Can I just say, I really appreciate the way you separate your videos into chapters. It means I can just jump in and go straight to the topic that piqued my interest. keep 'em coming. (It was Dark Forest Hypothesis today, in case anyone was wondering.)
Question: can we compensate for Elon Musk's APPALLING light pollution because he painted his early satellites in scintillating multi colours? Answer: You mean, if Elon Musk wasn't quite such an A-hole? If Elon Musk had bothered to TALK TO PEOPLE before sending thousands of brightly-flashing objects into low Earth orbit and thereby destroying astronomy?
Some estimates of the size of the Oort Cloud give distances of up to 200,000 AU (3.16 ly). If our star system isn't special, and we assume other star systems have Oort Clouds, wouldn't that mean our Oort Cloud intersects and overlaps with the Oort Cloud of Alpha Centari (4.37 ly)? Can we even say it is a Sol centered cloud at that point? Is the interstellar just medium filled with icy bodies?
@@MrJashuaDavies that's been taken into account, and there is STILL more _stuff_ out there we can't see or interact with. There are some really in-depth articles and some interesting papers on this very subject that can be found on one of the many sites where peer-reviewed publications are available.
His pronunciation was almost correct. "Ci" was not quite right. The "c" in Mandarin equates to "ts" and the vowel "i" sounds like the "ou" in "should". Then there's the added element of the tones. But I agree, that he did much better than most when attempting Mandarin names or words.
@Smee Self Hey, no problem. You did a good job. Mandarin is very tricky. I had the advantage of being a Mandarin linguist in the military and got my BA in it. Now you can google the pronunciation which is more than we had back in the day.
If you could find a lava tube on Mars that was 18 or 19 miles deep, would the pressure at that depth be equal the the pressure we experience on the surface of earth? If so you would only need and oxygen mask to breath and no pressure suit.
No, not even close, you cannot do that, simply because the column of air above you will just be a extended and slightly diluted analog of the normal air pressure at ground level. A far more sensible option would be to spray a polymer sealant on the inside of the lava tube to make it air tight, build a airlock, and there you have a huge cavern capable of sustaining an atmosphere !
@@ashleyobrien4937 That's what I did with my lava tube. It's been perfectly fine for years now. A few mirrors even gets some natural light almost to the bottom. 👍
I love the passion fraser has in space ! He's so relaxing to watch and so informative and seems like an amazing person to be around his wife and children are very lucky 😊
Tatooine...Frasier your a genius! I've read Stephen Hawking, always watch Dr. Becky, but have never heard black hole spin explained so succinctly. Keep up the good work, we're all counting on you.
When we do return to the Moon there should be cameras mounted to show forwards and backwards views simultaneously. Also a tethered "sky cam" showing the actual landing! It may seem ridiculous but humans have a need to SEE things....
Carl Sagan had to argue that Voyager 1's _Pale Blue Dot_ picture didn't _need_ scientific merit to be a worthwhile picture. It's the furthest-out picture we have of Earth, (less than one pixel) and shows how important our lifeboat is in the vastness of space.
I suffer with chronic pain often I don't get to sleep you've been a great friend of mine all of you who have helped create this content thank you for keeping me company
Coruscant! Another great show, Fraser! can you elaborate a little more about why you think your children would "push the button" to travel into the future?
We've measured lunar openings that are close to comfortable room temperature. Could you discuss in detail why that temperature shouldn't be headline making shocking?
Hey Fraser, If gravitational lensing allows us to view an event (like a supernova) multiple times via telescope, are the gravitational waves produced from this event also distorted (lensed?) in the same manner? Could a gravitational-wave observatory measure a supernova multiple times? Thanks!
Supernovas do not generate significant gravitational waves as they are created by a mass rotating around another. A supernova is merely a single mass expanding outward which doesn't change the amount of gravity that mass has, only it's density. Same reason an earth mass black hole and the Earth have the same gravity from outside a certain limit.
Hi Fraser. Thanks for all the q&a shows. I was wondering, why didn't we send a(nother) Mars mission to the poles? it seems a logical option to investigate water ice for life
33:20 If you take the externalities into account: there would be MANY "everyday activities" of modern life that would be significantly more expensive; using fossil fuels, for example, would be 50% more expensive. ... You are so right!
"Will humanity still exist?" Traveling to the future and finding that humanity is extinct would be kind of a bummer. I'm sure the cat civilization that inevitably replaced us would take good care of us, though, once we demonstrated our proficiency at scratching behind ears. We might well end up being the most popular pets.
Question. You talked about planet 9 and the wise telescope search. could it be that this object / planet is on such an elliptical slow orbit that when wise was looking for it it just happened to be very far away and it would take 100s of years to come back with in the range of a telescope like wise?
Voting for Hoth because it raises another question. Could putting a communications satellite in the Earth-Moon L2 and either (or both) L4 or L5 be used as a way to provide constant communications for missions/bases/scientific installations on the far side of the moon? I had been thinking of a miniature starlink type system to provide coms as well as location data, like GPS, but initially, a coms station at L2 with a relay at 4 or 5 would be just as good for a start.
Dear Fraser, I always watch your videos: you are very passionate about astronomy and the topics you talk about are always very interesting. There's just one small thing that could be improved in my opinion: the explosions of air on your microphone, in some videos more than others. You may want to move your microphone slightly on the side, or buy a pop-filter, or both: there are different ways to avoid plosive sounds to boom on the microphone while mantaining an excellent audio. I hope this helps. Thank you again for your excellent videos.
Sadly our future generations will have to live on a ruined earth. We're already consuming 175% of what earth can resupply year on year due to population growth, since only 1970.. and that's exponential.
