Yes, you can go and visit this little village, it's accessible to people and tourists from cruise ships visit it as a part of their guided tours. It's a fascinating place, you can try your luck at shooting from a bow or throwing an axe (a proper one, no soft version here). Absolutely worth visiting though.
Hi there. Norwegian here! If you didnt know, vikings actually discovered america a long time before christoffer colombus. They discovered it when they had control over iceland.
In the US they celebrate Columbus day each year! It should be changed to Leif Eriksson day though, as he discovered America a long, long time before Christopher Columbus got there. Around 500 years before… So it’s about time they start celebrating Leif Eriksson for discovering what he called «Vinland» (he must’ve referred to it as such because they found vines there, a.k.a. grapes, not because they found «vin»/«wine» ).
My son's father visited the settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows. He was working in St. Johns and drove up. He didn't realise how far it was. When he finally got there he didn't get to see much because it was the off season, after October. When he got back home to us in Norway he hadn't even taken so much as one picture there to show us. The guy was a qualified mensa member, but he couldn't organise an exit from a wet paper bag.
During the Viking Age, about 90,000 people lived in Norway. It is about 28 generations since we were Vikings. With the number of ancestors we have genetically, it means that if you are 100% Norwegian, you are on average related to everyone 189 times, so the probability that you are related to someone who went Viking is huge. I can go back to Harlad Sigurdson who became the king of Norway, he is one of the characters Vikings Valhalla is based on and King Knut. I am also related to Bjørn ironside, who is the figure based on is in the first vikings series. Not everyone can go back that far in Norway, but when your family descends from royalty in Scandinavia, we have recorded in the royal saga who is related to whom. People live at Gudvangen all the time, but it is open as a training place/living museum. You can go there for a visit.
Norwegians are a very old people. The viking era probably began as a consequence of the climate collapse in 536, but Norwegians had been living here as a culture for at least ten thousand years by then. So many Norwegians have ancestry going back a great deal further than the viking era. Not everyone at the time went viking; they had a country to run while the vikings were traveling.
I was in Njardarheim at the 2018 Viking market😎⚔️🛡️ It’s pretty cool. At some point the cruise ships came in and the park was flooded with tourists. So it’s a tourist attraction.
I enjoy your videos. Especially now when there is honestly so much weird political stuff coming from the US. It´s good to have you to counter the bad vibes. A certain president of yours should really look into the Old Norse poem Håvamål: A collection of Viking wisdom reflecting values such as self-control, fairness and the importance of knowing when to speak and when to stay silent.
There is actually a small Viking village in Sebbersund, Denmark. It is built at an actual original Viking village/marketplace. After Danish archaeologists had finished excavation. The Viking ship Draken Harald Hårfagre vas supposed to visit a few years ago, full of Norwegian Vikings. They did not show up at the right day, but the day after. The "Vikings" came by bus....due to bad weather 😂😂😂
I'm not sure if you've heard before, but viking was something you did. It's not a race of people, people from all over Scandinavia went on viking raids. And the rest of the time they where farming, fishing and other things to prepare for winter.
Yup! Stated this countless times before. A viking wasn’t a set group of people or ethnicity, but a PROFESSION aka piracy: they looted, raped, pillaged and murdered innocent people, mostly monks due to the wealth accumulated there. In the beginning it was more of being tradesmen, but they soon discovered why trade when you can just take what you want? So anyone could be a viking. In Norwegian: «å gå i viking», meaning to go into viking. The majority of the Norse population were poor farmers and fishermen not vikings.
@@kilipaki87oritahiti Many wealthy Jarle had farmers, fishermen and raiding parties and trading routes. Much of the expansion to the West was a result of chasing the fish across the Atlantic, not raiding. They never called themselves 'Vikings'. I think that was something the English came up with. They referred to themselves as Nordmen. They still do. The 'Viking Era' was a very small window where raiding was recorded, 800 CE to 1050 CE. Throughout this era, Nordmen settled in places like Dublin, most of North East England (Northumbria) , centred around York, Leister and Cambridge, three of the 5 burgs under Danelaw. Just because their king lost in 1066 didn't mean they all left. There had been trading settlements and land ownership for generations by then. They became united under Christianity. Our local Jarle of that era was Ladejarle which held that post for 5 generation, spaning pre-christian and post. Trondheim fjord was an important water way in trade. The Jarle collected taxes on trade so the Ladejarle were quite wealthy and had a lot of power. They didn't have a fleet of raiding ships themselves or Vikings. Didn't need them. They had 'handleskip', trading ships. They actually were a bit pirate-y amongst themselves up and down the coast. Our local history is quite amazing. Due to the wealth, Trondheim became Norway's first capital city and is still where the Kings (and soon Queens) are and will continue to be crowned. Norway isn't just vikings, and poor farmers and fishermen. (and spoiler alert: That old story about King Olav is mostly fictional. Kristofer Hivju made a TV research project about it called 'Olav' on NRK.)
