I don’t think you were very clear or accurate about the mechanism for the type 1a supernova. Specifically, the Chandrasekhar limit has nothing to do with ignition of an outer shell of fuseable matter. Instead it’s a collapse of electron degeneracy pressure holding the star up because the star as a whole got too massive from accretion.
38:04 Hi. I enjoy the great work you do. Wouldn’t the transmissions from radio dissipate as the signal moves away? ie twice the distance half as strong. Surely the inverse square law applies to radio signals. I think the background noise of the cosmos would wash over any radio chatter at just over 2 light years.
Hi Fraser, a few comments: While it was announced in 2012 NASA was being gifted the optical chassis for two telescopes, but, a couple years later, one was pulled back and will NOT reused by NASA, ever. During the WFIRST design phase I was able to tour the facility and saw them both. The primary mirror being shorter/faster than Hubble (f/1.2 vs f/2.4) does not contribute to Roman having a wider field. Hubble has just as large of an overall field, but not for a single instrument. The Roman Wide Field Instrument has a final average focal length of 19 meters, (~f/8-ish) over the 18 sensors, and is able to image them simultaneously over a large flat focus field because of the TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmat) optical design. Finally, the limitation on Roman (and Hubble) not being used for earth observing has nothing to do with the optics, but with the avionics of the spacecraft and thermal issues. To lock on to a ground target in LEO, you have to be able to precisely slew at very fast and changing rate. Roman is at L2, so not an issue, but must always keep its back (solar panels) to the sun/earth/moon. But, yes, let it sink in that the agencies had "moved on" from these telescopes.
Andoria -wondered about that same question , same vein as that question , how do we know this nova event wont be a type 1a supernova , have determined the mass of the star is it far enough away in mass from the limit ?
Its companion is a low mass red giant, just slightly more massive than the Sun. The material the white dwarf star will accrete from the star will be hydrogen and helium which is not the right fuel for a Sn IA. For the white dwarf (mass 1.37 solar masses and most likely a carbon-oxygen core) to detonate as Sn IA it needs to accrete carbon-oxygen rich material onto its surface, even though the white dwarf has a mass of about 70% of the Chandrasekhar limit.
Thanks again Fraser great Q & A as always all the topics were fascinating and I was blown away by all these telescopes we have especially that nasa were given two not used ones. That really makes you think. Thanks for sharing. Universe today is the number one go to place for astronomy and all things related.
It seems that these sun diving comets often have a strong interaction with the suns magnetic fields. Oddly there seems to be as many reactionary flaring from the OPPOSITE side where these comets fall into. They seem to trigger flaring sometimes.
I was actually curious about the difference between novas and type-1A supernovas myself. Why do I never think to ask these things!? Anyhow, that's my favorite question.
Very interesting about the surplus telescopes. Would there be any advantage in the future to use several of these telescopes in parallel to enhance to quality of space observations?
Love your work Fraser. Wondering about the Lava tubes on Mars; I guess the really big problem would be temperature inside the tunnels. Wouldn't it be around -200K or so?
35:10 Lyar: I thought 0° Kelvin is the sliwest speed, because at this temperature everything, from the macroscopic yo the sub-sub-atomic stops moving because this temerature is a lack of energy for anything to move. Is this correct or am I misunderstanding? Thank you Fraser Cain and team for the some of the absolute best science content on the web 😁
RE: Delicious in Dungeon. Anyone that ever played Hack or Rogue already knows that slain dungeon monsters are delicious and nutritious. Eating some of them can also have unexpected side-effects. Pro tip: don't eat the umberhulk.
Andoria (kind of) In the context of a Civilization trying to flee their home solar system, How far away would their colony ships need to be to be 'safe' from the stellar death throws? Current tech , no super tech/future tech. Would you need to be a lightyear+ away? *(Im guessing this Civ unlocked the tech tree late and realized their star was going to die soon. 😱!!!)
15:00 We do know. On the Moon, all the dust kicked up by the lander will do one of two things. Have escape velocity and leave, or impact the moon in less than one orbit. Why? The Maximum Perigee altitude of the Orbit of any dust being kicked up is at the surface of the Moon. So, all available orbits for the dust to enter will have a Perigee
Don't radio waves weaken over distance travelled? How can an alien civilization hear radio signals from earth when I can't hear them as I leave my local radio area?
I have an engineering question about the SpaceX Starship rockets. They have a problem with sloshing liquids in space, or sloshing fuels that may inhibit them from refueling in space. Is there a plastic material that can encase the fuels, as the fuel goes down the container collapses keeping a constant pressure on the fuels. It would also make a clean tank if they want to leave the boosters in space for space station modules. Maybe on the inverse. Is there a device that can be installed in the tank, that when “in space” refueling starts the device would inflate like a balloon in the tube, pushing the fuel from one tank to the next. In this instance I would think the inflatable bladder wouldn’t need to be inflated for more than an hour or so.. Are these ideas possible? If not, why not? Please do an episode on this?
Zalcon - often when I hear discussion of the universe being finite, there’s a discussion of the universe looping back and not just “ending.” Like after a point there is just nothing. Jumping off from this scenario, would there be any implications if the finite universe didn’t wrap and had an “edge?” Is this impossible due to how the universe formed as a rapid inflation of some smaller universe back in the beginning?
One would need to consider conservation of energy and information: what happens to photons or matter particles that hit this edge of the universe? Do they just stop existing, thereby violating conservation laws? Also, in General Relativity spacetime has a kind of inherent tension; having an edge past which spacetime doesn't exist, would create a tension imbalance that would cause spacetime to retract away from that edge - like the surface of a bubble retracting away from a puncture while the bubble is in the process of popping.
