Simon, this video is incredible! The graphics, the clarity, the strong nuance and qualifying statements (like 'in the presence of a diet with excess calories') are all phenomenal.
Outstanding episode, Simon! I've been listening to you for several years. You are improving all the time! Thanks for your hard work and sharing with all of us!
Well done, Simon. Thank you for this incredibly clear, super helpful video. I particularly appreciate your willingness to get into the nuance of the science on things like dairy and other animal products. While I eat over 85% whole food plant based myself, I do occasionally consume small amounts of fatty fish and some dairy. It's a tremendous gift to the scientific and lay communities alike to foster the spread of nuanced, accurate truth. Keeping this video "in my back pocket" for my friends who keep bashing seed oils (PUFAs for the win!).
Thank you Simon for reconfirming these important facts. I understand why keto/carnivore is appealing to people - it is satiating, but that doesn't mean it is the best diet for longevity. But like you said, for Americans especially, keto/carnivore is far healthier than eating processed foods like many Americans are addicted to. The ideal diet for most is full of veggies, poly/mono dominant, and has typically lean meat. The so called "Mediterranean diet". Getting there is difficult for people. Their stomach has to shrink somewhat, they have to get off hyperpallatable foods, and they have to be okay with food prep. The keto/carnivore diet tends to provide a solution to all of those hurdles: a further reason why people like it as a "health option" (on top of not having to pay for vegetables/fruit), especially compared to the average American diet. For many people, for many Americans anyway, that is just too much in a hypercapitalist society full of bread and circuses to have an optimal diet, which is why we see so much disease related to diet now. It is also a reason why things like ozempic and wegovy are entering the picture, albeit not without some serious and potentially long-term side effects. Keto/carnivore creates bodily responses similar to the effects of ozempic and wegovy through satiation, mimicking the production of glp-1 agonists like the aforementioned drugs, so people should possibly consider it if they don't want to go the big pharma route and they don't have the time or money for a more varied, healthy diet. It is vital Simon that you addressed and simplified this issue on fats (you even pointed to MCT's as being the preferred option for saturated fat). Most diet and fitness books affirm the facts you laid out here, but the Atkins and keto people have been gaslighting and misleading people for years. I will say they have had some useful contributions encouraging people to be skeptical. They've also spread the word on microplastics, and the degradation of certain molecules like aspartame/PUFA's from being on/in the shelf/pallet/stove/fryer too long in high light/heat conditions. Conversely, they've also made ridiculous statements like cholesterol is essential/healthy in high amounts. That's like claiming excess protein is essential/healthy in high amounts, except far worse because cholesterol embeds in the arteries, excessively high protein just taxes the liver and kidneys slightly. Yes their diet is superior to most modern American diets due to the often processed and filler nature of said diets, but it is certainly not optimal like they claim. Then again, some people just want a keto/carnivore diet, even if it may cause mortality in them sooner by the numbers because of its satiation, cost, and minimal prep benefits. That is their choice at the end of the day to choose a subjectively superior, objectively inferior diet, and to potentially cut their life expectancy by 5 to 15 percent.
This was a really interesting video. I tried keto (I was only actually in ketosis for a week but for a much longer time I increased my saturated fat and meat intake significantly and decreased my sugar and carb consumption) Not only did I put on 6 kg but my blood sugar level went to scary levels. I'm back to my pescetarian diet and am eating a lot of carbs every day (I eat a lot of white rice and even drink fruit juice) Not only have I lost 5 kg but my blood sugar levels are completely back to normal. I am not trying that again
Would love to see a discussion between healthy fats vs a very low fat diet (as proposed by Ornish, Esselstyn, etc.), specifically for cardiovascular and carbohydrate metabolism health.
I like solo episodes from a personal nutritional standpoint. They typically answer a specific question with well organized information from well validated sources, and provide clear guidelines for how to apply in one’s diet. Love your show, and your book occupies a favored spot on my shelf. Thank you Simon!
Thanks so much Simon! I avoided all dairy except occasional frozen yogurt for years only to find (after menopause) that I have inherited a familial high cholesterol profile. Everyone (Drs and family) was shocked that the “healthy one” could have issues. I have been listening to your podcasts and trying different tweaks, so now I think it’s time to join your Longevity Challenge. Thanks again for all the support and education you provide 😃
Excellent coverage of this arena which has clarified for me a subject that has been very confusing - so much contradictory material out there. Many thanks 👍
This was INCREDIBLY helpful Simon. Produced so well with amazing content. Can’t thank you enough for what you are doing to disseminate solid, research-supported nutritional information to the masses.
