@@gaming4K That's right. We gave a spear a projectile instead of giving a projectile weapon a spear. And bows and arrows? Those are just long distance spears
After spears, some people developed and used the Atlatl to increase the power and distance that they could impart on the spears. It’s a really interesting weapon and I’ve used one before. It’s definitely not an easy thing to get the hang of, let alone be accurate enough to hunt with it. It was definitely an interesting and eye opening experience though. Edit: Oh goddamnit... He brought up the Atlatl just a couple minutes after I posted my comment, because of course he would. Oh well, I guess it’s good that he did bring it up.
@@DarkZodiacZZ Women were already capable of participating, the new weapon just made it easier/safer for everyone. The division of gender roles only really became a thing after the shift from hunter/gatherer to agrarian (farming) - a hunter/gatherer society *required* everyone of able body to pitch in to have enough food - hunters tended to be men and single women without children, gatherers were mothers, children, elderly, and the infirm.
@@DarkZodiacZZ I suppose men have a +1 STR bonus and women a +1 DEX bonus when allocating attribute points for character creation? Not really a big enough difference to make one significantly better than the other, unless you go for a min/max spec.
Yeah, that’s true. Our ancient ancestors LITERALLY ran down their prey. All of the animals were way faster but could only run for so long. Early humans could just keep running at a job until the animal either died from exhaustion or couldn’t get away. That combined with our ability to stand up meant we could see much farther in front of us instead of down at the ground making threat recognition easier at further distances. The next trait that set humans apart is the ability to throw accurately. That allowed them to use rocks as defense against predators from a further distance.
@@Sprite_525 who defines hat is anti-social? If you haven’t noticed, certain parts of our society love to change the definition of words and even behaviors.
Something most people don't think about is that humans are also able to throw objects better than any animal. A simple sling with a stone could amplify that power even more making it a brutally effective weapon. 10-20 people with slings and rocks (plus spears) would have been more than sufficient to take on mid size game.
What the tierzoo completely left out is differences in the immune systems of neanderthals and sapiens. Reacting different to "new" diseases and threats to your health can have a huge impact on survival of a species. Got this thaught from a video of the channel history with Kayleigh. She's dutch and mainly covers prehistoric topics. And in one about neanderthals, sapiens and denisovans (the 3rd of these 3 living at the same time, but mainly in asia) there was a part about modern day diseases where people with neanderthal DNA react different than those without. And it makes lot's of sense to me: look at the native/indeginous populations in africa, the americas and australia/NZ and what happened when the first europeans met them. Deaths on both sides by diseases one side had some immunity against or a treatment but the other side didn't. But more deaths by the native/indigenous populatins relative to their numbers than to the europeans. (My guess would be that it was the same with the neanderthals and sapiens.)
The "atlatl" would be a good example of the progression of weapons at that time it was one of the first ranged weapons and it evolved out of throwing a spear. Edit: I now know the video actually mentions the atlatl later in the video.
For weapons, I believe it would be the atlatl, a tool that greatly increases the distance you can throw a spear/javelin. edit: oh it's in the video haha.
@@dennisfranklin8774 More like javelins/throwing spears, plus traps, nets etc. used by anatomically modern humans and did not have Neaderthals' high energy requirements, and so could live on smaller game.
That reminds me of the Macuahuitl, a sword made out of wood and sharp pieces of obsidian. Any people that knew how to get sharp pieces of hard stone could make something similar, and it would probably leave too little for archeologists to identify as such.
My first theory was that the neanderthal were charmed, but thinking on it further, maybe they just took more energy to "run", and they had a real cost heavy "build". And I wrote this right when the narrator said energy was a factor 😂 I read the book and saw the movie, they really only cut a lot of the book's more dragging sections, and I think it's a pretty solid adaptation overall.
Not just some people have Neanderthal DNA, unless a person is 100% african, they'll have some of that. I'm a mixed race brazilian and I got that DNA too. I love just how this fact messes with the preconceptions of "purity". Nature really doesn't give a rat's to that.
Also, I'm not cool with sending my DNA 🧬 since courts have ruled that we lose ownership of that "property". Losing legal control of your own gene sequence may not be a big topic now, but I can see it becoming one down the road. Medical and technological advancements can and will always be exploited for profit without protection.
The last time I read about 23 and Me specifically, it must have been back in 2021, but that was my initial deterrent as well. Perhaps they’ve updated their TOS and user protection but the curiosity of my genealogy isn’t strong enough for me to figure it out at this point. Seems like more & more people are doing it now
@@NoProtocol i did it and it turned out i have more neanderthal DNA than 86 percent of population :D Thats like 2 percent of neanderthal DNA. When you do 23andMe you have a choice to keep DNA sample stored or they can just tell you the results and then just throw your sample out. disadvantage of that is they will not update your DNA results according to newest reseach.
I love game lingo, it was what got me into leaning/ and now speaking English, it played a crucial role in The formative years. I'd say gamify learning is the most efficient XP grind I've ever come across Much ❤️ from 🇩🇪
I got a test from 23 and Me, but they didn't test for Neanderthal DNA back then, so I don't know how much Neanderthal I am. I just know I am mostly British, French, and German.
Ahoy's Iconic Arms video, Bow & Arrow is a great complement to this Tier Zoo one that goes into great detail about the sort of advantages that such a tool provided humans for thousands of years.
Homo went from purely thrusting spears (Neanderthals, which meant they were not the apex predators) to projectile weapons. A progression would be throwing spears/javelins, to javelins thrown with more force using atlatls (spear throwers - and they do make a very big difference), to bows and arrows, and bows and poisoned arrows. The Khoisan hunters use only weak bows but they poison their arrows.
3:12 A spear-thrower, spear-throwing lever or atlatl (pronounced /ˈætlætəl/[1] or /ˈɑːtlɑːtəl/;[2] Nahuatl ahtlatl [ˈaʔt͡ɬat͡ɬ]) is a tool that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity in dart or javelin-throwing, and includes a bearing surface which allows the user to store energy during the throw. stay curious yall :)
I recommend reading the *Earth's Children* series by Jean M. Auel - it's a historical novel set during the ice age, with a focus on the early human civilizations of Europe and the conflict between Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens. While the author did take some artistic liberties, it was based on archeological evidence available at the time of writing, though it is a somewhat old series, and thus some of the facts are a bit outdated and not entirely accurate based on what is currently known about that time period - but it remains a good read and a very compelling story.
One evolutionary point that I don't see many people bring up, but absolutely had a massive impact on our development was the ability to cook food. Cooking allowed us to massively expand what kinds of foods we could eat, as well as allowed the food we had to both last longer and provide more nourishment to our bodies. It also decreased the amount of effort it takes for us to process and digest our food, further increasing the efficiency of our diet. We were able to eat just about anything at that point and reached our current status of near true omnivores.
Primitive weaponry is amazingly effective. Spear, sling, atlatl, blowgun and lastly the primitive bow. I think the biggest game hack was the ability to create fire, and smoke meat to preserve it, left the other users in the past.
