@@ubermenschdog Bo makes millions of dollars a year doing stand up comedy. People who aren’t funny can’t do that or else society would collapse because no one would do minimum wage jobs anymore because non funny people can make millions of dollars telling jokes. 😂 are you dumb full time? Or only part time?
Humor isn't a puzzle, it's almost directly the opposite. It's taking something grounded in reality and exposing it's oddity or strangeness etc. And yes, Bill Burr definitely IS criticizing Oprah, pretty directly too. He's basically calling her a sociopath, which she probably is.
You sir just used this exact method to relate to me and be funny about it. So in a way you solved the puzzle you don’t believe in lol you made me laugh bc it’s true and relatable lol then again I love the blunt Carlin type humor so it makes sense I’d laugh at that lol
This feels like a video made for a film school project and it was so good it had to be uploaded to TH-cam. I mean this as a compliment, I sat through so many "How to use comedy in filmmaking" videos that were 30 minutes of family guy clips. It was like being in a class room full of Nostalgia Critic fans
The end with the beginning credit rolling of "Friends" while playing the "Duck Tales" theme song had me thinking to myself "yep, this is it, I've finally completely lost it and I'm insane now."
As a comedian and a variety entertainer, I agree with a lot of strategies and statements that have been made in this video. It isn't all about the attitude nor character, but the tension that builds up that makes the joke that kick that it needs in order to be funny. It's kind of mind manipulation if you think about it. You are trying to trick the mind of the audience to think of one thing but making a separate turn that causes the irony. There are so many types of comedy including slapstick, stand up, dark, innuendos, etc but as long as you know what you are doing, you are going to be great
@@globknob6411 lol I know I have some knowledge but I wouldn't consider myself as a "professional" yet. I still have a lot to learn and I am just using what I do know to progress as a performer
@@emanuele0player159 Where did I start my career? Well technically I've started on TH-cam but later on started performing on stage at school events, parties, private shows, competitions, and even in public!
Great description, setting up the punchline, use pauses to empasize the joke, know your audience, this is great stuff. Comedy is an art and it needs to trained and honed to really work.
@@nigelgarrett2170 Coincidence? I think.....well, actually, that is a coincidence. Any other Nigel's around here? LOLXD Usually you hear Noah's, William's and Oliver's.
You have to pay attention to the ingredients. The full picture. Punch lines, buildups, etc etc. None of it matters if you don't have some sort of intrinsic interesting quality. Seinfeld's story telling techniques are one ingredient (how he moves his hands, vocal inflection, dialect, etc). A strong understanding of language and vocabulary are another ingredient. People that love comedy are drawn as much to the familiar story telling voice as the story itself. George Carlin is a good example. At some point the listener doesn't give a rats ass what the joke is. The melody and tonal inflection of Carlin's story telling was enough to bring anyone and everyone to their knees begging for more.
@4:15 Seinfeld head movement. Being good doesn't mean you're funny all the time. It means you're good when people that are in a receptive mood (ie those that patron comedy clubs) are receiving what you're throwing.
@@alfredliggins8510 maybe because we don’t frickin laugh. He forces all his dumb jokes, he’s dead behind the eyes, just like his jokes. Steve is where jokes go to die
I've heard middle-schoolers doing oral reports on photosynthesis that have more enthusiasm in their voice than this guy. His voice is as exciting as a pair of beige corduroy pants.
Good video. The setup of a joke is to illustrate the norm, then the punchline brings in the violation. The setup and punchline are contrasted to create the violation amount. NOTE: Violation is a term used in the TED Talk of What makes things funny | Peter McGraw. The two videos fit together well.
Absolutely spot on! Humor really is about timing and the tension that builds up. I remember how nervous I’d get trying to crack a joke, overthinking every word to avoid that awkward silence. Humor’s tough-balancing between being relatable and surprising is no small feat. The Sense of Humor Improvement Program by Habit10x has been a game-changer for me, teaching that humor’s less about punchlines and more about connecting with the audience. It’s about leaning into those quirks we all share. Keep experimenting and trust that your unique style will resonate with the right crowd!
hey great video man, it really helps me out as a beginner in this field, learning this to have fun. because the fundamental tension release and puzzle solving seems to apply to more complicated techniques too in some ways, ty
Haha song that is familiar to me haha I find this video funny now. I especially like the part where you point out the obvious while also making a claim that is blatantly untrue. Genius video! Did I also mention that I liked the ducktales song at the end. I thought it was funny to me because I recognized it.