A type one Supernova is when the outer martial crushes the star's core into a white dwarf and the bounces off of it. A nova is when the white dwarf acerates material off of a companion star until it explodes, repeatedly at regular intervals.
9:00 Fraser, Just as the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) was separate from the Air Force it remains separate from the Space Force. So, they will still operate the same types of satellites (e.g, optical and radar imaging) that they did in the past.
5:46 if meteors and stuff actually fall in to the sun, do they then mix together the hydrogen in the sun while falling down in to the sun? As i understand there is "layers" preventing all hydrogen to be "burned", but if everything is mixed together the sun may burn for a longer time?
@FraserCain, you should have answered the question @36:00 or so in by talking about stillness relative to spacetime, i.e., Absolute Zero. From there, you can easily see, there would be an effect on time. That is what the person was asking about. Temperature is not relative, but it affect the speed of the particles relative to the outside world. If the faster one goes, i.e., the more energy, the higher the mass, thus the slower the time for the participant, then the opposite should be true for something stopped by cold, but while one could imagine, at the speed of light, motion stopping inside a spaceship, relative to the surrounding universe, imagining the opposite is impossible.
If we have a light year between 2 telescopes, would it be possible to measure the difference to piece together what the bubble of the universe looks like?
I feel like when life is discovered elsewhere, it will mist likely not share a common ancestor, but will be built from the same builing blocks - when amino acids are in the right environment and situation life arises
Hi Fraser, is it possible that future mars vehicles have a antiradiation roof, with like a layer of soil of water, to protect humans? I know its heavy, but maybe because of the low gravity, it doesnt matter that much?
Maybe the reaccuring novas is what prevents a super nova from happening? Compare this to volcanoues that has been plugged up building up preassure for a long time are more likely to explode. Those that erupts regularly realease these preassure and are as such unlikely to explode.
In the DNA of life on Mars question, you mentioned life originating on either planet and making it to the other. What about the possibility that it originated somewhere else and made it to everywhere in our solar system. Just in case the things under the ice on Io are also related, that may be more probable.
It would take many orders of magnitude longer for life to cross interstellar distances. Traveling between planets might take centuries to millennia; traveling between stars would take millions of years. Surviving exposure to cosmic ray shrapnel for millions of years is a pretty tall order - which makes interstellar panspermia much less probable.
@@Spherical_Cow The question is then could there be anything that could encapsulate the building blocks of life, allowing for deep space seeding? Earth and the moon were certainly pelted, possibly changing earth into what we know it as today along with the extinction of dinosaurs? Though if no life rode in on that then all that accomplished was allowing other species to thrive when conditions became habitable again. Or do you think all life on earth was embedded on the planet when it formed? Or possibly came from a more localized source? Could there be more than one of these fountains of life that life comes from in space?
@@silvercloud1641 I don't pretend to be an expert on this subject, so take this with plenty of salt... The way I see it, there's a balance between being sufficiently encapsulated and encapsulated too well. In the latter case, the hosting body is so large that, upon impact, it generates temperatures sufficient to sterilize (if not altogether vaporize) both itself and a large area of the planet it's impacting. It doesn't help that interstellar objects tend to impact at much higher speeds to begin with. The best chance for life to survive an impact, is if its enclosing bolide loses most of its kinetic energy to the atmosphere, ablating away its surface but leaving its interior intact before impacting the ground at a relatively low speed. But this is only possible for relatively small rocks. Larger impactors barely even notice the atmosphere, before smashing into the ground with the energy of a nuclear bomb. I feel it would take too-large of an object to adequately shield its interior from millions of years' worth of cosmic ray particle showers; such an object couldn't successfully complete its cargo delivery, as the cargo would be at least sterilized in not completely vaporized on impact.
@@Spherical_Cow But there is a possibility with smaller impacts that originated from something near by? That or all life on earth was bound to earth since inception and changes over time with evolution or environmental factors?
@@silvercloud1641 as I stated above, I think it's relatively much more likely that life could survive transfer between planetary bodies within the solar system. Doesn't mean it has actually happened: I just think it's at least a plausible hypothesis. By comparison, interstellar panspermia doesn't strike me as very plausible at all.
Andoria wins! Flawless Victory. That is a question that has been buzzing around my brain for EVER. And the answer is, "Mmmmmnnnnn...Something different, might be more to it...but we aint sure". Ooooooo! FATALITY!
How are we able to see far into the universe? Isn't there enough light and other noise between us and objects we detect billions of light years away? Thank you! Love the questions show and a proud patron.
I think you're asking, is there too much noise and light between them and us to see them. The short answer is no. You need to consider what those sources of "noise" are. The sun is probably the biggest troublemaker, you obviously can't see past it and we put telescopes in the shadow of earth. If you do, then there's very little "noise". There's still some, for example looking through the core of our own galaxy to something on the other side, is difficult because there's so much matter, dust, gas, and stars that it's difficult to see through all the light and "noise" coming from there. So there are areas where it is hard to see, but space is big, and there are lots of other places where we can look.
Question: Are there no other ways to protect yourself from radiation in space or on mars? Can we build magnetic field around the spaceship or spacesuit to deflect the charged particles?
yes, but some sub atomic particles carry the force of a baseball and will go through pretty much anything at a reasonable thickness, the can give cancer and damage computers.
35:08 at stillness clocks would be 0.000076% faster - not counting for gravitational time dilation we experience. There is a concept of rest - relative to the CMB - which the red shift shows we are NOT at rest with, and you went over that a few episodes ago (and included the spin of the galaxy to result with something like 600km/s that we're moving, but OUR speed, not the speed of the galaxy is only 370km/s, which is about 1/1000 the speed of light... since sqrt( C^2 - 1/1000000) is still quite a small number... 760ns per nanosecond would be hard to dispute - if we sent a space craft in the proper direction, at twice the speed of the Parker Solar Probe, the delay from the craft travelling at that speed relative to us make the clock look even slower if it sent back a pulse ever so often, since every second it's 370km further it takes longer and longer per tick it sends... even if it's clock gets up to + 0.000076% faster it would be hard to tell... though far from impossible I think.