I would say that's where the name Viking came from, and at that time that's what they meant by the name Viking - to go on a raids. But in retrospect, the term Viking means all the Scandinavian people who lived during the Viking Age.
If you look more closely at Norway, you will find quite a few traces of Vikings, first of all, 64% of today's population are direct descendants of Vikings. And we do many things that Vikings did today, such as hoarding firewood. We enjoy being out in nature. That's why many people hoard mushrooms and berries in autumn, just like the Vikings did. And there are over half a million hunters today, which was common for the Vikings who were skilled hunters. And because of the Vikings, Norwegians have always been very skilled boat builders. And in recent times, three full-size Viking ships have also been built in Norway, which are used by organizations that have close contacts with the former. vikings who knew the craft. th-cam.com/video/FnkTuHP9q3o/w-d-xo.html&ab_channel=wardruna
I have a friend with a masters in archaeology, specialising in food from different eras. She has done loads of re enacting and creating meals and drinks from different ages. She makes her own mead. I've been lucky to travel far up north and camp with a Sami family and they shared their Krekling snapps with me. I LOVE Krekling berries.
We used to have a re enactment here in Trondheim during Olavs Fest, last week in July, in the Archbishops courtyard, but they don't do that anymore. I was part of the demonstrators so I had to have a costume, which I made myself from an archaeological find of a women's grave in Iceland, and set up that looked somewhat authentic. I demonstrated nålbinding and soap making. I didn't have to pay for my space if I did the demonstrations and helped the girls hired for dancing and entertaining the children. I did get to sell my products instead of getting paid so it made it worth my time. The soap making was sort of anachronistic, but they let me have it. More medieval and less Viking, but some of the demonstrators and costumes ran a gamut of ages. I made themed soaps, like two bok beir soaps named Tristan and Isolde. It is something I'd do again if given the chance.
You have to get a ticket to get into the Njardarheimr, but I don’t really think it is something they can make much on, the income from tickets is probably only helping them keep the place alive, to cover costs and pay for maintenance etc.
Been there 3 times, and I think the place is Awesome. Yes, you can go there to wisit as a tourist. Theres Loads of torists there in the summer, its what they life of actualy. Its also an exelent place for reinactors, and sertain types of conserts. ( wich is why i was there..) They have been criticized for not being true experimental archeaology, (using modern tools in construction and so on). But its still an exelent place for ppl to learn about the past and theyr roots and so on. The moest underrated point about the place is nature it self. Gudvangen is in the Unesco world heritage site aerea. The first time I was there in 2016 I was Awestruck by the truely insane nature and had a spiritual experience there all alone at 4 AM in the morning looking up at the the sunreflecting rim of the mountainwall of the narrow fjord,, in comlete scilence, with wet grass under my feet. Reminding myself that this is what its supposed to be like to be a human on planet earth.. Because the surrondings seemed to try to tell my sences that I was on a different planet.. (excuse bad spelling.. norwegian dyslexic here..)
----- @hwplugburz ----- - Hi there... A fellow dylsexic here. 🤪 I had no trouble understanding your comment despite the spelling issue. - As the old saying goes...: "Practise makes perfect!" Although being dylsexic means that we need a lot more practise than most. I personally have gotten a lot better since my schooldays. But I still take time to check for errors, multiple times actually, before I post anything. If I'm still not sure that I picked up on most of the errors, definitely not all of them, I resort to use of a spell/grammar-checker. Over time, you will start to notice fewer and fewer errors when you opt for the use of such a tool. And that is rather encouraging, I have to say... Have a great day! -----
If your ancestors come from Scandinavia, then you are a descendant of Vikings. We don't usually call ourselves Vikings today, but we are descendants of the Vikings. But sometimes it is said jokingly, we Vikings today too. Because if there are anyone who is Vikings, then it is the descendants of those back then. The Viking era ended about 1000 years ago. The term Viking is used more for the period from about 800 - 1050 AD, for Scandinavia and everyone who lived here then, were called Vikings.
