How Breaking The Enigma Code Helped Decide World War 2 | Station X (Full Series) | All Out History
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 3 มิ.ย. 2024
- Was the work of code-breakers at Bletchley Park perhaps history's most crucial piece of espionage? Discover what really happened as part of this once top-secret operation to decode the Nazi's enigma machine.
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Bletchley is a brilliant place to visit. Loved it all.
Amazing what they achieved
Thank you, Daddy, for your service on the USS Randolf, still going at 96 yrs old ❤
Thank him and hug him❤
HOW LOVELY, GOOD ON YOUR DAD AND YOU ALSO. I GO INTO AN INTERIOR 'HISSY' FIT WHEN RETURN TO UK WHEN SHOPPING AND WHEN THEY CANNOT DO 2 MINIUTES SILENCE FOR ALL OUR BRAVE MEN AND WOMEN. POPPIES ON MY FRESCO OUTSIDE AND I LIKE WHEN THE ITALIANS ASK WHY THIS FLOWER?
Ah this little machine was genius. Glad it was figured out layer by layer. This is an amazing video, thank you
It was NO(!) ‘’genius’’ of Alan Turing that cracked Enigma. It was Polish mathematical geniuses Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Rozycki and Henryk Zygalski who cracked Enigma. No American nor British did that. Get your history straight.
@@user-ky5dy5hl4d Complete BS.
KY5DY.......?@@walterkronkitesleftshoe6684 are you forming opinions without adequate research?
Yep , spot on !
@@johnsmith-rs2vkq
That's actually one of the best documentary I watched about the enigma machine! From the beginning , it gave a great insight on how it actually came to be, how it worked ( genius engineering ) and how we deciphered that thing. We should always be grateful for Alan's Turing work, developing the first modern computers. one of those beautiful mind that we lost because of human greed & homophobia.
keep up the great content 👊
That's a brilliant comment - well stated - agreed!
Poles deciphered Enigma. Brittish cunts took credit for it.
He was one of a team not a word of recognition for Gordon Welchman and Harold Keen Not the greatest of documentaries IMO
A great documentary and very absorbing. Very sad how Turing was treated after the war. Instead of being a hero he was victimized. Why didn't the hierarchy who were involved with Bletchley do anything to help him?
Let’s hope it was because they were sworn to secrecy and not because they were homophobes. It’s also possible and logical that they thought if they came to his defense they would be branded as gay
it breaks my heart so much!!!
Because 1. they were sworn to secrecy, 2. if they were homosexual, at the time (early 1950s) they risked exposing themselves and possible prosecution and the loss of their careers too 3. very few of them kept in touch with each other after Bletchley was wound down and they returned to their academic lives.
You also have to remember that was a VERY different world to today. News did not go round the world in 15 seconds like it does now. Many of those who worked with Turing didn't even know he died, let alone was in trouble with the authorities.
One of the few accurate statements in The Imitation Game (Don't get me on that movie!) was what Stuart Menzies says to Turing and his close team right at the end: 'With any luck none of you will ever see me or each other again'. That was much closer to the truth than you might imagine.
He knew who he was working for . Take current pop agenda elsewhere.
@@GOLDVIOLINbowofdeath Most likely (I think): Coming to Turing's defense might have revealed too much about the Allies' code-breaking capabilities during the worst years of the Cold War.
The Enigma was broken in 1932 by three Polish mathematicians: Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski, who were employed by the Polish military Cipher Bureau. The first Polish copy of the military version of "Enigma" was built in the "Ava" factory in Warsaw in 1933. The process of putting the elements together took place in Pyry near Warsaw. From then on, Poles could read German military correspondence. In 1939, Poland handed over the Enigma documentation to the British.
If a single cadre had a crew of guided assistance to place carefully where's bigwig types, a big policy function could be set up and continued. i think those find other cadres to dominate their World Vision. Dulles it's gone from central CIA control so that now it can be active in little cadre groups.
A bigwig type person might well welcome a smart assistant who also strips off nightly for personal service. Who is running who or controlling --here's the question for the modern world.
@@CharlesHarpolek4vud I don't know what you're talking about, but you've got the threads mixed up.
My understanding is that they didn't crack the code all together ,However their work was a very significant factor to full breaking the code Alan Turing acknowledged their contribution .
