From Sand to Silicon: The Making of a Microchip | Intel
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 17 ก.พ. 2020
- Ever wonder what’s under the hood of your favorite electronic device? The transistor is the engine that powers every Intel processor. To build a modern computer chip, our engineers place billions of these tiny switches into an area no larger than a fingernail. It’s one of mankind’s most complex feats, and it’s happening every day across Intel’s global network of chip manufacturing facilities. Check out this video to learn more about how we turn sand into the silicon chips that power the world.
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About Intel:
Intel, the world leader in silicon innovation, develops technologies, products and initiatives to continually advance how people work and live. Founded in 1968 to build semiconductor memory products, Intel introduced the world's first microprocessor in 1971. This decade, our mission is to create and extend computing technology to connect and enrich the lives of every person on Earth.
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From Sand to Silicon: The Making of a Microchip | Intel
/ intel - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
No matter who's winning or losing, Intel or AMD, they have played huge part in the history of human life. I respect them!
Completely agree with you bro..
Intel invented the CPU! i just wish they were still the innovators they once were
Agreed, without Intel there wouldn’t be competition and that would mean there wouldn’t be such great chips to date.
And winning doesn’t necessarily benefit the consumer, a healthy competition encourages companies to continuously innovate.
That's the comment I was looking for :)
I like Intel's audacity to allow comments.
Gotta admit. They have stones to allow comments.
हिहिही
रोहित हिल ok indian
@@trolltube874 sand is stone dust
Lol
I have a degree in IT and i'm still amazed at all of this. It truly is the most incredible thing to me. My mind is just blown that humans somehow figured out how to make an inanimate object that is so tiny and sophisticated calculate and understand our instructions. It is absolutely incredibly mindblowing.
Magic is real and it's called science. CPU is literally a rock that we tricked into thinking. No matter how muck you know about how it works - it's still magic.
There are many patterns, of many kinds, hiding in nature. Us humans are the discoverers. This is truly incredible.
Legos
im guessing a degree in electrical engineering would be more helpful in understanding this. Either way, its absolutely incredible what humans are doing.
@@esmith2k2 a degree isn't enough to explain how we got down to the NANOMETERS in making these transistors and cramming BILLIONS of transistors inside small enclosures, then wrote machine code that executes at millions of hertz every second and somehow orchestrates magically into something we humans can interact with and understand...
"just remember that a CPU is literally a rock that we tricked into thinking."
what an unreal feat!
1:10 We all just love graphs with an unlabled y-axis.
moores law concept - transistors count
@@maroskuzmiak8351 Which is not labelled. That's his point lmao. There are no solid numbers in that graph except the timespan.
😅
The fact that moores law reaches its physically barrier is also ignored
lmao
AMD v intel can go all day long, but still the capabilities and design of microprocessors still blows my mind.
If you want the capabilities and design to improve, support both companies. I have a ryzen on my gaming rig and an intel laptop. This is the only way for these companies to compete
Pajeets wont get it
Second still is unnecessary
@@tavensektor3362 haha loser
competition is great for innovation and keeping prices low.
It's almost beyond comprehension that the human mind could conceive and build these type of microchips. The complexity is mind blowing. It's one of humankinds greatest achievements that many people just take for granted, but they really shouldn't.
every single discovery in science is cosidered a greatest achievement , cuz science is like a chain or a pyramide , every piece is essentiel cuz to get to the end you need all the pieces that was put before , the science that we have now is the combinaison of lot of small discoveries and innovation
Wow, this is how vintage 14 nanometer processors are made. Fascinating
I knew this comment would be here LMAO.
Lol
trust me you dont want to see a 7 nm intel processor, that would be an industrial revolution lol
u made me lol :)
@@eduuklee9453 That is exactly why we DO want to see it. Its impressive that intels 14nm platform has survived this long but it is showing its age. overheating cores and lackluster performance is plagueing intels new 14nm chips while AMD can run cool as a cucumber despite having more cores. Intel needs to innovate or they are going to hit a brickwall with 14nm
The board when I close my eyes in math class: 3:16
The board in math when I open my eyes: 3:22
Class attention go brrrre
😹
Nice one
How only 202 like very underrated.
🤣🤣🤣
My brain can’t comprehend this. This is just incredible.