I never found Seinfeld’s stand up that great. Love his show, I think his show is way better then his standup. Bill Burr and Chappell’s are two of the best. Louis CK is hilarious too. So many guys way better then Seinfeld, idk I just don’t find him funny, kind of corny to be honest
Hear hear! Senfeld's stand up, not funny at all. But it must be nice to reach a level of fame and recognition that people will laugh at anything you say.
a joke is like a frog, you can open it up, dissect it, pick it apart to see just how exactly it works, but the frog dies. good video ya damn frog killer
4:55 yes. The comic must be in control. Meaning ... That you don't let the audience tell you whats funny ... you tell them. Lol. In other words ... grow a set.
I see novice comics and I immediately know they’re bad and I don’t know why but when I see a professional I can tell if they’re good or not but thank you this is insightful, being vulgar or shocking isn’t funny.
Well that ducktales (which btw autocorrects to fucktards 😂😂😂...maybe that's just my phone algorithming me...anyway) the ducktales /friends bit CONTINUES TO BLOW MY MIND. 💗💗💗💗THANK YOU!!!!!
These are some basic fundamentals. You can be a great stand up by mastering these but this isn’t all there is. Attell is the greatest stand up alive and his punchlines hit you like a truck with no tension build up
Make another video or re-add clips to this one, after explaining each bit of information you have an accompanying example of what you mean. After the good example, add a clip of one where the comic attempted it, but completely failed based on the audience reaction
"Saw game premise material" I wrote this awhile ago and found it jigsaw instead shows his captured victims him doing stand up on stage, and he would start with something like I want to tell a joke...I was in my wheelchair and my wife was next to me some asshole ran into the building while we were leaving and slammed the door into her pregnant self causing a miscarriage stares into camera intensely you have 60 seconds. victims are freaking out trying to break out and are mostly like wtf was that do you know him I don't even think he's on Netflix why did we watch that we have to break out. this happens over and over with jigsaw doing more sets of open mics and the only people that survive are the ones who laugh. they have a mechanism attached to their diaphram chained their limbs to the walls and if the machine detects laughter from shaking and has to hear the sound of it they will be let go and become jigsaw's opener I know I should not quit my day job, ill be here all week sort of cliche. It was a long time ago and now I just do clubs that arent really sketch comedy humor and more so talking like the greats before us, Carlin and Hicks bringing up social awareness of what goes on in our lives. I've been doing it for 5 years now, my advice and take it with a grain of salt is the best comedy is when you do not force it and try so hard to get a laugh. Go up there with no expectations of how it will be funny to your audience and kill it with natural conversations with occasional punchlines that will connect people that watch you to bigger ideas. That comedy will last you the longest and it is NOT gimmicky or hacky. Bill burr says you should have more consecutive jokes back to back as people's attention span is that of a goldfish and you do not want to lose your crowd's interest. Being interesting will make you go places. Some are just born with a funny bone and have it. You cant go in the room and hope everyone will laugh at what you say, some of them will hate you but that controversy of people getting offended is what makes stand up so good and meta lol
@@prod.kilvkrxcksxlvd8183 I don’t think he’s that funny honestly but he’s entertaining as hell though and wise. So my answer would be alpha male strategies is funnier. But I haven’t watched the elephant in the room
I had a stupid story telling bit about I knew an opener for me that took a thc weed edible before getting on stage. And he was having a panic attack and was scared that the audience were his friends staring at him coming to collect money he owed and the spotlight was police up in the rafters wanting to arrest him. But the premise was the audience would think he was pretending and it was all part of his act the way he was freaking out and would keep applauding him through his terrible high expeirence. And when he gets carried off stage by security, I came up and said something along the lines of "on a serious note (as if his ordeal wasnt serious) how do I follow that, anyone selling drugs that I can have?...I wanna be more funny"
I think modern comedy culture is based on this philosophy, unlike the great comedians whose jokes are a hard punch in the gut. I've sat in recent comedy nights where the audience is trying to figure out when they are supposed to laugh, as if the burden is on them.
