Yamnaya: Faces of the Indo-Europeans
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 28 พ.ค. 2024
- The Yamnaya culture, also called the Kurgan or Late Ochre Grave culture, of the late Neolithic and Bronze age Pontic steppe is believed to belong to one of several Proto-Indo-European speaking Western Steppe herder peoples who were ancestral to many modern peoples and who spread Indo-European languages across Eurasia. But what did Yamnaya look like? In this documentary film you can see 3D forensic facial reconstructions of Yamnaya men by the artist Robert Molyneaux and you can learn all about what Yamnaya people ate, why they loved milk, how they lived, their burial customs, how they spread and more.
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Artists:
Robert Molyneaux
www.artstation.com/robertmoly...
Christian Sloan Hall
www.deviantart.com/americanve...
Graman
/ gramanhfolcwald
Valentyn Kolontai
/ valentyn_kolontai
Roy Douglas
www.artstation.com/roydouglas
Map animation by Meta-sight
linktr.ee/meta_sight
Bronze age map by Dan Kogosov Cartography
www.deviantart.com/zalezsky/g...
Article about Yamnaya in WhyNow magazine: tinyurl.com/29rdx9s4
Music in order:
Xurios - Steppe expansion
Altyn Tuu - Altai throat singing
Gargoyle - dance with me
The Whole Other - Ether Oar
Patrick Patrikios - Away
doug maxwell - tribal war council
Bark sound productions - in return
kevin macleod - Master of the feast
Aethelruna - Output
Saba Murachashvili - Acharuli
Chris Zabriskie - The Theatrical Poster for Poltergeist III
Borg - The Dancing Forest
Khan Kurra - Little dragon
Chris Zabriskie - I Am Running Down the Long Hallway of Viewmont Elementary
00:00 Intro
01:01 Who are the Yamnaya?
02:29 Stelae
03:27 Kurgans
05:16 pre-Yamnaya steppe people
05:46 Yamnaya skull types
06:03 Yamnaya expansion
08:16 Yamnaya phenotype
11:17 Facial reconstructions
13:42 Who has Yamnaya ancestry?
14:29 Warlike people
15:28 GTHIC sponsor
15:58 healthy lads
16:35 Milk drinkers
18:58 Yamnaya diet
20:30 plague
22:04 wagons, wheels, horses
26:27 Outram on horses
28:38 horse sacrifice
29:42 deforestation
31:44 R1b Haplogroup
33:30 Yamnaya women
34:57 the CHG question
42:16 Conclusion - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
I'm secretly watching this while my students are at recess.
@88wolf14 Funny that you say that. Genetics is a ball of hissing snakes which every person is Asia is interested in (not scientifically). It is the feature of the Western civ that we mock Hans Günther, and instead derive our lineage not from fairy tales (as every Asian does, from India to Korea) but from some hard scientific alleles. When our population goes the way of the dodo, nobody will give a dam about science anymore, and everyone will return to fairy tales (see the out of India hypothesis, see Tangun, see the Scythians were Turks hypothesis).
I'm sorry if I'm writing too confused, I'm Asian, after all. You must thank me for not capitalising every word xdd
- Adûnâi
Redpill your student
Based teacher!
@@tadficuscactus I often refer to my class as a koryos and I use Odin's spear as a symbol of my authority, eventhough I'm a devout Christian.
That's what I'm talking about.
Great work as always. The Yamnaya lookin like absolute gigachads.
Odin got his horse from Loki.
I suspect horsemanship stems from the time when the steppe reached all the way to SHETLAND during the dryness of the north sea.
Ariel and Grendel is canonically DANish because poseiDON and nepDWNE has their etymologic roots in "drowned by water", - which of course the westernmost edge of the eurasian horse-steppe has been.
Still some Midlanders & Northies (and Gaelics) looking a bit like that too.
@@am9359 Not the Welsh lol. I say that as a Welsh descendant.
@@am9359 No one look like them anymore, not even themselves looked like their direct ancestors in the Mesolithic. There are some individuals who once in a while have retro traits even from Neanderthal cousins, but they are rare like only a handful in a million. Looking like a Kurgan in skull or face would give anyone a very rustic look, even primitive. Which you can see in some Human groups like Aboriginals or American Natives still in Stone Age Hunter-gatherers lifestyles. Pastoralism and specially Dairy and farming did progressively changed their morphology, still we continue evolving after all
@@pendragonU Maaaate... Settle down.
