How Did Ancient Languages Work?
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 27 มิ.ย. 2020
- Check out part two! • MORE Ancient Languages...
It's no surprise to learn how much languages change over the centuries and millennia, especially considering that most of the world's most widely spoken languages today didn't even exist 2,000 years ago, and many of the ancient world's most prominent language are now completely extinct. So what exactly were some of these now dead and extinct languages like?
MUSIC:
"On a Hunt" by Philip Ayers*
"Cold Journey" by Alexander Nakarada
"Swinging with the Sultan" by Doug Maxwell
"A Celtic Blessing" by Bonnie Grace*
"Egyptology" by Sight of Wonders*
"Caravan Trails" by Sight of Wonders*
"Golden Sea" by Jon Sumner*
"First Visit to Jordan" by Sight of Wonders*
(*via EpidemicSound)
👕 MERCH!
crowdmade.com/collections/kha...
📖 SOURCES:
1) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin
2) • What Latin Sounded Lik...
3) www.britannica.com/topic/Gree...
4) www.etymonline.com/word/satel...
5) omniglot.com/writing/etruscan...
6) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptia...
7) www.ancient.eu/article/17/the...
8) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenic...
9) omniglot.com/writing/sumerian...
10) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria...
*Just because I have sources doesn't mean my research is infallible. Though I aim for as much accuracy as I can manage, there are likely some facts I have gotten wrong.
--
RELATED VIDEOS:
Spoken Roman Latin: • Video
Spoken Ancient Greek: • On the Heavens 1.09 (A...
Spoken Etruscan: • Video
Spoken Egyptian: • Video
Spoken Phoenician: • Canaanite-Phoenician l...
Spoken Sumerian: • Video
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Native Greek here - it depends on how ancient the Greek is .
The average Greek can understand koine Greek - plato or Aristotle is very hard and you can understand the words but not what they are saying - homer - extremely hard and you might only understand a word here or there
I have some grasp of modern Greek (as a second language) and I find much of New Testament Greek (Koine) comprehensible. Older Greek - not really.
I sometimes see books of Plato, Aristotle and so on with the Ancient Greek on the left page and a modern Greek translation on the opposite page.
You look like Pewdiepie mixed with Scarce from far away.
So like an English speaker looking at Dutch or Frisian. Neato!
Kinda like classical english and olde english
So when you read Plato or Aristotle you can understand like "I am sad" as separate words but not as a coherent sentence?
Fun fact: 55% of English vocabulary comes from Romance languages, although English is a Germanic language
Ooooooooooooooooooooooo
NOICE fact😁
Actually English are always messed up... (Like me)
English, literally one of the most fucked up languages in the world.
david constantin although malt of the grammar in English comes from old Germanic languages which is why it’s a Germanic language
But study shows that in everyday speech, words from germanic origin were used more than the latin origin. Latin origin words are mostly (edit: not very) sophisticated fancy words.
@@solehsolehsoleh then it seems like many English words are sophisticated
Of course I invented all languages. Everyone knows that
@Smoke Tree Rocket Man😂😂😂
So are your people eating yet
@@apoet7738 The cold.... Or the bullet?
What if this guy is the real Kim jong un?
@@______608 If he is I will keep Replying to all of his Comments/Videos, but I won't be Replying to what he's talking about, I will spam a bunch of Phrases from the Bible because North Korea banned Religion, and they can't touch me Because I'm Miles away from North Korea.
Native Greek speaker here.
The degree of intelligibility between Modern and Ancient Greek depends mostly on two factors.
1) The type of Ancient Greek. There are a lot of varieties of "Ancient Greek", depending on time and area.
Homeric Greek, spoken in about 800 BC, is quite hard for a Greek speaker to understand without prior exposure. The majority of the vocabulary still exists in Modern Greek, but the meaning of certain words might have changed, along with some letters in them, making them unrecognisable. The overall grammar and syntactical structure however are significantly different, complicating understanding.
Classical Greek, spoken in about 500 BC, is quite a bit more understandable. I would still say you need prior exposure to understand what's being said, but I think even without that a Greek speaker can pick up on certain words, and even understand some sentences. Here is where the type of dialect really matters though. The Attic dialect would be the easiest, as it was by far the largest contributor to the later stages of Greek. After than I would put the Ionian dialect, which is similar to Attic. Lastly the hardest would be Doric and Aeolian. They both systematically either change some vowels or some endings, making it much harder to correlate a word with its modern equivalent.