@@TheAccidentalViking So what do you mean? Are we still Vikings today? I see you have it in your profile name here. We at least don't live in the Viking Age. But if anyone is a Viking today, it's us... I suppose it's a question of definition, but for me, who has no particular interest beyond the ordinary in this subject, I consider myself more of a descendant of the Vikings. But in a way I see that we also can see us as Vikings...
All norwegians are descendants of vikings. Vikings was basicly just the name of the people in the region. Im norwegian and i didnt know about this community. I think its cool. Theres a lot of hobby and reenactment groups around the country. But they are not like this guy and community.
Conan, the comedian from the US, does a travel show, where he 'meets his fans' who have called into to his podcast show. He shot at that place when he was here. He's been to Norway twice now. Once up at Lofoten and another time in Bergen.
"Vikings was basicly just the name of the people in the region" ?? This is just wrong - no one were ever called 'vikings', - it's a verb. The term 'viking era' is used to describe the (relatively short) time when the Danes, Swedes and Norwegians used that specific attack strategy.. :) it would be like the people in the 'stone era' called themselves 'the stones'? 😀
and during this time, most scandinavians lived normal pre-medieaval lifes. a veery tiny portion of that population actually 'went viking'. We have 'always' been 'the same' people(s?) living here, trends come and go :) Thats why I find those viking-cosplay stuff as weird and hilarious. it's like with the amish; "why THAT specific time period..?" hehe
@@dandrehn It's the historic events that happened during that time. The 'proto-Norway' being joined together by one king and being Christened by the sword and pocket book.
Cool! Have you done work at any of the re enacting camps and festivals? My son still remembers his barnehage friend's uncle making him a nail at the Viking market they had at Ladestein. He still has it after all these years. He's pretty proud of his heritage. He looks like the typical Nordman, viking of that age. Bright auburn hair and beard, tall and broad shouldered and extremely strong without effort. He'll put a 60l vedsekk over each shoulder and carry them up hill, 1.5km, to the cabin.
Hello Tyler. I know how much you love pizza. You should react to the video about the biggest pizza challenge in Oslo, Norway. It's huge. Almist 33 inhes.
You should rather say there is a lot of cos-play vikings still living here, yes. If you want to be a bit more serious, first define to me what a viking is, and what the name actually means.
its a reservation ... the last Vikings of the world, similar to the american reservation for the first nations... well believe it or not, that is one of the questions touristinformations do get from american tourists 🙂 But it is a cool place to visit I am sure.
I'm not sure, but most of the population in norway died under the Black Death pandemic, so don't think is many norwegien that have a real viking as a heritage. Me my self have heritage from Finland in 1600..and the people called "Finnskogfinne" Its not just the sami people that are native people in norway. You also got Kvæn, Tater, Romani and Finnskogen.
Wrong. The half of the population that survived was of course descended from the Vikings and we are their descendants, even though you may be descended from something else.
----- @JoannDavi ----- - At least Tyler is self-aware... He knows that there is much more to learn, and that is something that fuels his curiosity. You treat Tyler like he's beneath you, and that actually says a lot more about you than it does about him. -----
Yes, you can go and visit this little village, it's accessible to people and tourists from cruise ships visit it as a part of their guided tours. It's a fascinating place, you can try your luck at shooting from a bow or throwing an axe (a proper one, no soft version here). Absolutely worth visiting though.
Hi there. Norwegian here! If you didnt know, vikings actually discovered america a long time before christoffer colombus. They discovered it when they had control over iceland.
In the US they celebrate Columbus day each year! It should be changed to Leif Eriksson day though, as he discovered America a long, long time before Christopher Columbus got there. Around 500 years before… So it’s about time they start celebrating Leif Eriksson for discovering what he called «Vinland» (he must’ve referred to it as such because they found vines there, a.k.a. grapes, not because they found «vin»/«wine» ).