Oh snap he play the DuckTales theme song at the end, I used to run home to watch this cartoon after school and i was in high school😂..... just playing I was only 8 years old
I got some points from this video. But having said that there is no channel really breaking down the art of comedy and that's... ironic I guess? "Dummest of arts" seems to be the hardest to break down!
Hello, I speak from Brazil. You can kindly release the automatic subtitle of youtube from your video, I'm a comedian but I don't speak English and would like your content.
Comedy is saying something outrageous then justifying it - Jerry Seinfeld
And the greatest comics say something true noone agrees with and justifies it
Guacamole on my watermelon. I put it on my watermelon because my watermelon asked for it. =jerry seinfields definition of comedy.
No one does this better than Bill Burr. Check out his Conan interviews
u right tho
thats what he does in most of his jokes actually
Self-Discipline is the hardest and most rewarding virtue. With that you can conquer anything
Yeah but if you're not funny then you'll consistently fail.
@@porkerpete7722 small minded people believe in shit like that.
@@tapz110 oh yeah, it's little brain time
Thank you
what about people with ADHD where we don't even know the self part yet
“never waste a moment, every moment is a comedic moment”- bo burnham
Bo isnt funny
@@ubermenschdog Bo makes millions of dollars a year doing stand up comedy. People who aren’t funny can’t do that or else society would collapse because no one would do minimum wage jobs anymore because non funny people can make millions of dollars telling jokes. 😂 are you dumb full time? Or only part time?
This is like someone analyzing Mozart by saying, "Note the importance of not blowing into the violin."
Astro Gremlin you'd be surprised how many people try to blow in their violin
After Jimmy Page played guitar with a violin bow, anything goes
Astro Gremlin note the importance of there being something that YOU can blow on..
@@mrzuniga78 oh man sick buuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuurrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrn
Great joke. Build up of tension included. ROFL
he is criticizing Oprah. there's no exageration. it's all true. True, Oprah is not the usual target -- that's why it's funny.
Lee Lorenz
Burr is still good
Na, I didn’t find this funny at all. I think it’s because I got too invested on the build up that I actually wanted an answer.
U stole that from the video
Too funny
Humor isn't a puzzle, it's almost directly the opposite. It's taking something grounded in reality and exposing it's oddity or strangeness etc. And yes, Bill Burr definitely IS criticizing Oprah, pretty directly too. He's basically calling her a sociopath, which she probably is.
Socratic irony bro...
LOL Probably is a sociopath? Remember like 10 years ago when she proclaimed she was God? Yeah I'll go ahead and double down on sociopath.
@@DingusGamba No I don't remember when she said that, because why the fuck would I follow her comings and goings.
You sir just used this exact method to relate to me and be funny about it. So in a way you solved the puzzle you don’t believe in lol you made me laugh bc it’s true and relatable lol then again I love the blunt Carlin type humor so it makes sense I’d laugh at that lol
Thats why its funny
This feels like a video made for a film school project and it was so good it had to be uploaded to TH-cam. I mean this as a compliment, I sat through so many "How to use comedy in filmmaking" videos that were 30 minutes of family guy clips. It was like being in a class room full of Nostalgia Critic fans
The end with the beginning credit rolling of "Friends" while playing the "Duck Tales" theme song had me thinking to myself "yep, this is it, I've finally completely lost it and I'm insane now."
As a comedian and a variety entertainer, I agree with a lot of strategies and statements that have been made in this video. It isn't all about the attitude nor character, but the tension that builds up that makes the joke that kick that it needs in order to be funny. It's kind of mind manipulation if you think about it. You are trying to trick the mind of the audience to think of one thing but making a separate turn that causes the irony. There are so many types of comedy including slapstick, stand up, dark, innuendos, etc but as long as you know what you are doing, you are going to be great
Somebody thinks he's smart.🙄
@@globknob6411 lol I know I have some knowledge but I wouldn't consider myself as a "professional" yet. I still have a lot to learn and I am just using what I do know to progress as a performer
Where did you start your carrer?
@@emanuele0player159 Where did I start my career? Well technically I've started on TH-cam but later on started performing on stage at school events, parties, private shows, competitions, and even in public!
@@tyleriguana that's good to hear. Could you please give me any tip or any specific channel to follow for maximum growth?