Throwing sticks, slings, spear throwers, bows, and swords all came after the basic spear, and probably in that order. For hunting, the spear thrower and bow largely replaced the simple spear, but both are essentially implements for launching small spears. There were also weapons harder to place in a technological succession, such as various blunt force weapons and axe type weapons; they're definitely old, though (the basic wooden club possibly being the oldest of all weapons). None of them superseded the simple spear as a weapon of war. The first weapons to do that, in a general way (not for a short period, and not as part of special tactics or unrelated advantages) were the polearms of the Late Middle Ages and corresponding eras in non-European cultures (e.g. halberds). Even then, though the spear survived in pike formations and as lances, in good standing among the other polearms. Also, of course, the other polearms owed their existence to the simple spear, which transitioned through hewing spears, and then to the other polearms. The spear remained superior to guns as a mass formation weapon until the development of the musket. Even after that, pikes remained common in the role of defending musketeers, for cavalry (lancers), and then persisted as a backup weapon to firearms, in the form of the mounted bayonet. Lancers were still used in WWI, and bayonets were basic equipment in WWII, but declined after that. There are still military guns that can be mounted with knives/bayonets, tough they're mostly obsolete, now. So, what weapon finally made the spear fully obsolete? The automatic rifle. The spear has been decisive for the success of our species for hundreds of thousands of years; several thousand times longer than firearms. It's _that_ impressive.
5:20 My hypothesis would be multifaceted, but the primary reason they went extinct would be cultural. Neanderthals lived in smaller groups and a much lower overall population. Therefore, the results of either conflicts or interbreeding with Homo Sapiens Sapiens (modern humans) would lead inevitably to their disappearance.
Other human species are really fascinating. As you already have heard there are people today that have Neanderthal DNA, there are also people with Denisovan DNA which is an other different type of human. Basically, All population outside of Africa, plus North and East Africans (due to back-migrations) have Neanderthal and/or Denisovan DNA, while other Africans don't, but instead they have a third type of other human admixture which isn't present in the out-of-Africa groups. So what we have is 4 different human species that were able to create fertile offspring with one another, that doesn't much sound like different species does it. It's more likely that what we consider different human species were simply just different races of a single species. Given enough time they would have become actual different species though, and by that time interbreeding between the different groups wouldn't have been possible, but as we know, that did not happen as they reunited and started mixing and created the races we have today, each carrying some characteristics of the previous races. Really cool, interesting stuff
Hello, just discovered this channel and its amazing! Interesting topics, good chat and if you don't mind me saying so, such a beautiful smile! Keep up the good work!
Tierzoo is using mmorpg terminology. Those games have different servers of players. Some get into a lot of depth but for Teirzoo, you could sum it up as about 4 classes of characters. Close range melee characters having the highest attack power with high enough health to withstand damage. Ranged characters having high attack power also but lower health so instead they typically have higher mobility to avoid taking damage. The rest might not be all that relevant in Tierzoo but a good comparison would be healer/medic otherwise known as nurses and doctors in more modern times. The other class is more fantasy based as it deals in magic, mages, etc but I suppose a modern day comparison would be maybe a chemist, explosives & weapons expert? Those games sometimes have a tank character that draws attention of the enemy to deflect damage, absorb damage, etc but that wouldn't really apply to much of anything in reality unless you talk about the old days of knights wearing the big bulky metal armor.
bone club/wod club>stone>pointy stick>group hunt>throwable pointy stick>fire>pointy stone stick>bow and arrow(wooden)>bow and arrow stone tip> then comes metal when agriculture and fishing is established along with settlements. taming also happened around the time settlements happened ( wolves and cats)
Keep in mind that the spear, in some form, is so effective that it was used up through the 1900s. Even once gunpowder was invented and guns became the way to wage war, humans still would attach bayonettes to the end of their muskets (and later rifles) to use as spears when forced into melee range.
Some of the books that you've mentioned are my favorite books. I really wish you would make a simple vid of your favorite books and why! I also respect your privacy and have noticed that you don't expose your life to the world. I love that aspect of your channel. Thank You!!!
I once heard the really far fetched, but still interesting theory that Euskara, a language spoken in northern spain could have some really old roots in the neanderthal's language, because there is no linguistic connection to any other language we know today, and the pyrenees are the place where we think the last neanderthals lived :) but like I said, really far fetched^^
Probably not, it’s a neat idea but the indo-european language expansion happened relatively late in sapiens’ history in Europe and the Basque language and the larger language group that it probably belonged to might even have replaced even earlier languages spoken by the first hunter gatherers in Europe, with it possibly being spread with the neolithic farmers a couple of thousand years prior to the indo-european invaders.
Last time i read anything about nearderthal vs sapien relation the leading hypothesis was that a combination of less food requirement, outbreeding and interbreeding lead to the slow death of the nearderthal. Is it possible that nearderthal had smaller, more fragile, social tribes but that is impossible to prove. Your notes and resources are always a blessing. Being an historian by passion is always a pleasure. Do you keep spreadsheets divided by arguments? (i used to xD ) Small aside: I bet many people don't recognized that the game sounds and HP visual come from oldschool "Runescape" mine, and many others, first Online RPG. :D (i'm old xD )
Very true, I think most of our theories are mostly speculative but I think bigger pack size would have given us a huge advantage. Also being physically weaker and having to fine tune the coordination with each other and adapt the tools used to bring down large game would have also given us a tactical edge when battling the less cohesive Neanderthals
The evolution of weapons: stone -> bone -> iron -> spears, swords, arrows -> crossbow n gunpowder -> canons -> semi-automatic rifles -> tanks, steamboats, aeroplanes -> flamethrower, poisonous gas -> automatic rifles, jets, atomic bombs -> missiles, nuclear/hydrogen bombs (the most destructive so far) -> prediction: lasers, fussion bombs, potent viruses. No other players in the current build can compete with humans since we unlock gunpowder.
My mom's twin sister did 23&me. It returned 2.6% Neanderthal. This did not surprise me at all, as my maternal grandfather looks almost identical to Neanderthal reconstructions you'll see online, save that he has dark skin, blue eyes and a chin. His palms are massive and his fingers are so stocky that it actually impairs his dexterity in various fine motor tasks. He has no waistline with extremely broad hips and shoulders. As an adult, the smallest he's ever been is 102kg at around 10% body fat and he's only 180cm tall.
5:47 tbh yeah surviving neanderthals mightve been interbreed with homo sapiens since it was inevitable for them to die out as sapiens started migrating to their place
The movie has some changes compared to the book. Also, some of the contemporary references were updated. I really enjoyed the Ready Player One audio book. It was narrated by Will Wheaton which is really funny because there was a Will Wheaton pun being read by Will Wheaton. I hands down recommend the audio book! Ernest Cline had a sequel called Ready Player Two, but I didn't enjoy that book.
I think the development of weapons went something like this (totally might be wrong, it's just guesswork based off of what little I know) Stones - Spears - Slings - Bows - Cavalry - Bronze weapons (and armour) - catapults, ballista, crossbows etc. - Iron and steel - Cannons - Matchlock - Flintlock - Missiles - Breech loading rifles - machine guns - bombs - atomic bombs - hdrogen bombs - Ballistic missiles.
there's a really good book that speculates what Neanderthal speech and culture might have been like, called _Clan of the Cave Bear._ it's entirely fictional of course, but it's an interesting exploration of the sorts of things we will just never be able to know when it comes to our extinct near-human relatives. it's fascinating to think about what kinds of assumptions we would probably make regarding how they might have been similar to or different from us. i haven't read it in a while, so there's a good chance some of the content is fairly outdated or problematic by today's standards, but i remember enjoying it
I think almost all humans have some Neanderthal genetics in them (on average about 2% of DNA). A couple of years ago it was reported that most people outside of Africa had some genes with Neanderthal origins, but more recent studies have actually found Neanderthal-originating genes in many African populations as well.