They extract the silicon out of (quartz) sand by melting it to 2000°C. Then they have machines for each process that do everything for them. Each group of engineers / scientists only know stuff about their chain in the production process because the whole process is so very complex.
@@Scrungge ccg
@@Scrungge q
Also no CPU is the same some come with higher clock speeds or dead cores. I3, I5,I7 and so on are all the same processor just with different clock speeds or core count...think of it if you design a cpu with six cores but two are dead leaving you with 4 cores, why throw it away ? Just brand it as an i3 and sale it cheaper. It's also referred to as the silicone lottery. Pretty cool that CPUs have there own personality.
Intel in 2020:
Gamers Nexus in 2021: "Waste of Sand"
@N Diesal You don’t need to introduce yourself to me.
@N Diesal Well I don’t understand your gibberish, you drunk?
@@quadrodcc667 dude you are awesome
wtf happened here
@@quadrodcc667 Can’t believe he’s still alive after that burn
This is actually really cool, no matter who is winning the "CPU war" it is really cool to see how they are made, and it is nice that Intel made this video.
All that video and not a single mention of IC layout designers. We're the ones who design everything.
Video is more focused on the fab production process, not RD
@@V3RM1LI0N Intel: "What's R&D?"
Super intrigued by you guy's field and profession. Never seen a class or degree for it. Amazing what you lot accomplish though, truly amazing.
KHR0M3K0R4N research and development
@@DurzoBlunts Google VLSI design and Electrical and Electronics engineering degrees
I comprehend nothing, must be so complicated subject, on a very tiny matter
And that's just one component of a much larger, more involved process. No single person could design a modern processor. It takes thousands of talented engineers, physicists, and researchers to create a modern processor on this scale.
It's in simple language that the future of mp will gonna like each atom as transistors .a
@darknightoftroy nice comment
is this a pun? if so, then lmao!
@darknightoftroy Wow this motivates me to keep studying electronic engineering. I'm having problems digesting all the lessons in my IC fab lessons. I thought I was just that dumb.
All we need is sand!! Some guy in the Middle East- “I got you fam”
0:17 lmao theres a amd stock cooler in the pc
Hahah
XD
Yeah only coolers with orange leds are amd stock coolers..thanks genius
🤣🤣🤣
How long amd takes to build its processor?
"Limitless potential"
How about 7nm?
They said Limitless which enables them to Manufacture more of "+" of 14nm +++²
@@ClayWheeler to the power of 10
Ooopss. You don't say it.
Let’s raise the bet. How about 1 nm? Royal flush!
@@ElTorro9449 Intel will be like, "let's go for a 100 year vacation".
We've underappreciated the amazing feats technology has attained. This video feels like a video game cutscene.
take a moment to realize that humanity started in the woods somewhere, and now look at us with our fancy technology. crazy right?
The transistor technological leap that occurred in the 80's was not the result of only human intelligence. There is no other technological field in human science that even comes close to the level of development there is in the silicon semiconductor. Even biotechnology is crude in comparison.
@@Natangz we went from an 11 second powered flight to the first jet vs jet aircraft combat in only 40 years. It’s possible
@@Natangz
@@Natangz every science fields boomed with discovery of computers , cuz now we can have the data easly stocked and calculated and rearanged + performing hiiiigh presise thing , everything became 100% easier
The video graphics, the man's voice, the background music, I'm a AMD user and fan but couldn't stop being super impressed every single second.
The more I learn about computer science the more it blows my mind that it actually works.
as much as i study about it, i see that i really dont know nothing about this
its hardware so not really computer science but rather electrical engineering
this things looks like some fkin magic to me
wont be surprised if some aliens just come with shiny crystal cube and can store all the knowledge of the universe because we already half way there
Thanks to Intel and AMD for everything you have done. The world would be a lot different without you!
And 14nm++++++++++++++++
@@laylajs don't forget overpricing along with 14+++++++infinity
Also credits to nvidia for making a great Graphics Card
No one even gonna mention TSMC
@@nabeelabyazr911 (expensive)
Video: Intel was the first to manufacture 3-d transistors called FinFETs.
AMD: They are also the first to manufacture 14nm++++++++++++++++++ CPU's.