My son's father visited the settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows. He was working in St. Johns and drove up. He didn't realise how far it was. When he finally got there he didn't get to see much because it was the off season, after October. When he got back home to us in Norway he hadn't even taken so much as one picture there to show us. The guy was a qualified mensa member, but he couldn't organise an exit from a wet paper bag.
I do like the sound of Vinland day
They liv in this town, and make money on selling tickets to their home. In the summer season they have events like the viking maktet and so on.
The guy singing is Wardruna (Einar Selvik). :)
During the Viking Age, about 90,000 people lived in Norway.
It is about 28 generations since we were Vikings. With the number of ancestors we have genetically, it means that if you are 100% Norwegian, you are on average related to everyone 189 times, so the probability that you are related to someone who went Viking is huge.
I can go back to Harlad Sigurdson who became the king of Norway, he is one of the characters Vikings Valhalla is based on and King Knut. I am also related to Bjørn ironside, who is the figure based on is in the first vikings series. Not everyone can go back that far in Norway, but when your family descends from royalty in Scandinavia, we have recorded in the royal saga who is related to whom.
People live at Gudvangen all the time, but it is open as a training place/living museum. You can go there for a visit.
Norwegians are a very old people. The viking era probably began as a consequence of the climate collapse in 536, but Norwegians had been living here as a culture for at least ten thousand years by then. So many Norwegians have ancestry going back a great deal further than the viking era. Not everyone at the time went viking; they had a country to run while the vikings were traveling.
They keep finding Iron Age settlements around where I live in Trøndelag. It's a pretty exciting time for the archaeologists.
I was in Njardarheim at the 2018 Viking market😎⚔️🛡️ It’s pretty cool. At some point the cruise ships came in and the park was flooded with tourists. So it’s a tourist attraction.
I enjoy your videos. Especially now when there is honestly so much weird political stuff coming from the US. It´s good to have you to counter the bad vibes. A certain president of yours should really look into the Old Norse poem Håvamål: A collection of Viking wisdom reflecting values such as self-control, fairness and the importance of knowing when to speak and when to stay silent.
There is actually a small Viking village in Sebbersund, Denmark. It is built at an actual original Viking village/marketplace. After Danish archaeologists had finished excavation. The Viking ship Draken Harald Hårfagre vas supposed to visit a few years ago, full of Norwegian Vikings. They did not show up at the right day, but the day after. The "Vikings" came by bus....due to bad weather 😂😂😂
I'm not sure if you've heard before, but viking was something you did. It's not a race of people, people from all over Scandinavia went on viking raids. And the rest of the time they where farming, fishing and other things to prepare for winter.
Yup! Stated this countless times before. A viking wasn’t a set group of people or ethnicity, but a PROFESSION aka piracy: they looted, raped, pillaged and murdered innocent people, mostly monks due to the wealth accumulated there. In the beginning it was more of being tradesmen, but they soon discovered why trade when you can just take what you want? So anyone could be a viking. In Norwegian: «å gå i viking», meaning to go into viking. The majority of the Norse population were poor farmers and fishermen not vikings.
@@kilipaki87oritahiti Many wealthy Jarle had farmers, fishermen and raiding parties and trading routes. Much of the expansion to the West was a result of chasing the fish across the Atlantic, not raiding. They never called themselves 'Vikings'. I think that was something the English came up with. They referred to themselves as Nordmen. They still do. The 'Viking Era' was a very small window where raiding was recorded, 800 CE to 1050 CE. Throughout this era, Nordmen settled in places like Dublin, most of North East England (Northumbria) , centred around York, Leister and Cambridge, three of the 5 burgs under Danelaw. Just because their king lost in 1066 didn't mean they all left. There had been trading settlements and land ownership for generations by then. They became united under Christianity. Our local Jarle of that era was Ladejarle which held that post for 5 generation, spaning pre-christian and post. Trondheim fjord was an important water way in trade. The Jarle collected taxes on trade so the Ladejarle were quite wealthy and had a lot of power. They didn't have a fleet of raiding ships themselves or Vikings. Didn't need them. They had 'handleskip', trading ships. They actually were a bit pirate-y amongst themselves up and down the coast. Our local history is quite amazing. Due to the wealth, Trondheim became Norway's first capital city and is still where the Kings (and soon Queens) are and will continue to be crowned. Norway isn't just vikings, and poor farmers and fishermen. (and spoiler alert: That old story about King Olav is mostly fictional. Kristofer Hivju made a TV research project about it called 'Olav' on NRK.)