I´ve been following you for 12+ months and watched, something like 20-30+ episodes. I really apreciate what you are puting forward in every episode. Along with other sources, your channel helped me get some clarity to take more informed desicions about what i eat. Its very surprising for me that you don´t have more followers, the content deserves it. I hope you continue putting forward great content in your quest for reaching more people. My sincere Good Luck to you!.
Well thought out presentation. I learned a lot and many of my questions were answered and clarified. Appreciate the time and energy, not to mention bio chemistry break down of fats. Thanks Simon
I always learn so much from your videos. This format is especially great for me - it's really clear and informative, and I appreciate how you explain things in such an easy to follow and digestible way. Kudos to whoever edits your videos, too; the way they lay down the photos, videos, texts, and little illustrations to back up your points is super effective. It makes the videos engaging to watch without being distracting. Anyway, just wanted to say thanks for all the great content you put out, Simon!
Yes Simon, that was an excellent video! There was so much helpful information in it, so much so I'll have to watch it again! A printed version would be good, is it any one of your books? A couple of things though. There was one thing that was a little confusing. According to some other, let's say plant-based advocates, they often refer to the epic studies, mainly the nurses study and the Swedish study that shows that dairy consumption is associated with higher mortality per additional serve per day. Also, you did mention the fibre deficit aspect of eating too much fermented dairy and cheese and you mentioned they contain saturated fats that are beneficial, do they not also have high levels of the non-beneficial saturated fats, making higher or even moderate intake quantities problematic? And just one more thing, being plant-based, what is the basis for fermented non-dairy yoghurts, let's say other than probiotics? Especially if you're consuming other fermented foods like natto? Sorry, too many questions 😅
I absolutely love these solo videos. I learn so much from you, Simon! -- Here's a suggestion for another video: Supplementation 101. It would be helpful to know which vitamins/minerals go well together and which ones should be taken separately because of potential interactions when bundling in a multivitamin. THANK YOU!!
Awesome work Simon, thanks for sharing this. You should keep doing more solo deep dives, it's a great format to complement your interviews. On this topic, it'd be great if you did a follow-up episode to explore more deeply the counter-perspectives that PUFAs are bad/oxidative/inflammatory/etc. as I'm not sure a purely evidence-based view (as you've presented) would truly shift 'online' perspectives without a mechanistic view (as counter-perspectives seem to focus on)
Dr Michael Greger wrote in his book How Not To Age about the impact on the brain caused by oxidised cholesterol found in ghee. It’s not in my pantry anymore. Brilliant video Simon 🙏🏼
Thank you for this informative video on dietary fats, Simon. It’s refreshing to see complex scientific information presented in such a clear and engaging way. Your breakdown of the nuances is incredibly helpful. MCTs, due to their shorter carbon chain length, bypass the intricate process of chylomicron assembly and direct entry into the portal vein, circumventing the lymphatic system. This expedited delivery to the liver allows for immediate beta-oxidation in hepatocytes, bypassing the need for lipoprotein lipase hydrolysis. Consequently, MCTs are less likely to be stored as adipose tissue, potentially contributing to their thermogenic effects. A deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms, including the role of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-I) and the mitochondrial respiratory chain, could provide valuable insights into the potential benefits and optimal use of MCTs. I'd love to hear your thoughts on MCT oils, particularly C8 and C10. While they are classified as saturated fats, they seem to have unique metabolic properties. Can you elaborate on how these medium-chain triglycerides are digested and metabolized differently compared to long-chain triglycerides (LCTs)? Aston
Thank you once again Simon. I love the way you set everything out so logically. More of these please. I do listen to your full length episodes on topics of interest to me but they are very long. It should be great if you could do one of these in calcium. I am confused. To supplement or not to supplement. According to chronometer I only get around 700mg a day. So I supplement with a quarter tspn of red algae powder. But we hear all the time that supplements block our arteries. I cannot find an answer as to whether it is because supplementing gives us too much calcium or because of the source of the calcium or because a supplement gives too big and quick a boost to calcium levels in our blood. This is so important for us post menopausal women. And advice greatly appreciated.