He had no doubt that without the Polish mathematician work, things would have taken longer .
@@brettread6373 :))) Then you are completely wrong, because Poles built a working copy of Enigma and read German messages for several years. Later they hand over the complete working Enigma copy along with the documentation to the English.
From the United States, thank you Bletchly.
Bletchley Park, the location of the top-secret Ultra code-breaking team described by Churchill as “My geese that laid the golden eggs and never cackled.”
I always knew the basics of the story. But watching this video was the most enjoyable piece of anything I ever watched. Knowing what was at stake, and the little details just made it so much the better.
Those folks at Station X are heroes that should be remembered forever, along with the gents of the Royal Air Force. I just love everything about England and just such a remarkable country over time. To know they were at their knees and made it just gives me goosebumps. Had Hitler been more competent, the war could of turned out much different.
Now Mr turning or enigma did you design with your creeks to start side to the back side to your rivers and to the directions of some of your waterfalls or your top strings
I always thought that had Hitler not been hellbent on destroying Jewish people and concentrated solely on war efforts that Germany may have won. Perhaps the Jews saved whole nations of people from the misery of Nazi takeover.
I know that the "Officer Class" will not like it but contribution made by Tommy Flowers was magnificent, so much so that his efforts have been subdued.
Why say officer class, i found out i was born in same terraced house as Grammer school kid who became a code breaker, Sir Harry Hinsley.
His mother was school cook, father coal man.
Like 3 quarters of Battle of Britain pilots were ordinary kids, i bet most Grammer school because you had to be reasonably bright. Back then lot more Grammer schools.
Tommy Flowers is a name that should be included in history class. His contribution was/is remarkable.
The corporations stole his invention..NEVER paid him...he wasn't bitter However ❤
Turing, one of the greatest minds on the last century.
Doomed by the narrow minds of his contemporaries.
Marian Rejewski broke the Enigma code. Thanks to the achievements of cryptologists and possession of the commercial machine and documents provided by French intelligence, Poles started work on building a copy of the Enigma soon after. To put that into perspective, on 30 January 1933, one month after the code was broken, Hitler became chancellor of Germany. With the second world war looming, Poles had to share their knowledge about the Enigma with British and French colleagues. During a meeting in Pyry, near Warsaw, in July 1939, Rejewski and his colleagues demonstrated how to crack the machine and gave each allied side a replica. This allowed Alan Turing to continue their work at Bletchley Park.
Correct. It was NO(!) ‘’genius’’ of Alan Turing that cracked Enigma. It was Polish mathematical geniuses Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Rozycki and Henryk Zygalski who cracked Enigma. No American nor British did that. Get your history straight.
Them British will never admit they've had Enigma's copy with 'instruction manual' from Poles. The only problem they've overcome was Enigma developed later on (3 to 5 rotors) and necessity to crack the code by a machine due multiplying mathematical operations. At the end of a day, them British are well known pirates and crooks. They always stick to their Story. The truth is irrelevant. I've heard (Joanna Lumley told that story to the TV audience years ago) that Ian Fleming once came to his boss saying about a plan to get hands on Enigma by boarding one U-Boot by SOE squad and stealing it. Soon after he was able to tell his stories living on a sunny beach on remote tropical Island.
The actual system to decrypt ENIGMA had NOTHING to do with the polish approach.
It had to be redone completely by Turing.
He thanked the polish for inspiring him.
@@d.o.g573 If not for the Polish mathematicians Turing wouldn't know how to begin.
@@user-ky5dy5hl4d
Oi a bot.
The British, led by Alan Turing, took a different approach to breaking Enigma. Instead of focusing on the internal workings of the machine, they developed a machine called the Bombe that was designed to automate the process of trying different combinations of settings in order to decrypt messages. The Bombe was able to break the Enigma cipher so much faster than the Polish techniques, and the Allied were able to read a significant number of German messages throughout the war.
You see the key element in decryption is speed.
What use is a message that is weeks or months old and reads „don’t forget to buy milk 🐮…“
a documentary on who and how enigma is created would be wonderful
Everyone who is a major in Computer Science knows the famous Turing Machine. He's the father of Computer Science.
And hopefully, the Turing test.