I think one factor that is often overlooked in deforestation is the tremendous amount of wood required for roasting, smelting and refining metalliferous ores and metal working, often in charcoal form (to reach higher temperatures), in which vast amounts of wood are greatly reduced in quantity by the charcoal-making process. This was more of a factor in the Iron Age (charcoal-temperature heating is required to smelt iron), but I don’t think it was insignificant in the early Bronze age, either. Large parts of Europe, like Greece, were deforested beginning early in the Bronze Age and remain so today. The resulting erosion of topsoil makes it an irreversible process on the human time scale. Wood wasn’t just for shelters, transport technologies, cooking and warmth/light any more, but was required for competitive tools and mostly, weapons.
When the eastern slavic tribes first time came to the vast Eastern European Plain which was covered by dense forests, the ancestors of today's Russians, Ukrainians, Belorussians and Polish used the old method of slash-and-burn wood (подсечно-огневое земледелие in Russian), where the trees were chopped and the field was burnt for farming. Slavic people were heavily dependent on farming and as other indo-europeans followed the traditions of seasonal calendar. Unlike Western Europe luckily today yiy can still see some forests in Eastern Europe
😅😅😅😅😅
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also glas production played a big role in deforestation.
Even milk was considered as primary diet from ancient India to till date and cattle were considered as an asset of the kingdom
Yes, in Hindu religion it is followed till date.
These values are reflected in the Hindu religion to this date
Most hindus r lactose intolerant.
Only few castes can digest milk. Jats, gujjars, bhumihars, some rajputs, some brahmins in north India. @@Railshorts-
@@himanshugurjar9002they also have the highest ANI admixtures.
Beef was also a main diet in Vedic people. There are hymns of sacrificing cows for Indra.
Indo Europeans were literally chads
Giga chads
6:00
"Yamnaya" sounds too eastern-asiatic. I vote for "Proto-Chads" instead.
I am proud to be directly descended from a literal ancient culture of giga-chads.
Same
How you accomplished that?
@@hugemuscletube8582 His Ancestors accomplished it for him, which means that he also accomplished it because he literally is his Ancestors (because obviously all of his genes come from them) in their current living manifestation. Whether that means that he is also a giga-Chad depends on whether that ancestral quality is dormant in him or if it has been awakened and developed to its full potential by his own efforts.
Everyone in the world is.
@@mudshovel289 Not really.
Its pretty interesting to note that a large amount of human history was influenced by the steppe on multiple occasions. From these ancient cultures to the Scythians and Mongols and more!
Being an American I have been searching for sites of Clovis or Pre-Clovis. Found a flint factory basically on a friends ranch. Pulled a broken Clovis and a Folsom point. We are waiting on the state to come inspect it before we dig!
kievan rus was founded by a swede named rurik, swedes were last germanics to leave scandinavia (as all germanics originated from there), Swedes were a small ruling class over slavs. Common east slavic names like vladmir comes from swedes. Russia didnt steal history, everything u wrote got no backing and ukraine, russia was same lol First rus empire was called kievan rus and people living there are descendants of that@@StryKhymorodnyk
@@StryKhymorodnyk probably it is not just Russia, its all so called Indo-Europeans. all major Universities belongs to them. so no wonder we don't see Turks anywhere or other ethnic groups. I suspect there is a lot ignored/swept under a rug. everything what contradicts "aryan superiority".
@@StryKhymorodnykmany words for the word wheel are native to Steppe so yes the wheel was probably invented there
Finally I found someone else thinking the same thing as me, it’s very interesting to see that virtually all the steppe peoples for their entire several thousand year history were very warlike. It’s also interesting that they were able to conquer such huge areas of agriculturalists or hunter gatherers with such small population numbers. Most of the large and most populous empires of Eurasia from China to Europe to India are descended from the steppe peoples and were populated by them. But actually it’s not only in Eurasia that nomadic pastoralists have left such a huge mark, in Africa the Bantu people were mostly nomadic pastoralists and they spread across Africa and most Africans today are descended from them.
Don’t let ‘em steal your artifacts
Horse sacrifice is prevalent in ancient India known as Ashwamegh Yagna... It was done to expand the kingdom
I began watching this on a whim and had to watch the entire thing. Endlessly fascinating.
@Algotnis yeah he deletes lies
@Algotnis which lies?
I had to drink a cup of milk after this.
Raw milk. If you want to be a giga chad you also have to eat everything raw, including meat and organs.
Extremely nutrient dense.
If you bombard your body full of nutrients from raw animal products you will find yourself to become an eventual giga chad.
Only time can prove this, why not start today?
Thanks for the content if it wasn't for your videos I would have never known about the yamnaya and indo-european origins. Also the thunberg cameo had me crying keep it up.
Fascinating. As Scandinavian I had no idea about our ancestors the Yamnaya.
Aesir = Asia
Probably because it’s all BS, and we don’t look like them.
