You've actually done a great job explaining every single detail in a way that even a complete stranger to astrophysics would understand, TY and keep it up
Really well illustrated thank you for this explanation. Crazy to imagine something the size of a city, and so extremely dense spinning as fast as a blender. Do we know what a pulsar will do next? I thought it omitted gamma rays as well as radio waves.
The exact mechanism through which these radio beams are produced is still an area of research (including by members of NANOGrav). The main idea is that when the star core collapses and we get the combination of spin and strong magnetic fields, those moving magnetic field will in turn produce strong electric fields that can accelerate charged particles, and accelerating charged particles will finally emit the radio waves. We have seen cases of pulsars emitting other forms of electromagnetic radiation (for example X-rays, possibly when those magnetic fields funnel charged particles to hit the North and South poles of the neutron star and that impact generates X-rays), but it seems that in most cases they're strongest in the 100-200 MHz range (right in the radio frequency spectrum). Unfortunately at these low frequencies, the signals are very strongly affected by the interstellar medium (causes dispersion) so NANOGrav often observes them at frequencies from a few 100 MHz to a couple GHz.
Can someone tell me.. is it so that with one spin we can receive two pulses of radio waves? Or one? I have understood that the pulse (lighthouse) is oriented in two opposite directions giving two individual pulses per one spin.
Does any of the pulsars spin at the speed of light and are any of the radio waves harmful to us and also do they appear in the sky? Thanks a lot for the video.
I am trying to decide whether to list your video in our textbook, but nowhere on this site can I find your name and institution. Without that, it's hard to to feel comfortable recommending the videos.
If you send an email to the address listed in my about page (preferably one from an email I can verify) I'd be happy to pass on some verifiable credentials.
If there is a magnetic field in a neutron star and the sub atomic particles being neutron are electrically neutral how is it we are getting a magnetic field ? This implies there must be a current which must imply neutrons are breaking down into protons and electrons or some other electrically polar process. Do we know the cause of the magnetic field ?
it's the fast spin iirc, it's like a dynamo. things that spin really fast create magnetic fields, don't ask me why. but we do know why they have magnetic fields, unlike why they emit radio waves and gamma rays. spacedotcom has a good article on this. nevermind: "Neutron stars have the strongest magnetic fields in the universe. Neutron star X-ray binaries are systems consisting of a neutron star and a normal stellar companion. The neutron star accretes matter and forms a surrounding accretion disk. If the magnetic field is strong, the accreted matter is channeled by magnetic lines onto the surface of the neutron star, resulting in X-ray radiations." so, a strong gravity and then magnetic field accretes matter from a nearby star resulting in x-rays. phys.org/news/2020-09-strongest-magnetic-field-universe-x-ray.html#:~:text=The%20Insight%2DHXMT%20team%20has,conclusively%20detected%20in%20the%20universe.
First, remember that the pulsar isn't actually emitting sound waves, they're emitting electromagnetic waves and when we detect those EM waves and run the voltage output of our detector through a speaker, we hear that distinctive "click click click" each time the beam swings past us. So if the beam was pointed directly at us and not rotating, we'd just get a single jumbled hiss sound (actually, if the pulsar wasn't spinning it wouldn't be producing a beam). The frequencies of the EM radiation in the beam itself can range from radio wave frequencies (hundreds of MHz to a few GHz is usually how we look at them with radio telescopes) to x- and gamma ray frequencies. But again it's the rotation rate that determines the "click" rate, which ranges from around once per second to 1000 times per second (1-1000Hz)
@@PhysicistMichael I believe that the strong magnetic field is a vortex of space-time generated by the spin and the radio waves are the surface whipping space-time.
Thank you Michael, I quite enjoyed the lesson. You have explained it very well. I have a question, if the our sun collapses, will it be a white dwarf? Because you did say that Supernovas and Pulsars have to be bigger than our own sun. I am a bit confused there.
Our Sun doesn't have enough mass to go supernova and have its core collapse into a neutron star. Instead it will gradually expel its outer layers as a planetary nebula and leave behind a white dwarf, which are lower in mass and less dense than neutron stars.
Of all the things in the universe, pulsars are my favorite. Even more so then black holes. I can imagine the actual surface of the star. As smooth as glass. What ever would it feel like, spinning that fast. SQUISH...
Would the radiation from a pulsar be like the blast from a gamma ray burst? A gamma ray burst has hit us before and will happen again. Are these profiles just as devastating in direct contact to our planet?