I read a lot of books about WW Two and it's frightening how many things happened that if they hadn't WW Two might have been lost and the world been ENTIRELY different. Even the breaking of the Nazi code depended on lot's of separate things that very well might not have happened the way they did. Reminds me of the proverb "For Want of a Nail".
Yes, by luck and effort a few key things happened and the Allies won WW 2. Also very fortunate that Alan Turing was there at the right time and place. Then this post I just made:
Today the codes produced by Enigma would be decoded in a minute using modern cryptographic methods and a modern PC. Amazed me when I looked into it. In fact with the advent of quantum computing current cryptographic codes will be easily decoded. What to do?
For those not familiar with quantum computing, something I just started looking into, here's info out of a book, Quantum Supremacy, I just acquired: Google's Sycamore quantum computer solved a mathematical problem in 200 seconds that would take the current world's fastest supercomputer 10,000 years. We are on a threshold of a new computing era that will make today's fastest supercomputers look like an abacus.
I'm not certain whether WW II would have been lost, or just taken longer. Russia was still a factor and the eastern front would have still been there. Once the US was in the war because of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the industrial might of the US was in full swing thanks to Rosy and her pals.
We were producing merchant vessels faster than the Germans were sinking them, even when we weren't breaking their code.
No way that Germany would have won... It may have taken a bit longer. German's were short of fuel supply. And Russian's were relentlessly killing.
@@firebald2915 if Germany had stopped and NOT invaded the Soviet Union, they could easily have consolidated their hold on Europe, by-passed the UK and focused their efforts against the USA once technology had enabled them to do so. Stalin would have supported any attempt to weaken the US. The outcome - and the rest of the 20th century - could have been very, very different....
@@shanewaterman4125Nah... they were self destructing from within by 43/44. They didn't have unlimited man power, and Italy was defeated. Resources and the railways were choaked off. Germany didn't have a chance. IF... is hindsight.
This is the best documentary video I’ve seen in a long time. And that it’s two hours is even better.
Years after the war ended the benevelant UK government decided Turin should be pardoned. My God, why didnt they do this when the man was alive? Did they think this made them squeaky clean. That they did the right thing. Bloody hipocrites. RIP Alan. Blessings from Argentina.🌹🌹🌹
We forget now that homosexuality was illegal when Turing was convicted. We must also remember that in the early 1950s, when Turing was convicted for being one, there had just been the defection of two major Russian spies in British intelligence (Burgess and MacLean) who were known homosexuals. All homosexuals in the British hierarchy were therefore suspect as spies, a suspicion that was exacerbated by the normal homophobia of the time. That is why Turing was so persecuted. This is not an excuse for that persecution. It is, at least, an explanation. Incidentally, Turing's sexual preferences were widely known about in Bletchley during the war.... and nobody cared.
@@grahamlait1969 : Turings best friend was a girl and he married her.
Brilliant documentary.
That Turring cat was a human computer . Next level Genius
A fascinating documentary on once great event in history.
Absolutely fascinating!
Yes 🤔👊❤✌
Don't forget Poland got the first enigma machine and 3 Polish scientists/mathematicians did the ground work.
Very interesting doc still relavent today. Thank you for sharing and keeping these stories alive before they are gone
Interestingly, here in Ontario, Canada, we had Camp X. Ian Fleming was trained here.
Flower (Collosus), Welchman, Tiltman, Newman, Tutte (and the Poles) all had remarkable minds and huge impacts. It is odd Turing gets so much credit and not the others.
Nonsense notion. He got credit long before wokeness and for a gay man to get credit for anything they did means they must be extraordinary
a documentary on who and how enigma is created would be wonderful. A fascinating documentary on once great event in history..
They exist, but they are much shorter.
The short version is that the first enigma was developed to keep banking transmissions secure. The Germans just took this whole. The only addition was the extra rotor added by the German fleet. They did choose a different wiring link between the rotors.
I Appreciate the help
What about my hero ?
Tommy Flowers ?
He converted Turing's theories into machine that worked !
I am wondering whether you watched the whole documentary? There was a good piece on him towards the end with an interview as well.
Hut 33 is a hilarious comedy about Bletchley Park, well worth a listen.
It's brilliant! Series 1 has just been on BBC Sounds.
Always sometimes they use fraction ratios to play certain gravity layers to how they understand the pyramids or the atmosphere that they produce inside a different depths
I love this documentary. Sounds fascinating like solving a puzzle. My puzzle here is : why there is English subtitle in the whole documentary except when German was spoken ? 🤔🙄
What a gem of a video!