They looked like typical gopniks. Just give them an Adidas tracksuit and you won't be able to tell them apart
"They looked like typical gopniks. " just bad and wrong reconstruction
Nope. Typical gopnik usually bears obvious traces of degeneration and different addictions on the face
And these guys look really strong and healthy
Nice flag is that Bulgaria?
@@cddcdd7927
We don’t know what they looked like. The pictures from this video are pure fantasy, especially the one where some tattooed man stands half-naked in clothes made of skins that partially cover his body. The only thing that is historical here is the image of Kernosov Idol, but it can be interpreted in different ways. And it is difficult to understand how people looked and the image itself could be schematic or it could be some kind of "god" or something else.
For example, on the territory of modern Serbia, there is the Lepenski Vir, which is a site of Mesolithic hunters excavated in 1965. There is an image of a man with the head of a fish carved into stone.
Lol, actually no.
The left one can give some “Cossack” vibe just because of his bread and haircut.
Based Yamnaya cheekbones.
@Veni 卐 Vidi 卐 Vandali
Funny you mentioned. I am uploading a video right now. It's a long one.
What an excellent video.Very thorough and up to date at the moment of me writing this comment. Well done sir!
One of the few channels where I allot the time to actually sit down and focus on the video rather than just listening to it in the background. Very informationally dense and *very* worth it.
This is one of your absolute best documentaries. I’ve become fascinated with Proto-Indo European history because of your work. Thank you and keep doing what you do
@Rigel
I like the theory of Indieuropean because Europe was deep in ice when other civilisation were in high level .
I dont like only "The Greek culture"
as expresion ,
in which we are
forced to have it in the history table !
Because all it was transmision of Hindu culture .
The legendary Kadmo and his sister Europe is not Greek mythology at all .
@Rigel wah....you want to be us so badly. Even leftist anthropologists of the Boas school acknowledge that Indo European people are a distinct group that share genetic, cultural, language and land. Skip rocks crackpot.
@@voskreglavincevska3651 nope not hindu culture..Hindu culture is a mix of Indus valley civilization's beliefs and Aryan beliefs..Aryans who invaded India were descendants of proto Indo Europeans
@@jayakrishnan26
Aha , thank you !
I was always wandering what is European and what is it Hindi and what is Indoeuropeans as mixture!
OK !
Mixtures of Arian and Hindi cultures made us Indueuropeans .
In languages
but hindi people are something else !
Logically ?!
But Greeks are not arians !
They are to much mixed with Arabs and Egyptians !
They are still some kind of amalgam making troubles to Europe to be united together with bulgarian
( tatar ones ) together traped in Europe !!!
You canot make mix with Guptians and Tatarian !
You cannot put pagan mentality into European mentality .
That is why unification of Europe will be very hard .
They are pushing you back in the pagan times .
Greek haplogroup is not just like that clasified as group of non Europeans traped in Mediteranean by gambling and pirates operating !
All mosaics found there are with european faces , but they are calling them greeks .
Even they have reconstructed Filip of Makedon with european face , but they are happy
" he was Greek" !
Jus imagine how they hate North macedonians because they are Europeans !
And you are expecting the world's history to be honest history !
@@voskreglavincevska3651 they're called Indo Europeans coz proto Indo Europeans spread to Europe and to India in ancient times...the ones who reached India in 1500BC wrote rig Veda and adopted many aspects of Indus valley Gods and religious practices..original God of Aryans was Indra who has similar power and status as Thor, zeus etc of European paganism..this means Indian Aryans and European pagans are descendants of a single group of people which we call as proto Indo Europeans...
Aryans who came to India created caste system to stop intermixing of Aryans with indus valley people..indus valley people were black and ugly as per Aryan texts ...so Aryans wanted to keep their racial purity and decided to create caste system to subjugate the defeated black indus valley people....
I live in the Don steppes and there are many mounds (Курган in russian) here. It is so strange to pass by these mounds and realize their importance, their antiquity.
I wonder how the kurgans compare to, say, the mounds created by the Native Americans in the midwestern USA? The Cahokia Mounds, for instance.
@@nerysghemor5781 Well, I think it's generally instinctive for humanity. like to return a person to earth. and wasn't Cahokia the foundation for a government building, so that it would be on top? like a pyramid
@@sunsolar2138 Don't know...could be! I didn't come from a culture with that particular practice though, so I guess I never really thought it through. BTW hope you are safe...are you in the Donbas/Crimea areas?
Sun Solar
you talk like you were not educated about your people's history at all
@@author7027 was exactly what they taught. Archaeologists came to our school and took us to museums. I mean, it's the weight of the ages that's fascinating, dude.