Colonizing Mars is hard. Any discovery which makes it easier to live would prioritize colonizing them. An example would be finding larger quantities of CO2 ice (easier to terraform), readily available metals for construction and underground stores of methane (for refueling rockets). A recent example of this is the recent discovery of all the extra water ice under the soil at all latitudes on Mars, making our job of sourcing water much easier.
Another problem with Mars, is asteroid impacts. The MRO has detected hundreds of new impacts. A 30 meter crater appearing in the middle of your surface Mars base would be pretty catastrophic.
I'm not particularly nervous about hostile alien civilization, but the argument given does strike me a bit like: "If I would have broken my arm, it would already have happened, so I'll never break my arm." We haven't a credible threat/object of interest for very long, so it's possible that attempts of contact, good or bad, will increase as tech level rises. But probably not.
What happens when light reflects off of something. It is traveling at C & then all of a sudden it is traveling at C in another direction. Is it the same photon? Is a different photon created? What goes on there at the point of impact?
16:50 "how long does it remain in orbit around the moon?" It would be nice to find that out. Would solar winds and magnetic fields eventually make the particles crash into the lunar surface? Obviously, the Moon doesn't have significant atmospheric drag like Earth does. Far less than 1 trillionth of Earth's surface atmospheric pressure likely makes the Moon's atmosphere at 10km altitude unmeasurably small let alone whatever altitudes the dust might orbit at.
As a citizen scientist who's involved in the SETI @ home project, I'd like to know why we're only searching for life in the Milky Way and not in other galaxies? What if there are alien astronomers observing our galaxy and concluding that there's no life here? If we're not even searching for dysonspheres or other technosignatures in other galaxies, then how can we conclude that we're alone in the universe?
Does the Ort cloud feed the sun with these falling objects and if so for how long, could this feeding be propagated, and what would the result be for our sun?
Would astronauts living on Mars be better off doing work at night to avoid the solar radiation, or would that be minimal compared to the amount of cosmic radiation they are exposed to during their stay?
When your talking surplus army scopes you actually mean a spare couple of 2.4m mirrors, right? They are just refigured into whatever FL and coated for whatever wavelength's the proposal winds up with. I thought I remember reading that there is limit to resolution on the ground with spy satellites determined by physics of the atmosphere. So my question for your next session would be how big a space telescope could Starship launch if constructed like Webb, and if we made 2 could we put them at LaGrange points and used them as an interferometer and image exoplanets directly?
Risa. I knew it as a lot of us did, the possibility that state tech was better than private. It makes me ponder on where we would be as a civilisation if we were a tad less selfish :( respect from Manchester (UK) x
Question: With all these telescopes orbiting about the solar system and more coming online, what's the ground-side infrastructure required to keep them 100% productive? Are there multiple sites that track JWST so it's always talking back to Earth for example, or is there a system of repeaters? Are we going to run out of Mission control sites, or antennae for all these wonderful projects as they come online? Who deals with this?
what is it that you expect to see back there ? little green men on a follicle ? if they start pole vaulting, you better call an exterminator, or just get down to the nearest drug store....
We definitely need to travel to Uranus and Neptune again, just look at how much we discovered at pluto, imagine what we could find out about these long distance giants
I enjoy your videos immensely and now listening to the part about search for life, I remember fondly the SETI@home screensaver as a kid, staring at it sometimes as if I was gonna see the perfect signal right there and then! :D Now another question popped up in my mind. I know scientific community in planning the missions has a consensus that is firmly on the side of not contaminating space with life forms from Earth, be it a Mars mission or a one-off comet that passes the sun now and either never or extremely infrequently. The question is, how sure are we that everyone is onboard with that idea and there isn't some nation, team or an individual who is dedicated to intentionally do the opposite in pursuit of seeding life elsewhere in the universe? Is anyone able to sneak a few batches of extremophiles and send them off hoping for the best?
An important thing to know about hazards from dust and debris orbiting the moon is that the moon is very lumpy. Its gravity has a lot of local variation and low orbits just plain aren't stable. So yes, dust will kick up, even go into orbit, but virtually none will orbit for more than a month.
I think the link is in the size of the original white dwarf. if it is near 1.44SM then it will go type 1a if it is no where near lets say a WD that is half a solar mas or even 1 sm you may not reach 1.44SM before the hydrogen ignites giving a nova instead.
Question: Since gyroscopes are so critical to Hubble Space Telescope operation, why wasn't it designed with ring laser gyroscopes that don't wear out, or with hundreds or even thousands of tiny accelerometers like those used in smart phones?
@@miguellopez3392 That's a perfectly good answer if those things did not exist at the time of the last servicing mission. I'm not certain if that is the case or not, but Wikipedia says the RLG was invented in the 60's. Anyway, even if it was an option, perhaps there are other reasons why it's not the best choice. It just seems to me that running HST in single gyro mode isn't a great option either. I'm curious.
@mikek2078 Running in single gyro mode is good enough, the hubble is not getting any more maintenance so it is better to extend the life then to do another expenses retrofit that won't happen due to hubble being so old.
Could all the amplitudes of radio waves from earth, transmitting all the time from normal sources from (air traffic control, cellphone etc.) unintentionally combine to be more powerful than they can be individually?
Hey Fraser, what are your opinions on the new Netflix show called “Three Body Problem”? I personally really enjoyed how they brought a bunch of theories to life.
I don't think rocket exhaust will put dust in lunar orbit. If you were to fire a gun from the moon the bullet will either be suborbital or leave orbit entirely. There might be edge cases tho. In any case launch platforms will probably be built to eliminate this problem entirely.