@@LeNomEstYves when I was a kid, my parents took me to the local science and technology museum. On the wall of one of the exhibit halls, there was a counter counting the estimated population of the world. That number was as I recall about 3.3 Billion. That was 1974.
"Standard candles" are used to measure long distances in space. However, how was the distance to these first standard candles calculated in the first place? How can we differenciate if it's a bigger star further away, or a smaller but closer one? Or, if I were to ask a single question, what's the sequence of steps that mankind took to measure distances in space (from measuring to the Moon, then the Sun, then closet stars and so on until the most distance galaxies)?
@@friendlyone2706 I know about parallax, but first we needed to know the distance to our sun. My question is what was the series of steps taken from one method to another
@@pedroheck3667 You assume the universe is flat, use similar triangles, and accept a "reasonable" margin of error. I've always found it amazing when we first used radar & electrical signal times to measure planetary distances, they agreed with the time-honored indirect measurements.
@@friendlyone2706 Indeed, it's mindblowing to think we can come up with somewhat simple methods to measure distances far greater than what a human can experience. Thank you for your answers!
YT search _"Cosmic Distance Ladder"_ Also Cepheid variable stars. They are *_very_* bright, so can be seen very far away, and their period of luminous variability is directly linked to their innate luminosity. We can time their variability period, no matter how far away they are, and from _that,_ know how bright they should be. Compare _that_ to how bright they appear to us, and you can calculate their distance.
Hey Fraser, Have we found a planet, in the green zone, that has a somewhat examinable atmosphere & magnetic field? or is that what we are trying to use the JWT for?
36:48 Apollo takeoff: I beleive an operator on the ground was controlling the camera taking into account the lightspeed delay. He had to time the movement of the camera to keep the ascent module in the frame 2 seconds in advance. Quite an accomplishment.
Hi Frazer, I like your podcasts. I have been wondering, now that the first orbital flight of the SpaceX StarShip is coming up, and I hear that the flight path is somewhat due east from Boca Chica. So, will people in Central Florida be able to see any part of the launch sequence?
When looking out to distant space we see gravitational lenses around stars, galaxies & galaxy clusters... how do we compensate for looking out through all of those? Is approaching the great attractor changing our lensing perspective?
Coriolis effect. It causes storms north of the equator to spin similar directions, and opposite south of the equator. Is there anything like coriolis effect in space that would cause all black holes to spin similar directions? Or are they just all randomly spinning in different directions?
Hi Frazier. Love the show. I've been trying to understand the "co moving" reference frame. How is a distant galaxy moving away from us if it is just drifting around in it's local space? How does a distant galaxy in the opposite direction see us moving away when the first galaxy sees us moving in the opposite direction? Expansion seems to demand real velocities in every direction. Please help me to understand this concept.
My Question is about the crisis in cosmology, specifically about the accuracy of standard candles. seems to me that the brightness of something can only be as accurate as whats measuring it. why are we so certain of that method of measuring distances with that method?
A question occurred to me regarding the far side of the moon. Would it be useful for making an array of telescopes, similar to the Event Horizon telescope, but for shorter wavelengths such as visible light? This could be the ultimate space telescope, with much higher effective resolution than a single telescope like JWST, since the moon has no atmosphere. It seems a little more realistic to me than some of the other ideas I've heard.
All radio SETI should be moved out there first. Every potential signal recieved must first be vetted against ALL the radio noise generated here on Earth, and from our swarm of radio loud satellites, some of which are secret and classified. All that noise would stop real quick on the lunar farside.
Hey Fraser! I was trying to get my 6 year old kiddo interested in space and looking at the night sky. We identified Venus and I showed her how the stars travel one way across the sky and the planets go the opposite direction. But I'm very curious how you would get kids interested in space? We love watching your videos, thank you for everything.
Great job Fraser! I have a question. What would happen if an entangled particle went into a black hole but the other entangled paired particle did not? Seems like they need to communicate with each other but they no longer could. Or could they?
@@robertnewhart3547 Gravity is not communicated from within the singularity. Gravity is the curvature of space time, not a particle. No information can cross the event horizon as at that point space is flowing towards the singularity faster than any signal can propagate.
they dont communicate at all, they just have a linked position. its like having a double heads coin and a double tails one covering them up and looking at one later. your observation proved the other ones position rather than changed it.
with the tech, we have today or soon including SpaceX starship, inflatable habitats, portable nuclear reactors, ion thrusters, and so on. what would or is stopping us from building large habitable ships to explore our solar system and beyond?
One thing you got, I'm pretty sure, wrong on Dagoba was that the camera that watched Apollo 17 launch was not automated. That was hand flown from Earth and it was a hellish undertaking of anticipating the motion of the ascent stage from the calls and the known comms delays. It's quite an incredible thing and I think it wasn't the first time they tried it. I think it took a few goes to get the space craft in the shot, and there weren't many available. I think it was only the last two or three where they had that camera
Futurology gets really concrete here, that's refreshing. To figure out how the future is going to look, Mr. Cain might make progress if he compares the geography of the Roman empire to the one of the entire Earth. Someone or something has shaped major parts of the Mediterranean like smaller anticipations of the major geographic set-scenes of this planet. North America is shaped like a broadened Italian boot, South America much like Sicily, the Indian subcontinent much like the Iberian peninsula, the Mediterranean Sea (as a whole) resembling the Gulf of Corinth, Africa the Peloponnese, Java Crete, Indonesia north of Java the Aegean island world north of Crete, and Australia Cyprus. This parallel must let you guess that mankind will survive in the Solar System still for quite a while; a power able to produce it should also have the capacity to ensure such a survival. Moreover, you also can extrapolate from that parallel into predictions on similarly enlarged repetitions of the other big realms of the time of the ancient Romans on others of the rocky planets of our star. And of course, you'll presume that other stars have planets which in a similar way are affected by such form-giving influences.