I would say that's where the name Viking came from, and at that time that's what they meant by the name Viking - to go on a raids.
But in retrospect, the term Viking means all the Scandinavian people who lived during the Viking Age.
If you look more closely at Norway, you will find quite a few traces of Vikings, first of all, 64% of today's population are direct descendants of Vikings. And we do many things that Vikings did today, such as hoarding firewood. We enjoy being out in nature. That's why many people hoard mushrooms and berries in autumn, just like the Vikings did. And there are over half a million hunters today, which was common for the Vikings who were skilled hunters. And because of the Vikings, Norwegians have always been very skilled boat builders. And in recent times, three full-size Viking ships have also been built in Norway, which are used by organizations that have close contacts with the former. vikings who knew the craft. th-cam.com/video/FnkTuHP9q3o/w-d-xo.html&ab_channel=wardruna
I have a friend with a masters in archaeology, specialising in food from different eras. She has done loads of re enacting and creating meals and drinks from different ages. She makes her own mead. I've been lucky to travel far up north and camp with a Sami family and they shared their Krekling snapps with me. I LOVE Krekling berries.
We used to have a re enactment here in Trondheim during Olavs Fest, last week in July, in the Archbishops courtyard, but they don't do that anymore. I was part of the demonstrators so I had to have a costume, which I made myself from an archaeological find of a women's grave in Iceland, and set up that looked somewhat authentic. I demonstrated nålbinding and soap making. I didn't have to pay for my space if I did the demonstrations and helped the girls hired for dancing and entertaining the children. I did get to sell my products instead of getting paid so it made it worth my time. The soap making was sort of anachronistic, but they let me have it. More medieval and less Viking, but some of the demonstrators and costumes ran a gamut of ages. I made themed soaps, like two bok beir soaps named Tristan and Isolde. It is something I'd do again if given the chance.
You have to get a ticket to get into the Njardarheimr, but I don’t really think it is something they can make much on, the income from tickets is probably only helping them keep the place alive, to cover costs and pay for maintenance etc.
There vikings are Larpers. Also they get payed by the county todo it. Its entertainment for tourists.
Been there 3 times, and I think the place is Awesome.
Yes, you can go there to wisit as a tourist. Theres Loads of torists there in the summer, its what they life of actualy. Its also an exelent place for reinactors, and sertain types of conserts. ( wich is why i was there..)
They have been criticized for not being true experimental archeaology, (using modern tools in construction and so on).
But its still an exelent place for ppl to learn about the past and theyr roots and so on.
The moest underrated point about the place is nature it self. Gudvangen is in the Unesco world heritage site aerea.
The first time I was there in 2016 I was Awestruck by the truely insane nature and had a spiritual experience there all alone at 4 AM in the morning looking up at the the sunreflecting rim of the mountainwall of the narrow fjord,, in comlete scilence, with wet grass under my feet.
Reminding myself that this is what its supposed to be like to be a human on planet earth..
Because the surrondings seemed to try to tell my sences that I was on a different planet..
(excuse bad spelling.. norwegian dyslexic here..)
-----
@hwplugburz
-----
- Hi there...
A fellow dylsexic here. 🤪
I had no trouble understanding your comment despite the spelling issue.
-
As the old saying goes...:
"Practise makes perfect!"
Although being dylsexic means that we need a lot more practise than most.
I personally have gotten a lot better since my schooldays.
But I still take time to check for errors, multiple times actually, before I post anything.
If I'm still not sure that I picked up on most of the errors, definitely not all of them, I resort to use of a spell/grammar-checker.
Over time, you will start to notice fewer and fewer errors when you opt for the use of such a tool.
And that is rather encouraging, I have to say...
Have a great day!
-----
They live there, and you can visit
If your ancestors come from Scandinavia, then you are a descendant of Vikings.
We don't usually call ourselves Vikings today, but we are descendants of the Vikings.
But sometimes it is said jokingly, we Vikings today too. Because if there are anyone who is Vikings, then it is the descendants of those back then. The Viking era ended about 1000 years ago.
The term Viking is used more for the period from about 800 - 1050 AD, for Scandinavia and everyone who lived here then, were called Vikings.
um..... no. But ok.