+iryanjones Every known pulsar (and every plausible source of gamma ray bursts) is much too far away to be a threat to the Earth. If one of these pulsars was in the solar system then we would probably have a very bad day, but they are MUCH further than that. Gamma rays contain WAY more energy per photon than radio waves. This is why gamma rays are so dangerous to biological materials and radio waves generally aren't. Pulsars do give off a small amount of x-rays and gamma rays, but most of the energy they emit is in the radio wave part of the spectrum. In order to produce a large amount of gamma rays you need even higher energy reactions to be occurring... say, two of these pulsars colliding with each other could produce a gamma ray burst (this is one of the proposed sources of GRBs)
+PhysicistMichael Thank you for the response. I am very fascinated about astronomy and science. Your videos are a great learning tool and enjoy watching and learning from them.
the quran book told us about this star before 1400 years ago most of muslims know this star before 1400 years ago بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ( والسماء والطارق وما ادراك ما الطارق النجم الثاقب ) صدق الله العظيم it is mean this star makes hammers voice and pierces any thing
@@hamidnia7242 Wow , so this is not true because no muslim one nobel prize with it ?! Really? No one could imagine this and muslims were busy and you know why and thats why no one won the prize ...
All of this points Electric motors , magnetic fields ... and then human ignorance jumps in , Neutron Star , black hole , for a simple phenomenon such as radio waves generated by magnetic fields , you can make it in lab , and you dont need gravitational waves or fantasy objects such as neutron stars .
@@hamidnia7242 don't lie This sura doesn't talk about "Genes" And doesnt talk about "shooting stars And there are no thing in islam called "allah palace"
@@mustafahasan957 That's almost as weak as having an all powerful, shy and invisible friend who created a billion galaxy universe for a few people. He's so shy that he had to send an angel to tell a goat herder his secrets in a cave - after letting humanity fumble around in the dark for millennia, and made NO effort to reach out to people on the other side of the globe. The answer is - we don't know. Nobody knows where the universe or life came from including you. And the current religions offering their version of a fairy tale is as weak as it gets. Please stay away from science.
@@GuitarDog_atx ""@Mustafa Hasan That's almost as weak as having an all powerful, shy and invisible friend who created a billion galaxy universe for a few people. He's so shy that he had to send an angel to tell a goat herder his secrets in a cave - after letting humanity fumble around in the dark for millennia, and made NO effort to reach out to people on the other side of the globe. """ Not for few people , I'm not a christian or a jew to believe this nonsense , you ignorance in islam or any religion is not my business , god send many prophets before prophet mohammed , see how you're an ignorant in religions . ! and god beyond space and time , and you cannot tell god why he didn't come to anyone , that's why he have angels to deliver his massage ... "we don't know. Nobody knows where the universe or life came from including you. And the current religions offering their version of a fairy tale is as weak as it gets. Please stay away from science.:" if you don't know then please shut up , that's a sign of ignorant , and no , i know where did life come from :) because many scientific evidence points to god , and a thing that's design carefully can't come from nothing ... please stay away from science and religions ,because you don't know any thing like you said ...
@@mustafahasan957 Yes, for a few people compared to the number of people who have lived and who never got to hear about your fairy tale. Your standards for a loving deity are different than mine. You know I'm correct about how your religion got started. Nobody in science knows, so I guess all scientist should shut up then. I'm a physics major so you have no business telling me to stay away from science lol. You don't "know" where life came from. All you have are arguments from ignorance. There's just as much "proof" of many gods, and infinite number of them, as there is for one. And I study myths in my spare time. They aren't hard to understand, and I listen to apologists trying to explain why their god is the only right one out of millions of gods. I know xtianity very well and know enough about islam to reject it. My expectations for 'gods' are much higher than yours. As far as design goes, I'm not ruling out a 'creator'. I do rule out your wicked god and any other old, anthropomorphic deities. Scientists have made enormous and amazing discoveries in the last few centuries (none by muslims) - what is the sun, why does the sun shine, what is lightning, ..... and on and on. And NOT ONE of those answers was magic. Look at the 'design' of the periodic table. All matter is made from these elements, including organic matter, enzymes, DNA, ....all of it. Unless you consider strong and electro-weak forces are god and Schrodinger's equation as a holy word,.... There's no reason to think a petty, incompetent space tyrant is necessary for our existence. Science is just getting started. We don't have all the answers yet, and that's your bad (and every apologists) if your expectations are that we can provide all the answers in 2020.