Hi Fraser The Hoth question got me thinking about this... How far off (ie- how many years/ decades/ etc) do you think it will be, before we are technologically capable of: Sending Space-Telescope-One to L-4 as well as sending Space-Telescope-Teo to L-5 and then using a third telescope, either on earth, or in earth orbit and using the three telescopes to form one truly massive interferometer? I suppose the Earth-Moon Lagrange points would be easier, so we'd be capable sooner, but the Earth-Sun Lagrange points would be MUCH farther apart, giving us a vastly more powerful interferometer, but taking longer before we're technologically capable... In any case, how long do you think (best guess) it might be before humanity is capable of making such an interferometer-telescope?
Answer: You hit the nail on the head. My idea? The Universe is expanding BECAUSE of Gravity. It is the weakest 'force' _because it leaks into multiverses_ pulling on all of them a little. AND THEY ARE ALL PULLING ON US, FROM EVERY DIMENSIONAL 'DIRECTION'. So we EXPAND in every direction. Further, there are more multiverses being born all the time, pulling on us even more, so our expansion is ever accelerating.
What are the odds black holes are actually the point where the poly exclusion principle breaks and matter gets smashed into the point where it becomes a field while maintaining the nature of gravitational pull? I think it could also explain why blazers are so powerful as it could be the literal snapping of matter field lines pushing the contents of the field back out into space as typical matter we know of.
Question: can the quantum eraser experiment be used to explain the discrepancy within the Hubble constant? If we are using the observation of light to determine the age of the universe should we not expect those photons to have previously behaved like a particle that can be subject to forces like gravity causing it to bend?
I have a question.! If we locate and are able to traverse the distance to and from it. The size is say three earth diameters. How fast wood its rotation need to be to match earths gravitational force ?
Geostationary orbit is about 3 Earth diameters away, so your orbital period to match 1G would be about 24 hours. If you were in a geostationary orbit you'd feel weightless though, just like the ISS crew doing their orbit.
Why does the rotation rate of a back hole have any impact on the stuff rotating round it? Does gravity "spin" with the object? If you had 2 black holes - or even just perfectly spherical objects - with the same mass, one spinning and one not and an identical object approached each one on an identical trajectory, surely the 2 objects would either hit, orbit or pass by each black hole/sphere identically regardless of the black hole/object's spin?
I came across some pieces of information over the years that came together in my head after hearing that lighting also produces antimatter. I had heard that in large quarts fields that the lighting strikes can be 5 to 10 times stronger that in normal areas. I also heard of a small plain flying out of the Caribbean and flying to Miami was flying in a storm, the piglet saw a less dark patch of sky so he headed towards that area. He was keeping in contact with Miami airport’s raider people. Suddenly there were two two lighting strikes simontainously on either side of the plane. He was transported almost immediately to Miami. The raider station also saw this on there radar and couldn’t explain the event. There was a similar event in Scotland where the twin lightning strikes threw the plane to France in under a second. The a few years later I saw a story about a World War 2 plane discovered in the ocean over 800 mile beyond the range of their fuel tanks and of course it was chocked up to the Bermuda Triangle event. I know this is a big if but if two strong lightning strikes can create a warp bubble then that could be a small clue how to create a warp drive???? 0:410:45
I vote for Coruscant. Whelp, looks like our best bet for colonization is still cloud babies of Venus! How hard would it be to reach orbit with a spacecraft that has landed on the Venusian surface?
A thought comes to mind. I believe you will agree that all of us should encourage kids to ask good questions. Is there a poster or something similar that can be sent to a youngster, if you pick their question as the winner?
Question: You talked about an advanced civilisation using matter into black holes for energy. Considering relativity how long would it take to put matter in and get energy back?
Hi Fraser, please Help! I don't understand why the 'crisis in cosmology' is a thing. (i.e. Hubble constant measurements, from various methods, not being within margin of error of each other) Wouldn't the expansion rate measured in the farthest and oldest light we can ever observe naturally be lower than the expansion rate measured in the space almost incomparably 'closer' to us? (i.e. CMB data vs. Supernova data) The rate of expansion of the universe has overall increased over time; this is consensus I believe. Vales measured should at least be *different* to one another. This all may be an oversimplification... Love your content-watch every interview (people really should watch those...)
Is it possible to have a multi satellite system all on sync with each other for further observations. It's a long stretch but each unit can be in line such like an eclipse even when out of radio signal due to passing other planets.
I was wondering with the DART mission that passed how much time we would’ve needed to deflect the Chicxulub asteroid if we sent a ship that was 10 or 100 times as dense and if the asteroid was similarly composed as dimorphos. Thanks for the great content. Keep it up. P.S. I could be way off with 10 or 100 times more dense being reasonable. I feel like Zoolander saying “the building needs to be at least three times bigger than this”
Bespin. Do you think the Nemesis hypothesis holds any theoretical weight? What is the likelihood that the sun could have a companion star, and if so why is it so hard to find
Aside from the important counterexamples you listed, the "why don't we have (more) images of spacecraft in space" has a simple answer: That's not the science mission! We already know what our spacecraft look like from when Boeing or Lockheed built them in clean rooms. They are sent to make observations and send back data to answer open questions in planetary science and astronomy and so on. "Proving" that they did what everyone working on the project already knows they did is not a priority.
