including workers were limited.

    • @topherh5093
      @topherh5093 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      There are always low skilled tradesmen/women working alongside the master craftsman doing the little things that make his job more productive

  • @alexiswilliams1536
    @alexiswilliams1536 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +362

    all the AI pictures are driving me insane 😭 I just can't help but focus on everything wrong in the pics

    • @jh2325
      @jh2325 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +32

      To remain fixated on perfection is a life of unhappiness.

    • @honeydrew
      @honeydrew 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +56

      it’s distracting lmao

    • @Ghost.cat.17
      @Ghost.cat.17 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +22

      It’s awful!

    • @swearsinspanish1092
      @swearsinspanish1092 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      ​@@jh2325it's HISTORICALLY INCORRECG

    • @rine8139
      @rine8139 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +93

      @@jh2325no its just ai sucks, its better to source drawings nd depictions from actual PEOPLE.

  • @itsmaribell1415
    @itsmaribell1415 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +130

    I loved seeing all these strong beautiful women telling the histories of our ancestor mothers and sisters. Thank you so much!

    • @aimaction7393
      @aimaction7393 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      CALLING THE WOMEN PROSTITUTES. ?

  • @ebishrimpy9366
    @ebishrimpy9366 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +223

    I could appreciate that despite using some AI images, they did take the time and effort to put together a set, wear the clothes and do the actual manual tasks too.
    Its far from youtubers who just narrate auto generated research text over a completely AI art slideshow.

    • @cmaden78
      @cmaden78 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Absolutely

    • @selmavoss4202
      @selmavoss4202 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      As an artist I hella do not appreciate it being in here *at all*

    • @404usernamenotfound8
      @404usernamenotfound8 20 วันที่ผ่านมา

      The ai makes the production feel cheap and not serious

  • @AbigailGerlach-zt1sh
    @AbigailGerlach-zt1sh 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +18

    I don't think it was the physicality that was so hard for women, but the sheer number of responsibilities that a woman had. She may have worked a job, but it didn't obviate the expectations for the woman's responsibilities in the home. She may have been a stone mason alongside her husband, but at some point she was still she still got up in the morning, started the fire, prepared breakfast, cleaned her house, sown a shirt for her husband, brewed the ale, started dinner, got the kids up and fed, did laundry, restuffed mattresses, cleaned out the animal waste, weeded the garden, made cheese and bread etc, etc, etc.
    Hubby just went and started working stone, but he wasn't helping in the house. If she can afford to hire help, hooray for her. If not, she was exhausted.

    • @kam.26
      @kam.26 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

      Honestly, sounds a lot like modern working women just in slightly different forms.

    • @Bendylife
      @Bendylife หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      in that time it was pretty common for the entire family to help out. Grandma and grandpa, when kids became old enough, they would all help as well. Women did have a lot of responsibility, but it wasn't nessasarily ALL on them all the time

    • @talirakerouac3248
      @talirakerouac3248 15 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

      @@kam.26 Hear Hear my dear!!!!!!!! That was, indeed, my first thought!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!💖💖🎄🎄🎅🎅😱😱💖💖

  • @LisaZoe86
    @LisaZoe86 12 วันที่ผ่านมา +3

    I can not believe the amount of criticism because of a few ai pictures. The video was very interesting and entertaining. Thanks to everyone involved!

  • @frankwinn2320
    @frankwinn2320 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +56

    I love the fact that this is true history. Women in industry. Forgotten history! Finally someone speaks the truth with no spin or victim mentality

    • @Shaytan.666
      @Shaytan.666 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +10

      What victim mentality bro dafuq does that even mean

    • @havingfunisnthard
      @havingfunisnthard 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      ‘Victim mentality’ women HAVE been victims for millennia though.

  • @kay123kay
    @kay123kay 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +170

    I love these documentaries, and really do appreciate all the work that goes into them - that we can enjoy for free... But the frequent use of AI images was really, really jarring! I would have been happy with stock images of rural England or a snippet from a medieval manuscript...

    • @edenn1278
      @edenn1278 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +15

      omg i thought i was seeing things! this really takes my interest off any documentary...

    • @kay123kay
      @kay123kay 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      @@edenn1278 I had the exact same feeling...

    • @kamhyde40
      @kamhyde40 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      @@edenn1278 They really looked out of place.