@@GuitarDog_atx Guitar dog We believe that god sent a prophet in any nation.. and No , you're not a correct Wow, you want me to believe that a random person Named "Guitar Dog" and his channel don't have a single video about physics and it's only about dogs and Guitars, and he commenting in TH-cam video is a scienctist and his old statement that "We don't know" ?? really?!! dude you said that you don't know where did life and universe came from , not me lol .. you don't know anything about Islam, I guess you only know about christianity because you statements reveals that . millions of gods ? really ? you're an ignorant man . the estimated number of religions is 4200 and there's no thing called "millions of gods" how did you study and you don't even know that fact ?!! lol man you're exposing yourself.. it's an evidence that tell us that you're a liar... most of these scientists are Jews and Christians so.... No I don't consider any of that bullshit you using as strawman fallacies... I didn't saw any Muslim or anyone from any major religion explaining a natural phenomenon as a "Magic" so stop exposing yourself you're a liar.. and by this discoveries we know that our universe is made by a perfect god we are not like you , we have a scientific evidences about how our universe is fine tuned and cannot created by a random chance ... and you said it "design " so thanks for proving my point ...
![The Insane Science of Neutron Stars [4K]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/qX6h72IyKSo/mqdefault.jpg)
I am 54 years old and love learning this stuff! Thank you Michael for these easy to learn and understand tutorials about the universe.
Excellent video. No words can describe how easy and comprehensive you have made it. I am really grateful.
Muhammad Usman the same time as nt.
You've actually done a great job explaining every single detail in a way that even a complete stranger to astrophysics would understand, TY and keep it up
Very well explained in a simple way. I learned more from this video than other videos.
absolutely amazing! Thank you so much!
Absolutely beautiful class! Thank you for sharing!
Really well illustrated thank you for this explanation.
Crazy to imagine something the size of a city, and so extremely dense spinning as fast as a blender.
Do we know what a pulsar will do next? I thought it omitted gamma rays as well as radio waves.
I sincerely thank you for this video
you just earned a sub :D
Extremely well explained.
Dude what song was used for the intro?
Nice explanation
Had i doubt that why only radio waves , why not gamma or other waves ?
The exact mechanism through which these radio beams are produced is still an area of research (including by members of NANOGrav). The main idea is that when the star core collapses and we get the combination of spin and strong magnetic fields, those moving magnetic field will in turn produce strong electric fields that can accelerate charged particles, and accelerating charged particles will finally emit the radio waves. We have seen cases of pulsars emitting other forms of electromagnetic radiation (for example X-rays, possibly when those magnetic fields funnel charged particles to hit the North and South poles of the neutron star and that impact generates X-rays), but it seems that in most cases they're strongest in the 100-200 MHz range (right in the radio frequency spectrum). Unfortunately at these low frequencies, the signals are very strongly affected by the interstellar medium (causes dispersion) so NANOGrav often observes them at frequencies from a few 100 MHz to a couple GHz.
Can someone tell me.. is it so that with one spin we can receive two pulses of radio waves? Or one? I have understood that the pulse (lighthouse) is oriented in two opposite directions giving two individual pulses per one spin.
Ari-Matti Saira just one of the beams shining at us forever, the other never points towards us
@@MrClauried is or could that be the reason for the sun's energy or completely different concept?
Does any of the pulsars spin at the speed of light and are any of the radio waves harmful to us and also do they appear in the sky? Thanks a lot for the video.
Amazing explanation. Thank you!
Thanks for watching!
I am trying to decide whether to list your video in our textbook, but nowhere on this site can I find your name and institution. Without that, it's hard to to feel comfortable recommending the videos.
If you send an email to the address listed in my about page (preferably one from an email I can verify) I'd be happy to pass on some verifiable credentials.
Fascinating things: Pulsars!
If there is a magnetic field in a neutron star and the sub atomic particles being neutron are electrically neutral how is it we are getting a magnetic field ? This implies there must be a current which must imply neutrons are breaking down into protons and electrons or some other electrically polar process. Do we know the cause of the magnetic field ?
it's the fast spin iirc, it's like a dynamo. things that spin really fast create magnetic fields, don't ask me why. but we do know why they have magnetic fields, unlike why they emit radio waves and gamma rays. spacedotcom has a good article on this.
nevermind:
"Neutron stars have the strongest magnetic fields in the universe. Neutron star X-ray binaries are systems consisting of a neutron star and a normal stellar companion. The neutron star accretes matter and forms a surrounding accretion disk. If the magnetic field is strong, the accreted matter is channeled by magnetic lines onto the surface of the neutron star, resulting in X-ray radiations."
so, a strong gravity and then magnetic field accretes matter from a nearby star resulting in x-rays.
phys.org/news/2020-09-strongest-magnetic-field-universe-x-ray.html#:~:text=The%20Insight%2DHXMT%20team%20has,conclusively%20detected%20in%20the%20universe.