Koine Greek, the language of the New Testament, spoken from about 300 BC to 300 AD, I believe is, with some difficulty, understandable by Greek speakers without any prior exposure. In fact, in certain aspects, I would say Koine Greek is closer to Modern Greek than to Classical Attic Greek.
2) The amount of prior exposure. This depends on the age and the education of the individual.
Pretty much all Greek children are taught at least some Ancient Greek at school, so it's hard to find somebody who has absolutely zero exposure to the language. After that, people who choose to study the humanities have to be able to translate Classical Attic Greek texts to a certain degree in order to be accepted into Higher Education, so they generally have a better grasp than those who receive technical education or are taught the natural sciences.
When it comes to age, older people are generally much better at understanding Ancient Greek. That's in part because until about 45 years ago, the official language of Greek was a mix of Modern and Ancient Greek, called "Katharevousa". It was taught in school extensively, and you needed to be able to speak it if you wanted to pursue higher education, politics, etc.
Fun fact:
Modern Greek was probably the farthest from Ancient Greek in the beginning of the 19th century (maybe not if you count foreign loans from English during the last decade). After that it was gradually modified, under the influence of Katharevousa, until the 70s, to be closer to its "roots".
Koine was rather simplified compared to earlier forms of Greek, perhaps because it was in wide use as a second language.
Foreign loans. Heh
That's interesting how they artificially Engineered modern greek to be closer to koine greek. Thanks for sharing!
Don't worry almost all English speakers can't read Old English.
Homeric Greek was never "spoken", it's an artificial language that combines older and newer forms and that became the standard language of epic poetry. You had to emulate Homer and his language if you wanted to write an epic poem, even centuries after his death (Apollonios of Rhodos and his Argonautica is an an example).
Other than this, it's pretty much spot on.
Me: it’s 11:31pm, I have school tomorrow, better go to sleep
Me: **sees this video**
Me: sleep was made up by the government to sell more beds
*+*
-1 social credit
School? What about lockdown.
@@zxera9702 educations important in some countries. Like the one I'm living in even though I only go once a week.
@@arselmahmood8247 They don't even give vacations anymore lol.
In the follow-up, you should cover Sanskrit. It had massive influence on the Indian sub-continent and South East Asia.
Definitely, Sanskrit and Tamil are massively important in that region’s history
Yeah
OOOOH, that would be very interesting
Fun Fact: The earliest forms of Sanskrit (Vedic Sanskrit) started development while the Aryans were still in the Central Asian steppes.
And Pali, the language of buddha
When you literally speak Mandarin , Cantonese, Taiwanese (a dialect of hokkein which is said to be a dialect of Chinese 🤣),you will know they are so different that they're languages instead of dialects.
Whats chinese? Mandarin or Cantonese? Like which language is more widespread in china?
@@emp437 Mandarin is the main dialect and what people think when they say Chinese.
对
Lol
@@emp437 Mandarin, Taiwanese is wide spread of course in Taiwan, Cantonese is wide spread in Hong Kong and Macau.
Last time I was this early, these languages weren’t ancient.
Ok
Emp Muneeb ok
I Use Hacks ok
last time i was this early,basques were fighting this new thing called: indo-european
2:48 That book isn't in Latin, it's a Slavic language, most probably Czech or Slovak
I think it's Czech
@@nico27 I spotted "dnes" which is Czech.
@@stevekaczynski3793 "Dnes" is also used in Bulgarian language but we don't use the latin script.
It's Czech, with older ortography
to transform it into modern Czech, do like this
g -> j
j -> í
au -> ou
w -> v
Slovaks use Dnes too but I agree, it's Czech
From native Hebrew speaker- we can understand Biblical Hebrew almost perfectly, though word order can be different (e.g. for numbers), and a few words here and there might be obsolete in the modern language. It doesn't take much effort to understand, though.
Yes but Hebrew was reintroduced recently for Israel creation, and was taken directly from ancient text so it's just normal that you understand ancient Hebrew instead of Greek that was spoken from antiquities till now so it evolved from ancient to modern Greek.