    • @blaznskais2048
      @blaznskais2048 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      On the one hand I get it, because AI is often overused but in this case I think it’s great because we get to see accurate (or as accurate as AI can get) examples.
      They mentioned several times how it’s hard enough to find documentation of these women so I’m sure trying to find period accurate examples of artistic depictions is even harder. Personally I prefer the AI images over the renaissance era stock art when talking about the Middle Ages, or time accurate stock art showing few to no women at all we’d likely otherwise get.

    • @FunkyLittlePoptart
      @FunkyLittlePoptart 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +28

      @@blaznskais2048 I would rather have no pictures than know thousands of artists had their work stolen to make a crappy jarring AI image. AI is stealing, full stop.

  • @JamieAsareZiegler
    @JamieAsareZiegler 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    Whenever I see it's Dr. Janega, I settle in and get comfy because I know I'm going to be watching the whole video.

  • @susanlett9632
    @susanlett9632 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +64

    My daughter was in the Peace corps in Ethiopia. The way of life that she described in the village she was in was so interesting. A had life but she said they were Happy

    • @Littlemouse884
      @Littlemouse884 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +22

      Yes as there's a much stronger sense of community so people feel very connected instead of isolated

    • @melissazuckerman3824
      @melissazuckerman3824 24 วันที่ผ่านมา

      I agree! We moved on 110 acres off grid. And I mean truly off grid besides our phones. We gravity fed spring water and I have to heat it on the wood burner and we make fires for our hillbilly bath tub. No electricity (chargeable lights or solar lights) I do cheat and have a mini washer I use with the generator but I do it outside in Maine. It was snowing yesterday and I was doing clothes outside and hanging on the line or inside. I cook on the wood burner too. I do wood and shovel pathways to my animals. Everything is harder/longer but it is a sense of accomplishment and just being in the woods/outside is just awesome. We are weak as a society now. I know when it gets dark I am ready for bed😂 Don’t even really miss t.v or any of that stuff. We should get back to some of the old ways. Women are capable of a lot of things. I never thought in my 50’s I’d be on this journey but here I am!

  • @Thursdaysindecember
    @Thursdaysindecember 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +12

    Loved your book and love these History HIT videos with you. I’m here for whatever material you create. I appreciate your authentic and factual sharing of what life as a woman was and what is has meant to be female in different time periods and how it impacts what it means to be female now

  • @emiliew_art
    @emiliew_art 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +88

    Very nice documentary. But talking about handmade and crafts but using AI images really disappoints me.

    • @azzahmarsaamalia2518
      @azzahmarsaamalia2518 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +9

      true, I was flabbergasted when I saw that AI images 😮‍💨

    • @lauraosilvals
      @lauraosilvals 22 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

      You get disappointed easily 😂

  • @sabine4759
    @sabine4759 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +17

    What a question! It was so hard for those women, they gave birth to several children, mostly got married (sometimes they were raped or even killed, especially when wars occured) with 14/15 and died very early, probably aged between 25 /35! Not to mention that much work they had to do! Might be they had some wise women/ healers who cared for the medical support but the peasant women didn t have a good or comfortable life!

    • @jh2325
      @jh2325 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

      No; and it was probably very difficult to survive.

    • @ondrejvasak1054
      @ondrejvasak1054 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      Most people didn't die around 25-35. Most people died around 0-5 years old. Those who survived childhood would likely live to be over 60. But specifically for women, there was an additional risk of dying in childbirth, so the chance to die young was still pretty high.

    • @Makdkb
      @Makdkb 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      ​@jh2325 what no? Men did and do still rape women

  • @bparrish517
    @bparrish517 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +83

    Digesting all the research and scripting it into something somewhat comprehensible for the somewhat intelligent viewer must have involved Herculean effort by everyone involved with its presentation. I am awed and offer a hearty “thank you” for all your work.

  • @Iris-ei1cm
    @Iris-ei1cm 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +185

    The use of AI images is really jarring and cheapens the content

    • @alexschwarz4749
      @alexschwarz4749 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +9

      True

    • @pizzahutbreadsticksauce
      @pizzahutbreadsticksauce 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +13

      Yeah but it’s not like there are photographic images from the Middle Ages

    • @shauni_jade
      @shauni_jade 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +16

      @@pizzahutbreadsticksauce The training for the AI on "medieval women working" must have come from pictures of people recreating the scenes, don't you think?