It's safe to assume that the simpler the weapon, the earlier was its first use. As complexity of a weapon increases, so does the time it takes to develop it. But not only that, it also takes a very abstract thinking, creative mind to leap to a novel idea that hasn't been done before. *Edit* Wikipedia has surprisingly little info on ancient weapons, or it's scattered in sub-pages with few links. Can someone enlighten me, please.
The biggest advance after the spear was the sling. I've seen guys able to kill squirrels at 40 to 50 feet with a shepherd sling and they can be deadly to 100 feet. Now imagine 10 guys all just as accurate and just as lethal.
A lot of the players have acquired a useful trait to survive the Lactose Intolerance Debuff. Players on the France server are particularly well known for their cheese eating ability.
The spear is under rated really. 10 dudes with long spears (stabbing, not throwing) can take down about anything. You might lose a couple in the process, but you will win in the end.
An interesting theory I've heard about the neanderthals extinction is essentially that they weren't as sexually dimorphic as our species is. The archeological evidence suggests that the males and females of our species were prone to using different methods of gathering nutrition and sharing the (sometimes literal) fruits of their labor with the rest of their community. If hunting failed then that might be okay since the other half of a homo sapiens community may well have been able to forage something up closer to the camp. By contrast, the male and female neanderthals were less physically and psychologically different and relied almost entirely on hunting for nourishment. This meant that when the neanderthals found themselves in an environment that didn't reward hunting as much they starved out and ultimately went extinct Edit: I love your channel. If you ever do a Q&A then I'd love to hear about your cultural background/heritage
I personally have around 1700 neanderthal genes. That is almost universal among populations that developed outside of sub-saharan Africa. Some have less, but an average is a bit higher than my number, afaik.
The first Spears were stabbing weapons (only) Later these were adapted to become throwing weapons (Javelin) and later still the spear thrower was added (as with the "Woomera" in Australia) The spear thrower (known by many names throughout the world) gave extra distance and power as it effectively lengthened the throwing arm, giving more leverage. Neanderthal extinction was (almost certainly) not caused by a single factor, but a "confluence" (maybe) of several factors, including the Ice Age (Climate Change), Sapien competition, and, in my opinion the most impactful, the inability to adapt. It has been shown that their tool use was "set in stone" (see what I did there) Their tool making was unchanged for generations. Although there is no satisfactory explanation for this, it is evident. Tool kits have been found from several distinct time periods and they are remarkably similar, some were found in their last know habitat around (present day) Gibraltar that were indistinct from those found from much earlier periods, which would support this hypothesis. Everyone alive today has some Neanderthal DNA, not just some. There was an Evolutionary Bottleneck some thousands of years ago where the Sapien population of the world was reduced to a very low level (you'll have to google the amount). Every human alive today is descended from this remnant population and they carried Neanderthal DNA (please don't make me type "Neanderthal" anymore it's hurting my fingers)
Saw an anthropology film like this in HS. Pygmies in Zaire hunting elephant. One guy sneaks up on the elephant and the other guy hides in the bush, either to summon the village to a successful kill or to return the dead body of the hunter back to the village ;-)
7:49 yeah as far as I'm aware if you're white than you have just a bit less than 2% of neanderthal DNA (but not exclusively white as there was some neanderthal spread into Eurasia and I'm obviously not an expert). A few years ago I took the 23andme DNA ancestry report thing and it was super cool tracking the paths my distant ancestors took to get from East Africa to Europe. Edit: "Of the 7,462 variants we tested, we found 237 variants in your DNA that trace back to the Neanderthals. All together, your Neanderthal ancestry accounts for less than ~2 percent of your DNA."
As far as I'm aware it's not just "some" humans that have Neanderthal DNA, but all of them. Something like 2-5% of the genome is from them. Again, this is just recall, no specific sources at the moment. This could also be out of date knowledge. Yeah, I really like Tier Zoo myself, to the point where I was frustrated there wasn't an in order playlist of them, so I made my own.
Most people think swords were far more important than they actually were mainly due to the importance historically placed on them. This was because swords were expensive and very difficult to make well so were always status symbol's. Much like a modern pistol a sword was a mark of power and a self defence weapon carried by those who should not really be fighting. Up until the advent of reliable fast loading firearms spears in one form or another were the most dangerous and versatile weapons humans had access to. It had a significant reach and power advantage over the sword used a fraction of the expensive metal of the sword required far less training to use effectively and could be used in close formations with far less risk of injury to allies providing greater defence for all. And when combined with a throwing device could be used as a very effective ranged weapon.
True, certainly the bigger wars sparked quite a few inventions and inventions. It's debatable though if we have a need for more of that at this point. Certainly as we're already way past the spear era and can wipe ourselves out in a blink of an eye. Slower progress wouldn't hurt.
For the weapons question: archeological evidence suggests that spear came first (some finds in Germany dating around 400k years ago) followed by Ethiopian javelins (about 280k years ago) and bow and barrow (72k) and finally Atlatl at around 17.5k This is even more interesting because it means the spear and the javelin actually predate us! 😮 Just wanted to add this comment because many in the comments are mistaken about Atlatl - it came later than people think 😅
@@ЯАга-я4л not that I’ve been able to find. As far as I’m aware (could be outdated on this) but the oldest ones are from France. To me this kinda makes sense because early human persistence hunters would want to maim, track, exhaust, surround, then kill their pray unlike the ice-age megafauna hunters of northern latitudes that would want the extra distance provided by the Atlatl since they couldn’t close with the large animals they were hunting.
@@9BeetleBones6 the oldest I managed to find is 25000 bc from North Africa. But still not too much time ago (on archeological scale). Also, I dont think they are sure that the arrow heads from 60-70000 bc timeframe that were found in Sibudu Cave were actually that. I think I heard that ancient people came up with atlatls first and bows later. That sounds reasonable as well, cos bow and arrow are are an entirely different kind of weapon while atlatl is an upgrade for one that already existed. Would be interesting to find out more sometime.
when we were kids we used to make things we called "Dutch arrows" (dont know where the name came from) an 18 inch long arrow quite heavy with notches cut in to wind a string around and a sheared Nail for a point, the string provided the Atlatl effect enabling hundreds of yards flight. we never could hit anything with them of course that would be a skill learned because of need i suppose... we just used them for fun just to see them fly. we lived in a farm environment in the countryside so no danger of hitting anyone. as we got older we graduated to shotguns to control pests and the Dutch arrow was forgotten lol
The 1-2% is only relatively "low", if you work it back half each generation 0: 100% 1:50% 2: 25% 3:12.5%, 4: 6.25% 5: 3.125% 6: 1.56% then having 1-2% Neanderthal DNA on average is like having a full blooded Neanderthal within 5-6 generations of you so "Low" is really all more about how you look at it. From my understanding it is manly sub Saharan Africans who do not have any really notable amount of Neanderthal DNA. Probalby because the humans that evolved for the ice age could not cross the huge dessert but could cross the bering strait pretty easily but humans evolved for the Savanah could get through the desert and brought their DNA up so a one way trade.
The image tier zoo shows is from “out of the cradle”. Recommend You watching it if you haven’t seen it yet. You are right about Neanderthal is less developed. They are as smart as us, but their reliance on their physical strength becomes one of their major downfall. With their strength, they don’t need to focus on their weapons as as much as us. While our tools kept getting better, the Neanderthal tools barely changed at all. Of course there are more factors to why they died out which is a shame in my opinions.
I had to get mine done as part of a mental health case study. I ended up being 2.6% DNA being attributed to neanderthal DNA. Kinda tracks I played college football at a D2 school and was our 3rd down nose tackle.