I can't thank you enough for your videos. In a world where Europeans are denied the most basic parts of cultural and ancestral celebrations by being called racist etc for it, the information you put out certainly helps us.
yes, us poor. europeans, but don't worry there is the courts that will tend to that, and then plagues and disease and death and extinction and then....oh look we Europeans win...other spies just go extinct. Oh and i don't care.
Nobody is doing nothing to you, you're even free to study this stuff in uni stop trying to be a victim so bad we already have enough victims
You are correct. I thank all my Indo European ancestors for the rich culture, language and civilizations that we are heirs to no matter how far back in history they are. They existed and the ice baiters can’t refute that!
Is racism one of the most basic parts of european culture? Y'know, the old notions of being a "superior race" in comparison to others, colorism and eurocentrism, is that what you are being denied? Pathetic.
The Yamnaya are not only the ancestors to Europeans.
This presentation is fascinating. Thanks for your effort in putting this video together.
The wait is over at last! Excited to see this.
Yes need more on bronze age and prehistoric Indo-Europeans very overlooked subject.
Watching this before bed. For learning about paganism and Indo-European history this channel is among the best. I never realised the common similarities the Indo-Europeans from all corners have to each other.
Who else is there?
@@tyrlant2189 Check out Dan Davis, similar topics in more of a story telling format
For many this one of the main "open secret" redpills.
What you think is a dragon is a Scythian winged snake
@@jamess1958 Varg's paganism has no historical basis, it's just his and his wife's personal gnosis. I am not claiming that all they say is wrong, just that they are fixated on a singular cult and they took it out of proportions to the point of it being rightfully refer to as a neopagan cult, like wicca for instance. I encourage people to follow other, non Cachet works on paganism, especially comparative mythologists like Dumezil and O'Gravy. Cheers.
Thank you, these are my ancestors and I use your videos to relate to some tribes people that we all come from tribes, the info is appreciated and breaks down imposed political barriers and bias, all of our cultures are rich in similarities, in so many ways we are all brethren
I’m proud to have genes from Yamnaya people. 💪
Genes are nothing to be proud about. They do not belong to you. You and I are the result of genes copying themselves (riddled with errors). We are just vessels to carry the genes to a suitable mate and reproduce.
@@kreb9721you are right culture and knowledge matters more
All Europeans have genes from Yamnaya bro 💀
As an archaeologist, historical linguist, and anthropologist I love this channel. But it's the based cameos that I really come for.
What university did you get your historical linguistics degree in? If you don't mind telling
Thank you for adding levity, but not being obnoxious.
Thank you for not shying away from our ancestry.
Thank you for crediting the artists at the end.
I'm been having severe concetration issues lately, but your videos really captivate me and help me focus somewhat. I'm very glad that I found your channel, thank you!
This is genuinely THE best channel for looking into ancient history on a genetic level. Your information is brilliant, well sourced, and the video presentation is equally entertaining and informative. This is genuinely some of the best educational content on the internet. I just want to thank you for helping me rub off some of the inherent feeling of amnesia I feel like all humans have and connect to some of my ancient ancestors.
Because you have mentioned ancient information on a "genetic", level, I want to ask you if you have some information that I have been looking for lately...do you know what the best dna test a layman like me could have, that relates to THESE times in history...I'm talking like 6-10,000 yes ago...I have always wondered about this, and I have always wished that there were markers that the testing company would use, from the remains of the Yamnaya, Cucuteni-Trypillia, and other old Indo-European culture folks. It is obvious that I can look back myself for who migrated from where, but actually knowing that I share specific markers with the groups I mentioned, and others, would be very interesting to me.
So, have you heard of any people who have had a test like this? I surely do not, but you sound interested in this kind of thing, so I figured that I'd ask...have a great day!
bump.
@@didntknoicouldchangethis Im not certain of tests because personally I don’t feel comfortable giving my genetic information to companies, so I haven’t spent time giving them an honest look over. However because of some quality record keeping by my ancestors. I can trace my lineage back to europe on both sides my family tree. My mother (blonde hair and blue eyes)and grandfather(Red Hair/Blue eyes) have both taken tests on Ancestry, they are both of almost entirely Scottish and Norwegian stock. My Fathers side of the family has some excellent record keeping and he can trace his ancestors back to Norway, Scotland, and Ireland. Now since I’m not willing to give my genetic information to a company personally the closest I can get to knowing is by looking at studies that indicate the amount of Yamnaya admixture that is present in the genetics of the countries my ancestors hail from. With this knowledge, and even some of my physical features(light hair, Green eyes, Light skin, above average height, and even the fact I can consume dairy in mass amounts with no real negative effects ) I can presume that I do have at least have some connection to them. Sadly I don’t know the best test, but in my opinion if you know what European countries you and your ancestors descend from than you can heavily imply your admixture of ancient genetics using widely available studies on demographics in these countries.