    • @introusas
      @introusas 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +16

      @@pizzahutbreadsticksaucethere’s thousands of paintings and also photos & clips of re-enactments

    • @debbylou5729
      @debbylou5729 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      That’s just your opinion. Some people are just happier when they can find something wrong

  • @srelizabethmaryhermit6450
    @srelizabethmaryhermit6450 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    I worked along side my dad, a stone and brick mason. Carrying hod is hard work! You get muscles fast!

  • @emdee8840
    @emdee8840 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +35

    My grandmother had a bread trough like that. My sister took it when the estate was being dispersed by my aunt.

    • @crystalbluepersuasion1027
      @crystalbluepersuasion1027 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Same thing here. It was my great grandmother’s and I told my sister to go ahead and take it……I use a bread machine to knead, but I bake in the oven.

  • @Lic51
    @Lic51 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +13

    I've been in places where they still do these things. I remember a village in Nepal, making butter milk with an old wood device, looking for grass for the animals, having a grainery and so on

  • @marissacoumerilh5731
    @marissacoumerilh5731 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +15

    It’s disappointing to see the use of so many ai photos in this video.

  • @momo90865
    @momo90865 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    Absolutely fantastic job Dr. Eleanor Janega. So much respect.

  • @kimzales87
    @kimzales87 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +18

    Such a fun and informative documentary; thank you!

  • @sweetcountrygirl
    @sweetcountrygirl 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    Who is this lovely lady with so much knowledge I think she knows as she grew up learning these things and even using them in her daily life xxx

  • @pebbleling2648
    @pebbleling2648 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +380

    Really disappointed in the heavy use of AI Images here, you want to show what "life was really like" and then use a bunch of unrealistic AI Images?

    • @skye02607
      @skye02607 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +70

      i was just scrolling to find this comment. super weird. i agree. use of AI looks REALLY lazy

    • @williamspitzschuh8167
      @williamspitzschuh8167 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +16

      some day everything will be AI

    • @skye02607
      @skye02607 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +27

      @@williamspitzschuh8167 doubtful

    • @susanmercurio1060
      @susanmercurio1060 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +207

      It's hard to find photographs of medieval women at work.

    • @skye02607
      @skye02607 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +69

      @@susanmercurio1060 lmfao 😂😂😂. we’re just asking for re-enactment photos or drawings. not just “ai, make photo of medieval sexy woman with bread”

  • @charliebryce3783
    @charliebryce3783 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +19

    If you worked closely associated with cows, you could get cowpox which would protect you from smallpox.

    • @Itsjustme.katieg
      @Itsjustme.katieg 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +9

      Yep! That's where the beautiful milkmaid trope comes from- they usually had clear skin without pock marks!

    • @rabbitgregory9289
      @rabbitgregory9289 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      They also figured out that you could take some of the pox from the cow and scratch it into your skin-first type of vaccination.

  • @vernonbowling5136
    @vernonbowling5136 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +115

    Take notes people we may all need these skills very soon.

    • @NIGHTGUYRYAN
      @NIGHTGUYRYAN 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +20

      my milk maiden days are over! i aint never going back and aint nobody ever gonna see my elbows again!
      i'll reluctantly tend to the hearth and perhaps some light mending...

    • @kbschannel2355
      @kbschannel2355 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

      ​@@NIGHTGUYRYAN😅

    • @giannidcenzo
      @giannidcenzo 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

      😂​@@NIGHTGUYRYAN

    • @Maulbeere
      @Maulbeere 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +11

      The wokeness will be gone though, almost looking forward to it.

    • @gladtech4740
      @gladtech4740 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      If women were like this now, there would be a higher birth rate

  • @nomi8412
    @nomi8412 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +26

    gah. really want to get into this but the AI images make it very difficult. i agree with most comments commending the efforts of people putting on recreations of things- i just wish it wasn't tarnished by AI

    • @raveneyes7191
      @raveneyes7191 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      I agree, why not actually find images of women doing these exact acts. It kind of cheapens the documentary. While I'm currentlynenjoying it, the ai images are a huge distraction

  • @ophelias4172
    @ophelias4172 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +8

    I have been waiting for something like this for ages! Thank you!!

  • @denisebledsoe8836
    @denisebledsoe8836 15 วันที่ผ่านมา +2

    I love this kind of content.. so interesting to me.. thank you

  • @kb10367
    @kb10367 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +71

    The fact that BABIES who are born of sex workers are considered “slightly sinful” is wild to me.