Every human alive today has neanderthal DNA, however Africans have far less. The thing about the cross over of populations is that it was happening continuously in all directions and the idea of people being isolated is mostly untrue, especially at those point of interface between populations. I don't know if it's controversial to say that we outbred them. If you haven't learnt about it yet, check out Sumerian history. I recommend 8. The Sumerians - Fall of the First Cities by Fall of Civilizations here on youtube. It's a long video, like 2 hours or something, but I think it's well worth the time. There is much shorter videos on it if you don't have the time to watch the whole thing. Would go pretty good as a reaction if you broke it up in to 10 minute bits maybe? I understand if it's too long to use and appreciate your vids
peacefully, this is wrong. Not EVERY human alive today. Not even every European. Most Africans have 0%. WOuld be cool to oread your source if you find one..
@@putivuelta9428 I linked a source but it seems to have been removed. I'll give you a title of further reading. I enjoy learning new things and I hope you do too. The title of the article is *Everyone Has Neanderthal DNA in Their Genome, New Genetic Analysis Shows* I hope you enjoy the reading
@@putivuelta9428 Here's another one New study identifies Neanderthal ancestry in African populations and describes its origin Aaron Wolf, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics
@@abekane7038 Yes, I come in peace. TH-cam has been deleting more and more messages and links these days.I will read your article, there is one from 2022 "What does it mean to have Neanderthal or Denisovan DNA?" that speaks about the lack of DNA in Africans, but that is just one of many. I think the subject is a lot of speculation in general, as not everyone in the world (or their immediate family line) has gootten tested, they testing is also flawed. as not everyone in the world (oor their immediate family line) has gotten tested, they testing is also flawed. Thanks for being peaceful
@@putivuelta9428 New Study Suggests People of African Descent Have Neanderthal DNA Too It’s time to correct past mistakes by Katrina Paulson is from nov 2022
It's also been hypothesised that Neanderthal - Sapiens hybrids fared better because they suffered less hip damage when walking, as Neanderthal hips were a bit more archaic than Sapiens, which continued to become optimized for long stretches of bipedal motion. Another is that Neanderthal women had an even worse time than Sapiens women giving birth to their big-headed offspring.
The bow was first introduced at around 20,000 BCE about 20,000 years after the spear. The tip of the arrow was made out of sharpened bone or chert is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of crystals of chert. quartz that is very small
@@mooglefourteena Paleontologists date the invention of bows and arrows in the Paleolithic period, about 71,000 years ago. Based on archaeological evidence of arrowheads and cave paintings, they assume that prehistoric people used bows and arrows to hunt.
@@mooglefourteena The origins of the bow and arrow are prehistoric; bone arrow points dating to 61,000 years ago have been found at Sibudu Cave in South Africa.
Tthrowing spears were the first effective ranged weapons that were used. Bows are old but relatively speaking, nowhere near as old. Bows are only around 12,000-13,000 years old where as spears hav evidence to date back around 460,000 years ago. Huge time difference! Bows are quite advanced technology! Even now bows are still used!
Spears were the first created weapon. The first actual weapon was probably a fallen tree limb (club), just pick it up as is. Knives might have been the second weapon we made. And third was probably the stone axe/hatchet. And I imagine the sling came fourth. Bow and arrow probably took a while to invent. Probably some caveman who was playing with his food realizing that strung muscle fibers make funny sounds, let's see if it sounds different if I poke a stick into it... Oh it threw my stick kinda far. Wait a minute let's try that again... Oh this is useful! Can anyone see if there is a video that studies ancient era instruments? That might be kind of cool to explore when and how those instruments came into existence.
Neanderthals could speak. What they lacked was the ability to form cultures based on mimetics. They were limited to extended family numbers and we weren't. It is possible for any number of sapiens to consider themselves allies and to even die for people they aren't related to. It would've been impossible for the smaller groups of arguably superior Neanderthals to compete.
It's funny just how relative something like 'intelligence' can be. While it's true that human intellect towers over cats, and rhinos, it ironically turned out that it's nowhere near what would be required to see the benefits of collaboration, and the consideration of future consequences.
It's not just the technology of throwing spears if you look at the shoulder development of Neanderthals. it's much closer to that of a Gorilla they simply aren't capable of using throwing spears and generating the type of accurate powerful throws.
Spear thrower. It allowed a spear to be thrown harder, further, and faster, due to the leverage action of the thrower. I believe it was called an atlatl. ETA: I should have waited to post.
Spears are better than bow and arrows for large prey. The best thing is the spear thrower. Humans are very very good at throwing stuff (other apes can´t do it), and by having a kind of launcher, we could throw spears really far.
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The spear is a superior weapon, from mere sharpened sticks down through the ages to even a bayonet on an automatic rifle.
It's got reach and it's got sharp, the two most valuable things a hand held weapon can have.
You mean we didn't put a bayonette on a gun but we buffed the spear? :O Interesting
@@gaming4K That's right. We gave a spear a projectile instead of giving a projectile weapon a spear. And bows and arrows? Those are just long distance spears
"It's all spear?"
"Always has been"
It's just useful being able to poke things
After spears, some people developed and used the Atlatl to increase the power and distance that they could impart on the spears. It’s a really interesting weapon and I’ve used one before. It’s definitely not an easy thing to get the hang of, let alone be accurate enough to hunt with it. It was definitely an interesting and eye opening experience though.
Edit: Oh goddamnit... He brought up the Atlatl just a couple minutes after I posted my comment, because of course he would. Oh well, I guess it’s good that he did bring it up.
I suppose atlatl would've made it possible for women to also participate in those dangerous hunts if necessary.
@@DarkZodiacZZ Women were already capable of participating, the new weapon just made it easier/safer for everyone.
The division of gender roles only really became a thing after the shift from hunter/gatherer to agrarian (farming) - a hunter/gatherer society *required* everyone of able body to pitch in to have enough food - hunters tended to be men and single women without children, gatherers were mothers, children, elderly, and the infirm.
@@LadyDoomsinger Atlatl let people substitute STR with DEX for throw distance calculations. 😁
@@DarkZodiacZZ I suppose men have a +1 STR bonus and women a +1 DEX bonus when allocating attribute points for character creation?
Not really a big enough difference to make one significantly better than the other, unless you go for a min/max spec.
Atlatls are awesome. And, ironically, illegal in some areas. One can get arrested for having 2 sticks....
Yeah, that’s true. Our ancient ancestors LITERALLY ran down their prey. All of the animals were way faster but could only run for so long. Early humans could just keep running at a job until the animal either died from exhaustion or couldn’t get away. That combined with our ability to stand up meant we could see much farther in front of us instead of down at the ground making threat recognition easier at further distances. The next trait that set humans apart is the ability to throw accurately. That allowed them to use rocks as defense against predators from a further distance.
basically Humans are too animals what the original Terminator was to Humans. You can run but you cannot escape.
@@PyrusFlameborn So who's Sarah and John?
@@stonedmountainunicorn9532 Adam and Eve haha
The stone axe was also a powerful tool for early humans. Not only for killing, but also for tool making.
Funny how our aggressiveness (one of the things that gave us an edge over other builds) is also our weakspot
It isn’t our weak spot.
@@HeywoodthepeckerwoodI think they’re talking about antisocial anger, not the war-like aggression that protects the group from warriors & predators
@@Sprite_525 who defines hat is anti-social? If you haven’t noticed, certain parts of our society love to change the definition of words and even behaviors.