Telescopes on the moon will need features to protect them from dust. If there was a Lunar base they could be cleaned regularly. And provide maintenance, fit new parts and upgrades. This would limit locations for the telescopes. One option could be disposable and very thin membranes that can be replaced. Robotic systems would also be an option. Electronic systems may be useful. Large rotating panels could be used to attract and hold dust around a telescope. A large number of telescopes could be based in an area. Potentially linked in an array. But also allowing many users to use the telescopes from Earth. Communications time with Earth will cause significant delays. But a list of operations could be uploaded by Earth based operators from Earth. Some comms satellites should be developed around the Moon.
It's because the sun isn't made from solid materials, the same thing is happen with the parts of the earth that are liquid or gasses (oceans and atmosphere), because of the conservation of momentum, the higher velocities water or air from equatory that reaches poles(without mixing with the intermediate layers) rotate faster than once in 24 hours, and the opposite happens with polar cold water that move closer to the equatorial region, they lose some speed by friction with rest of the environment until they move from a area to another, but I don't speak about absolute speed, but how much it takes to go in a circle around smaller polar region versus much longer equatorial path.
Just on the issue of having to live underground on Mars. I know a lot of people are fond of natural caves and others have suggested mining but from the perspective of an Earth bound engineer with some experience of mining, I don't find any of that practical. Big machines, lots of complexity. Lots of wear and tear. And lots of power. However, living in a habitat which you've covered in soil, is a lot more tractable. Here's my take on how to do this. First of all start with the premise that you are able to harvest and store CO2 from the Martian atmosphere. It's relatively easy to store it in liquid and supercritical form. Build a "vacuum cleaner" robot. All it does is blast the surface with high pressure CO2 (think pressure washer), which will then rapidly and violently expand into a gas. Soil particles fly off and then get captured into a storage bin. The robot then dumps its harvested soil near where you need to use it. It's already been graded by the process of extraction. Then you build another robot. A simple Mars version of a bobcat. It picks up the dirt and piles it up against the habitat. May not be pretty, but it will be effective.
Question….spooky entanglement on the sub atomic scale, the universe started as a singularity with one assumes zero dimensions, maybe the zero dimension still exists and all matter and energy are still connected to this dimension and actions are instantaneously transmitted across the universe via a zero point dimension, we traditionally think in dimensions going up from a single line dimension to a flat world and then the 3D world. Maybe we should think downward from the single line dimension to a single point dimension which still interacts with higher ones. This would explain how information is instantaneous transferred across the universe, because the information is passed though a singularity point dimension. That in this dimension there is no distance between everything in the universe.
I do not like the idea of panspermia. But support the idea that useful molecules are more likely. We need to discover how complex life is developed on Earth. Panspermia just kicks the problem further down the road. We need many sources of life. Life origin research is making many new possible options. And filling the blanks in the process.
Re: Martian radiation. Could we run a cable around Mars, and pass enough current through it to get a useful magnetic field? At least, while current flowed?
Delicious in Dungeon/Dungeon Meshi is amusingly old school. Going back to CRPGs like Dungeon Master (1987) or some roguelikes, such as Nethack (1987) or ADOM (1994), have monsters serving as a food source. Dungeon Master features a team of four characters, and the first edible monster encountered are mushrooms. This is also the setup of the anime, and many of the monsters/meals they run into are similar.
35:08 The cosmic background radiation is the best reference for being 'still'. Thank you for pointing it out :)
But it's an arbitrary location, chosen by the amount of time it took photons to reach a specific location.
Your comment @12:00 about a kind of life that may not use DNA to self replicate reminded me of Michael Crichton's masterpiece The Andromeda Strain
Give Frazier a massage please brow
Milk that rod
17:00 We could build solid landing pads to prevent huge plumes of dust.
Totally agree about Delicious in Dungeon! Totally chill and fun concept
I hope you and all your people enjoy your well deserved time to take a breath! Thanks for the education you give us!!!!
I don’t think you were very clear or accurate about the mechanism for the type 1a supernova. Specifically, the Chandrasekhar limit has nothing to do with ignition of an outer shell of fuseable matter. Instead it’s a collapse of electron degeneracy pressure holding the star up because the star as a whole got too massive from accretion.
Thx, I was not enlightened by this video's explanation either. Your input has helped but there is still much more info needed for me to understand it.
Arret was my favourite. Very interesting topics and difficult to choose one for sure!
38:04 Hi. I enjoy the great work you do. Wouldn’t the transmissions from radio dissipate as the signal moves away? ie twice the distance half as strong. Surely the inverse square law applies to radio signals. I think the background noise of the cosmos would wash over any radio chatter at just over 2 light years.
Hi Fraser, a few comments: While it was announced in 2012 NASA was being gifted the optical chassis for two telescopes, but, a couple years later, one was pulled back and will NOT reused by NASA, ever. During the WFIRST design phase I was able to tour the facility and saw them both.
The primary mirror being shorter/faster than Hubble (f/1.2 vs f/2.4) does not contribute to Roman having a wider field. Hubble has just as large of an overall field, but not for a single instrument. The Roman Wide Field Instrument has a final average focal length of 19 meters, (~f/8-ish) over the 18 sensors, and is able to image them simultaneously over a large flat focus field because of the TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmat) optical design.
Finally, the limitation on Roman (and Hubble) not being used for earth observing has nothing to do with the optics, but with the avionics of the spacecraft and thermal issues. To lock on to a ground target in LEO, you have to be able to precisely slew at very fast and changing rate. Roman is at L2, so not an issue, but must always keep its back (solar panels) to the sun/earth/moon.
But, yes, let it sink in that the agencies had "moved on" from these telescopes.