    • @kpl-CA
      @kpl-CA 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Why would that surprise anyone?
      People *still* call innocent children "b-stard", and blame the *child* for being born "inconveniently early".
      My religious family relishes and savours the opportunity to transfer the blame for their own poor choices on to the children they forced to be born.
      Those children are neglected, starved, beaten, abused, neglected, denied medical care, denied education, abused, exploited, trafficked... And the religious bigots who force marriage on others, and who not only excuse but *participate* in child r-pe, those same religious "authorities" ignore the harm they cause.

    • @tangerinefizz11
      @tangerinefizz11 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +15

      There are religious nuts who believe in the present day that everyone is born a sinner. It's just yet more irrational nonsense.

    • @Geminicricketi
      @Geminicricketi 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@tangerinefizz11 nuts? Please don’t speak on things u don’t understand. A child born to a sex worker is likely to have a much different upbringing than being born to a husband and wife with morals. That’s proven true daily!

    • @shahidabdoullakhanzorovr1564
      @shahidabdoullakhanzorovr1564 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Enlightened civilized Europeans...

    • @halleyorion
      @halleyorion 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +20

      This was absolutely a common belief in Christianity, and to some extent still persists. It’s why calling someone a bastard - that is, someone born out of wedlock - is still an insult.
      It’s similar to where the idea of Mary’s virgin birth came from: a (very successful) attempt to re-write history to ensure that baby Jesus could be born without sin. Sex was a sin that a baby inherits from its mother, and so Jesus’s mother needed to be a virgin or he wouldn’t be “pure” enough to be taken seriously as a holy figure.

  • @Rubytuesday874
    @Rubytuesday874 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    I just love Dr. Janega. She’s amazing.

  • @purplecleo
    @purplecleo 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +76

    I was surprised to see AI images used in this video. AI image generators cannot depict historically accurate scenery - it most especially cannot depict historically accurate clothing and I personally feel like its inclusion dramatically devalues this content. Of course there is also the consideration that AI art generators are still trained on stolen artwork. I would love to see high quality, historically literate AI programs that made it easier for channels like this to flourish but the moral and quality considerations are too significant for that to be possible as yet.

    • @guitarsoundsaround
      @guitarsoundsaround 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      What are all you people complaining about?
      I thought it was a seriously great video!

    • @abeille_verte
      @abeille_verte 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Exactly. We're going to be going back to these manual labor jobs to survive because companies are taking the lazy route of AI to create content. Stealing from artists and taking jobs away from people who need them.

    • @siamesefightingfish2861
      @siamesefightingfish2861 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

      Please don't stumble and fall from your soapbox. Wouldn't want to hurt yourself trying to activize while watching free content.

    • @Sarcasmhime
      @Sarcasmhime 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +12

      Agree, I love History Hit but very disappointed to see the use of AI images.

    • @guitarsoundsaround
      @guitarsoundsaround 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      @@Sarcasmhime I didn’t find it a bad use of AI.
      The cost to replicate historical garments might play a role for many channels. Simple wool, silks or cottons would be hard to replicate considering the old ways it was produced vs. the commercial garment industry.
      I still enjoyed the video and felt that it gave the viewer a glimpse of the past ways. It wasn’t that many years ago when TH-cam was literally just low quality home videos. We’ve come so far in such a short time. I liked the video!

  • @lordosa1000
    @lordosa1000 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    I went to a wedding reception in the lower level of Guildhall when I lived in England back in the mid 90s. Amazing!

  • @danalasmane6191
    @danalasmane6191 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +26

    I'm subscribed to this and the other affiliated HH channels as I've been excited by history since I can remember myself. And when I discovered YT, I felt so grateful for the access to information.
    However, now I am getting increasingly weary of these kind of 'new' YT videos with false click-bait titles consisting of discombobulated mash-up of existing videos..
    And now they have added the AI images to make these videos even longer..
    It's just sad and disappointing.

  • @AmandaSharp-vl4zy
    @AmandaSharp-vl4zy 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +26

    The amount of men in the comments section in a huff about woman getting a bit of recognition is appalling.

    • @richardthomas598
      @richardthomas598 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +13

      It's scary how eager they are to tell us they're losers.

    • @djdissi
      @djdissi 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +9

      Those comments must've quickly been redistributed toward the bottom bc I've so far only seen positive comments by both and women... and I've already scrolled through a lot

    • @MoonBratStudio
      @MoonBratStudio 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@richardthomas598 Actually made me laugh out loud!