If you placed an object directly after earths Lagrange point and let it free fall, what speed it will reach and is there a terminal velocity for this situation?
Great show, thank you! I've got a question about current direction and speed of rotation of matter in the Universe - where it's coming from? What determines the direction and speed of rotation of all matter starting from Big Nang and Inflation - after a lot of quarks, gluons and all matter in the form of plasma appeared in the Universe - how it transitioned to a specific direction and speed of rotation of our Galaxy for example and other Galaxies out there? Why our Sun has current speed and direction of rotation as it has now? Where the initial impulse of all the matter that the Sun was made of has arrived from? Or it’s just random?
If you take a cloud of gas comprising particules with their own random speeds and directions, most of the angular momentums of that cloud will cancel each other out. All you need is a point somewhere off from the cloud's centre of mass to have momentums that don't quite cancel out, and that will create a slight spin in the cloud. As that cloud shrinks and becomes more dense, the spin rate will increase to maintain conservation of momentum. (Like the classic example of an ice skater pulling their arms in and spinning faster.)
@@massimookissed1023 thank you! That means that angular momentum appeared randomly after separation of different areas from the center of expansion? And that means that if we compress all the matter back (reverse of inflation) then we'll get zero angular momentum? Just mind blowing the amount of matter that could end up in huge galaxies and clusters all having their own spin..
Could the peculiar arrangements of the Kuyper belt objects have been caused by a passing star, that's now long gone? Haven't heard aboutvthat so there must be a reason why that's unlikely/not possible
jeah, the L3L4L5_RadioInterferometer is a superb idea! Aso, I would like to have a seismometer network installed, spanning the whole surface of the moon; before any continuous human activity (US-Station, Chinese-Station, Russian-Station...) is established. And maybe an experiment to most precisely measure the gravitational constant, Newton's constant ( big G; which is so difficult on Earth, because of the many disturbances )?
Bespin. Cool fact: Although the USGS now maps 1000+ “candidate” caves on Mars, some of the earliest cave discoveries were made by 7th graders participating in a Mars Odyssey STEM program.
Question: when they calculate the weight of the universe are the molecules of elements created in previous generations of stars accounted for? Would there be a large variation in this weight depending on the number of stars guestimated that existed before? Could this variation be enough to tip the scale between infinite expansion or eventual collapse?
nope, even though many starts have been and gone their mass/energy still exists in the stars of today and also in you. matter cant be created or destroyed only changed.
Those heavier elements are not created from nothing in stars. They must be assembled from pre-existing primordial protons and helium via fusion. As a matter of fact, during the conversion a very small percentage of that pre-existing mass must be converted into energy (starlight and neutrinos). But all is good, because at the cosmological scale, that released energy still contributes to the curvature of spacetime, just as if it were still in it's particulate matter form.
I understand the law of conservation but if our count of the amount of mass in the universe is based on observable and calculated mass, what I wonder is not all the molecules created by stars are observable and they are not all incorporated into new stars some would still be free floating, and not part of a glowing gas cloud that could be calculated.
Question: In book illustrations we can see how massive Jupiter is comparitive to the other planets. However, if you were traveling in a spaceship toward Jupiter, would you lose all sense of scale? Thank you.
@Smee Self 😅 yes I was lucky enough to visit NZ and I remember walking toward the Franz Josef glacier.......walking....still not there.....walking......."how are we not there yet" 😄
Can I just say, I really appreciate the way you separate your videos into chapters. It means I can just jump in and go straight to the topic that piqued my interest. keep 'em coming. (It was Dark Forest Hypothesis today, in case anyone was wondering.)
@@dev89368 sshhh...
Question: can we compensate for Elon Musk's APPALLING light pollution because he painted his early satellites in scintillating multi colours?
Answer: You mean, if Elon Musk wasn't quite such an A-hole? If Elon Musk had bothered to TALK TO PEOPLE before sending thousands of brightly-flashing objects into low Earth orbit and thereby destroying astronomy?
@@simonmultiverse6349 Man, wait until you hear about the light pollution coming from our _cities!_
Lol master butthurt liberal msm lapdog for sure just watches .
you really should support my guy here, with full watch times though. They are very important.
Some estimates of the size of the Oort Cloud give distances of up to 200,000 AU (3.16 ly). If our star system isn't special, and we assume other star systems have Oort Clouds, wouldn't that mean our Oort Cloud intersects and overlaps with the Oort Cloud of Alpha Centari (4.37 ly)? Can we even say it is a Sol centered cloud at that point? Is the interstellar just medium filled with icy bodies?
the 'dark matter'
@@MrJashuaDavies that's been taken into account, and there is STILL more _stuff_ out there we can't see or interact with. There are some really in-depth articles and some interesting papers on this very subject that can be found on one of the many sites where peer-reviewed publications are available.
19:17 thank you for that pronunciation of Liu Cixin. What a great series of books.
His pronunciation was almost correct. "Ci" was not quite right. The "c" in Mandarin equates to "ts" and the vowel "i" sounds like the "ou" in "should". Then there's the added element of the tones. But I agree, that he did much better than most when attempting Mandarin names or words.
@Smee Self Hey, no problem. You did a good job. Mandarin is very tricky. I had the advantage of being a Mandarin linguist in the military and got my BA in it. Now you can google the pronunciation which is more than we had back in the day.
If you could find a lava tube on Mars that was 18 or 19 miles deep, would the pressure at that depth be equal the the pressure we experience on the surface of earth? If so you would only need and oxygen mask to breath and no pressure suit.