Something most people don't think about is that humans are also able to throw objects better than any animal. A simple sling with a stone could amplify that power even more making it a brutally effective weapon. 10-20 people with slings and rocks (plus spears) would have been more than sufficient to take on mid size game.
That has the ring of truth. Are we believed to have had better aim than Nearnderthals?
What the tierzoo completely left out is differences in the immune systems of neanderthals and sapiens. Reacting different to "new" diseases and threats to your health can have a huge impact on survival of a species.
Got this thaught from a video of the channel history with Kayleigh. She's dutch and mainly covers prehistoric topics. And in one about neanderthals, sapiens and denisovans (the 3rd of these 3 living at the same time, but mainly in asia) there was a part about modern day diseases where people with neanderthal DNA react different than those without.
And it makes lot's of sense to me: look at the native/indeginous populations in africa, the americas and australia/NZ and what happened when the first europeans met them. Deaths on both sides by diseases one side had some immunity against or a treatment but the other side didn't.
But more deaths by the native/indigenous populatins relative to their numbers than to the europeans.
(My guess would be that it was the same with the neanderthals and sapiens.)
The "atlatl" would be a good example of the progression of weapons at that time it was one of the first ranged weapons and it evolved out of throwing a spear.
Edit: I now know the video actually mentions the atlatl later in the video.
I feel like you’d be that friend that has an answer to any question. Which would be really cool 😅
I don’t know anybody who has all of the answers lol
@@NoProtocol You don't know Jesus?
@@SeemsLogical Cringe
@@SeemsLogical I don't know a Jesus i've never met one. lol
@@SeemsLogical How can you be friends with someone you've never met or talked to?
For weapons, I believe it would be the atlatl, a tool that greatly increases the distance you can throw a spear/javelin.
edit: oh it's in the video haha.
I also spoke too soon
I was about to post that exact same comment. But I'm old now, and wise, so I waited until the end of the video and it got mentionned as you noticed :D
agreed. The Atlatl most likely was next evolutionary step in weapon development.
@@dennisfranklin8774 More like javelins/throwing spears, plus traps, nets etc. used by anatomically modern humans and did not have Neaderthals' high energy requirements, and so could live on smaller game.
That reminds me of the Macuahuitl, a sword made out of wood and sharp pieces of obsidian. Any people that knew how to get sharp pieces of hard stone could make something similar, and it would probably leave too little for archeologists to identify as such.
My first theory was that the neanderthal were charmed, but thinking on it further, maybe they just took more energy to "run", and they had a real cost heavy "build".
And I wrote this right when the narrator said energy was a factor 😂
I read the book and saw the movie, they really only cut a lot of the book's more dragging sections, and I think it's a pretty solid adaptation overall.
my head cannons been that they spec'd too far into the ice age tree and when the land heated back up they couldn't survive anymore.
Climate change (the end of ice age) might have been a key factor also I guess
I think I've watched the vast majority of your reaction videos and can confidently conclude that you are a pretty awesome person.
Not just some people have Neanderthal DNA, unless a person is 100% african, they'll have some of that. I'm a mixed race brazilian and I got that DNA too. I love just how this fact messes with the preconceptions of "purity". Nature really doesn't give a rat's to that.
You seem like such a beautifully thoughtful person. I have really been enjoying your reaction videos. Keep up the great work!
I love seeing these through the "video game ranking" lens. TierZoo's videos are great 👍
Also, I'm not cool with sending my DNA 🧬 since courts have ruled that we lose ownership of that "property".
Losing legal control of your own gene sequence may not be a big topic now, but I can see it becoming one down the road. Medical and technological advancements can and will always be exploited for profit without protection.
The last time I read about 23 and Me specifically, it must have been back in 2021, but that was my initial deterrent as well. Perhaps they’ve updated their TOS and user protection but the curiosity of my genealogy isn’t strong enough for me to figure it out at this point. Seems like more & more people are doing it now
@@NoProtocol i did it and it turned out i have more neanderthal DNA than 86 percent of population :D Thats like 2 percent of neanderthal DNA. When you do 23andMe you have a choice to keep DNA sample stored or they can just tell you the results and then just throw your sample out. disadvantage of that is they will not update your DNA results according to newest reseach.
I love game lingo, it was what got me into leaning/ and now speaking English, it played a crucial role in The formative years. I'd say gamify learning is the most efficient XP grind I've ever come across
Much ❤️ from 🇩🇪
I got a test from 23 and Me, but they didn't test for Neanderthal DNA back then, so I don't know how much Neanderthal I am. I just know I am mostly British, French, and German.
Your thirst for knowledge is amazing, keep at it
Ahoy's Iconic Arms video, Bow & Arrow is a great complement to this Tier Zoo one that goes into great detail about the sort of advantages that such a tool provided humans for thousands of years.
Homo went from purely thrusting spears (Neanderthals, which meant they were not the apex predators) to projectile weapons. A progression would be throwing spears/javelins, to javelins thrown with more force using atlatls (spear throwers - and they do make a very big difference), to bows and arrows, and bows and poisoned arrows. The Khoisan hunters use only weak bows but they poison their arrows.
Tier Zoo, is an amazing content creator. I love his take on things. Educational yet accessible to all the gamers in a language they understand.
I’m 2.5% Neanderthal, and I’m mostly Danish, Swedish, and English
I have like 2 percent and I have slavic origins and I am mostly Slovak, polish and Ukrainian.
Every white European has Neanderthal genes, and everyone can imagine for themselves what effect these had
3:12 A spear-thrower, spear-throwing lever or atlatl (pronounced /ˈætlætəl/[1] or /ˈɑːtlɑːtəl/;[2] Nahuatl ahtlatl [ˈaʔt͡ɬat͡ɬ]) is a tool that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity in dart or javelin-throwing, and includes a bearing surface which allows the user to store energy during the throw.
stay curious yall :)
I recommend reading the *Earth's Children* series by Jean M. Auel - it's a historical novel set during the ice age, with a focus on the early human civilizations of Europe and the conflict between Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens. While the author did take some artistic liberties, it was based on archeological evidence available at the time of writing, though it is a somewhat old series, and thus some of the facts are a bit outdated and not entirely accurate based on what is currently known about that time period - but it remains a good read and a very compelling story.
One evolutionary point that I don't see many people bring up, but absolutely had a massive impact on our development was the ability to cook food. Cooking allowed us to massively expand what kinds of foods we could eat, as well as allowed the food we had to both last longer and provide more nourishment to our bodies. It also decreased the amount of effort it takes for us to process and digest our food, further increasing the efficiency of our diet. We were able to eat just about anything at that point and reached our current status of near true omnivores.
Primitive weaponry is amazingly effective. Spear, sling, atlatl, blowgun and lastly the primitive bow. I think the biggest game hack was the ability to create fire, and smoke meat to preserve it, left the other users in the past.
Throwing sticks, slings, spear throwers, bows, and swords all came after the basic spear, and probably in that order. For hunting, the spear thrower and bow largely replaced the simple spear, but both are essentially implements for launching small spears. There were also weapons harder to place in a technological succession, such as various blunt force weapons and axe type weapons; they're definitely old, though (the basic wooden club possibly being the oldest of all weapons). None of them superseded the simple spear as a weapon of war. The first weapons to do that, in a general way (not for a short period, and not as part of special tactics or unrelated advantages) were the polearms of the Late Middle Ages and corresponding eras in non-European cultures (e.g. halberds). Even then, though the spear survived in pike formations and as lances, in good standing among the other polearms. Also, of course, the other polearms owed their existence to the simple spear, which transitioned through hewing spears, and then to the other polearms. The spear remained superior to guns as a mass formation weapon until the development of the musket. Even after that, pikes remained common in the role of defending musketeers, for cavalry (lancers), and then persisted as a backup weapon to firearms, in the form of the mounted bayonet. Lancers were still used in WWI, and bayonets were basic equipment in WWII, but declined after that. There are still military guns that can be mounted with knives/bayonets, tough they're mostly obsolete, now.