Hey Michael. If the beam was pointing at us directly what would it's frequency and sound be?
First, remember that the pulsar isn't actually emitting sound waves, they're emitting electromagnetic waves and when we detect those EM waves and run the voltage output of our detector through a speaker, we hear that distinctive "click click click" each time the beam swings past us. So if the beam was pointed directly at us and not rotating, we'd just get a single jumbled hiss sound (actually, if the pulsar wasn't spinning it wouldn't be producing a beam).
The frequencies of the EM radiation in the beam itself can range from radio wave frequencies (hundreds of MHz to a few GHz is usually how we look at them with radio telescopes) to x- and gamma ray frequencies. But again it's the rotation rate that determines the "click" rate, which ranges from around once per second to 1000 times per second (1-1000Hz)
So the beam is electromagnetic "white noise"
sdmatt1975 not quite white noise since it is stronger at some frequencies than others, but the beam itself is mostly noise
@@PhysicistMichael I believe that the strong magnetic field is a vortex of space-time generated by the spin and the radio waves are the surface whipping space-time.
i think those are called gamma ray burst in 2:24
Perfect explanation, thanks
very nice explanation such objects on earth would solve
Thank you Michael, I quite enjoyed the lesson. You have explained it very well. I have a question, if the our sun collapses, will it be a white dwarf? Because you did say that Supernovas and Pulsars have to be bigger than our own sun. I am a bit confused there.
Our Sun doesn't have enough mass to go supernova and have its core collapse into a neutron star. Instead it will gradually expel its outer layers as a planetary nebula and leave behind a white dwarf, which are lower in mass and less dense than neutron stars.
Physicist Michael Ahhh now I see, I was placing them in the wrong situations. Thanks for explaining that.
Excellent video! Thank you
absolutely marvelous...
thank you
Thank you. It was amazing.
谢谢，很好的解释。
Of all the things in the universe, pulsars are my favorite. Even more so then black holes. I can imagine the actual surface of the star. As smooth as glass. What ever would it feel like, spinning that fast. SQUISH...
very well explained
Would the radiation from a pulsar be like the blast from a gamma ray burst? A gamma ray burst has hit us before and will happen again. Are these profiles just as devastating in direct contact to our planet?
+iryanjones Every known pulsar (and every plausible source of gamma ray bursts) is much too far away to be a threat to the Earth. If one of these pulsars was in the solar system then we would probably have a very bad day, but they are MUCH further than that.
Gamma rays contain WAY more energy per photon than radio waves. This is why gamma rays are so dangerous to biological materials and radio waves generally aren't. Pulsars do give off a small amount of x-rays and gamma rays, but most of the energy they emit is in the radio wave part of the spectrum. In order to produce a large amount of gamma rays you need even higher energy reactions to be occurring... say, two of these pulsars colliding with each other could produce a gamma ray burst (this is one of the proposed sources of GRBs)
+PhysicistMichael Thank you for the response. I am very fascinated about astronomy and science. Your videos are a great learning tool and enjoy watching and learning from them.
the quran book told us about this star before 1400 years ago
most of muslims know this star before 1400 years ago
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
( والسماء والطارق وما ادراك ما الطارق النجم الثاقب )
صدق الله العظيم
it is mean this star makes hammers voice and pierces any thing
Good for your god and Muslims!!
But I still don’t know why none of Muslims won Nobel prize in astronomy when they knew all this before!???? 😀😀😀
@@hamidnia7242 Wow , so this is not true because no muslim one nobel prize with it ?! Really?
No one could imagine this and muslims were busy and you know why and thats why no one won the prize ...
Excellent, thanks
All of this points Electric motors , magnetic fields ... and then human ignorance jumps in , Neutron Star , black hole , for a simple phenomenon such as radio waves generated by magnetic fields , you can make it in lab , and you dont need gravitational waves or fantasy objects such as neutron stars .
Thanks once again.
Theirs a pulsar that spins about 950 a second
islam had told about these stars and its sounds from 1400 years ago
فرعون مصر where?
Show me
Are you referring to سوره الجن, that assume the shooting stars as bullets from allah palace to genies!?
Hamid Nia Lmao bro way to call him out haha
@@hamidnia7242 don't lie
This sura doesn't talk about "Genes"
And doesnt talk about "shooting stars
And there are no thing in islam called "allah palace"
@@homelackin2234 he's a liar
This comment is hoping this solar system be destroyed by a neutron star...