Perhaps because I was always a complete nullity in Maths, I really wonder at how the human mind managed to break the Enigma code on the basis of mathematical and other calculations
Great story of Station X Intell, helping to save many lives.◆◇◆
What is missing is the crucial work of Elizabeth Smith Friedman who developed a method of code breaking with her husband who worked for American Intelligence at the time. She found a flaw in the Enigma coded messages which led to the downfall of Hitler’s top SS man whose code name was SARGO. By breaking the Enigma code, she tracked SARGO to South American where he had set up a second team of spies. Broken for the second time, SARGO went underground and would never organize another spy system again. South America broke ties with Hitler and Japan and became an ally to Europe and American. Elizabeth Smith Friedman’s work was classified and sealed. Herbert Hoover took all credit by stamping all her team’s deciphered messages with the FBI seal. It wasn’t until 2008 when her file was declassified that the world found out the truth. Her work was groundbreaking and her methods still applied today. She is worth looking up!
ALAS, LITTLE KNOWN TO THE MANY.😢❤
I saw a documentary about her awhile ago. No longer free to watch but available on YT or Amzn, 'The Codebreaker'. Still another case where women in those days never got the recognition they should have for their amazing contributions.
Absolutely fascinating from start to finish, This should be shown in the school's today to show what a brilliant country Britain is instead of putting this great country down.
70 years after his death, I'm only now learning of Alan Turing. THAT is a tragedy.
That is a PERSONAL problem. He is in the history books. That IS a tragedy you didn't learn anything growing up. I learned of Allen in the early 80's by reading a BOOK!!
Gosh how brilliant are the British. They invented the modern computer as we know it today. Brilliant.
RIP Alan Turing .
interesting!!
Excellent documentary but why no subtitles when German was spoken at the most crucial moment of the U-Boat surfacing?
Did they destroy him or did he destroy himself. Isn't someone who saved other people's lives enough for someone?
Great documentary destroyed by way too many TH-cam commercials.
I am watching this doc on a laptop with Windows 10 OS. Never see any adverts, except sometimes at the beginning, that can be skipped after just a few seconds.
@@delzworld2007 Install an adblocker and apart from any "sponsors" the content creator slips in, there are NO adverts on my YT.
Very good video. When the extra wheel was added, did the Germans not notice? Similarly when they could read it again, did they not notice?
Heroes!!!❤❤❤
Pumps direction
The Hackers' Dictionary includes the adjective "bletcherous" which all by itself sounds severe enough. But I presume that it right appropriately alludes to Bletchley ParkQ
In perspective, it achieved little because UK wasn't even predominant in the war. Russia and US took the lead in the war.
Also, thanks to the secrets of UK, US and Russia fought without knowing about the decode of Enigma.
It sounds like the same process they use to break the code in games and understand random number generation to manipulate the seemingly random odds. Some people are just too smart.
So on your side of the country how many did you catch pulling the rotation of the atmospheres and energy streams to take out weight material or to pull someone else's technology outside in
Bletchley Park and the Enigma Code was such an importantly successful endeavor for the Allies. Just think of this one element missing and how much harder it would have been for total success in defeating Hitler. Besides, we saw the introduction of the modern electronic computer. Great learning. Enjoy. Thanks.
The Polish were the first to break the enigma code
1939 - Just before Hitler invaded Poland by Polish scientist researchers, when the Enigma had only three tumblers. They concluded accurately how the German System worked but didn't have the time to complete their finding. Luckily, they gave the necessary data to the British and they eventually - with time - were successful. When the Germans switched to four tumblers, the British were without "Code Breaking" for a while. I believe just before D Day and afterwards. Then came the 'Computer'.
The German Blitzkrieg Idea was first tried on Poland, but don't forget, the Russians also attacked Poland from the East. Just too much. Everybody was "Overwhelmed" with the German Mechanized Assault Concept, for the rest of the world was still thinking on a WW I Concept of warfare. Thanks for the Reply. @@sharonprice42
Best things ever know...