@Saudi King Volintine Ander of Arabia thanks for the add 😉
2:06 C I V
*Sid Meier has entered the chat*
I hope you do old chinese, japanese and korean sometime as well, this is pretty cool
It would but imagine all the people who would complain because he pronounces it wrong
I trust that KhAnubis’ll be able to pronounce it at least kinda correctly
I am ethnically Assyrian and I am also able to speak, write and read the ancient language. I clicked the video right away when I saw our alphabet In your thumbnail :) Happy to be included!
Dan Oraham nice!
I am A-syrian who is interested in learning Aramaic
@@appleslover Damn...
Ancient Greek is the same language with modern Greek, just in a different time. The Greek vocabulary is very conservative in nature, and most ancient Greek words are still recognisable. Not only that, but most modern words (I've heard close to half) of modern Greek, had already been coined until the first century BC. That's why, a mature speaker of Greek can vaguely understand the content of an ancient inscription or speech, as long as the modern pronunciation is utilised (even if he has never been taught ancient Greek). The main problem is grammar. Though the Greek language is to a certain extent inflectional, with various verb forms and noun declentions, it doesn't come close to Ancient Greek, which had an extra grammatical:
mood (optative)
structure (infinitive)
voice (featuring separate passive and medio-passive, as in, for when sb does something to you vs when you do something to yourself)
case (dative)
number (dual)
participle (well modern Greek has that too but its used mostly as an adjective, +it has lost its declention system in the active voice)
And many more things that I might not remember right now. Generally, in pretty much all aspects, ancient Greek has +1 weird grammatical feature that complicates the text, and especially given that most ancient philosophical texts are hard to understand by nature, a Greek speaker with no knowledge of the ancient grammar will fail to understand any of the context the words are used. So, he might be able to understand a good portion of the words, but not the text as a whole.
Put Old Church Slavonic in part 2
Ancient Hebrew is still fully intelligible to modern speakers, though the grammar is slightly different. I’d say it’s as close as Modern and Early Modern English.
That's to be expected since Hebrew is a revived language and thus skipped almost two millennia of language evolution.
BurnBird Weirdly, L2 Hebrew speakers find Punic easier to understand than L1 Hebrew speakers.
@@BurnBird1 it wasn't really dead it was still used in prayers just not as an everyday language
Yep. I'd say besides a few biblical words here and there, it doesn't take a lot of effort for a Modern Hebrew speaker to understand
@@davidsilber7260"A language which is no longer in everyday spoken use, such as Latin." -Oxford dictionary
"A language that is no longer spoken by anyone as their main language" -Cambridge dictionary
More languages to consider (from a linguistics enthusiast, by no means an expert though.)
Old Chinese
Sanskrit
Classical Nahuatl (of the Aztec Empire)
Quechua (of the Inca Empire)
Maya
Tamil
Hebrew
Akkadian
Tibetan
Amharic
One of the Khoisan languages (Taa?)
Navajo
Arrernte
How about persian language
Use ge'ez not amharic, ge'ez is the ancient one
Mangue/chorotega language of Central America was probably the language of Mexico before náhuatl arrived
Old nordic/rune
Glad you included Tibetan. Doesn't get a lot of exposure
'Fancy pants language of England '😂😂😂😂😂😂😂
Interesting that A historic language in modern day Iraq is theorised to have relations with the Sino-Tibetan language, Uralic languages or even Basque
4:05 well I am from Greece and my mum is a language teacher so she told me that every kid learns ancient Greek cz all of modern Greek decents from Ancient Greek. For exmple parathiro (window) means para+thira (next to + door) this is because windows used to be next to doors.
*used to be next to doors
@2bpro 722x You know you can edit comments right?
@@supernt7852 thx I editied it and fixed the grammar mystake
@@nikosperakis7475 You know you can delete comments right?
I’m Dutch and I used to live in Greece. I can tell you that my dad’s coworker learned ancient Greek in highschool and when he first arrived in Athens, he tried speaking ancient greek to folks on the street. Suffice it to say that nobody could understand him and thought he was speaking quite strange. Its kinda like speaking Old English in England I think
Well he probably used the abhorring Erasmian pronunciation, no Greek uses that, we learn ancient Greek at school using the modern pronunciation
I am all for getting another video on this topic, there are always more to look into, all interesting
I think your video is REALLY superb, I loved it. Very well narrated and edited... keep up the outstanding work!
Great job on the video! I would really like a part two.
Great video! I''d definiterly like to see a part 2!