@@didntknoicouldchangethis so after doing some reading on these companies that provide genetic testing 23andMe and Ancestry can both offer you a wealth of information on your family history and Demographic. In my reading I found it very interesting that they can actually provide you with details of not only your broad genetic make up, but they can even imply which region within the larger demographic you descend from. If you are looking for some solid information 23andMe and Ancestry both provide a wealth of details about the genetics of your ancestors. That being said I’m not sure what they do with your information after 🤷♂️.
I agree, and we all need to feel that connection with our ancestors.
Here in Serbia we have a lot of Burial Mounds (Курган in Serbian), there are also maps where they are located. Most of them are in the province of Vojvodina, there are hundreds of them, but they are not protected and not all of them have been researched. Unfortunately some were damaged and the couple was robbed. Thanks to good people, most have been preserved.
We also have a lot of mounds in Volgograd, but they are guarded and you can get a prison sentence for illegal looting of a mound.
@Marlo Kartel На ком језику ћете дати одговор на српском, руском или енглеском?
We got Illyrian mounds too in Albania. They are made of stone. They are in very remote places hard to reach.
Serbia has a lot of ancient and forgotten graveyards. Not sure why no-one is checking for DNA.
@Marlo Kartel Truth about what?
Yamna word is still used in India frequently even in both sanskrit influenced and dravida influenced regions , greatly referring to death , and idk but all these traditions except burial ( we give agni meaning sacred fire to dead body ) are still practiced especially in rural areas . amazing work
Yamraj
OMG, what we didn't learn in school, amazing info. Just wonderful to know. thank you
I thoroughly recommend Prof. David Anthony's book "The Horse, the Wheel and Language" if anyone is interested in this topic. Published by Yale University Press, 2007. Prof Anthony appears several times in this video.
Seconded. Amazing book that combines multiple lines of evidence (archaeological, linguistic, genetic) to tell the story of early Yamnaya origins and expansion
Well, it's an old book. 2007 is too obsolete.
According to recent genetic research, there wasn't yet found any Yanmaya steppe ancestry on the people of the Hittite empire during the bronze age. Hittites were an IE-speaking people. Also their Ydna until now doesn't show any supposed R1b or R1a of the patrilineal lineages of the Yanmaya.
@@sidritqafzezi3958 Exactly, yes. beat me to it.
Moreover, recent y-dna studies reveal Yamnaya is R1b. And PIE is R1a
@@Angry3000 The book is about the spread of language and culture, not genetics. I'm sure it's still well worth reading.
That CG render was frightening, but once again good content mate, really enjoyable.
@Gary Snow I ain't a Brit
@Gary Snow No, more like a Georgian.
rendering, n.
@@gazthejaz8910 I know, but that doesn't mean that they are not the closest looking people to the Yamnaya we have today.
@@gazthejaz8910 What?
As usual, it was an excellent and very informative presentation. I am a long-time subscriber and appreciate the thoroughness of your research.
Long time watcher, first time commenter, and soon to be first time supporter. You do fine work and I very much enjoy your videos.
"They knew how to Respecc Wamen." Fantastic. I love this video
This is what got me to become a patron. This kind of high production quality educational content from a jive-free source is very valuable. I've got questions too, of course, and, again, even though I've got a strongly held general narrative for prehistoric Europeans, I like being challenged on it by a relatively unbiased academic of integrity.
he speaks about hungarian magyar
@L. Well as one of the I1 haplogroup it _has_ always struck me that you gangstas should get back to where you once belong. lol
@L. the last two responses from you gangsta boys both ended with LOL so were you serious then? Are you serious now? Heh..
And don't get me started on whose skin is darker around here boy. Don't you know that I1 is more closely related to Western hunter-gatherer whose skin is darker than yours undoubtedly? And we WHGs ain't no gangstas. That's why we tend to lose out when we let gangstas into our societies ... until we don't. "lol"
@@jabowery hello weirdo
@@jishnujha2007 Hello, beta minus.
Great information! We have similar family histories so I love your channel. Very relatable!
You give better lectures than most university professors. I very much enjoy your channel, thank you for the great content.
If this documentary is so good then why doesn't mention the Hittites, which were the first IE speaking civilisation and meanwhile they had no Yanmaya ancestry.
@@sidritqafzezi3958 It does.
lol
Spectacular job, wearing my STJ hoodie right now
Got mine on too 💪🏻
Honestly I've watched this like 5 times. Best video on the subject on YT
Отличное видео. Отдельное спасибо за русские субтитры!