So, what weapon finally made the spear fully obsolete? The automatic rifle. The spear has been decisive for the success of our species for hundreds of thousands of years; several thousand times longer than firearms. It's _that_ impressive.
5:20 My hypothesis would be multifaceted, but the primary reason they went extinct would be cultural.
Neanderthals lived in smaller groups and a much lower overall population.
Therefore, the results of either conflicts or interbreeding with Homo Sapiens Sapiens (modern humans) would lead inevitably to their disappearance.
Other human species are really fascinating. As you already have heard there are people today that have Neanderthal DNA, there are also people with Denisovan DNA which is an other different type of human. Basically, All population outside of Africa, plus North and East Africans (due to back-migrations) have Neanderthal and/or Denisovan DNA, while other Africans don't, but instead they have a third type of other human admixture which isn't present in the out-of-Africa groups.
So what we have is 4 different human species that were able to create fertile offspring with one another, that doesn't much sound like different species does it. It's more likely that what we consider different human species were simply just different races of a single species. Given enough time they would have become actual different species though, and by that time interbreeding between the different groups wouldn't have been possible, but as we know, that did not happen as they reunited and started mixing and created the races we have today, each carrying some characteristics of the previous races. Really cool, interesting stuff
Hello, just discovered this channel and its amazing! Interesting topics, good chat and if you don't mind me saying so, such a beautiful smile! Keep up the good work!
Girl just playing life on easy mode am I right?
Tierzoo is using mmorpg terminology. Those games have different servers of players. Some get into a lot of depth but for Teirzoo, you could sum it up as about 4 classes of characters. Close range melee characters having the highest attack power with high enough health to withstand damage. Ranged characters having high attack power also but lower health so instead they typically have higher mobility to avoid taking damage. The rest might not be all that relevant in Tierzoo but a good comparison would be healer/medic otherwise known as nurses and doctors in more modern times. The other class is more fantasy based as it deals in magic, mages, etc but I suppose a modern day comparison would be maybe a chemist, explosives & weapons expert? Those games sometimes have a tank character that draws attention of the enemy to deflect damage, absorb damage, etc but that wouldn't really apply to much of anything in reality unless you talk about the old days of knights wearing the big bulky metal armor.
bone club/wod club>stone>pointy stick>group hunt>throwable pointy stick>fire>pointy stone stick>bow and arrow(wooden)>bow and arrow stone tip> then comes metal when agriculture and fishing is established along with settlements. taming also happened around the time settlements happened ( wolves and cats)
3:20 You get stuff like stone axes and slings. Bows came after and pretty much became the dominant ranged weapon until guns.
En Argentina le decimos "caracú" a la bone marrow y es delicioso
Keep in mind that the spear, in some form, is so effective that it was used up through the 1900s. Even once gunpowder was invented and guns became the way to wage war, humans still would attach bayonettes to the end of their muskets (and later rifles) to use as spears when forced into melee range.
To answer your what came next @3:30, the Atel Atel, the ability to throw a spear VERY far and with tremendous power.
Some of the books that you've mentioned are my favorite books. I really wish you would make a simple vid of your favorite books and why! I also respect your privacy and have noticed that you don't expose your life to the world. I love that aspect of your channel. Thank You!!!
The spear basically makes the old adage, "if it ain't broke, don't fix it" ring so true 🤣 it still is an effective weapon to this very day
I once heard the really far fetched, but still interesting theory that Euskara, a language spoken in northern spain could have some really old roots in the neanderthal's language, because there is no linguistic connection to any other language we know today, and the pyrenees are the place where we think the last neanderthals lived :) but like I said, really far fetched^^
Probably not, it’s a neat idea but the indo-european language expansion happened relatively late in sapiens’ history in Europe and the Basque language and the larger language group that it probably belonged to might even have replaced even earlier languages spoken by the first hunter gatherers in Europe, with it possibly being spread with the neolithic farmers a couple of thousand years prior to the indo-european invaders.
This is one of my favorite YT channels. Hope you enjoy!
Last time i read anything about nearderthal vs sapien relation the leading hypothesis was that a combination of less food requirement, outbreeding and interbreeding lead to the slow death of the nearderthal. Is it possible that nearderthal had smaller, more fragile, social tribes but that is impossible to prove.
Your notes and resources are always a blessing. Being an historian by passion is always a pleasure. Do you keep spreadsheets divided by arguments? (i used to xD )
Small aside:
I bet many people don't recognized that the game sounds and HP visual come from oldschool "Runescape" mine, and many others, first Online RPG. :D
(i'm old xD )
Very true, I think most of our theories are mostly speculative but I think bigger pack size would have given us a huge advantage. Also being physically weaker and having to fine tune the coordination with each other and adapt the tools used to bring down large game would have also given us a tactical edge when battling the less cohesive Neanderthals
The evolution of weapons: stone -> bone -> iron -> spears, swords, arrows -> crossbow n gunpowder -> canons -> semi-automatic rifles -> tanks, steamboats, aeroplanes -> flamethrower, poisonous gas -> automatic rifles, jets, atomic bombs -> missiles, nuclear/hydrogen bombs (the most destructive so far) -> prediction: lasers, fussion bombs, potent viruses.
No other players in the current build can compete with humans since we unlock gunpowder.
My mom's twin sister did 23&me. It returned 2.6% Neanderthal. This did not surprise me at all, as my maternal grandfather looks almost identical to Neanderthal reconstructions you'll see online, save that he has dark skin, blue eyes and a chin. His palms are massive and his fingers are so stocky that it actually impairs his dexterity in various fine motor tasks. He has no waistline with extremely broad hips and shoulders. As an adult, the smallest he's ever been is 102kg at around 10% body fat and he's only 180cm tall.
3:23 sling. or a sling for the spear so it can be thrown farther. it was a long time before we invented the bow and arrow.
5:47 tbh yeah surviving neanderthals mightve been interbreed with homo sapiens since it was inevitable for them to die out as sapiens started migrating to their place
The movie has some changes compared to the book. Also, some of the contemporary references were updated. I really enjoyed the Ready Player One audio book. It was narrated by Will Wheaton which is really funny because there was a Will Wheaton pun being read by Will Wheaton. I hands down recommend the audio book! Ernest Cline had a sequel called Ready Player Two, but I didn't enjoy that book.
I think the development of weapons went something like this (totally might be wrong, it's just guesswork based off of what little I know)
Stones - Spears - Slings - Bows - Cavalry - Bronze weapons (and armour) - catapults, ballista, crossbows etc. - Iron and steel - Cannons - Matchlock - Flintlock - Missiles - Breech loading rifles - machine guns - bombs - atomic bombs - hdrogen bombs - Ballistic missiles.