And the hot/cold cycle would be far less extreme. Interesting thought man. 👌
No, not even close, you cannot do that, simply because the column of air above you will just be a extended and slightly diluted analog of the normal air pressure at ground level. A far more sensible option would be to spray a polymer sealant on the inside of the lava tube to make it air tight, build a airlock, and there you have a huge cavern capable of sustaining an atmosphere !
@@ashleyobrien4937 That's what I did with my lava tube. It's been perfectly fine for years now. A few mirrors even gets some natural light almost to the bottom. 👍
@@jengleheimerschmitt7941 well done, great minds think alike....
I love the passion fraser has in space ! He's so relaxing to watch and so informative and seems like an amazing person to be around his wife and children are very lucky 😊
Tatooine...Frasier your a genius! I've read Stephen Hawking, always watch Dr. Becky, but have never heard black hole spin explained so succinctly. Keep up the good work, we're all counting on you.
his name is literally spelled below the title of the video, yet you managed to misspell it... this deserves serious credit
Coruscant
It's not a colony until there are kids there. Until that point, it's just a desolate research station.
When we do return to the Moon there should be cameras mounted to show forwards and backwards views simultaneously. Also a tethered "sky cam" showing the actual landing! It may seem ridiculous but humans have a need to SEE things....
Carl Sagan had to argue that Voyager 1's _Pale Blue Dot_ picture didn't _need_ scientific merit to be a worthwhile picture.
It's the furthest-out picture we have of Earth, (less than one pixel) and shows how important our lifeboat is in the vastness of space.
I suffer with chronic pain often I don't get to sleep you've been a great friend of mine all of you who have helped create this content thank you for keeping me company
mad respect.
I truly admire your continued dedication to this most valuable field. Please keep up the good work.
I vote Bespin, this time around. It's a fascinating idea that I've thought about for a long time, in fact! Thanks, Fraser, for all you do!
❤️❤️
38:55 to 39:16
Who's job will it be to go out and polish that building every day?
The thought of a lava tube habitat is intriguing, Bespin
Coruscant! Another great show, Fraser! can you elaborate a little more about why you think your children would "push the button" to travel into the future?
We've measured lunar openings that are close to comfortable room temperature. Could you discuss in detail why that temperature shouldn't be headline making shocking?
Fraser, your viewers have such great questions!
Hey Fraser,
If gravitational lensing allows us to view an event (like a supernova) multiple times via telescope, are the gravitational waves produced from this event also distorted (lensed?) in the same manner? Could a gravitational-wave observatory measure a supernova multiple times?
Thanks!
Supernovas do not generate significant gravitational waves as they are created by a mass rotating around another. A supernova is merely a single mass expanding outward which doesn't change the amount of gravity that mass has, only it's density. Same reason an earth mass black hole and the Earth have the same gravity from outside a certain limit.
Kamino has it! I'm going to look into this book series.
100% Agree about the Revelation Space series, in fact all of Alistair Reynolds is pretty brilliant.
Great vid, thank you Fraser and Universe Today
Bespin - definitely was time for a refresher on lava tubes.
Thank you team that bring this to us
The Bespin discussion was great. I would love to see a probe to check out the tubes on the Moon.
Thank you for Fraser I've been listening for about five years
Mustafar thanks for answering !
Best total group of questions EVER
Hi Fraser, one of your best! Mel from Sydney
Hi Fraser. Thanks for all the q&a shows. I was wondering, why didn't we send a(nother) Mars mission to the poles? it seems a logical option to investigate water ice for life
33:20 If you take the externalities into account: there would be MANY "everyday activities" of modern life that would be significantly more expensive; using fossil fuels, for example, would be 50% more expensive. ... You are so right!
"Will humanity still exist?"
Traveling to the future and finding that humanity is extinct would be kind of a bummer. I'm sure the cat civilization that inevitably replaced us would take good care of us, though, once we demonstrated our proficiency at scratching behind ears. We might well end up being the most popular pets.
Hey Fraser
can you explain (probably again) why everything (almost) in space ends up spinning?
Question. You talked about planet 9 and the wise telescope search. could it be that this object / planet is on such an elliptical slow orbit that when wise was looking for it it just happened to be very far away and it would take 100s of years to come back with in the range of a telescope like wise?
Voting for Hoth because it raises another question. Could putting a communications satellite in the Earth-Moon L2 and either (or both) L4 or L5 be used as a way to provide constant communications for missions/bases/scientific installations on the far side of the moon?
I had been thinking of a miniature starlink type system to provide coms as well as location data, like GPS, but initially, a coms station at L2 with a relay at 4 or 5 would be just as good for a start.
Dear Fraser, I always watch your videos: you are very passionate about astronomy and the topics you talk about are always very interesting. There's just one small thing that could be improved in my opinion: the explosions of air on your microphone, in some videos more than others. You may want to move your microphone slightly on the side, or buy a pop-filter, or both: there are different ways to avoid plosive sounds to boom on the microphone while mantaining an excellent audio. I hope this helps. Thank you again for your excellent videos.
Kamino!! Dark Forest is always a fantastic thought experiment
Yavin. You're admirably optimistic... I'd be terrified of stepping out onto a lifeless Mars- or Venus-like version of Earth, completely ruined.
Sadly our future generations will have to live on a ruined earth. We're already consuming 175% of what earth can resupply year on year due to population growth, since only 1970.. and that's exponential.
The endless idea of tech seeing trees on other planets is more than optimist
@Smee Self Uhh... Yeah it is..
@@LeNomEstYves when I was a kid, my parents took me to the local science and technology museum. On the wall of one of the exhibit halls, there was a counter counting the estimated population of the world. That number was as I recall about 3.3 Billion. That was 1974.