Andoria -wondered about that same question , same vein as that question , how do we know this nova event wont be a type 1a supernova , have determined the mass of the star is it far enough away in mass from the limit ?
Its companion is a low mass red giant, just slightly more massive than the Sun. The material the white dwarf star will accrete from the star will be hydrogen and helium which is not the right fuel for a Sn IA. For the white dwarf (mass 1.37 solar masses and most likely a carbon-oxygen core) to detonate as Sn IA it needs to accrete carbon-oxygen rich material onto its surface, even though the white dwarf has a mass of about 70% of the Chandrasekhar limit.
Fraser, how come the accretion disk be rotating to the opposite direction of the black hole itself?
I would love a deep dive in to the r-process!
Thanks for doin what you do.
Hey ❤️ Thanks for discussing my question. Awesome points I didn't even think of and are absolutely on point! Thanks
Thanks again Fraser great Q & A as always all the topics were fascinating and I was blown away by all these telescopes we have especially that nasa were given two not used ones. That really makes you think. Thanks for sharing. Universe today is the number one go to place for astronomy and all things related.
Andoria. Best question in a while!
9:55 - Mining, manual mining, robotics are difficult for adverse unknown scenarios.
It seems that these sun diving comets often have a strong interaction with the suns magnetic fields. Oddly there seems to be as many reactionary flaring from the OPPOSITE side where these comets fall into. They seem to trigger flaring sometimes.
I was actually curious about the difference between novas and type-1A supernovas myself. Why do I never think to ask these things!? Anyhow, that's my favorite question.
Very interesting about the surplus telescopes. Would there be any advantage in the future to use several of these telescopes in parallel to enhance to quality of space observations?
Love your work Fraser. Wondering about the Lava tubes on Mars; I guess the really big problem would be temperature inside the tunnels. Wouldn't it be around -200K or so?
35:10 Lyar: I thought 0° Kelvin is the sliwest speed, because at this temperature everything, from the macroscopic yo the sub-sub-atomic stops moving because this temerature is a lack of energy for anything to move. Is this correct or am I misunderstanding?
Thank you Fraser Cain and team for the some of the absolute best science content on the web 😁
Great episode! I learned a lot!
RE: Delicious in Dungeon. Anyone that ever played Hack or Rogue already knows that slain dungeon monsters are delicious and nutritious. Eating some of them can also have unexpected side-effects. Pro tip: don't eat the umberhulk.
Andoria (kind of)
In the context of a Civilization trying to flee their home solar system, How far away would their colony ships need to be to be 'safe' from the stellar death throws? Current tech , no super tech/future tech. Would you need to be a lightyear+ away?
*(Im guessing this Civ unlocked the tech tree late and realized their star was going to die soon. 😱!!!)
Andoria is the best question
15:00 We do know. On the Moon, all the dust kicked up by the lander will do one of two things. Have escape velocity and leave, or impact the moon in less than one orbit.
Why?
The Maximum Perigee altitude of the Orbit of any dust being kicked up is at the surface of the Moon. So, all available orbits for the dust to enter will have a Perigee
Thanks for the wonderful content !
Very cool! Thx again!!!
Thanks for the video.
Risa. I'm imagining the kind of telescopes and other surveillance kit being used now.
Don't radio waves weaken over distance travelled? How can an alien civilization hear radio signals from earth when I can't hear them as I leave my local radio area?
Yep. Left a comment before reading yours. It’s about the inverse square law - twice the distance, half the strength.
I have an engineering question about the SpaceX Starship rockets.
They have a problem with sloshing liquids in space, or sloshing fuels that may inhibit them from refueling in space.
Is there a plastic material that can encase the fuels, as the fuel goes down the container collapses keeping a constant pressure on the fuels.
It would also make a clean tank if they want to leave the boosters in space for space station modules.
Maybe on the inverse.
Is there a device that can be installed in the tank, that when “in space” refueling starts the device would inflate like a balloon in the tube, pushing the fuel from one tank to the next.
In this instance I would think the inflatable bladder wouldn’t need to be inflated for more than an hour or so..
Are these ideas possible? If not, why not?
Please do an episode on this?
Zalcon - often when I hear discussion of the universe being finite, there’s a discussion of the universe looping back and not just “ending.” Like after a point there is just nothing. Jumping off from this scenario, would there be any implications if the finite universe didn’t wrap and had an “edge?” Is this impossible due to how the universe formed as a rapid inflation of some smaller universe back in the beginning?
One would need to consider conservation of energy and information: what happens to photons or matter particles that hit this edge of the universe? Do they just stop existing, thereby violating conservation laws? Also, in General Relativity spacetime has a kind of inherent tension; having an edge past which spacetime doesn't exist, would create a tension imbalance that would cause spacetime to retract away from that edge - like the surface of a bubble retracting away from a puncture while the bubble is in the process of popping.
A type one Supernova is when the outer martial crushes the star's core into a white dwarf and the bounces off of it. A nova is when the white dwarf acerates material off of a companion star until it explodes, repeatedly at regular intervals.
9:00 Fraser,
Just as the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) was separate from the Air Force it remains separate from the Space Force. So, they will still operate the same types of satellites (e.g, optical and radar imaging) that they did in the past.
5:46 if meteors and stuff actually fall in to the sun, do they then mix together the hydrogen in the sun while falling down in to the sun?
As i understand there is "layers" preventing all hydrogen to be "burned", but if everything is mixed together the sun may burn for a longer time?
i would expect such meteors to be vaporized before they have a chnce to mix up those layers.
@@mrxmry3264 - most unfortunate, I hoped meteors falling in to the sun could buy us some time before we had to escape from an expanding sun
The Sun is really really big. If all the planets, meteors and asteroids fell into the Sun it wouldn't make much difference.