I like quasars
Quran predicted this 1400 years ago. See Quran [86:1-3].
But now they're just pulsars okay?
if you dont believe in god who do you think made the big bang
@@waves420 Weak hypothesis,
Then who made big bounce?
@@mustafahasan957 That's almost as weak as having an all powerful, shy and invisible friend who created a billion galaxy universe for a few people. He's so shy that he had to send an angel to tell a goat herder his secrets in a cave - after letting humanity fumble around in the dark for millennia, and made NO effort to reach out to people on the other side of the globe.
The answer is - we don't know. Nobody knows where the universe or life came from including you. And the current religions offering their version of a fairy tale is as weak as it gets. Please stay away from science.
@@GuitarDog_atx ""@Mustafa Hasan That's almost as weak as having an all powerful, shy and invisible friend who created a billion galaxy universe for a few people. He's so shy that he had to send an angel to tell a goat herder his secrets in a cave - after letting humanity fumble around in the dark for millennia, and made NO effort to reach out to people on the other side of the globe.
"""
Not for few people , I'm not a christian or a jew to believe this nonsense , you ignorance in islam or any religion is not my business ,
god send many prophets before prophet mohammed , see how you're an ignorant in religions . !
and god beyond space and time , and you cannot tell god why he didn't come to anyone , that's why he have angels to deliver his massage ...
"we don't know. Nobody knows where the universe or life came from including you. And the current religions offering their version of a fairy tale is as weak as it gets. Please stay away from science.:"
if you don't know then please shut up , that's a sign of ignorant , and no , i know where did life come from :)
because many scientific evidence points to god , and a thing that's design carefully can't come from nothing ...
please stay away from science and religions ,because you don't know any thing like you said ...
@@mustafahasan957 Yes, for a few people compared to the number of people who have lived and who never got to hear about your fairy tale. Your standards for a loving deity are different than mine. You know I'm correct about how your religion got started.
Nobody in science knows, so I guess all scientist should shut up then. I'm a physics major so you have no business telling me to stay away from science lol. You don't "know" where life came from. All you have are arguments from ignorance. There's just as much "proof" of many gods, and infinite number of them, as there is for one.
And I study myths in my spare time. They aren't hard to understand, and I listen to apologists trying to explain why their god is the only right one out of millions of gods. I know xtianity very well and know enough about islam to reject it. My expectations for 'gods' are much higher than yours.
As far as design goes, I'm not ruling out a 'creator'. I do rule out your wicked god and any other old, anthropomorphic deities.
Scientists have made enormous and amazing discoveries in the last few centuries (none by muslims) - what is the sun, why does the sun shine, what is lightning, ..... and on and on. And NOT ONE of those answers was magic. Look at the 'design' of the periodic table. All matter is made from these elements, including organic matter, enzymes, DNA, ....all of it. Unless you consider strong and electro-weak forces are god and Schrodinger's equation as a holy word,.... There's no reason to think a petty, incompetent space tyrant is necessary for our existence.
Science is just getting started. We don't have all the answers yet, and that's your bad (and every apologists) if your expectations are that we can provide all the answers in 2020.
@@GuitarDog_atx Guitar dog We believe that god sent a prophet in any nation..
and No , you're not a correct
Wow, you want me to believe that a random person Named "Guitar Dog" and his channel don't have a single video about physics and it's only about dogs and Guitars, and he commenting in TH-cam video is a scienctist and his old statement that "We don't know" ??
really?!!
dude you said that you don't know where did life and universe came from , not me lol ..
you don't know anything about Islam, I guess you only know about christianity because you statements reveals that .
millions of gods ?
really ?
you're an ignorant man .
the estimated number of religions is 4200
and there's no thing called "millions of gods"
how did you study and you don't even know that fact ?!!
lol man you're exposing yourself..
it's an evidence that tell us that you're a liar...
most of these scientists are Jews and Christians so....
No I don't consider any of that bullshit you using as strawman fallacies...
I didn't saw any Muslim or anyone from any major religion explaining a natural phenomenon as a "Magic"
so stop exposing yourself you're a liar..
and by this discoveries we know that our universe is made by a perfect god
we are not like you , we have a scientific evidences about how our universe is fine tuned and cannot created by a random chance ...
and you said it "design " so thanks for proving my point ...
For no real reason, I hit dislike. Balance it out a bit.
John Gore OH DANG SO ITS YOU 😦 I WAS DUMFOUNDED WHEN I SAW A DISLIKE