"Standard candles" are used to measure long distances in space. However, how was the distance to these first standard candles calculated in the first place? How can we differenciate if it's a bigger star further away, or a smaller but closer one? Or, if I were to ask a single question, what's the sequence of steps that mankind took to measure distances in space (from measuring to the Moon, then the Sun, then closet stars and so on until the most distance galaxies)?
look up parallax.
@@friendlyone2706 I know about parallax, but first we needed to know the distance to our sun. My question is what was the series of steps taken from one method to another
@@pedroheck3667 You assume the universe is flat, use similar triangles, and accept a "reasonable" margin of error.
I've always found it amazing when we first used radar & electrical signal times to measure planetary distances, they agreed with the time-honored indirect measurements.
@@friendlyone2706 Indeed, it's mindblowing to think we can come up with somewhat simple methods to measure distances far greater than what a human can experience. Thank you for your answers!
YT search _"Cosmic Distance Ladder"_
Also Cepheid variable stars.
They are *_very_* bright, so can be seen very far away, and their period of luminous variability is directly linked to their innate luminosity.
We can time their variability period, no matter how far away they are, and from _that,_ know how bright they should be.
Compare _that_ to how bright they appear to us, and you can calculate their distance.
Hey Fraser, Have we found a planet, in the green zone, that has a somewhat examinable atmosphere & magnetic field? or is that what we are trying to use the JWT for?
I have long thought that there must be absolutely HUGE lava tubes on Olympus Mons.
We will mine and have a secure base in there if we don’t already . Just needs to be profit
36:48 Apollo takeoff: I beleive an operator on the ground was controlling the camera taking into account the lightspeed delay. He had to time the movement of the camera to keep the ascent module in the frame 2 seconds in advance. Quite an accomplishment.
Hi Frazer, I like your podcasts. I have been wondering, now that the first orbital flight of the SpaceX StarShip is coming up, and I hear that the flight path is somewhat due east from Boca Chica. So, will people in Central Florida be able to see any part of the launch sequence?
Yavin
This is one of the best party conversation starter question that I like to use
When looking out to distant space we see gravitational lenses around stars, galaxies & galaxy clusters... how do we compensate for looking out through all of those? Is approaching the great attractor changing our lensing perspective?
Isn't the JWST at the earth moon L2?
Hoth! i would love to see a huge telescope using earth-moon lagrange points!!!
Was there any further updates or follow up research on the muon g-2 experimenters?
Coriolis effect. It causes storms north of the equator to spin similar directions, and opposite south of the equator. Is there anything like coriolis effect in space that would cause all black holes to spin similar directions? Or are they just all randomly spinning in different directions?
Dose the accretion disk arround a black hole coninue inside the event horizon?
Hi Frazier. Love the show.
I've been trying to understand the "co moving" reference frame. How is a distant galaxy moving away from us if it is just drifting around in it's local space? How does a distant galaxy in the opposite direction see us moving away when the first galaxy sees us moving in the opposite direction?
Expansion seems to demand real velocities in every direction. Please help me to understand this concept.
I think you answered your own question there. I believe its expanding in all directions
Bespin- It’s not LAviosa, it’s laviosA!
My Question is about the crisis in cosmology, specifically about the accuracy of standard candles. seems to me that the brightness of something can only be as accurate as whats measuring it. why are we so certain of that method of measuring distances with that method?
A question occurred to me regarding the far side of the moon. Would it be useful for making an array of telescopes, similar to the Event Horizon telescope, but for shorter wavelengths such as visible light? This could be the ultimate space telescope, with much higher effective resolution than a single telescope like JWST, since the moon has no atmosphere. It seems a little more realistic to me than some of the other ideas I've heard.
All radio SETI should be moved out there first.
Every potential signal recieved must first be vetted against ALL the radio noise generated here on Earth, and from our swarm of radio loud satellites, some of which are secret and classified.
All that noise would stop real quick on the lunar farside.
Hey Fraser! I was trying to get my 6 year old kiddo interested in space and looking at the night sky. We identified Venus and I showed her how the stars travel one way across the sky and the planets go the opposite direction. But I'm very curious how you would get kids interested in space? We love watching your videos, thank you for everything.
HOTH. Lagrange Points question FTW.
Great job Fraser! I have a question. What would happen if an entangled particle went into a black hole but the other entangled paired particle did not? Seems like they need to communicate with each other but they no longer could. Or could they?
They can communicate.
Just as gravity is communicated from the singularity within.
@@robertnewhart3547 Gravity is not communicated from within the singularity. Gravity is the curvature of space time, not a particle. No information can cross the event horizon as at that point space is flowing towards the singularity faster than any signal can propagate.
they dont communicate at all, they just have a linked position. its like having a double heads coin and a double tails one covering them up and looking at one later. your observation proved the other ones position rather than changed it.
with the tech, we have today or soon including SpaceX starship, inflatable habitats, portable nuclear reactors, ion thrusters, and so on. what would or is stopping us from building large habitable ships to explore our solar system and beyond?
One thing you got, I'm pretty sure, wrong on Dagoba was that the camera that watched Apollo 17 launch was not automated. That was hand flown from Earth and it was a hellish undertaking of anticipating the motion of the ascent stage from the calls and the known comms delays. It's quite an incredible thing and I think it wasn't the first time they tried it. I think it took a few goes to get the space craft in the shot, and there weren't many available. I think it was only the last two or three where they had that camera
Futurology gets really concrete here, that's refreshing.