  • @susanmercurio1060
    @susanmercurio1060 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +12

    27:10 So the poor people would be the ones who got overrrun if an attacking army got in since their neighborhoods were right against the walls and the rich would be more or less protected.

    • @kasahadragon9499
      @kasahadragon9499 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

      Well yeah, the peasants were disposable. The more things change, the more they stay the same.

    • @ClarissaBurtness
      @ClarissaBurtness 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      Yeah but everybody inside the city would eventually starve to death

    • @rdsunshine34741
      @rdsunshine34741 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      yep!

  • @lgstar3363
    @lgstar3363 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +58

    I’m 44 and I did all these jobs at my grandparent’s farm every summer. So am I a medieval woman in modern times??🤷🏽‍♀️

    • @myka788
      @myka788 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +16

      Wow! You were a dairy maid, brewer, baker, blacksmith and a stone mason at your grandparents? Very cool.

    • @CC-cf4zm
      @CC-cf4zm 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +14

      Growing up in Moldova this is all still the way of life in the rural areas

    • @patrick-bu3eq
      @patrick-bu3eq 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      History is about rich people and a little bit about the average Joe.

    • @da1stamericus
      @da1stamericus 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +10

      ​@@myka788very modern 38, and I did animal feeding, egg harvesting, etc. The milking was done by someone else, we still buy fresh cow's milk from the farmer. I baked to sell cakes and sweet breads, helped with the building of buildings and did alot of gardening. I still garden and preserve food. I've done alot of brewing, including elderberry wine, and elderflower champagne and mead too. Now I still fish too and would help as a child and teen to harvest clams and sea snails from the reefs. So I'm then medieval, as I have friends who also make cheese and butter every few weeks.

    • @carolinejames7257
      @carolinejames7257 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      ​@@myka788Don't forget the sex workers! Apparently the grandparents had a fairly diverse little operation going. 😉

  • @karenseidel1569
    @karenseidel1569 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +23

    The AI created medieval imagery really ruined this documentary for me, disappointing.

  • @kermie004
    @kermie004 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    Dr. Janega makes an excellent blacksmith('s assistant). lol. She's great. Thank you for doing these!!

  • @patricialong5767
    @patricialong5767 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +33

    Been there, done that! I grew up on two small farms and milked two cows all through high school, so I KNOW! :))

    • @annbond5040
      @annbond5040 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Oh wow. That is wonderful. I’ve only milked a cow once. I have tried to milk goats but I just can’t get that technique. Hopefully I’ll get to do that again. 😊

    • @jh2325
      @jh2325 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      You are blessed ❤

  • @LadyOrion2012
    @LadyOrion2012 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +15

    MOST Medieval women worked IN their own homes, especially when they had kids. Yes...SOME medieval women worked a paid job outside of their homes, especially if they were an "old maid" , single or a widow with kids to feed. But that was the exception not the rule.

    • @virginiainla8085
      @virginiainla8085 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

      YES. No mention of children in the documentary. That's leaving out a woman's most important job

  • @mallorygrier5005
    @mallorygrier5005 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +11

    sooo many comments about the AI, i hope yall listen.

  • @jikio3926
    @jikio3926 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    This video is so great, I really love it

  • @marmaduke5207
    @marmaduke5207 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    Wonderful! Thank you Dr. Janega!

  • @honeyboo7549
    @honeyboo7549 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I guess, I'll be making my own cream, butter and cottage cheese from now on. This looks so easy. Thank you! And this is an awesome documentary!

  • @ProYada
    @ProYada 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +96

    Don't use AI in history documentaries. It diminishes your integrity. The rest of the documentary was good.

    • @crybaby7613
      @crybaby7613 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +8

      It helps us visualise and have an image of what they were wearing / what their houses and tools looked like

    • @ProYada
      @ProYada 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +18

      @@crybaby7613 It doesn't though, AI makes shit up.

    • @lucylouisesmith6272
      @lucylouisesmith6272 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +16

      Maybe use illustrations? Or old paintings

    • @broussaudclarisse1949
      @broussaudclarisse1949 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      @@crybaby7613I do like the AI pictures too

    • @introusas
      @introusas 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +11

      @@crybaby7613What exactly do you think they did before AI? You act like AI has always been around. They got on just fine before 🙄

  • @StellaShadowmoon
    @StellaShadowmoon 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +9

    It’s crazy to think someone can just accuse people of worshipping the devil and take control of all of their riches.