AMD is also the 1st to manufacture 7 nm desktop processors
@@RamakrishnanSRM actually it's tsmc but yeah amd is the first to produce 7nm desktop cpu and also I was joking in the comment it's an Intel 14nm joke
@@RamakrishnanSRM missed the joke buddy
Might wanna add more +
@@RamakrishnanSRM Breaking News! AMD is fabless and don't own the techniques to fabricate 7/5nm!
Without Intel And AMD, games wouldn't be alive , a salute to those unsung heros
Without James Clerk Maxwell, neither AMD nor Intel... nor a basic understanding of anything that has to do with electromagnetism would be known. A salute to an unsung hero
@@Deeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeez Maxwell is really genius, other scientists are Genius too, I salute them.
thanks intel for actually having stock.
Lol true.....a 3400g costs 400$ from being 80$
*Crushes a Cheez-It*
"We are literally rearranging atoms"
LMAO
Me- Wow this is so cool.
Also me- Sucking at my "semiconductors and devices" course.
what institute you studying at?
Thats an easy chap i think
@@mikeshane2048 we are tought that in our 12 standard.
Me too.
Relatable bruh 😭😭
Intel logo music gives me nostalgia and I respect them for keeping the music same
Man Intel is still innovating and at the cutting edge. My company, that builds fabricated circuits, that Intel uses to test each of its chips, is constantly trying to keep up with Intel just so we can stay the primary contractor. Engineers have all entire seminars and meetings, PowerPoint presentation and trial and error experimentation to try to figure out how to make something that and test the “new” thing. Right now Intel is about to introduce a new type of EMIB and so my company has engineering runs going through the fab everyday trying to nail it down.
OK, now I know how to make my own CPU, thanks.
*proceed to make 1cm CPU
youd be a genius to make a 1 meter cpu
00:48 thank you for this. I love when they give our brain these kind of visualization
That hair looks gross lmao
00:16 the pc they showcase has an AMD stock cooler or a lookalike... kek
@@EntropyConcept sus
@@kingeling yes
It is mindblowing to understand why some humans are so much more intelligent and advanced than the rest of humanity and can envision and create such complicated devices. The animation is also dope and beautiful. Love and respect to all the intelligent, advanced and creative human beings who have made life so much fun and exciting for the entire humanity. Thanks for your innovations and sacrifices. We are all proud of you.
Took 2023 years not surprised
I feel like a rock compared to these briliant Intel engineers who design and produce these insanely complex processors.
The amount of respect I have for my 4th gen CPU after watching this video, I can't-
I truly appreciate Intel taking the time remake this 10 year old video.
They are actually powered by competition. Thanks AMD and Intel
I love the part where they say "And if you buy AMD, you're dead to us"
@Aditya Panicker -0:00
Lmao
Glad to hear the intel tune at the end it literally made me smile
Thanks intel for making our childhood and future awesome
Chilhood only
@@Adkatka Future too
Then, everything changed when the Ryzen nation attacked.
haz 銀雨 YESS I was thinking the exact same thing
ATLA fan
@@praveshnagayach612 Sorry, I'm gonna have to dissapoint you on the 4 elemental level...I actually haven't watched ATLA. But I do know a lot of their memes, that counts, right?
@@haz2077 😅
Gintoki
When they said “limitless potential”. They meant they can make 14+++++ till eternal pluses.
You mean 14nm++++++++++++++++++++++61918498+8+8+5+55+2658+55-588558886659+95=58558-8848+8+8+88+++++++
13.9 nm
I love how half the video was just "here at intel, we [insert generic corporate mission statement]"
its crazy to think how important just this part of technology is and will prove to be
This whole comment section is like Intel asking for a r/roastme
Plot twist: The whole video was edited on a AMD rig
Edit: there’s a war going down in the replies
*Xeon
Edit: I didn't know it was going that far. When I commented on this it was the least liked. Now it's a top comment thanks to the war!
That'd be considered as a Traitor to Intel. One dare uses AMD on Intel's lab or Industry, whoever that user is gone for good.
@@notsogood2576 That's why I said Xeon. End-user choice can be anything they want. But in an Enterprise environment they are bound to use their own solutions.
@@abm_prottoy you didn't get the joke
^
Intel, driving innovation one + at a time.