You are welcome
I have been waiting impatiantly for this 🪓⚔
"Ulfhednar Njalsson"
@@lumethecrow2632 Correct sir.
The CG render of the yamnaya dude on the right unironically looks like a northern englishman football fan.
Cam on kurgn. Concur som fakkin land.
Commonly referred to (erroneously) as Neanderthals 😄
I am so glad I have found your channel. You managed to answer many of my questions I had been thinking of for a long time.
I visited the Rügen island in Germany and I was facinated by the megalithic tombs built by members of the Funnelbeaker culture. Are you planning to make a video about these people? I have read that even they might be the first ones to be lactose tolerant and that they had fair hair and blue eyes. But I also read that they looked like the neolithic farmers (dark hair, dark pigmentation) used to. I would really like to know more about these fascinating megalith builders .
Love the charts and tables. I give your video an A++ for science and history. Idk why anyone would try to cause anything negative for your content except that they must not understand science. This is all very important to the story of human history as a whole, and I am glad you have taken the time to share it. I appreciate the part about modern day Poland having the oldest image of a wagon and I am sure that will make my mom's day. Thank you for all your hard work and research! I look forward to more videos!
Great work putting this together, Tom. All the best to you and yours.
I love your channel too. Great content!
Great vid - pulling togther a lot of stuff I read and watched with the latest research all in one place. I congratulate TH-cams fav Indo European Historian on a job excellently done. Very impressive work.
DISCLAIMER: I say the maps show the "amount of Yamnaya admixture" in modern populations, when in fact they show yamnaya-like admixture which doesn't necessarily come from Yamnaya, but comes from a closely related population of Western Steppe Herders (probably Corded Ware).
Also I called plague a virus when yersinia pestis is in fact a bacteria.
Sources for the video are listed here: survivethejive.blogspot.com/2021/10/yamnaya-indo-european-documentary.html
The conversion from cm to feet was wrong. Sorry I made that mistake
Now you selected for future operations against sirussians in orion belt and shubainu too
💪💪💪💪💪💪
were they taller then WHG or SHG?
One thing I noticed, friend.
_Yersinia Pestis_ , the pathogen that causes the bubonic plague, is not a virus. It is a strain of bacteria.
Only reason I know this is because my undergraduate pro-seminar was on the Black Death of the 14th century CE.
Some camps argue that the Black Death was caused exclusively by the YP bacteria. Others argue that it was a virus. Many different viruses have been suggested, but none identified.
There are mixed positions on this because there is evidence, both historical and archeological/genetic, for both bacterial and viral cause. But the academic camps seem to be split right down the YP/non-YP line.
It seemed like a false dichotomy to me, which is why I argued in my undergrad thesis that the Black Death was actually a syndemic, or two epidemics that spread simultaneously. One was YP (bubonic plague) which had a southern distribution (due to the warmth needed to create conditions necessary for zoonotic spread) and the other was some type of viral hemorrhagic fever (which had a northern distribution and was able to thrive in northern climates) similar to yellow fever or ebola, like the disease described in the Plague of Athens.
One of the arguments in favor of a viral cause are the immunities to viruses found in Northern Europeans. One study I found showed higher rates of immunity to HIV in Northern Europeans, which can be contributed to a mass viral immunity event that occurred in Northern Europe around the time of the Black Death.
It was actually an extremely interesting class and topic. I went into it thinking it wouldn't peak my interest.
@@ebusitanus you don't know their skin tone and yammaya was just one tribe of steppe herders and not even the oldest one. According to skin pigmentation allele frequency calculations the irish are darker than spaniards.
It is all wrong! They where Congolese black! 🤣🤣🤣
Very fascinating and well presented. Thanks so much.
Glad you enjoyed it!
Amaznig work! The grave shown at 15:15 is located in Koszyce, Poland. The case was the same as in Eulau.
Tyson Fury and Oleksii Novikov look like mirror images of the Yamnaya phenotype (albeit Fury is more ginger and both are obviously a bit lighter). Crazy the faces of ancient ancestors live on with us to this day.
Vladimir Putin does as well
You have brought Yamnaya back from the dead! I love it.
Just found about this channel today! Such an awesome channel. Have you ever heard of a genetic disorder called hemochromatosis? The liver can not process iron, so iron builds up in the body causing organ damage over the lifespan of the individual. I personally and all the men in my family have this genetic disease. It's attributed to Celtics that came from the Pontic steppe. I had found the part of the video about the diet of the Yamnaya interesting since you mentioned lack of Iron in their dairy rich diet. A genetic disease like hemochromatosis might of came from the lack of Iron in a diet. Any ways thank you for the PHD level of work that goes into these videos.
This was so informative!!! It is starting to make sense for me.