@FraserCain, you should have answered the question @36:00 or so in by talking about stillness relative to spacetime, i.e., Absolute Zero. From there, you can easily see, there would be an effect on time. That is what the person was asking about. Temperature is not relative, but it affect the speed of the particles relative to the outside world. If the faster one goes, i.e., the more energy, the higher the mass, thus the slower the time for the participant, then the opposite should be true for something stopped by cold, but while one could imagine, at the speed of light, motion stopping inside a spaceship, relative to the surrounding universe, imagining the opposite is impossible.
If we have a light year between 2 telescopes, would it be possible to measure the difference to piece together what the bubble of the universe looks like?
Thank you.
Andoria - excellent explanation Fraser. Thank You
What where these better military satellites doing up there?
I feel like when life is discovered elsewhere, it will mist likely not share a common ancestor, but will be built from the same builing blocks - when amino acids are in the right environment and situation life arises
Janus, because the way it was worded ('the first humans on Mars would have to bury themselves') made me remember 'The Spider Who Couldn't Hide.'
Hi Fraser, is it possible that future mars vehicles have a antiradiation roof, with like a layer of soil of water, to protect humans? I know its heavy, but maybe because of the low gravity, it doesnt matter that much?
Maybe the reaccuring novas is what prevents a super nova from happening? Compare this to volcanoues that has been plugged up building up preassure for a long time are more likely to explode. Those that erupts regularly realease these preassure and are as such unlikely to explode.
I LOVE Hovado Lesni's question: asking why the US military can't spare a satellite!
What does [Risa] mean in the subtitle on the scroll bar?
The answer to your question begins at 04:25
In the DNA of life on Mars question, you mentioned life originating on either planet and making it to the other. What about the possibility that it originated somewhere else and made it to everywhere in our solar system. Just in case the things under the ice on Io are also related, that may be more probable.
It would take many orders of magnitude longer for life to cross interstellar distances. Traveling between planets might take centuries to millennia; traveling between stars would take millions of years. Surviving exposure to cosmic ray shrapnel for millions of years is a pretty tall order - which makes interstellar panspermia much less probable.
@@Spherical_Cow The question is then could there be anything that could encapsulate the building blocks of life, allowing for deep space seeding? Earth and the moon were certainly pelted, possibly changing earth into what we know it as today along with the extinction of dinosaurs? Though if no life rode in on that then all that accomplished was allowing other species to thrive when conditions became habitable again. Or do you think all life on earth was embedded on the planet when it formed? Or possibly came from a more localized source? Could there be more than one of these fountains of life that life comes from in space?
@@silvercloud1641 I don't pretend to be an expert on this subject, so take this with plenty of salt...
The way I see it, there's a balance between being sufficiently encapsulated and encapsulated too well. In the latter case, the hosting body is so large that, upon impact, it generates temperatures sufficient to sterilize (if not altogether vaporize) both itself and a large area of the planet it's impacting. It doesn't help that interstellar objects tend to impact at much higher speeds to begin with.
The best chance for life to survive an impact, is if its enclosing bolide loses most of its kinetic energy to the atmosphere, ablating away its surface but leaving its interior intact before impacting the ground at a relatively low speed. But this is only possible for relatively small rocks. Larger impactors barely even notice the atmosphere, before smashing into the ground with the energy of a nuclear bomb.
I feel it would take too-large of an object to adequately shield its interior from millions of years' worth of cosmic ray particle showers; such an object couldn't successfully complete its cargo delivery, as the cargo would be at least sterilized in not completely vaporized on impact.
@@Spherical_Cow But there is a possibility with smaller impacts that originated from something near by? That or all life on earth was bound to earth since inception and changes over time with evolution or environmental factors?
@@silvercloud1641 as I stated above, I think it's relatively much more likely that life could survive transfer between planetary bodies within the solar system. Doesn't mean it has actually happened: I just think it's at least a plausible hypothesis. By comparison, interstellar panspermia doesn't strike me as very plausible at all.
Andoria wins! Flawless Victory. That is a question that has been buzzing around my brain for EVER. And the answer is, "Mmmmmnnnnn...Something different, might be more to it...but we aint sure". Ooooooo! FATALITY!
Why doesn't Jupiter have an hexagonal polar storm like its gas siblings?
Why don’t you ever talk about Lagrange points? Just joking. Great qa as always 🎉
Why does mass increase as you go faster and faster. What are the mechanisms, the interactions going on?
Andoria....hoped for a more definitive answer though
How are we able to see far into the universe? Isn't there enough light and other noise between us and objects we detect billions of light years away? Thank you! Love the questions show and a proud patron.
I think you're asking, is there too much noise and light between them and us to see them. The short answer is no. You need to consider what those sources of "noise" are. The sun is probably the biggest troublemaker, you obviously can't see past it and we put telescopes in the shadow of earth. If you do, then there's very little "noise". There's still some, for example looking through the core of our own galaxy to something on the other side, is difficult because there's so much matter, dust, gas, and stars that it's difficult to see through all the light and "noise" coming from there. So there are areas where it is hard to see, but space is big, and there are lots of other places where we can look.
Question: Are there no other ways to protect yourself from radiation in space or on mars? Can we build magnetic field around the spaceship or spacesuit to deflect the charged particles?
yes, but some sub atomic particles carry the force of a baseball and will go through pretty much anything at a reasonable thickness, the can give cancer and damage computers.
When the starlink satelites burn up in the atmosphere, what happens to the metal the satelite is made up? Does it affect the ozone layer?
The Luner dust of question is hardened microscopic glass. Pyrex if I may
What is your thought on any construction that might already be started," for a landing platform for SS?