To figure out how the future is going to look, Mr. Cain might make progress if he compares the geography of the Roman empire to the one of the entire Earth. Someone or something has shaped major parts of the Mediterranean like smaller anticipations of the major geographic set-scenes of this planet. North America is shaped like a broadened Italian boot, South America much like Sicily, the Indian subcontinent much like the Iberian peninsula, the Mediterranean Sea (as a whole) resembling the Gulf of Corinth, Africa the Peloponnese, Java Crete, Indonesia north of Java the Aegean island world north of Crete, and Australia Cyprus.
This parallel must let you guess that mankind will survive in the Solar System still for quite a while; a power able to produce it should also have the capacity to ensure such a survival.
Moreover, you also can extrapolate from that parallel into predictions on similarly enlarged repetitions of the other big realms of the time of the ancient Romans on others of the rocky planets of our star.
And of course, you'll presume that other stars have planets which in a similar way are affected by such form-giving influences.
Hi Fraser
The Hoth question got me thinking about this...
How far off (ie- how many years/ decades/ etc) do you think it will be, before we are technologically capable of:
Sending Space-Telescope-One to L-4 as well as sending Space-Telescope-Teo to L-5 and then using a third telescope, either on earth, or in earth orbit and using the three telescopes to form one truly massive interferometer?
I suppose the Earth-Moon Lagrange points would be easier, so we'd be capable sooner, but the Earth-Sun Lagrange points would be MUCH farther apart, giving us a vastly more powerful interferometer, but taking longer before we're technologically capable...
In any case, how long do you think (best guess) it might be before humanity is capable of making such an interferometer-telescope?
Great job Fraser - question: Does gravity affect the expansion of the universe?
Answer: You hit the nail on the head. My idea? The Universe is expanding BECAUSE of Gravity. It is the weakest 'force' _because it leaks into multiverses_ pulling on all of them a little. AND THEY ARE ALL PULLING ON US, FROM EVERY DIMENSIONAL 'DIRECTION'. So we EXPAND in every direction. Further, there are more multiverses being born all the time, pulling on us even more, so our expansion is ever accelerating.
@@WoodysAR I like your thinking, certainly plausible 👍
What are the odds black holes are actually the point where the poly exclusion principle breaks and matter gets smashed into the point where it becomes a field while maintaining the nature of gravitational pull? I think it could also explain why blazers are so powerful as it could be the literal snapping of matter field lines pushing the contents of the field back out into space as typical matter we know of.
Question: can the quantum eraser experiment be used to explain the discrepancy within the Hubble constant? If we are using the observation of light to determine the age of the universe should we not expect those photons to have previously behaved like a particle that can be subject to forces like gravity causing it to bend?
I have a question.! If we locate and are able to traverse the distance to and from it. The size is say three earth diameters. How fast wood its rotation need to be to match earths gravitational force ?
Geostationary orbit is about 3 Earth diameters away, so your orbital period to match 1G would be about 24 hours.
If you were in a geostationary orbit you'd feel weightless though, just like the ISS crew doing their orbit.
how low beneath the ground on mars would you have to go so that the gravity would be similar as it is on earth?
Why does the rotation rate of a back hole have any impact on the stuff rotating round it? Does gravity "spin" with the object? If you had 2 black holes - or even just perfectly spherical objects - with the same mass, one spinning and one not and an identical object approached each one on an identical trajectory, surely the 2 objects would either hit, orbit or pass by each black hole/sphere identically regardless of the black hole/object's spin?
I came across some pieces of information over the years that came together in my head after hearing that lighting also produces antimatter. I had heard that in large quarts fields that the lighting strikes can be 5 to 10 times stronger that in normal areas. I also heard of a small plain flying out of the Caribbean and flying to Miami was flying in a storm, the piglet saw a less dark patch of sky so he headed towards that area. He was keeping in contact with Miami airport’s raider people. Suddenly there were two two lighting strikes simontainously on either side of the plane. He was transported almost immediately to Miami. The raider station also saw this on there radar and couldn’t explain the event. There was a similar event in Scotland where the twin lightning strikes threw the plane to France in under a second. The a few years later I saw a story about a World War 2 plane discovered in the ocean over 800 mile beyond the range of their fuel tanks and of course it was chocked up to the Bermuda Triangle event. I know this is a big if but if two strong lightning strikes can create a warp bubble then that could be a small clue how to create a warp drive???? 0:41 0:45
Yavin. Great show as always 🙂
Kamino, thanks for the heads up on the book,,,
Great show!
I vote for Coruscant. Whelp, looks like our best bet for colonization is still cloud babies of Venus! How hard would it be to reach orbit with a spacecraft that has landed on the Venusian surface?
38:00 I don't think it's ridiculous, I think it's great to use cameras like that. People can really get inspired by the visuals.
A thought comes to mind. I believe you will agree that all of us should encourage kids to ask good questions. Is there a poster or something similar that can be sent to a youngster, if you pick their question as the winner?
Question: You talked about an advanced civilisation using matter into black holes for energy. Considering relativity how long would it take to put matter in and get energy back?
Hi Fraser, please Help!
I don't understand why the 'crisis in cosmology' is a thing. (i.e. Hubble constant measurements, from various methods, not being within margin of error of each other)
Wouldn't the expansion rate measured in the farthest and oldest light we can ever observe naturally be lower than the expansion rate measured in the space almost incomparably 'closer' to us? (i.e. CMB data vs. Supernova data)
The rate of expansion of the universe has overall increased over time; this is consensus I believe. Vales measured should at least be *different* to one another.
This all may be an oversimplification... Love your content-watch every interview (people really should watch those...)
You seem like a good man Frasier. Thank you.
What’s the most stable Lagrange point in the solar system?
l4 and l5. l1, l2, and l3 are meta stable only. imaging 4 and 5 as a dip in the ground and the rest as a hill.