  • @patricialong5767
    @patricialong5767 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +10

    Beautiful architecture! I love it!!!

  • @anaguerrerosholisticwellbe2788
    @anaguerrerosholisticwellbe2788 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    Wonderful, educative documentary🙌

  • @Fuerwahrhalunke
    @Fuerwahrhalunke 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    I don't even have to watch this 60 minute documentary to say; The life for medieval peasant women was probably the same as for medival peasant men. Working the field, working the home, living life and getting by day by day. In feudalism there was no men against women. Everyone tried to get by equally. Sometimes it was rough, sometimes it wasn't. With the industrial and cultural revolution also came the concepts of what women should and shouldn't do. Before that it was either you did it or you didn't. Well, except for war. Dying in your own blood on the battlefield has always remained a men only (Generally except for a handful of women in history) activity but I don't think any women is really envious of that. Generals of troups however have been women in the past.

    • @jenzabel
      @jenzabel 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thankyou for your comment. As a woman who is so tired of the women are always the victim narrative its refreshing to see others who acknowledge this. 😊

  • @SharonRook
    @SharonRook 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Love your explanation of every situation. Your voice and facial expressions are so interesting to me. Hope you do more documentaries.

  • @LearnEnglishwithNetflix
    @LearnEnglishwithNetflix 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    The quality of this documentary is amazing considering it was made for TH-cam only and just has 623K subscribers and 595k views. What a shame other channels are more popular where people do absolutely stupid things and where most of the production budget is spent either destroying things or buying large quantities of things no one one would normally buy in that quantity for shock effect. See filling a swimming pool full of Jello for example with 170 million views.

    • @edelgyn2699
      @edelgyn2699 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Well, perhaps it's better than people who watch the Jello videos are entertained (i.e. occupied)? Imagine if they were idle - someone might work for their hands! 😉

  • @SuzanneCoe
    @SuzanneCoe 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    Really interesting looking, let’s have some more videos on medieval times 👍👍

  • @kristibbradshaw
    @kristibbradshaw 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +10

    What a wonderful video. I love hearing how capable women are.

  • @dewardroy6531
    @dewardroy6531 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +22

    The Knights Templar were suppressed on Friday, 13 October, 1307 by king Philip (“the fair”). Your date of 1312 applies only to England, where they were never suppressed actually, but rather simply relocated to Scotland. In any case, the date of 1312 is inaccurate.

    • @guitarsoundsaround
      @guitarsoundsaround 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      My goal, someday, for a side project is to dive into my roots and genealogy. It’s hard to find records but fascinating to learn. I can’t fathom how hard it was to just live back when.

  • @videowatcher8862
    @videowatcher8862 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +23

    Love your guys work but the AI images were so distracting and I felt like it ruined the integrity of the content. AI images just make things look cheap.

  • @saintjacques8137
    @saintjacques8137 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +20

    Thank you for this. If anyone loves peasants' history I recommend the relative Schwerpunkt's playlist

    • @Dimera09
      @Dimera09 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Honestly it is a sad joke how many times I have read this exact comment. Mr Schwerpunkt spends his whole life creating new TH-cam accounts and writing the same thing. You are pathetic and so many people have realised this. Bu the way, your videos are shit.

    • @MemoryAmethyst
      @MemoryAmethyst 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      You mean that white supremacy channel?

    • @bine35
      @bine35 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      fake spam account from you as usual

  • @selenemarin7994
    @selenemarin7994 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    You could tell who’s so pampered. Guys back in the day. Everyone regardless of sex Worked to help your family unit. Kids too. Once they were old enough. If you didn’t work. You didn’t eat. They didn’t have a phone to order food and huff n puff in a TH-cam comments about historical documents

  • @yolandathin1502
    @yolandathin1502 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    Everything was ok until the negative part: the IA pictures, I couldn’t go on with the video!

  • @mapo2795
    @mapo2795 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    very well, and very cool programs, tankyo uvery much, i like soo much the program

  • @susanmercurio1060
    @susanmercurio1060 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    12:30 You could put the herb costmary into the brewing beer.

  • @AsterFoz
    @AsterFoz 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +25

    I am dissapointed. 'Medival women' suggests that it's about, well, medival women. And it's mostly the history of London instead. And not even a word about women in any other medival country...