35:08 at stillness clocks would be 0.000076% faster - not counting for gravitational time dilation we experience. There is a concept of rest - relative to the CMB - which the red shift shows we are NOT at rest with, and you went over that a few episodes ago (and included the spin of the galaxy to result with something like 600km/s that we're moving, but OUR speed, not the speed of the galaxy is only 370km/s, which is about 1/1000 the speed of light... since sqrt( C^2 - 1/1000000) is still quite a small number... 760ns per nanosecond would be hard to dispute - if we sent a space craft in the proper direction, at twice the speed of the Parker Solar Probe, the delay from the craft travelling at that speed relative to us make the clock look even slower if it sent back a pulse ever so often, since every second it's 370km further it takes longer and longer per tick it sends... even if it's clock gets up to + 0.000076% faster it would be hard to tell... though far from impossible I think.
Colonizing Mars is hard. Any discovery which makes it easier to live would prioritize colonizing them. An example would be finding larger quantities of CO2 ice (easier to terraform), readily available metals for construction and underground stores of methane (for refueling rockets). A recent example of this is the recent discovery of all the extra water ice under the soil at all latitudes on Mars, making our job of sourcing water much easier.
Another problem with Mars, is asteroid impacts. The MRO has detected hundreds of new impacts. A 30 meter crater appearing in the middle of your surface Mars base would be pretty catastrophic.
I'm not particularly nervous about hostile alien civilization, but the argument given does strike me a bit like: "If I would have broken my arm, it would already have happened, so I'll never break my arm."
We haven't a credible threat/object of interest for very long, so it's possible that attempts of contact, good or bad, will increase as tech level rises.
But probably not.
What happens when light reflects off of something. It is traveling at C & then all of a sudden it is traveling at C in another direction. Is it the same photon? Is a different photon created? What goes on there at the point of impact?
Question: Do gravitational waves have an amplitude? If so, is it related to the mass of the source or something else?
Yes and yes.
16:50 "how long does it remain in orbit around the moon?" It would be nice to find that out. Would solar winds and magnetic fields eventually make the particles crash into the lunar surface? Obviously, the Moon doesn't have significant atmospheric drag like Earth does. Far less than 1 trillionth of Earth's surface atmospheric pressure likely makes the Moon's atmosphere at 10km altitude unmeasurably small let alone whatever altitudes the dust might orbit at.
As a citizen scientist who's involved in the SETI @ home project, I'd like to know why we're only searching for life in the Milky Way and not in other galaxies? What if there are alien astronomers observing our galaxy and concluding that there's no life here? If we're not even searching for dysonspheres or other technosignatures in other galaxies, then how can we conclude that we're alone in the universe?
Does the Ort cloud feed the sun with these falling objects and if so for how long, could this feeding be propagated, and what would the result be for our sun?
Would astronauts living on Mars be better off doing work at night to avoid the solar radiation, or would that be minimal compared to the amount of cosmic radiation they are exposed to during their stay?
Do you need fly-by missions of Uranus/Neptune/Pluto when an ion drive can take you there AND brake to put you in orbit?
When your talking surplus army scopes you actually mean a spare couple of 2.4m mirrors, right? They are just refigured into whatever FL and coated for whatever wavelength's the proposal winds up with. I thought I remember reading that there is limit to resolution on the ground with spy satellites determined by physics of the atmosphere. So my question for your next session would be how big a space telescope could Starship launch if constructed like Webb, and if we made 2 could we put them at LaGrange points and used them as an interferometer and image exoplanets directly?
Are you going to switch to Star Gate Planet names next season?
Risa. I knew it as a lot of us did, the possibility that state tech was better than private. It makes me ponder on where we would be as a civilisation if we were a tad less selfish :( respect from Manchester (UK) x
* Cheleb (2nd) simply stunning possibilities x
Question: With all these telescopes orbiting about the solar system and more coming online, what's the ground-side infrastructure required to keep them 100% productive? Are there multiple sites that track JWST so it's always talking back to Earth for example, or is there a system of repeaters? Are we going to run out of Mission control sites, or antennae for all these wonderful projects as they come online? Who deals with this?
I usually use two mirrors separated by a minimum of 0.4 metres to see the back of my head.
what is it that you expect to see back there ? little green men on a follicle ? if they start pole vaulting, you better call an exterminator, or just get down to the nearest drug store....
We definitely need to travel to Uranus and Neptune again, just look at how much we discovered at pluto, imagine what we could find out about these long distance giants
I enjoy your videos immensely and now listening to the part about search for life, I remember fondly the SETI@home screensaver as a kid, staring at it sometimes as if I was gonna see the perfect signal right there and then! :D
Now another question popped up in my mind. I know scientific community in planning the missions has a consensus that is firmly on the side of not contaminating space with life forms from Earth, be it a Mars mission or a one-off comet that passes the sun now and either never or extremely infrequently. The question is, how sure are we that everyone is onboard with that idea and there isn't some nation, team or an individual who is dedicated to intentionally do the opposite in pursuit of seeding life elsewhere in the universe? Is anyone able to sneak a few batches of extremophiles and send them off hoping for the best?
An important thing to know about hazards from dust and debris orbiting the moon is that the moon is very lumpy. Its gravity has a lot of local variation and low orbits just plain aren't stable. So yes, dust will kick up, even go into orbit, but virtually none will orbit for more than a month.
Could you use quantum entanglement to communicate instantaneously over vast distances negating light delay?
Nope, unfortunately. Although the particles are entangled, you can't communicate with them.
Darn, that would have been cool.
I think the link is in the size of the original white dwarf. if it is near 1.44SM then it will go type 1a if it is no where near lets say a WD that is half a solar mas or even 1 sm you may not reach 1.44SM before the hydrogen ignites giving a nova instead.
So its not possible for anything to be truly stationary? Thats interested to think about.