Ayyyyy
No matter which side you are we have to appreciate that Intel and AMD both are taking human lives to next Level
And everything has changed after ryzen came
Celsius,Farenheit and kelvin:AYAYAYA
Love you comment my brother
@@ZaHandle well yeah, nowadays one needs to attach a refrigerator to cool an intel chip, looks like the old amd is the new intel
@@jasonaalab that's not true. i think you never used intel. and also intel has capability to bear over heat.
@@VibezVideo "cheap" 🤣🤣
AMD is spreading faster than Covid-19 here in the comment section 😂
Better things have better respect and values ya know?
ha ha ha funny
i dont see much probably they deleted some
conquer the world!
@@iDoe84 the wooooorld!
This is an unbelievable journey of mankind from the discovery of fire to rearranging an atom
This is so incredible, that we are at such a level of advanced technology. One could say that we have Ryzen to unlimited potential.
Bazinga.
The best of this section is users talking about AMD 😂
Hate to Intel is enormous
Who wouldn't hate a overpriced CPU
@nune nemaveze cpu usage is more important for me imo
@@reeeec If it wasnt for Intel we wouldnt have such powerful cpu and AMD would not exist
@@reeeec overprice? I don't hate amd but in my country amd is overpriced
Did you just mention Moore's law??? Lmao
Yeah It Did
But havenot done it Practically
@@Makhwax He wasn't the founder but The CO- Founder
Moore's Law is Dead
I'm surprised by the fact that how this is done at such a microscopic level. Such a (physically) small processor contains billions of transistors?? Amazingly insane!
yeah thechnology evolution is in exponentiel growth , the more time goes the fastest new technology apears
Whoever invented this should win an award. 💯
invented what?
Invented the microchip? That would be Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.
It wasn't invented in one day, it took years of understanding and experiments to build this.
@@pilot.sergio4 how though? It's unlike anything else in the world.
@@kned7288 understanding what? How do you even start to think of this concept?
Amazing video but I'm changing to 3rd Gen Threadripper...
AMD is fine if you don't need single core performance.
@@1pcfred TR has higher single core than ANY Intel CPU.
@@jonnypena7651 does it?
@@1pcfred comparing to the server and production side of intel, yea!
The only need to buy a xeon this generation is if you have a specific software that only suports it
@@firstbits650 sounds specific to me. I'm not much for servers myself. I only have a file server. It runs on an old i3. In general I favor Intel over AMD. I haven't run any AMD hardware in over 10 years. As far as I'm concerned right now it is all junk. The whole industry has fallen off a cliff. I don't see it being sorted for years yet either. So if AMD wants to be king of the garbage heap presently then they can have the crown.
“Doubling Transistor Density in every new generation of processors”
Yeah, as if they didn’t stay with 14nm for 3 generations
Bruh theyre still on 14nm and just started making 10nm hahahaah
Just because they stay on the same manufacturing process doesn't mean the transistor density stays the same.
@@camulodunon The Transistor density is still the Same.
3 generations? Its 5 generations.
@@premashetty6469 Not correct, as the dude who previously replied to you said, AMD has nearly double the transistor density.
Just mind blowing and awesome....I love watching stuff like this and then realising while I am typing this, well, you know the rest. #respect to all the people ever involved in pushing this technology, no matter the company or individual !!
kudos who did the graphic design/animated this and the informer script director & narrator to showcase us this feat of human marvel tech. my new laptop of microsoft surface 4 has Intel processors and can't help but wonder what each component's importance and understand what they do and what is made of is much compact & fast than the apollo shuttle's computers decades ago. still i hope we improve ongoing electronic recycling/waste management, more investment on industries to western countries/domestic chip making and pray safety, wage & better standards of living to those workers who built countless of our chips in dangerous conditions acquiring/refining it.
People say there's no hope for humanity, but I look at the feats we've pulled off thus far and realize our possibilities are endless. People are awesome
I realized that the people that say this kind of comments (there’s no hope for humanity) are the ones who know the less.
The more you know and understand about tevhnology, the more it will amaze you.
And that, is a proof that we truly did something great.
And we are constantly making it better and better.
@@ateyaba7253 exactly people say humans are a mistake, but i'd say we have managed to make positive situations out of all the negatives.
like look i'm literally typing this through the same processor that intel has made, with billions of transisors, and as i press enter this message will wirelessly go to my router, then modem, then be saved in google servers within a few milliseconds. that's amazing
OK, I know how my ryzen is made now!