  • @Presidenthustin
    @Presidenthustin 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I love everything about this documentary

  • @LisaApril
    @LisaApril 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    Interestingly enough, women in medieval England were allowed to keep the land they were given in their own names. It was their's, and it stayed theirs.

    • @christian1172-z9e
      @christian1172-z9e 29 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Interesting. Do you know when it changed?

  • @selenemarin7994
    @selenemarin7994 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    One of the best documentary I’ve ever seen.

  • @theresewalters1696
    @theresewalters1696 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +48

    I've been to villages in India where the women milk cows or buffalo each day and make bread from scratch. They are very proud of their work.
    The food is superior to what passes for food here in the USA.
    Also, oranges and bananas taste sweeter.
    Everything is fresh!

    • @erzabetf9544
      @erzabetf9544 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      Where do you live in the US that you can’t get fresh produce? I know we’re luckier in Texas than in most places, but I wasn’t aware anyone in the US had to live on canned fruit and wonder bread.

    • @absb.5978
      @absb.5978 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      ​@@erzabetf9544I think freshness of food goes wider than just whatever doesn't come from a can.
      "Fresh" food at supermarkets often is days if not weeks old by the time it's sold. Even things that have a shorter turnover time, like bread, I'd hardly call that fresh considering what's in it and how it was processed. It's not necessarily made to be the best for us. As long as it has a long shelf life and it sells.
      I think that growing, making and baking your own food often trumps whatever the average supermarket presents us with. When I eat "real" food, I taste and feel the difference.

    • @erzabetf9544
      @erzabetf9544 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      @@absb.5978 What’s stopping you from growing, making, and baking your own food?

    • @absb.5978
      @absb.5978 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      @@erzabetf9544 What's stopping me personally? Nothing. I have a good amount of outdoor space and the skills to make the most of it. I grow/make a fair amount of food, I can bake bread, preserve my own food and am a lover of all things fermented. Skills that I've developed over the years. I also happen to originate from cultures where people are used to eating what their land provides, but that's not the way things work where I grew up and live now.
      Anyway, none of that changes the point that was raised about the quality of the food offered in supermarkets. Not everybody is in the same position to grow their own food. I know I wasn't back when I lived in an apartment in the city. Some people rely on stores to feed themselves. And what they have to work with is not the best from a nutritional standpoint, including the so-called fresh produce.

    • @erzabetf9544
      @erzabetf9544 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      @@absb.5978 One point you’re missing, although you’re actually making it, is that you don’t have time to grow, make, and bake all of your own food. I also have the skills to grow, bake, and preserve my own food. I think we’re all from cultures that used to grow their own food. (My great grandparents were all farmers.) But I also have a job. And I’d much rather go to my office than milk a cow or have to bake bread. The lifestyle the original poster is touting requires other people to devote themselves to feeding her. I doubt she’d be as excited by it if she actually had to milk the cows herself. She might appreciate those apples from cold storage more if she didn’t just assume that the “pride” these women in a developing country took in their skills was enough for them.

  • @SyIe12
    @SyIe12 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    👍⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐Such a fun and informative documentary; thank you!. What were the real every day duties of Medieval royal Women? what was to run a royal households?

  • @Dimera09
    @Dimera09 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    One reason I love Eleanor: 2:25 "Ooooh"

  • @autumnishotterthansummer
    @autumnishotterthansummer 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Im absolutely in love with her coat! Ive even gone as far as taking a screenshot and doing google lens and nothing! The pattern is gorgeous and i love the toggles. If you know what this coat is please do tell!

    • @Darkstar-se6wc
      @Darkstar-se6wc 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Good grief, here I was just thinking how absolutely hideous that coat is! Takes all kinds to make a world I suppose.

  • @talynhastime9343
    @talynhastime9343 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +68

    Stop using AI. Either get actors, secondary artistic depictions, or the actual primary source images.

    • @Blacandrin
      @Blacandrin 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      The primary source imagery is very limited. Up until quite recently everything had to be hand painted, or printed from a form which was hand made, because there was no photography. The other two, I would say, are what needs to be payed. And if it is AI that allows this kind of content to be created now, save money and so on so this can be made, whatever man. I'd rather have this than have nothing.