@@derivious2012 between which bodies? that's what i'm after.
Is it possible to have a multi satellite system all on sync with each other for further observations. It's a long stretch but each unit can be in line such like an eclipse even when out of radio signal due to passing other planets.
I was wondering with the DART mission that passed how much time we would’ve needed to deflect the Chicxulub asteroid if we sent a ship that was 10 or 100 times as dense and if the asteroid was similarly composed as dimorphos.
Thanks for the great content. Keep it up.
P.S. I could be way off with 10 or 100 times more dense being reasonable. I feel like Zoolander saying “the building needs to be at least three times bigger than this”
Bespin.
Do you think the Nemesis hypothesis holds any theoretical weight? What is the likelihood that the sun could have a companion star, and if so why is it so hard to find
Aside from the important counterexamples you listed, the "why don't we have (more) images of spacecraft in space" has a simple answer: That's not the science mission! We already know what our spacecraft look like from when Boeing or Lockheed built them in clean rooms. They are sent to make observations and send back data to answer open questions in planetary science and astronomy and so on. "Proving" that they did what everyone working on the project already knows they did is not a priority.
Coruscant. I feel like the sci-fi show The Expance demonstrates some of these potential problems with the group The Belters
Can a black hole spin faster than the speed of light?
Mind twisting question , but probably no
Nope.
heh, more Lagrange questions! and I thought I was the space troll in the family.
If you placed an object directly after earths Lagrange point and let it free fall, what speed it will reach and is there a terminal velocity for this situation?
What would be our local and extended space equivalent to the Great Loop? (sailboat/spacecraft adventure)
Hoth
I'd like to know how close to you have to be to black hole merger gravitational waves to cause damage to a ship/planet/person.
Please? And thanks
Great show, thank you! I've got a question about current direction and speed of rotation of matter in the Universe - where it's coming from? What determines the direction and speed of rotation of all matter starting from Big Nang and Inflation - after a lot of quarks, gluons and all matter in the form of plasma appeared in the Universe - how it transitioned to a specific direction and speed of rotation of our Galaxy for example and other Galaxies out there? Why our Sun has current speed and direction of rotation as it has now? Where the initial impulse of all the matter that the Sun was made of has arrived from? Or it’s just random?
If you take a cloud of gas comprising particules with their own random speeds and directions, most of the angular momentums of that cloud will cancel each other out.
All you need is a point somewhere off from the cloud's centre of mass to have momentums that don't quite cancel out, and that will create a slight spin in the cloud.
As that cloud shrinks and becomes more dense, the spin rate will increase to maintain conservation of momentum. (Like the classic example of an ice skater pulling their arms in and spinning faster.)
@@massimookissed1023 thank you! That means that angular momentum appeared randomly after separation of different areas from the center of expansion? And that means that if we compress all the matter back (reverse of inflation) then we'll get zero angular momentum? Just mind blowing the amount of matter that could end up in huge galaxies and clusters all having their own spin..
You had me at pricing "externalities".
How many Lagrange points would Saturn have and is there any fun advantages we could exploit like acceleration of a ship or satellites
Love your content. Based on current theories and data, which will we figure out first - dark matter or dark energy?
Could the peculiar arrangements of the Kuyper belt objects have been caused by a passing star, that's now long gone? Haven't heard aboutvthat so there must be a reason why that's unlikely/not possible
Could JWST be used to search for planet 9, what could the telescope contribute to that endeavour?
jeah, the L3L4L5_RadioInterferometer is a superb idea! Aso, I would like to have a seismometer network installed, spanning the whole surface of the moon; before any continuous human activity (US-Station, Chinese-Station, Russian-Station...) is established. And maybe an experiment to most precisely measure the gravitational constant, Newton's constant ( big G; which is so difficult on Earth, because of the many disturbances )?
Thanks a lot for the video.
Bespin. Cool fact: Although the USGS now maps 1000+ “candidate” caves on Mars, some of the earliest cave discoveries were made by 7th graders participating in a Mars Odyssey STEM program.
Dagobah. I remember using a webpage around 1997 to find Mir overhead of Fairbanks.
Check out Blindsight by Peter Watts, without spoilers, it goes into the whole game theory aspect of first contact and the Fermi Paradox.
Hi there i have a question why can't we recycle the space junk floating around Earth or reuse the ISS for something else? Thanks George
Question: when they calculate the weight of the universe are the molecules of elements created in previous generations of stars accounted for? Would there be a large variation in this weight depending on the number of stars guestimated that existed before? Could this variation be enough to tip the scale between infinite expansion or eventual collapse?
nope, even though many starts have been and gone their mass/energy still exists in the stars of today and also in you. matter cant be created or destroyed only changed.
Those heavier elements are not created from nothing in stars.
They must be assembled from pre-existing primordial protons and helium via fusion.
As a matter of fact, during the conversion a very small percentage of that pre-existing mass must be converted into energy (starlight and neutrinos).
But all is good, because at the cosmological scale, that released energy still contributes to the curvature of spacetime, just as if it were still in it's particulate matter form.
I understand the law of conservation but if our count of the amount of mass in the universe is based on observable and calculated mass, what I wonder is not all the molecules created by stars are observable and they are not all incorporated into new stars some would still be free floating, and not part of a glowing gas cloud that could be calculated.
Question: In book illustrations we can see how massive Jupiter is comparitive to the other planets. However, if you were traveling in a spaceship toward Jupiter, would you lose all sense of scale? Thank you.
@Smee Self 😅 yes I was lucky enough to visit NZ and I remember walking toward the Franz Josef glacier.......walking....still not there.....walking......."how are we not there yet" 😄