Would love a follow up to this, great video :)
Great video. I'd love to watch another one on ancient languages.
Hey, man. Had the pleasure of finding your channel and became an instant fan of the many awesome videos just like this one. Definitely dig your passion for languages and their history.
Great video thanks
Yes! 2nd part please!!
Very informative video
Wow. Glad I found you. A quick look at tour channel history and I will be on a deep.dive tonight. Lots of great topics. Glad to add yet another great page to my collection. I recomend fire of learning voices of the past, invicta, kings and generals and so on. So many great history like TH-cam pages.
I am very interested in the pronunciation of Homeric Greek as well as the tonic system. How is AUTW av-to pronounced? I heard one Graecist say it was OW-to and just cannot see that. I am also interested in your pronunciation scheme for Middle Egyptian. I am guessing you already have videos on this so I will explore.
Very interesting. Thanks
Dope video
Would definitely love to see a follow-up to this video.
I actually watch I Love Languages, and its one of my favourite channels! Thanks for talking about them :-D
We need more of these videos
Loved the video, keep it up!
Great video as always.
As for the follow up video, please cover the Arabic language and especially the old and classical Arabic.
Old hebrew would be interesting since hebrew was brought back from the dead but it would be interesting to go over the ancient language and see how it stacks up
For the record, Hebrew wasn't technically "brought back from the dead" because it never truly went extinct.
Modern Hebrew is similar enough to Ancient Hebrew that we can understand most texts with ease. It's not like English and Old English, where you can barely understand anything.
Is was brought back to live using Arabic as a base which is the most closes they could find plus Arabic also gave words from them to hebrew like (ahlan) meaning hello. In Hebrew it's (achlan)
As a Hebrew speaker and a Jewish, I can say that the language hasn't changed but more like the pronunciation of the words especially with ח and ע. and of course we use more slang words now.
Alexis Maiman correct me if I’m wrong but my community’s local rabbi said that the pronunciation of Modern Hebrew is what you’d expect if people with only a non-Semitic background (I.e European languages) tried speaking a Semitic language. He insisted that people who had a Semitic background (mainly Arabic speakers) had a more pure pronunciation of Hebrew.
@@humo89 weird yes I always though Arabic and Hebrew are very different and I think Jewish Arabs are very close to the original because they lived with the Arabic pronunciation and Arabic was also used for the making of the Hebrew used to day.
Yes, as French is a romance language, our "fancy words" (such as "pork") technically came from Latin -- but indirectly. Almost all our "fancy words" (like "pork") instead came from French, when the French aristocracy ruled English some few thousand years later. The nobility viewed French as the refined tongue (and not Latin, which had already essentially been dead at that point, outside the Catholic church), and prefered it to English.
Question : Why did you call every language by its name except Greek and Latin?
I have a feeling many people have actually heard of the native names of Latin and Greek, but not the others, like I have. Never heard of how Sumerian is called natively nor Phoenician. However, he may have decided this for other reasons.
Because you're watching a video on TH-cam, from a person who doesn't have a PHD in language or history.
If it bothers you that much, you can watch another channel dedicated to language.
@@OpinionesDeJACCsOpinions Phoenician was called "Kana'anim" but that just means "Canaanite" or "Phoenician". They normally said "lashun kana'anim" (canaanite tongue) or "dabarim kana'anim" (canaanite speech).
There is not such thing as Incan lenguage, it is called Quechua
Quechua is the ethnic Indigenous group. The Quechua people's language is actually named Runasimi, one of the most widely spoken Native American languages today. And yes, the Quechua people are the same people who are descended from the kingdom of four parts, Tawantinsuyu, aka the Inca Empire. 👍
The Incas spoke Pukina language among themselves, which comes from the Tiwanaku Empire in bolivia. Quechua was the lingua franca not their native language and it comes from the huari Empire in peru
JF DA JF DA Quechua wasn't really an ethnic group until modern day, quechua speakers can include huancas, chancas, Huaylas, collas, q'eros, etc. The Incas were a small minority in their empire, less than 100,000 individuals, but they were really big on setting themselves aside from the subject peoples. For instance annually they would make non-incas leave the capital city and have a special festival. The Inca empire was really ethnically and linguistically diverse and had lots of revolts even before the Spanish came, and when they did they recruited the subject peoples to rebel against Inca rule which is what allowed them to conquer the country
Runasimi just means "people's language" which comes from its designation as Qhapaq runasimi under Inca rule ("great language of the people")
@Connor Murphy very well explained. Thanks for your attentive comment. Btw, you have a British name, so I don't you to be a local of quechuan speaking countries (maybe I'm wrong? But) are you a linguist? Do you know any ways I could learn any quechuan dialects online? If you don't know any about that then it's ok, thanks for the comment anyways. Have a good one.