    • @BlairWytch74
      @BlairWytch74 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      You do your educational videos YOUR way and let others do theirs. Demanding someone create their content to your liking is tacky. Have some manners

    • @janicehendricks9443
      @janicehendricks9443 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Or what? You'll ask for your money back? 😅

  • @brim89
    @brim89 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

    I love all these videos

  • @calleymacdonald7555
    @calleymacdonald7555 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +8

    Totally love anything y'all share with Dr. Janega, really wish it wasn't using AI art as visual filler. I'd much rather see a wonky drawing of a cow from that time instead of weird AI cows.

  • @matraclm5422
    @matraclm5422 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    So very informative, thank you very much for this excellent quality history lesson!

  • @ennecorreia
    @ennecorreia หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Love the history lessons, hate the AI slop. Support working women (including artists) 🤗

  • @Tinthia82
    @Tinthia82 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    It always makes me wonder why throughout history women are considered the weaker sex. They've always been very strong and in some ways even more than men.

    • @theclumsyprepper
      @theclumsyprepper 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Because we are weaker physically?

  • @arxzcm
    @arxzcm 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    this makes me proud to be a woman 💕 they inspire me 💕

    • @CertifiedAgitator
      @CertifiedAgitator 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      As a man, I'm proud of our fore mothers' and fathers'

  • @Polisciandfries
    @Polisciandfries 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +19

    Bizarre how misogynistic the comments are? I love Dr. Janega! Defo agree that AI images are unnecessary but I guess everyone's doing it now...

  • @roberttelarket4934
    @roberttelarket4934 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    Really great new information!

  • @The.Pigeon420
    @The.Pigeon420 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +17

    Lots of AI huh

    • @yaabza
      @yaabza 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

      Literally 😭😭 why are Ai images shown as if they were actual old paintings?? 🙃

  • @notbroken4342
    @notbroken4342 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    I really need to know more about those hats.

  • @allsortsacresfarm
    @allsortsacresfarm 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    Sooo, how do I get Caroline's job?

  • @michelepascoe6068
    @michelepascoe6068 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Well presented, thank you. So, when did the concept of "women's work" (only in the home) begin? How was it that there weren't many options for women to earn money - only being a washerwoman, or in service in a wealthy home, or a dressmaker. If upper class, unmarried, and needing to earn money, one could be a governess. Even 100 years ago, choices were limited.

  • @mernaloy2269
    @mernaloy2269 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +8

    Is that where the phrase "pinch a loaf" came from ? 😃

  • @feralbluee
    @feralbluee 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    O-M-G I just wrote about this. Documentary after documentary about men! So interesting! Thank you sooo much :) 🌷🌱

  • @ldavid2528
    @ldavid2528 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    Love this presenter. 😊

  • @penpad_bts
    @penpad_bts 12 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    Only a very specific sort of woman lived a life of leisure and most of us are not descended from her. Midwives, washerwomen, wise women, chieftains, slaves…women have always been busy. Like the rough translation from the book of Proverbs, the ideal wife has always been industrious.

  • @mistiroberts1576
    @mistiroberts1576 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    Much of my family were English colonialists; I am fascinated thinking that my ancestors were alive and thriving in medieval England

  • @larysasynelanikoba8809
    @larysasynelanikoba8809 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Thank you for this incredibly interesting historical revelation! ❤🙏 About the working women, and the courts, and the workers communities, and the knights, and the jews, and the sex workers.
    Educating and fascinating information and knowledge!

  • @MemoryAmethyst
    @MemoryAmethyst 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +17

    The costuming really got my goat. “ I’ll pretend to be a peasant wearing my black work coif based on a literal rich woman’s headgear. And agitating cream with one’s hands? The wooden paddles are called butter hands because the warmth of one’s actual hands caused the butter to not be firm.

  • @jenniferlyons4150
    @jenniferlyons4150 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Fire prevention was around since then, for a reason! Don't want to burn down the neighborhood! 😊

  • @Goldenlionheart33
    @Goldenlionheart33 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    Very informative,,loved it

  • @s.andrewchandler-byrne4611
    @s.andrewchandler-byrne4611 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Men should never underestimate women 😊

  • @LynxSouth
    @LynxSouth 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    10:46 Anyone with a large-scale brewery wasn't a peasant, by definition. An alewife wasn't a full-time brewer, either.
    The YT channel Modern History TV is actually all about medieval times and does excellent deep dives into life then, and into what words and terms meant to the people who used them.