The nationalities of the world strongman competitors certainly syncs up pretty well with the high % of Yamnaya admixture.
Yamnayas probably also have a higher percentage of Neanderthal in them.
@@mysund Neandersovan admixture into modern humans is being questioned by some researchers. We won’t know the truth until we have some truly ancient human genomes, like 60k-300k ybp.
"How dare you!" Best meme so far this year :D
Just saw that and had to check comment section! LOL Perfect! Well done!!
I cracked up. I love a bit of levity midway through a serious topic.
I guess gretards don´t care much for science so they'd miss this. Sad... Great fun! Make Climate-change great again!
Excellent video as always!
Love the artwork! Thank you for the wonderfilled stories of the past!
Our ancestors ❤️
Our too
@WhiteWash but we've still got that yamanaya ancestory
@@abhinavchauhan7864 Yep. Tbh, it feels great to be descended from two gigachads, the Yamnaya and the Harrapans.
@@theflyingpenguin5270 lol yes 😃
@dash Rex were ?
I'm Lithuanian and growing up I've consumed soooo much milk. My body always took it so well!
Here in Norway, in the more distant past, the people who lived on the tall mountains were known to be particularly big and strong. From the maps, it looks like Yamnaya admixture is highest in those areas. They also had a strong honor culture in those areas, with frequent murders over small insults, and pronounced hostility to strangers. Telemark is particularly known for this, and the area is missing from many old maps, because they did not allow foreigners inside their area. These areas are also where native norwegian culture has been the best preserved, with a still living interest in folk traditions of music, clothing, dance and craftmanship, with many museums and small schools who teach this stuff in these remote areas. btw i'm lactose tolerant af
WSh ancestry is highest in places like Norway bit it comes from Corded ware not Yamnaya
@@Survivethejive Thanks for replying. I misread that one graph because i missed that distinction. Great channel, great work.
This is great , excellent work to all involved!
The jawlines on these lads
This is my first time seeing one of your videos, and it was absolutely brilliant. I’m completely new to this field of study/interest, but I can promise you this won’t by my last viewing of your content!
Thoroughly enjoyed the content. Love from Philippines.
22:20 , I needed that! perfect timing . thank you keep up the great work all educational and extremely relevant
This channel does such a good job of including interesting, colorful, and yet relevant graphics and art work. Love what you do
"Got milk"
I fucking lost it.
Thomas hitting it out of the park again.
Sounded like they're "MILF" lovers at the same time.
Fantastic content as always 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻
Woah! This is called Hight-quality and content Documentary . Great work.
Love from India.
This is the best description/explanation of Yamnaya cultural origins that I have seen--succinct yet thorough. Well done.
Amazing quality, good work
I was wondering where my brow ridges came from :D thanks for great vid!
Mate those facial reconstructions are INSANE! Finally a reconstruction of ancient Europeans that actually looks realistic and not a thinly veiled attempt to make Neolithic peoples look like Subsaharans with pretty eyes.
"Europeans that actually looks realistic" I would not say so, they are trying to give them some southern European features, while most of them had a North European appearance and descended from the East European Cro-Magnons
@@dropanukeonusaagain6606 I don't think it's Southern European as much as it's trying to be true to genetic findings; however, the fact that recessive depigmentation in skin and hair genes was already present in their genome indicates that we should probably be more generous with describing them with more traditional Northern European features. As it stands, I'm just glad that they look European and not some revisionist mockery like the reconstruction of Christ and Cheddar Man.
@@bustavonnutzYes. I second this. They were pretty clear how they went about reconstructing those faces, and it was not by throwing different features together as they felt were needed, it was a precise process
@@agabrielrose the individual may decide for themselves what theories to subscribe to, but the people attempting to reconstruct ancient faces go through a process of anthropological and genetic examination, and just because the result looks more European than what was previously asserted doesn't mean this was done for nefarious reasons. But the reverse might be true of those who assert the opposite...
I think people might be confusing something here - European hunter gatherers from a few millennia before the Yamnaya were generally darker skinned than the Yamnaya, just like they were darker skinned than a lot of their descendents. There's a clear evolutionary process going on here.
Tom is one of the last true Historians out there. As a Historian myself, i can ony congratulate you on this amazing job. Keep at it, mate. Salûts dal Friûl!
Thank you very much!
What a cringe comment. "Last true historian" get outta here.
@@ia285 No.
What is an "untrue" historian?
@@greenhorn6582one that doesn't feed into these guys belief of racial superiority
My oldest ancestry dates back to the yamnayan. This channel just happened to show up LOL but I totally appreciate it. Thanks
All your describtions about the Yamnaya people on this channel actually feels and sounds like you are in fact talking all about today's Central Asians especially about the Mongolians, their way of life & culture that they lived in the past and still live till this very day. Preserving a same culture for over 5000 years till today is absolutelly amazing.