Brilliant documentry
The millions of lives saved by the brilliant Alan Turing and his incredible team, only to kill himself because he was gay. The British government were instrumental in his death and a lovely way to honour and show your appreciation to this brilliant mind and man. He was offered chemical castration or prison, and took his own life in 1954. Shameful way to treat a real hero by people who got what they want and once they did, simple threw him away. Thank you Alan, absolute legend. May you forgive and forever R.I.P
It was NO(!) ‘’genius’’ of Alan Turing that cracked Enigma. It was Polish mathematical geniuses Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Rozycki and Henryk Zygalski who cracked Enigma. No American nor British did that. Get your history straight.
@@user-ky5dy5hl4d If I dig the footings of a building, does that mean I built the entire skyscraper?
Don't talk complete BS.
@@walterkronkitesleftshoe6684 If you dig then it's probably your grave.
@@bfc3057 Obviously got more experience in life to see when an agenda is overriding reality. Much like the legions of coloured "nobles" in modern TV "period dramas".
Lets talk some more about the other leading lights of the "ULTRA" team, I suppose you've zero knowledge on the subject and prefer to have it spoonfed to you by others?
@bfc3057 : Turing was one member of a very large team.
@16.00 "What about if they'd been stupid enough to just use ABCD..."
The Nazi equivalent of using "Password" to sign in.
To know what spin cycle they're using
I heard one of the Cambridge 5 was part of this
Caincross... But he was not the 5th man, although he was a spy for the USSR.
I never did manages the Time 's crossword !
Which way is your hydraulic pressure
Hydraulic pressure gravity's pressure and directional flow
Shame they didn’t have captions for the German language pieces
They did in the original version which was filmed in the old 4:3 ratio. This has been reformatted to 16:9 but they haven't gone back in and put the captions and subtitles back in.
Something that's never mentioned in any of these documentaries about the enigma was what kind of code were the British using and was it in any way readable by the Germans?
can’t remember where i saw it but the germans were listening into some of our cypher traffic
@@egg399. I'm sure they were listening in to everything I'm just wondering what kind of codes we were using and how difficult were they to transcribe or to figure out? You never hear about it from that angle but I'm guessing that for the most part are codes for pretty secure because I've never really heard of anything big that they knew from breaking code. They certainly didn't get the Normandy invasion correctly but that was probably complete radio silence for a long time beforehand.
@@bookaufman9643 well, in fact the allies were in fact transmitting loads in the south east of England under general paton’s “First Army”. It was a fake army being used to convince hitler the real attack would come from Dover and that the Normandy invasion was a fake.
@@bookaufman9643 have a read of this en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_code_breaking_in_World_War_II
@@bookaufman9643 There would have been radio traffic for sure, in fact the allies were sending all kinds of messages designed to confuse the Germans. So much so that the Germans were convinced the invasion was to be Calais and not Normandy. Along, of course, with the inflatable vehicles to have them think there was a build up for an invasion of Calais. It did make sense as this was the shortest route across the channel.
The best brains !
My bad, 1:37:40 good old Tommy
Sad 😢
It would be great if there were subtitles for the German language interviews
Old school , best brains .
I agree with the following correction, about Polish people breaking the code first. There were several,AIAIK, several german codes
Turing’s was a troubled life, betrayed by the country he saved, but he faced his infamous prosecution with amused fortitude.
"He" didn't save the country.
As I understand it the people who worked in Station X were still bound by the Official Secrets Act more than 30 years after the war ended.
Polish criptologists decoded Enigma in 1932 and at the verge of war decided to give British all they have achieved including enigma and computerized “ Bomba “ which helped speed up the process of reading German communication traffic . All that helped British as a fundament to create “ Ultra “ . Credit goes where credit is do .
No subtitles when the German guy was talking? Seemed kinda important. 🤷🏻♂️
They couldn't get a shot of DC b roll without a jet liner flying thru?🙄😅
Yes it does look out of place.
Its a strange world we live in where Colossus never existed, that is until 30 years after the end of WW2.
This just goes to show that the WW2 generation really was the greatest general ever. Both in Great Britain and the U.S. All the preceding generations have, and are, falling short.
I think literally the fact you are commenting online from a moblie/computer stronger than anything ever created would say otherwise. And that fact that we arent in a war.
I really identified with David Baum who found that important letter but had no idea what said BECAUSE HE DOESN’T SPEAK GERMAN; I don’t speak German either so I would have appreciated SUBTITLES IN ENGLISH whilst the German guy was speaking!!! To quote my teenage son DUH!