@@RenegadeShepard69 Yep I'm a linguist and into native american history, though I don't know any quechua and have never tried to learn. My name is Irish but I'm American.
www.memrise.com/courses/english/quechua/
vocabulario.com.mx/blog/quechua-listas-de-vocabulario/
You can also find quechua courses at many major universities across the US and western Europe and in a few in Peru. Also just google for "learn quechua" and look through what pops up, and search for resources in spanish if you speak it, they will be more numerous and more comprehensive. Good luck
Please do a part 2. I have always been curious which languages did Cleopatra speak. Supposedly she spoke 7
Already made it! th-cam.com/video/FEj4ZrF2NNY/w-d-xo.html
2:47 - that book is most certainly NOT written in Latin, as it's quite obviously medieval Czech. :-)
Absolutely! I thought it might be Old Church Slavonic, but it's definitely not Latin!
Part 2 pls
So close to 100k! Let's go💯
As a native Greek speaker most people can actually understand ancient Greek to a large extent but sometimes some words may have a slight difference in meaning making sentences a little harder to understand. We also get taught ancient Greek in school which I think is really cool. We even read from ancient scripts to practice
Nicely presented and well-researched as always! May I suggest you dive down into the different language families for followup videos?
If you’re gonna do another video, I highly recommend Hungarian Runes (Old Hungarian). It’s still used in many places in Hungary, though mostly written. Great video!
2:47 why is there a Czech text when we are still talking about Latin?
I attended a traditional Greek Orthodox funeral and the preists spoke ancient Greek (from about 2000 years ago not from 5000 years ago) and it was really interesting
You came, you saw, you conquered your knowledge of ancient languages
Would also be fun to see how each langauge (branch) spread accross each continent
great video, if your follow up could be a more in depth view of these languages with sentence examples kinda like how langfocus does his videos. that would be cool
2:49 Always a surprise when you're watching a video and can suddenly read the 'ancient' text in stock photos :D (Czech)
If you ever do a part 2 you should check out norse and/or old prussian
Please cover some of the oldCeltic languages like Old Irish, Gaulish, Pictish, Celtiberian, etc in the sequel.
8:44 "Sumerian and Basque ain't about checking all your little boxes!"
Other languages you could talk about: Frankish, Hittite, Gothic, ...
Aztec, Mayan, Etc. There's A Lot Of Languages. Like Russian
I love for you to cover the numerical systems of these languages
Amazing video! Old Khmer (Cambodian) is also one of the oldest language in Southeast Asia. That would be awesome to see as well. Thank you!
Please make videos like this
My Ancient Greek teacher actually tried speaking a few ancient dialects on a trip to Greece for fun. She said she got a ton of weird looks, but was able to do basic stuff like ask for direction and similar things, if people were patient enough. If I remember correctly, she said she had more luck with Doric than Attic. My own experience from asking a Greek acquaintance to translate and show me a passage tells me that they may pick up some word and grammatical structure, but they won't actually understand it properly
I am Greek and most modern greeks do in fact know in escence many words and phrases from ancient Greek. However, that mainly applies to the older generation who had to learn the precursor of modern Greek or Kathareuousan Greek which was a lot closer to each other and was written and spoken officially even until the 90s. Most Greeks now can read ancient texts and undestand consepts but word to word translation is not possible for most. One example of Ancient Greek still being aplied today is the Greek word for barbershop called 'κομωτήριο' which comes from the ancient Greek word 'κομη' which means hair. One aspect of Ancient Greek that has been lost is the flow of speech as they used to have one more tense that was oftenly used and was aplied to most dialogue but was discarded over the centuries and Greek now has a more 'European' flow of speach if that makes any sence :)
Love from London
If you do a follow-up video, I would like to have the Berber (Amazigh) languages mentioned.
You should make a video about soft power
How about doing videos on each family of languages, like Germanic, Latin, and Semitic?