@@TheAccidentalViking So what do you mean? Are we still Vikings today? I see you have it in your profile name here. We at least don't live in the Viking Age. But if anyone is a Viking today, it's us...
I suppose it's a question of definition, but for me, who has no particular interest beyond the ordinary in this subject, I consider myself more of a descendant of the Vikings. But in a way I see that we also can see us as Vikings...
We have this in Sweden to, so not only in Norway
It's not a business. They have a market once a year. But they live like this all year round, without tourists.
Todays viking is a 21 year old girl skiing to the South Pole, Alone! Without beard!
All norwegians are descendants of vikings. Vikings was basicly just the name of the people in the region.
Im norwegian and i didnt know about this community. I think its cool.
Theres a lot of hobby and reenactment groups around the country.
But they are not like this guy and community.
Conan, the comedian from the US, does a travel show, where he 'meets his fans' who have called into to his podcast show. He shot at that place when he was here. He's been to Norway twice now. Once up at Lofoten and another time in Bergen.
"Vikings was basicly just the name of the people in the region" ?? This is just wrong - no one were ever called 'vikings', - it's a verb. The term 'viking era' is used to describe the (relatively short) time when the Danes, Swedes and Norwegians used that specific attack strategy.. :) it would be like the people in the 'stone era' called themselves 'the stones'? 😀
and during this time, most scandinavians lived normal pre-medieaval lifes. a veery tiny portion of that population actually 'went viking'. We have 'always' been 'the same' people(s?) living here, trends come and go :) Thats why I find those viking-cosplay stuff as weird and hilarious. it's like with the amish; "why THAT specific time period..?" hehe
@@dandrehn It's the historic events that happened during that time. The 'proto-Norway' being joined together by one king and being Christened by the sword and pocket book.
BTW ... you really really need to do a reaction to Wardruna (the group to the guy who sings) and the Song Helvegen .... where he sings with Aurora....
We are all vikings in our soul!! :D No we are not, but we are used to the cold. And even I have my own forge. ;)
Cool! Have you done work at any of the re enacting camps and festivals? My son still remembers his barnehage friend's uncle making him a nail at the Viking market they had at Ladestein. He still has it after all these years. He's pretty proud of his heritage. He looks like the typical Nordman, viking of that age. Bright auburn hair and beard, tall and broad shouldered and extremely strong without effort. He'll put a 60l vedsekk over each shoulder and carry them up hill, 1.5km, to the cabin.
@@TheAccidentalViking Ettersom du skrev "barnegage" så svarer jeg på norsk. :) Nei, det har jeg ikke. Men vi er vant til kulde og jeg har smie. :D
It is actully a coulture.. yeah, there you go😄😃
Hello Tyler. I know how much you love pizza. You should react to the video about the biggest pizza challenge in Oslo, Norway. It's huge. Almist 33 inhes.
It"s not like they can just take the car and work 9-5. This way they can live the way they want to and have an income. 😊
You should rather say there is a lot of cos-play vikings still living here, yes. If you want to be a bit more serious, first define to me what a viking is, and what the name actually means.
its a reservation ... the last Vikings of the world, similar to the american reservation for the first nations... well believe it or not, that is one of the questions touristinformations do get from american tourists 🙂 But it is a cool place to visit I am sure.
That's so pinlig.
I'm not sure, but most of the population in norway died under the Black Death pandemic, so don't think is many norwegien that have a real viking as a heritage. Me my self have heritage from Finland in 1600..and the people called "Finnskogfinne"
Its not just the sami people that are native people in norway. You also got Kvæn, Tater, Romani and Finnskogen.
Wrong. The half of the population that survived was of course descended from the Vikings and we are their descendants, even though you may be descended from something else.
Sorry, not the Romani. They are one of the national minorities but they are not native. They arrived in the 16ht century.
You play games? Then try "Assassins Creed Valhalla". There,s Vikings for you :)
AC Valhalla is a fantasy with some Viking elements to make it look cool, nothing more.
"I don't know much about Vikings" (or about anything else).
still haven't found the help you so sorely need, huh?
-----
@JoannDavi
-----
- At least Tyler is self-aware...
He knows that there is much more to learn, and that is something that fuels his curiosity.
You treat Tyler like he's beneath you, and that actually says a lot more about you than it does about him.
-----