It has been hypothesised that Neanderthal spears were indeed throwable
there's a really good book that speculates what Neanderthal speech and culture might have been like, called _Clan of the Cave Bear._ it's entirely fictional of course, but it's an interesting exploration of the sorts of things we will just never be able to know when it comes to our extinct near-human relatives. it's fascinating to think about what kinds of assumptions we would probably make regarding how they might have been similar to or different from us.
i haven't read it in a while, so there's a good chance some of the content is fairly outdated or problematic by today's standards, but i remember enjoying it
I think almost all humans have some Neanderthal genetics in them (on average about 2% of DNA). A couple of years ago it was reported that most people outside of Africa had some genes with Neanderthal origins, but more recent studies have actually found Neanderthal-originating genes in many African populations as well.
5:22 Sam'Onella did an informative video speculating on this
It's safe to assume that the simpler the weapon, the earlier was its first use. As complexity of a weapon increases, so does the time it takes to develop it. But not only that, it also takes a very abstract thinking, creative mind to leap to a novel idea that hasn't been done before.
*Edit*
Wikipedia has surprisingly little info on ancient weapons, or it's scattered in sub-pages with few links. Can someone enlighten me, please.
The biggest advance after the spear was the sling. I've seen guys able to kill squirrels at 40 to 50 feet with a shepherd sling and they can be deadly to 100 feet. Now imagine 10 guys all just as accurate and just as lethal.
I feel like that running attack from the rhino at the beginning should do more damage than the first knockback.
here is the list when it comes to primal weapon inventions.
1. rocks and sticks
2. spears
3. slings
4. bow and arrow
5. blades
A lot of the players have acquired a useful trait to survive the Lactose Intolerance Debuff. Players on the France server are particularly well known for their cheese eating ability.
The spear is under rated really. 10 dudes with long spears (stabbing, not throwing) can take down about anything. You might lose a couple in the process, but you will win in the end.
An interesting theory I've heard about the neanderthals extinction is essentially that they weren't as sexually dimorphic as our species is. The archeological evidence suggests that the males and females of our species were prone to using different methods of gathering nutrition and sharing the (sometimes literal) fruits of their labor with the rest of their community. If hunting failed then that might be okay since the other half of a homo sapiens community may well have been able to forage something up closer to the camp. By contrast, the male and female neanderthals were less physically and psychologically different and relied almost entirely on hunting for nourishment. This meant that when the neanderthals found themselves in an environment that didn't reward hunting as much they starved out and ultimately went extinct
Edit: I love your channel. If you ever do a Q&A then I'd love to hear about your cultural background/heritage
the bayonet turns a gun into a spear with the ability to simultaneously shoot and melee
I personally have around 1700 neanderthal genes. That is almost universal among populations that developed outside of sub-saharan Africa. Some have less, but an average is a bit higher than my number, afaik.
I love Tier Zoo lol. PBS Eons is a great channel too.
Imagine the bragging rights of a Neanderthal male who successfully joined a Sapiens tribe...
The first Spears were stabbing weapons (only) Later these were adapted to become throwing weapons (Javelin) and later still the spear thrower was added (as with the "Woomera" in Australia) The spear thrower (known by many names throughout the world) gave extra distance and power as it effectively lengthened the throwing arm, giving more leverage.
Neanderthal extinction was (almost certainly) not caused by a single factor, but a "confluence" (maybe) of several factors, including the Ice Age (Climate Change), Sapien competition, and, in my opinion the most impactful, the inability to adapt. It has been shown that their tool use was "set in stone" (see what I did there) Their tool making was unchanged for generations. Although there is no satisfactory explanation for this, it is evident. Tool kits have been found from several distinct time periods and they are remarkably similar, some were found in their last know habitat around (present day) Gibraltar that were indistinct from those found from much earlier periods, which would support this hypothesis.
Everyone alive today has some Neanderthal DNA, not just some. There was an Evolutionary Bottleneck some thousands of years ago where the Sapien population of the world was reduced to a very low level (you'll have to google the amount). Every human alive today is descended from this remnant population and they carried Neanderthal DNA (please don't make me type "Neanderthal" anymore it's hurting my fingers)
Neanderthals and others used large stabbing spears. Homo sapiens invented smaller throwing spears that were a game changer.
Saw an anthropology film like this in HS. Pygmies in Zaire hunting elephant. One guy sneaks up on the elephant and the other guy hides in the bush, either to summon the village to a successful kill or to return the dead body of the hunter back to the village ;-)
7:49 yeah as far as I'm aware if you're white than you have just a bit less than 2% of neanderthal DNA (but not exclusively white as there was some neanderthal spread into Eurasia and I'm obviously not an expert). A few years ago I took the 23andme DNA ancestry report thing and it was super cool tracking the paths my distant ancestors took to get from East Africa to Europe.
Edit:
"Of the 7,462 variants we tested, we found 237 variants in your DNA that trace back to the Neanderthals. All together, your Neanderthal ancestry accounts for less than ~2 percent of your DNA."
As far as I'm aware it's not just "some" humans that have Neanderthal DNA, but all of them. Something like 2-5% of the genome is from them. Again, this is just recall, no specific sources at the moment. This could also be out of date knowledge. Yeah, I really like Tier Zoo myself, to the point where I was frustrated there wasn't an in order playlist of them, so I made my own.
Most people think swords were far more important than they actually were mainly due to the importance historically placed on them. This was because swords were expensive and very difficult to make well so were always status symbol's. Much like a modern pistol a sword was a mark of power and a self defence weapon carried by those who should not really be fighting. Up until the advent of reliable fast loading firearms spears in one form or another were the most dangerous and versatile weapons humans had access to. It had a significant reach and power advantage over the sword used a fraction of the expensive metal of the sword required far less training to use effectively and could be used in close formations with far less risk of injury to allies providing greater defence for all. And when combined with a throwing device could be used as a very effective ranged weapon.
Actually, the "infighting" is a major strength. There's no innovation or invention without competition.
True, certainly the bigger wars sparked quite a few inventions and inventions. It's debatable though if we have a need for more of that at this point. Certainly as we're already way past the spear era and can wipe ourselves out in a blink of an eye. Slower progress wouldn't hurt.
For the weapons question: archeological evidence suggests that spear came first (some finds in Germany dating around 400k years ago) followed by Ethiopian javelins (about 280k years ago) and bow and barrow (72k) and finally Atlatl at around 17.5k
This is even more interesting because it means the spear and the javelin actually predate us! 😮
Just wanted to add this comment because many in the comments are mistaken about Atlatl - it came later than people think 😅
I think archeologists found similar tools like atlatl from times earlier, no?
@@ЯАга-я4л not that I’ve been able to find. As far as I’m aware (could be outdated on this) but the oldest ones are from France.
To me this kinda makes sense because early human persistence hunters would want to maim, track, exhaust, surround, then kill their pray unlike the ice-age megafauna hunters of northern latitudes that would want the extra distance provided by the Atlatl since they couldn’t close with the large animals they were hunting.
@@9BeetleBones6 the oldest I managed to find is 25000 bc from North Africa. But still not too much time ago (on archeological scale).
Also, I dont think they are sure that the arrow heads from 60-70000 bc timeframe that were found in Sibudu Cave were actually that. I think I heard that ancient people came up with atlatls first and bows later. That sounds reasonable as well, cos bow and arrow are are an entirely different kind of weapon while atlatl is an upgrade for one that already existed. Would be interesting to find out more sometime.