Especially Turkic people
Aren't all Steppe peoples basically living a rehash of the old P.I.E. pastoralist lifestyle? Can't blame them. Makes for solid people and strong culture.
@@dgrszkyp do turkic people speak languages related to indo aryan languages ,answer no they aren't turks ,turks came later . at the same time the proto IE people had different religions . tukic lanugugae family is different
@@bjarkiengelsson yes they were it pretty sure the p.i.e mixed with siberian hunter gatheres then u have turks and mongols
I agree
A detailed and beautiful visual presentation of a topic that is often neglected, honestly can't believe this exists! Thank you STJ!
Great presentation as usual. Looked forward to this. Love your work.
The second reconstructed male head reminds me of a Hungarian I knew. He looked about 95% alike. He was a boxer and liked a good brawl for fun.
Kurgans are called sírhalom in Hungary. They are all over and contain Hun, Avar and Magyar exclusively. We know this from DNA studies and the possessions, clothing, hair styles, weapons and sacrificial horse.
There are yamnaya barrows in hungary
Magyars originated in Urals and definitely didn't have such a tradition themselves originally. Hunns - is a name of a tribes union. But the Hunn contemporary non-IE steppe tribes (Mongol and Turkic) had this tradition. But IE evolved and expanded much earlier than them, so, probably other steppe tribes took this tradition from the IE people. And Magyars of course adopted it along with other Hunns.
This is terrific!!! Thank you!!!
The Hittites were an Indo-European people, Hittite was an Indo-European language, so it only makes sense they got the technology from the Yamnaya origin, and that the ideas were from there.
The Hittites were Indo-European? I did not know that, I thought they were more akin to the peoples of the Middle East.
@@josephpeck8723 No they were Indo-Europeans, they came from the Anatolian Indo-Europeans. Also there was a Celtic group that settled in Anatolia as well called Galatians yes like the Gaels, Gauls, Galacians, etc. The Hittites fought wars against middle eastern groups but also worked with some. DNA wise they were probably descended from mainly Anatolian and Neolithic Farmers whom were conquered by Indo-Europeans who brought the language, customs, etc.
@@amanb8698 Interesting, I did not know that about the Hittites being Indo-European (I did recall the Galatians being of Celtic stock though.)
The Hittites were not predominantly Indo-European people. The Hittites were mixed with Hatti people who were native Anatolian. They were probably also mixed with other peoples of Near East.
@@zagortenay33 Yeah thats what I was trying to get at. I forgot their name the Hattites. The Hittites were what they became after adopting Indo-European culture and language, but genetically still the same Anatolian Stock in majority.
I'm going to drink some milk RIGHT NOW
Get it straight from the milkers boyz....that's the best kind
Wow...thats good video. So clear and so important
Great work as usual
Provided food was abundant, these damn guys must’ve been quite the picture of health, strength, stamina and vigor.
Great and thorough video, building on your previous videos on the Yamnaya.
The “how dare you?!” in the middle of the video was pure gold. 😂
lol did no one else catch the greta thunberg "how dare you" at 20:21!? I had to stop and laugh. so awesome, thank you
Great video man 👌 Good research.
Dude, i've been wanting to say for years that i love your atmospheric background music, its so soviet-space!
Yes. And so glad it does not dominate the narration. So many videos overwhelm with the music scaled too loud, resulting in the music detracting from the information.
Your work is phenomenal! Thank you for highlighting the history and culture for billions of people and that was never taught to me in any school.
This was exactly as great as I hoped. Thanks for linking me to this newer video, @SurvivetheJive!
Glad you liked it!
@@Survivethejive как могут ямники быть индоевропейцами ?если у ариев гаплогруппа r1a ,а у ямников r1b как у басков , баски не говорят на индоевропейском языке
What an amazing video
Great content!
Great job as expected Thomas.
This feels so professional, and I’m happy to have found your channel many years ago. I have gained so much knowledge about my peoples past from your videos, and you have made me appreciate the barrows, gravefields and runestones around me. This will always be my favorite history channel.
Fascinating vídeo! Please tell us more on our ancestors. Greetings from Brazil!
Its so good to learn about European culture and to celebrate it, specially about our common ancestors, i am from Portugal and i have alot features that resamble the ancient Yamnaya specially my dark hair and my nose, but i got to say the best thing they passed down is the hability to drink milk cause i absolute love it. And yes alot people dont want us to celebrate our culture wich is why your work is that much more important, i have been devoring this type of videos. ♥️
A very interesting episode. I really enjoy the genetic research side of things. And great facial reconstructions too!