Agreed very much. Not having english translation of the german is plain stupid.
The documentary was originally made in 4:3 format with subtitles and name captions. This is reformatted 16:9 version which has cut all of that off, and they haven't bothered to go back in and reinstate them.
So much was achieved by so few, for so many.
When brains were brains !
Because of the way they would have technology built now anytime they would fly up in space they would have this rotation being pulled so in my opinion they wouldn't even be able to get out there far enough something would always be turning inside of their gears against them
The German needs caption at 53min. He goes on and on.
What did it look like
The barracks, or huts, as they were called, where the codebreakers worked were not heated. That is, except for some, which were said to hold valuable cargo.
Those were the huts where the Americans worked.
Has this man had an official pardon from the government yet?
19th August 2014, sixty years after his death, HM The Late Queen Elizabeth II granted Turing a posthumous pardon
The stew went west !
Sorry , the casserole went west !
World saving legend
World saving?
Anyone know how old this Doc is? Those interviews must be 30 years old. But the Doc itself feels modern.
1999 - It was originally a Channel 4 documentary series on British TV.
@@Ellio1862 Which explains how the woman describing Turing's 'shyness' around women wasn't commented upon by the interviewer or someone else in the doc to explain what was behind the shyness. (or Turing's tragic ignominious end.)
Trev me boy, that was a good visit you took us to. A slight side-track, I have a question, re. renting m/bikes. Yes of course things will come at you from all angles but is bicycling also prone to the same dangers. Do you have any experiences that you would like to share with us? Thanks for your never ending positiveness and entertainment.
Bletchley Park created a more advanced machine which was based on a Polish invention called "bomba" and a Polish system/machine which included only few "bomba's. These initial inventions were fundamental.
The Polish were the first to break the enigma code .The Polish had a lot of practice being between Russia and Germany
I'm amazed by the lady at 08:32, she must be of great age but she still looks like she's in her early sixties at most.
Does the word duh mean anything to you? *Imagine the hand gestures.
The Sigma machine was cracked by Turing using an early computer, right?
So also I'm one of the understandings I've seen with our government they align front desk and the public to fill out 1/0 as part of the representatives of their taxes and then it made it look like the consensual bases is always being recorded as the the public stealing or another country stealing
Hedy Lamar and friend helped in the submarine, boucning frequency from bomb to bomb, something like that
too much subject between the ads!
Adz
My son suffers from Asperger's syndrome like Alan Turin. He passed every exam at school with top marks. He never revised because he had remembered everything he had ever been taught. But the down side of this syndrome is the inability to socialise, or to size people up which has made him a virtual recluse. He now puts his time into investments and is doing really well. His oldest son has just started University and has a good brain and no sign of his dad's problems.Alan Turin could have gone on to great things.....but. The secret service is responsible for ALOT of bad things and still are. They tried to recruit my grandson. All clouded in mystery of course. Makes you wonder who actually runs this country. Certainly not the African government we have now
Your son sounds amazing, it’s a gift and a curse, that’s why animals make such great companions for people that are spectrum
Great video, but over bearing music far too loud
Since there was no Asperger's diagnosis in the time of Alan Turing we can't go back in time and designate that he had that form of autism. He may have just been an eccentric guy who had his own quirks. He definitely showed some of the signs and I'm not saying that he didn't have it but we really can't do historical diagnosis in any accurate manner.
@@fionasaunders7646 And the picture is dark, too.
@@bookaufman9643 there’s no question that gay brains are different than straight male brains. this is where diversity is a definite benefit
You should do one on how one dead british officer helped win ww2
in fact, germany was going sideways after moscow, backwards after stalingrad. the war was decided without reference to events in britain.
from here, it looks like germany was hopelessly out-classed from the start.
While the statement is true, it is also probable that breaking the Enigma code in Britain and the Purple code on the US shortened the war by at least several months, if not a couple of years.
I suggest you watch the Documentary that Heddy Lamar was responsible for developing the scrambling. Because she was a Woman she didn’t get recognition.
I found out i was born in the same house as code breaker Sir Harry Hinsley.
The video is rather dark.
Turing, at the end, was high risk. Needed to go. 1:12:20 1:12:23