Great description, setting up the punchline, use pauses to empasize the joke, know your audience, this is great stuff. Comedy is an art and it needs to trained and honed to really work.
Bra this is the first time I think I ever seen somebody on TH-cam with the same name as me 😂😂
@@nigelgarrett2170 Coincidence? I think.....well, actually, that is a coincidence. Any other Nigel's around here? LOLXD Usually you hear Noah's, William's and Oliver's.
@@nigelgarrett2170 Dude my first name is Garrett! Lol
For a second in the beginning I thought I stumbled onto "How I met your mother"
I see comedy like sometimes talking about real world issues that nobody else wants to point out. I really like this art. Some comedians are brave.
Man when you hear this kind of serious voice explaining comedy
This is great advice! Set up + punchline is more deeply achieved with dramatic tension. Thanks for the video!
Comedy is just a natural thing people have that has been practiced into a skill.
I love bill burr.
Justis Savage best comedian
Him and Louis ck
Everyone does
thank you for helping me on my essay
You have to pay attention to the ingredients. The full picture. Punch lines, buildups, etc etc. None of it matters if you don't have some sort of intrinsic interesting quality. Seinfeld's story telling techniques are one ingredient (how he moves his hands, vocal inflection, dialect, etc). A strong understanding of language and vocabulary are another ingredient. People that love comedy are drawn as much to the familiar story telling voice as the story itself. George Carlin is a good example. At some point the listener doesn't give a rats ass what the joke is. The melody and tonal inflection of Carlin's story telling was enough to bring anyone and everyone to their knees begging for more.
@4:15 Seinfeld head movement. Being good doesn't mean you're funny all the time. It means you're good when people that are in a receptive mood (ie those that patron comedy clubs) are receiving what you're throwing.
Explain jay leno
@@keyanawilliams7227 ....Explain the people who find Stephen Colbert funny....
@@greatbyrondo no you explain why he is not funny
@@alfredliggins8510 maybe because we don’t frickin laugh. He forces all his dumb jokes, he’s dead behind the eyes, just like his jokes. Steve is where jokes go to die
Shortest 8 minutes I’ve ever experienced sober
Louis CK and Chappelle have the best constructed stand ups out there. They even got whole videos dissecting how they tell jokes
where are these videos
Duck tales ending explains the entire video. The build up then the humor. Boom great ending.
i loved it. And it fit timing wise with the friends clip because of course it did.
Dying
I've heard middle-schoolers doing oral reports on photosynthesis that have more enthusiasm in their voice than this guy. His voice is as exciting as a pair of beige corduroy pants.
James S as someone wearing beige corduroy pants, I am offended
@@ren3533 As a nudist I'm offended
Oh the pain of predicting future fashions
That's ending was random af... and perfectly synced! Wow.
Good video.
The setup of a joke is to illustrate the norm, then the punchline brings in the violation.
The setup and punchline are contrasted to create the violation amount.
NOTE: Violation is a term used in the TED Talk of What makes things funny | Peter McGraw. The two videos fit together well.
What a wonderful observation on comedy. Thank you, Ron Sterling.
Absolutely spot on! Humor really is about timing and the tension that builds up. I remember how nervous I’d get trying to crack a joke, overthinking every word to avoid that awkward silence. Humor’s tough-balancing between being relatable and surprising is no small feat.
The Sense of Humor Improvement Program by Habit10x has been a game-changer for me, teaching that humor’s less about punchlines and more about connecting with the audience. It’s about leaning into those quirks we all share. Keep experimenting and trust that your unique style will resonate with the right crowd!
Wtf. DuckTales...lol.
This comedy guide is indeed fin-tastic
Conan is only happy when he's talking to burr or shalansky
or Norm
Or Goldblum
Or olyphant
Normy normy normy hockey normy horkey
Or Norm MacDonald
hey great video man, it really helps me out as a beginner in this field, learning this to have fun. because the fundamental tension release and puzzle solving seems to apply to more complicated techniques too in some ways, ty
The Ducktail's got me!!!! I sang along lol.
But how did you meet our mother?
My comedic genius knows no limit.
You certainly take people's breath away I'll give you that much
He seems the type to leave people hanging
You’re not funnie
Saved the best for last... Chapelle is the G.O.A.T
You know that when you smile you don't breathe
Naah
Just wanted a smile on your face😊😊
So no one's going to talk about the last 5 seconds of this video???