What ur setup bro
This person brain's 100% a Snapdragon 420
@@notsogood2576 running java software
@@notsogood2576 and yours is pentium 4 for not getting the joke
@@sabagelashvili374 more like a celeron
Incredible stuff. Can't imagine the world of innovation without Intel. Hats off to all the Intel resources across the Globe 👍👍
Wow so this is how a Plumbus is made. Fascinating!
Upgraded version of what was created many years ago
*Noice*
"The world is producing data on an unprecedented rate .faster than our ability to understand and analyze it"
MORE LIKE " AMD is producing CPUs on an unprecedented rate. Faster than our ability to understand and analyze it "
AMD sold their last fab 14 years ago. So they're not making anything today. And haven't for quite some time now. They're not likely to anytime soon considering the cost of a new fab these days either.
@Francis why?
@@1pcfred because then they wouldn't have the shortages that they have now.
@@1pcfred This pandemic has taught us how risky and short-sighted it is two offshore all production to a small and vulnerable part of southern China.
@@MildMisanthropeMaybeMassive my borsig, can handle itt
Wait, So I paid $400 for sand !!!!?!
no
no
Sat here with a new pc wondering how the intel processor was made. WOW! And thankyou. What these companies have done for the advancment of the human race is phenomenal. Thank you.
Showing the Moose's law in this video is such a good laugh 😂
Moore's law brought to you by intel the company that killed it
"doubled transistor density with every new generation"
Fake News! Intel is basically selling 14nm skylake CPU's scince 4 generations xD
David you get to see the scatter plot flatten at the end haha
They said transistors
Intel still has more transistors density than AMD.
Intel is doing the same thing what AMD did before ryzen
Their cpu runs hot and at higher clock speed
I am not a fan boy
Skylake is architecture. Same architecture can be used for fitting more transistors.
@@premashetty6469 The Transistor density is lower then AMD, TSMC's 7nm HPC Process has 66.7MTr/mm2, Intels 14nm++ has 37.5MTr/mm2
I hope one day in your life you will get smart and notice that intels 14nm is actually nearlly as small as amds 7nm but you probally will never actually be smart so just shut up please
Thanks to this video I was able to build my own intel chip in my garage. Now I don't need to buy them from the store anymore. Thanks Intel!
Thank you for not enabling ads
The last making processor video was 8 years ago, I loved that. I also liked this video, the people can rly understand how it is made, thx for sharing
Anything happens..
Intel will be in my heart forever..
about time this video was updated from a decade ago
Let's put all of this Intel vs AMD stuff aside for a second and appreciate this video!
It's actually really well done, short and informative, I liked it
Intel: uploads a video
All amd users: you have chosen war
Intel golden days are gone. But thank you.
can't wait till youtube recommends this again in 10 years
14nm++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++ (༎ຶ ෴ ༎ຶ)++++++++
+^69
+ only 1
What's that's mean?
哈哈哈哈哈
3:41
So when AMD does it you call it gluing CPUs together
You do it and it's 2D and 3D packaging technology.
Irony...
Not like Intel haven't "glued" CPUs together before, remember the Q6600?
@@minbcraft or the Pentium D
Intel: 'Write this down, write this down!'
'Oh wait, this is our video.'
😂😂😂
They thought the big words would confuse people. So they actually tell you all the right stuff.
Powering the world, with performance gains of 1% each generation.
Meanwhily mobile comes with 7nm processor
Undoubtedly .. the most important invention in modern history
Intel is the king of Computer world🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩💯💯💯💯💯
I have been using i3 since 2010 it's awesome
Incredible processing power that you don't currently have, Intel. Single core is good, but only because of your clock speeds.
Not clock speeds.
AMD has to emulate x86 execution because they do not hold the rights of x86 instructions. So therefore for each x86 instruction that a AMD chip has to execute, it must first be translated into a instruction that the AMD chip internally uses, executed, then re-translated back to x86. This inserts a little bit of overhead into each instruction that a AMD chip has to execute and the reason why Intel chips appear to be faster with single core(because a intel chip can natively execute x86 code).
One of the ways AMD has made up for this issue was to just bruteforce it with a truck ton of cores.