SF writer Philip Jose Farmer wrote a funny short story about a lone Neanderthal survivor in the XX century.
when we were kids we used to make things we called "Dutch arrows" (dont know where the name came from) an 18 inch long arrow quite heavy with notches cut in to wind a string around and a sheared Nail for a point, the string provided the Atlatl effect enabling hundreds of yards flight. we never could hit anything with them of course that would be a skill learned because of need i suppose... we just used them for fun just to see them fly. we lived in a farm environment in the countryside so no danger of hitting anyone. as we got older we graduated to shotguns to control pests and the Dutch arrow was forgotten lol
The 1-2% is only relatively "low", if you work it back half each generation 0: 100% 1:50% 2: 25% 3:12.5%, 4: 6.25% 5: 3.125% 6: 1.56% then having 1-2% Neanderthal DNA on average is like having a full blooded Neanderthal within 5-6 generations of you so "Low" is really all more about how you look at it.
From my understanding it is manly sub Saharan Africans who do not have any really notable amount of Neanderthal DNA. Probalby because the humans that evolved for the ice age could not cross the huge dessert but could cross the bering strait pretty easily but humans evolved for the Savanah could get through the desert and brought their DNA up so a one way trade.
The image tier zoo shows is from “out of the cradle”. Recommend You watching it if you haven’t seen it yet. You are right about Neanderthal is less developed. They are as smart as us, but their reliance on their physical strength becomes one of their major downfall. With their strength, they don’t need to focus on their weapons as as much as us. While our tools kept getting better, the Neanderthal tools barely changed at all. Of course there are more factors to why they died out which is a shame in my opinions.
Hi, I like the way you speak, and the words you choose to use, like using pattern to describe a topic
I had to get mine done as part of a mental health case study. I ended up being 2.6% DNA being attributed to neanderthal DNA. Kinda tracks I played college football at a D2 school and was our 3rd down nose tackle.
The sexy neardental hypothesis by Sam O’nella gives an interesting view to the why of the interbreeding.
You have 69K subs... nice.
But seriously, you deserve every sub and them some!
Every human alive today has neanderthal DNA, however Africans have far less. The thing about the cross over of populations is that it was happening continuously in all directions and the idea of people being isolated is mostly untrue, especially at those point of interface between populations. I don't know if it's controversial to say that we outbred them.
If you haven't learnt about it yet, check out Sumerian history. I recommend 8. The Sumerians - Fall of the First Cities by Fall of Civilizations here on youtube. It's a long video, like 2 hours or something, but I think it's well worth the time. There is much shorter videos on it if you don't have the time to watch the whole thing. Would go pretty good as a reaction if you broke it up in to 10 minute bits maybe?
I understand if it's too long to use and appreciate your vids
peacefully, this is wrong. Not EVERY human alive today. Not even every European. Most Africans have 0%. WOuld be cool to oread your source if you find one..
@@putivuelta9428 I linked a source but it seems to have been removed. I'll give you a title of further reading. I enjoy learning new things and I hope you do too.
The title of the article is
*Everyone Has Neanderthal DNA in Their Genome, New Genetic Analysis Shows*
I hope you enjoy the reading
@@putivuelta9428 Here's another one
New study identifies Neanderthal ancestry in African populations and describes its origin
Aaron Wolf, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics
@@abekane7038 Yes, I come in peace. TH-cam has been deleting more and more messages and links these days.I will read your article, there is one from 2022 "What does it mean to have Neanderthal or Denisovan DNA?" that speaks about the lack of DNA in Africans, but that is just one of many. I think the subject is a lot of speculation in general, as not everyone in the world (or their immediate family line) has gootten tested, they testing is also flawed. as not everyone in the world (oor their immediate family line) has gotten tested, they testing is also flawed. Thanks for being peaceful
@@putivuelta9428 New Study Suggests People of African Descent Have Neanderthal DNA Too
It’s time to correct past mistakes by Katrina Paulson is from nov 2022
I believe that Neanderthals also had a longer gestation, which meant they couldn't breed as often.
It's also been hypothesised that Neanderthal - Sapiens hybrids fared better because they suffered less hip damage when walking, as Neanderthal hips were a bit more archaic than Sapiens, which continued to become optimized for long stretches of bipedal motion. Another is that Neanderthal women had an even worse time than Sapiens women giving birth to their big-headed offspring.
The bow was first introduced at around 20,000 BCE about 20,000 years after the spear. The tip of the arrow was made out of sharpened bone or chert is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of crystals of chert. quartz that is very small
Bows aren't that old and spears predate them by several hundreds of thousands of years!
@@mooglefourteena Paleontologists date the invention of bows and arrows in the Paleolithic period, about 71,000 years ago. Based on archaeological evidence of arrowheads and cave paintings, they assume that prehistoric people used bows and arrows to hunt.
@@mooglefourteena The origins of the bow and arrow are prehistoric; bone arrow points dating to 61,000 years ago have been found at Sibudu Cave in South Africa.
Just 2 simple quotes from reputable online sources.
lol Ready player one was a movie. Its not bad. The advertising had me thinking it was a game though so I didn't see it until much later.
I reccommend Kurzgesagt : The Egg. I think its a compelling philosophical video that's layered with with subtle intricacies. Cheers
This channel should rename itself 'Beautiful Mind'.
Tthrowing spears were the first effective ranged weapons that were used. Bows are old but relatively speaking, nowhere near as old. Bows are only around 12,000-13,000 years old where as spears hav evidence to date back around 460,000 years ago. Huge time difference! Bows are quite advanced technology! Even now bows are still used!
Thanks!
I just finished the video you sent yesterday! Thank you
There was also a spear type of thing that worked like a sling. Sorry I don't remember what its called.
LOL!!! they said the atlatl just after I sent that =P
Spears were the first created weapon. The first actual weapon was probably a fallen tree limb (club), just pick it up as is. Knives might have been the second weapon we made. And third was probably the stone axe/hatchet. And I imagine the sling came fourth.
Bow and arrow probably took a while to invent. Probably some caveman who was playing with his food realizing that strung muscle fibers make funny sounds, let's see if it sounds different if I poke a stick into it... Oh it threw my stick kinda far. Wait a minute let's try that again... Oh this is useful!
Can anyone see if there is a video that studies ancient era instruments? That might be kind of cool to explore when and how those instruments came into existence.
Once we invented spears, we never really stopped using them.. people have always used them since we started that is just how good they are.
Neanderthals could speak. What they lacked was the ability to form cultures based on mimetics. They were limited to extended family numbers and we weren't. It is possible for any number of sapiens to consider themselves allies and to even die for people they aren't related to. It would've been impossible for the smaller groups of arguably superior Neanderthals to compete.
It's funny just how relative something like 'intelligence' can be. While it's true that human intellect towers over cats, and rhinos, it ironically turned out that it's nowhere near what would be required to see the benefits of collaboration, and the consideration of future consequences.
It's not just the technology of throwing spears if you look at the shoulder development of Neanderthals. it's much closer to that of a Gorilla they simply aren't capable of using throwing spears and generating the type of accurate powerful throws.
Tier zoo is the best 😂 always makes me laugh while I’m learning near useless facts.
Spear thrower. It allowed a spear to be thrown harder, further, and faster, due to the leverage action of the thrower. I believe it was called an atlatl.
ETA: I should have waited to post.
Some animals were chased into corals or driven of cliffs. Spears are still used to this day. Did previous humanoids have a larynx to help with speach?
Spears are better than bow and arrows for large prey. The best thing is the spear thrower. Humans are very very good at throwing stuff (other apes can´t do it), and by having a kind of launcher, we could throw spears really far.
Shepherds sling, like David vs Goliath, likely predates any bow and areow. Used by Roman legions as well.
It kind of blew my mind when I found out that everyone from North Africa to Europe has some Neadertal DNA.
3:19
Sword?