Yup. Laugh tracks.
Haha song that is familiar to me haha I find this video funny now. I especially like the part where you point out the obvious while also making a claim that is blatantly untrue. Genius video! Did I also mention that I liked the ducktales song at the end. I thought it was funny to me because I recognized it.
I never found Seinfeld’s stand up that great. Love his show, I think his show is way better then his standup. Bill Burr and Chappell’s are two of the best. Louis CK is hilarious too. So many guys way better then Seinfeld, idk I just don’t find him funny, kind of corny to be honest
Comedy evolution has changed alot over the years. Its just the evolution of humor. Back then that kind of stuff was funny
CottonShot 1 Seinfeld was known as the master of observational comedy; "have you ever noticed how (...)"
should you tell him about Louis or should I
Seth Mahoney are you still in the middle of that circle-jerk? Come on!
Hear hear! Senfeld's stand up, not funny at all. But it must be nice to reach a level of fame and recognition that people will laugh at anything you say.
WHAT A LEGEND didnt force a video to 8 minutes lol
Dear TH-cam commenters, take notes
Comedy is all about giving surprises or breaking the expectations
welcome surprise at the end. nostalgia overload.
The duck tales theme song though was funny af
a joke is like a frog, you can open it up, dissect it, pick it apart to see just how exactly it works, but the frog dies.
good video ya damn frog killer
Man, this was great!
This: * actual comedy *
What 13yr olds think comedy is:
Knock knock
Who’s there
*D E P P R E S I O N*
patthemightymat This comment: Ironic because it’s not funny whatsoever
This comment was underrated AF.
I think that's just humor from ages 8-16
that’s just kids humor now
4:55 yes. The comic must be in control. Meaning ... That you don't let the audience tell you whats funny ... you tell them. Lol. In other words ... grow a set.
I see novice comics and I immediately know they’re bad and I don’t know why but when I see a professional I can tell if they’re good or not but thank you this is insightful, being vulgar or shocking isn’t funny.
What I learned from this video: you have to be funny to be a comedian
*Relatable* *Charismatic* *Witty* *Smart*
Big if true
Well that ducktales (which btw autocorrects to fucktards 😂😂😂...maybe that's just my phone algorithming me...anyway) the ducktales /friends bit CONTINUES TO BLOW MY MIND. 💗💗💗💗THANK YOU!!!!!
Surprisingly good analysis. Keep it up dude.
These are some basic fundamentals. You can be a great stand up by mastering these but this isn’t all there is. Attell is the greatest stand up alive and his punchlines hit you like a truck with no tension build up
That's some terrific imagery from Louis CK
Right. Give credit where credit is due. That was funny I love him Dave and Bill.
nice to see im not the only one who uses the term "joke structure"
and how did you manage to be so successful with almost no videos? im really curious
The friends shit at the end will give me nightmares.
What an outro! Bravo!!! 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻
literally the only channel with shit like this thank you man
or lady or other thanks
i feel like this guy is the voice of old ted in HIMYM
The rape joke ends with the theme from Duck Tales. Haha
Ducks are rapists, man. It's true, look it up.
Make another video or re-add clips to this one, after explaining each bit of information you have an accompanying example of what you mean. After the good example, add a clip of one where the comic attempted it, but completely failed based on the audience reaction
All these comments on comedy and Duck Tales us the outro music, HARD. One of my favs
You've got a Bob Saget vibe about your voice. I like your content.
"Saw game premise material"
I wrote this awhile ago and found it
jigsaw instead shows his captured victims him doing stand up on stage, and he would start with something like I want to tell a joke...I was in my wheelchair and my wife was next to me some asshole ran into the building while we were leaving and slammed the door into her pregnant self causing a miscarriage stares into camera intensely you have 60 seconds.
victims are freaking out trying to break out and are mostly like wtf was that do you know him I don't even think he's on Netflix why did we watch that we have to break out.