Fraser, how long are you going to be on hiatus and how would that affect Space Bites?
Until September, no impact on Space Bites. I'm just not doing livestreams until then.
@@frasercain I see, thank you!😊
Hi Fraser,
How will the compass align if we are in space?
If within Earths magnetic field, pretty much the same as on the surface. If far from the Earth (and any other magnetic influences) it won't work.
Question: Since gyroscopes are so critical to Hubble Space Telescope operation, why wasn't it designed with ring laser gyroscopes that don't wear out, or with hundreds or even thousands of tiny accelerometers like those used in smart phones?
what year do you think it was made in?
@@miguellopez3392 That's a perfectly good answer if those things did not exist at the time of the last servicing mission. I'm not certain if that is the case or not, but Wikipedia says the RLG was invented in the 60's. Anyway, even if it was an option, perhaps there are other reasons why it's not the best choice. It just seems to me that running HST in single gyro mode isn't a great option either. I'm curious.
@mikek2078 Running in single gyro mode is good enough, the hubble is not getting any more maintenance so it is better to extend the life then to do another expenses retrofit that won't happen due to hubble being so old.
Could all the amplitudes of radio waves from earth, transmitting all the time from normal sources from (air traffic control, cellphone etc.) unintentionally combine to be more powerful than they can be individually?
Hey Fraser, what are your opinions on the new Netflix show called “Three Body Problem”? I personally really enjoyed how they brought a bunch of theories to life.
HUBBLE 1b, I think be a better description to a Military donated spy satellite. Hubble 2 would be a Starship 8m Hubble
Can you use water as a shield (on mars)from radiation inside the glass dome for eg
Yes, but water has other important priorities. Just use rock.
I don't think rocket exhaust will put dust in lunar orbit. If you were to fire a gun from the moon the bullet will either be suborbital or leave orbit entirely. There might be edge cases tho. In any case launch platforms will probably be built to eliminate this problem entirely.
26:37. That was 9 years ago. 🤯
Telescopes on the moon will need features to protect them from dust. If there was a Lunar base they could be cleaned regularly. And provide maintenance, fit new parts and upgrades. This would limit locations for the telescopes. One option could be disposable and very thin membranes that can be replaced. Robotic systems would also be an option. Electronic systems may be useful. Large rotating panels could be used to attract and hold dust around a telescope. A large number of telescopes could be based in an area. Potentially linked in an array. But also allowing many users to use the telescopes from Earth. Communications time with Earth will cause significant delays. But a list of operations could be uploaded by Earth based operators from Earth. Some comms satellites should be developed around the Moon.
How can different parts of the sun spin at different rates? Would friction not make them line up?
It's because the sun isn't made from solid materials, the same thing is happen with the parts of the earth that are liquid or gasses (oceans and atmosphere), because of the conservation of momentum, the higher velocities water or air from equatory that reaches poles(without mixing with the intermediate layers) rotate faster than once in 24 hours, and the opposite happens with polar cold water that move closer to the equatorial region, they lose some speed by friction with rest of the environment until they move from a area to another, but I don't speak about absolute speed, but how much it takes to go in a circle around smaller polar region versus much longer equatorial path.
How can a Hexagon keep its shape on the Gas Giant saturn ?
Risa. We seek jamaharon. The NGR Telescope will help us find it.
Just on the issue of having to live underground on Mars. I know a lot of people are fond of natural caves and others have suggested mining but from the perspective of an Earth bound engineer with some experience of mining, I don't find any of that practical. Big machines, lots of complexity. Lots of wear and tear. And lots of power. However, living in a habitat which you've covered in soil, is a lot more tractable. Here's my take on how to do this.
First of all start with the premise that you are able to harvest and store CO2 from the Martian atmosphere. It's relatively easy to store it in liquid and supercritical form. Build a "vacuum cleaner" robot. All it does is blast the surface with high pressure CO2 (think pressure washer), which will then rapidly and violently expand into a gas. Soil particles fly off and then get captured into a storage bin. The robot then dumps its harvested soil near where you need to use it. It's already been graded by the process of extraction. Then you build another robot. A simple Mars version of a bobcat. It picks up the dirt and piles it up against the habitat. May not be pretty, but it will be effective.
I wonder if you could blow this under the habitat and sink it into the regolith?
@@frasercain If the hab comes in the form of a lander then its probably going to blast the loose dirt from under it. So...
From how far away could you see the accretion disk of a supermassive black hole with our own eyes, unaided by a telescope?
Question….spooky entanglement on the sub atomic scale, the universe started as a singularity with one assumes zero dimensions, maybe the zero dimension still exists and all matter and energy are still connected to this dimension and actions are instantaneously transmitted across the universe via a zero point dimension, we traditionally think in dimensions going up from a single line dimension to a flat world and then the 3D world.
Maybe we should think downward from the single line dimension to a single point dimension which still interacts with higher ones.
This would explain how information is instantaneous transferred across the universe, because the information is passed though a singularity point dimension.
That in this dimension there is no distance between everything in the universe.
I do not like the idea of panspermia. But support the idea that useful molecules are more likely. We need to discover how complex life is developed on Earth. Panspermia just kicks the problem further down the road. We need many sources of life. Life origin research is making many new possible options. And filling the blanks in the process.
Re: Martian radiation. Could we run a cable around Mars, and pass enough current through it to get a useful magnetic field? At least, while current flowed?
Delicious in Dungeon/Dungeon Meshi is amusingly old school.
Going back to CRPGs like Dungeon Master (1987) or some roguelikes, such as Nethack (1987) or ADOM (1994), have monsters serving as a food source.
Dungeon Master features a team of four characters, and the first edible monster encountered are mushrooms. This is also the setup of the anime, and many of the monsters/meals they run into are similar.
from how away could humans detect humans?