@@memadmax69 except that it also has to do with clock speeds. Intel has 5 GHz all core boost for their i9 9900ks, and yet it is within 10 to 20 points in single core performance of AMD, and AMD is at 4.7 GHz max turbo. Single core performance, despite the overhead, is within margin of error, and within games, only really benefits the 1080p/1440p gamer with a 2080 ti. There are some games that Intel really excells in, but for the most part, an Intel i9 9900ks gets beaten by the ryzen 9 3900x
@@memadmax69 Do you have a source for this?
EDIT: I searched myself and found that the famous " ‘338 patent" was settled to a cross licensing agreement with amd.
@@Jonas_Meyer
Look up RISC decoder.
@@memadmax69 That is so wrong in so many ways. Please give a reliable source that says that AMD can't use the instruction set that they developed. Yes, they developed the x86-64 instruction set and that's why it's still refered to as AMD64 today.
The difference in single core speeds is down to clock speed and IPC. Intel has higher boost clocks due to the mature 14nm node.
The best video about chips, very beautiful colors, very beautiful.
This process looks almost like magic. Kudos to you for making this miracle true
Written this message by using Intel CPU
AMD fan here, btw the 14nm lake is drying up.
Intel
Just imagine how great is intel they can still squeeze out every single bit of performance being on such old process node, they are still not dead AMD is gonna enjoy the market value until intel comes to 10nm/7nm/5nm etc
@@shubhamjoshi7213 impressive, however not the direction they should keep going to. 14nm can only do so much if Intel still can't figure out how to get the 10nm fabs ready, since right now their CPUs are literally taking double the power to barely match AMD's performance (in other words, only half of AMD's power efficiency).
@@shubhamjoshi7213 i like your profile pic
@@mauricetejada6553 its made for pubgm profile pic 😅 because on fb id all the reletives are connected
step up your game...i love this "war"
imagine if we had 3 or 4 CPU providers or like the phone industry
we need more smaller,faster,conected and smarter CPU's
I wish we could... Unfortunately AMD is the only company besides Intel who has the x86 license and they don't have the rights to license it out to others, so no more competitors for the desktop market...
MK0825 nvidia are making CPU’s
@@coolperson4582 Well, they create ARM CPUs, not x86 CPUs.
Inspirational ...im learning about electronics , not at official school , but it its cool to see new movie about CPU ...Well Made.
Very cool. But what's more interesting to me is the collective intelligence and efforts of each of us that create enough incentive for another organism (Intel) and this whole collaboration that produces such a thing in the end. You and I are part of this too.
The power of semiconductors!! 💕
Legend says they used Ryzen 3600 for making this video.
Threadripper be like
ha ha 😂😂. they are just stupid fanboys who can't afford intel.
@@abdulmunim3771 i dont want to afford it if i can get double the power for half the price.
@@aaronlevi and half of the durability aswell.
@@aaronlevi no one told you to afford it man. both are good. the rest depends on your budget.
One of the best infobgraphics and infomercials ever.
Amazing fact: The whole world of electronic technology is based on sand 😀
0:21
"Intel makes chips that are at the heart of nearly everything."
ARM, AMD, and Nvidia: "Am I a joke to you?"
Note: ARM builds microchips for mobile and tiny devices around us, and Nvidia have Great GPUs for AI.
ARM isn’t a company, it is an architecture.
@@brrt1680ARM is part of SoftBank
More time was spent on praising the Intel than actually explaining the subject matter in detail.
It's video made by Intel, what did you expect?
This is really mind blowing , a great video to educate those people who say ki processor chips mae hota hi kya h 🙌🙌
W a s t e o f s a n d
Intel 2020: 15 nm
My 200$ smartphone: 11nm
@nhà độc tài Yang Wen Li You are the idiot. Lower nm means more space to put transistors. Lower nm also means lower power consumption and lower temperatures. It’s not about you being able to physically see the size of the chip.
So lower nm allows for a faster chip. 14nm can only go so far
@nhà độc tài Yang Wen Li What a try hard
lower nm does not necessarily mean higher transistor density. there are many factors affecting transistor density such as gate-togate pitch, metal-to-metal pitch, transistor-gate pitch, interconnect pitch etc... this fancy "nm" has become such a misleading concept