this happens over and over with jigsaw doing more sets of open mics and the only people that survive are the ones who laugh. they have a mechanism attached to their diaphram chained their limbs to the walls and if the machine detects laughter from shaking and has to hear the sound of it they will be let go and become jigsaw's opener
I know I should not quit my day job, ill be here all week sort of cliche. It was a long time ago and now I just do clubs that arent really sketch comedy humor and more so talking like the greats before us, Carlin and Hicks bringing up social awareness of what goes on in our lives. I've been doing it for 5 years now, my advice and take it with a grain of salt is the best comedy is when you do not force it and try so hard to get a laugh. Go up there with no expectations of how it will be funny to your audience and kill it with natural conversations with occasional punchlines that will connect people that watch you to bigger ideas. That comedy will last you the longest and it is NOT gimmicky or hacky. Bill burr says you should have more consecutive jokes back to back as people's attention span is that of a goldfish and you do not want to lose your crowd's interest. Being interesting will make you go places. Some are just born with a funny bone and have it. You cant go in the room and hope everyone will laugh at what you say, some of them will hate you but that controversy of people getting offended is what makes stand up so good and meta lol
I write comedy, but good lord, that last Dave Chappelle joke....I may have thought this, but I probably would not write it.. . Until now!!!
Duck tales song at the end over friends credits lololol 😂
Ok so for pacing of the joke i want to talk like how a parent talks when lecturing their child, got it.
Very Good Explanation 😁 👍 Well Done and Thank You ✨ ⭐
Gonna be the greatest comedian on the planet. Just wait
All the best king
Cap. U won’t be funnier than alpha male strategies or Patrice o Neal
@@r011ing_thunder6 on the real, who’s gonna be funnier than patrice?
@@prod.kilvkrxcksxlvd8183 I don’t think he’s that funny honestly but he’s entertaining as hell though and wise. So my answer would be alpha male strategies is funnier. But I haven’t watched the elephant in the room
Hell yeah way to end the video with duck tales 😂
I had a stupid story telling bit about I knew an opener for me that took a thc weed edible before getting on stage. And he was having a panic attack and was scared that the audience were his friends staring at him coming to collect money he owed and the spotlight was police up in the rafters wanting to arrest him. But the premise was the audience would think he was pretending and it was all part of his act the way he was freaking out and would keep applauding him through his terrible high expeirence. And when he gets carried off stage by security, I came up and said something along the lines of "on a serious note (as if his ordeal wasnt serious) how do I follow that, anyone selling drugs that I can have?...I wanna be more funny"
I think modern comedy culture is based on this philosophy, unlike the great comedians whose jokes are a hard punch in the gut. I've sat in recent comedy nights where the audience is trying to figure out when they are supposed to laugh, as if the burden is on them.
Those bill burr clips on Conan are fucking gold
4:30 this is why I’m starting my comedy career
Great Video
Good work buddy.... Learn new things keep doing 👍
That voice over is like the how i meet your mother
pour "Opera"
set she
will always,
be a
super star
Make more videos please
Oh snap he play the DuckTales theme song at the end, I used to run home to watch this cartoon after school and i was in high school😂..... just playing I was only 8 years old
That fucking end tho!! 😂😂😂
Sounds like the guy that voiced how I meet your mother
Great job!
I got some points from this video.
But having said that there is no channel really breaking down the art of comedy and that's... ironic I guess? "Dummest of arts" seems to be the hardest to break down!
The ending needs some explaining -ha ha!
The hardest people have ever laughed, is when they're not supposed to.
Stand-up isn't "brave"; it's playing the odds.
Thank God Bill Burr was not actually criticizing Oprah! I was concerned.
Thanks!
Conan and bill burr are always great
It’s almost like they were destined to meet.
Bob Saget?
Don't get the Oprah joke?
Is that you Bob saget??
Hello, I speak from Brazil. You can kindly release the automatic subtitle of youtube from your video, I'm a comedian but I don't speak English and would like your content.
great video dude :D
Explain Steven Wright...
Really hard to take advice from someone that isn’t good at what they are advising on
don't for get juxtaposition, like putting the Duck Tails theme over the friends intro
Conan losing it to Bill Burr is the best.
Work on your audio levels, bro!
Maybe work on your ears stupid cuz i can hear it rn like any other video.
Who's the Brit?
Rob Jennings Jimmy Carr (at the beginning)
Jimmy Carr
He's definitely one of our top 10
thehorrorgeek1 agreed.
thehorrorgeek1 brits would say the same about American comedians, just different humour!
Comedy is the unexpected. Not shock content.
A true comedian is Benny Hill.
A master of subverting expectations.