There is still a remote village where Coptic is spoken.
for a follow up, it would be interesting to hear you talk about Proto-Indo-European and other reconstructed ancient languages
1:16 jsut a small correction about the map. Istriot language is spoken in a very small part of the Istrian peninsula (Around the town of Galižana and Vodnjan)
Ah Yes. The language with less than 1000 speakers.
@@reds.victim1023 F in the chat for istriot
@@PeoplecallmeLucifer F
Please decipher Linear A and do the world's first video on the Minoan language.
English has changed so much in the past 100 years in the USA. I like to read books written before the 20th century because there is a beauty and flow of thought unlike what we use in the present.
Would love a video on the untranslated languages. Just show what we do know about them and explain why we haven't translated it yet.
You should make a sequel to this, maybe by talking about Sanskrit, Ancient Chinese, and ancient Mayan
5:45 Such was life for Uncle CLAVDIVS.
@2:35 For some reason I've heard it as "VINCI" which turns out to be a plural noun form of it!
I *ABSOLUTELY* love languages that are now extinct, like Anglo-Saxon and Celtic. If you could make more videos about old and extinct languages i'd be so happy!
Anglo Saxon evolved to English and Celtic languages are still around. An extinct language is like ancient Egypt
What is the writing system in the thumbnail of the video?
More!
Can you do old Norse?
Besides Greek (Linear A&B) - what is (are) the oldest written Indo-European language(s) and what writing systems did they use?
Like the Hittite picture at ~09:28 looked crazy
You answered your own question, Hittite, which was written in cuneiform.
Hi! Can you do a video on the Nahuatl language please? It is only spoken by 1.7 million people today which is more than Icelandic yet less teaching exist on it. I really want to learn it!
Hey, if you could, please also do a video simply on ancient scripts and how they developed: pictographic, cuneiform, hieroglyphic, Chinese, Mesopotamian, syllabaries, plus all those undecyphered scripts (including the Andean quipu), and how practically all alphabets started with Proto-Sinaitic 😁 Cheers!
04:20 funny, aeolian, ionian, Lydian, those are all modes of the major scale (music theory)
a video about the dialects of arabic and foreign languages influence on them would be really interesting
I thought you were going to talk about the Aramaic language, since in your thumbnail you have the Lord’s Prayer written in Aramaic (Syriac script, ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ)
I have some greek students in my class and the teachers always expect them to know ancient greek words but they don't understand anything of it because it is so different to modern Greek
I'm subscribed with the bell but TH-cam didn't care to notify me that KhAnubis posted a video today.🙄
Can you talk about Proto Germanic in the follow up video?
You should make a video just about undeciphered languages.
I love this video but do want to make a small criticism about your setup. Your microphone makes you sound muffled in a way. It's like you have a mask on and are talking through a mask. It doesn't sound as clear. I recommend looking into a new microphone at some point as your channel starts getting larger.
Why are the auto generated captions in korean
I was scared you weren't going to mention Phoenician.
One ancient languege (not so ancient, 7th century AD) that you didn't talk about is old Bulgarian, also known as old church slavonic. It's not suprisingly more similiar to modern Russian than in modern Bulgarian, even though the first written sentences were in Bulgaria. The reason for that is because of the Ottomans who later took over Bulgaria and that inpacted on the Bulgarian languege losing a lot of the sounds that were originally in old Bulgarian. One example for this is that in old Bulgarian ь was a letter used in the end of a word to signify a sound at the end, which actually exists in modern russian. Another example is ѫ, which was actually used til 1945. By the end of the 18th century though, only isolated dialects spoke with ѫ, while the common speech replaced ѫ with ъ (u like in *u*nder) or а. One example about still existing forms of old Bulgarian: ѣ. Today ѣ is used in speeches but is replaced with either е or я (ja/ya). I don't wanna go too much in depth, but basically sometimes ja transforms to e. In some dialects the e doesn't change so from hljab/hlyab it transforms to hleb.
Great video. I'd love to hear about basque in the next video. I always hear that it's weird and kind of baffles linghusits, but why exactly?
I guess because it doesn´t sound similar to others , but now it it believed to be realted to Iberian and other extinct languages from the Iberian peninsula.
2:27 When you say his name like that is sounds like arabic name "قيصر" "Qaysar"
hi, another fun fact: 2:50 isn't actually latin, but either old slavonic or old czech :-p