Excellent episode. Informative and very easy to understand. I also enjoy your more detailed interviews however this format is one I will be more likely to share with family and friends.
I just found you and love your content. Your voice and cadence are perfect. I like the way you sum up your guests points especially when they talk too fast. ❤
This is a great place to get knowledge on health for old dudes like me who want to learn what the science behind good nutrition is. I am currently in the phase of changing years of bad eating habits. Many of my bad habits are due to having the wrong information about what is healthy to eat and what isn't.
Thank you, Simon! This is brilliant and incredibly useful content (as always)! I'd love if you could do something like this about the effects of consuming sugar. Is there room for it in a healthy diet? How much is safe to have? Is there a difference between "natural" sugars found in things like maple syrup versus refined sugar?
I could watch you all day!!! I have been passionate about my health for over 40 years having hereditary high cholesterol and have refused to ever take prescription medications. I consider my food choices to be 95% on point but after listening to this episode it's time to swap out the ghee and coconut oil. I'm so looking forward to your life-changing podcasts.
Wow, yes! I found this little episode to be QUITE helpful in understanding more about fats! I like how much information you packed into the shorter time and your explanations were so clear! Please do more of these types of episodes!
Simon I absolutely loved this episode. I love the longer, deep science episodes, but this format is a great twist. I could easily finish it while meal prepping, and really good for sharing with the people in my life who are not yet followers, but need to be! 😉
This was fantastic Simon. Whilst I do enjoy the long, detailed podcasts full of science and finer details, this format is fantastic. The way you put it all together as a mini lesson makes it impossible not to understand. Keep them coming.
Absolutely amazing podcast with potentially life changing info. On that. I'ma try implementing better eating habits. Will have a look at the "12 week challenge" on Simons website but that might be a bit overwhelming for me ATM. Currently sitting at 6'1, 128kg. Eating take away 4+ times a week 😬 and a habit of eating until I'm feeling over full just about every meal. Hopefully I can log some progress next time a pod drops 💪
it's challenging as such foods are 'addictive' because of our evolution to seek easy calories. Someone thanked me for referring them to take a look at Simon's chat with joel fuhrman, so it might be worth a look. Looking forward to updates, good luck!!
I'm loving these mini lectures Simon (ie: shorter than a uni lecture but very dense). Also the downloads and references back to earlier episodes is super helpful in restructuring nutrition knowledge, which can be a bit spotty if you've been following nutrition science for many years but need quite a bit of unravelling if you’re not a scientist/nutritionist. My scientific method only extends to statistics in the humanities. As always, many thanks, I'm on a reformation pathway (that can go with your Dad joke!) Edit to add: am re-reading parts of your book (The Proof is in the Plants for those who want to check it out) in Part Two and the 8 Principles in Part Three. It's been very helpful now I'm listening to The Proof closer to when you release episodes. A year ago I was unable to be an up-to-date listener because I was caring for my elderly mother before it was necessary for her to go into a nursing home. Point of interest. It has a chef who has designed food around her likes and dislikes and her 92 year old health needs. She's doing remarkably well even though she is frail.
YES, more videos like these, please. I haves so much respect for your objectivity and clarity and never miss The Proof Podcast. As an aside, I happen to be largely whole plant based but for a small amount of salmon, kefir and Greek yogurt, so I'm happy to know that is your recommendation for those of us who include some animal products in their diet.
I love this style of video. Full or real practical advice, sifting through all the confusion and explaining where the totality of evidence lies... Would love more like this. Thanks Simon!
Outstanding episode, Simon! I've listened this one for 3 times, and shared with many friends. I like this university lecture format, easy to understand. I have been listen to you for years, thank you so much for your hard work. Appreciated if you could have an episode on how to gain weight for vegan women (I am 155cm height, only 104 pound after menopause). Also interested in post menopause hypothyroidism (non antibody) diet. (Bay area, California)
Thank you Simon for this great review. Now I will have to listen again to the “FAT” episodes in order to understand them better and rearrange all things FAT. It would be great to do this with other themes…. Thanks again, and so that you know, you are very much present in Lisbon, Portugal. On my bookshelf, my walks around town and my conversations with my interested family and friends! 😊
You asked if the audience wants more of these and I'm going to vote yes yes yes!! I love Q&A type podcasts from people I feel I can trust that kind of... synthesises everything together. Similarly I enjoy the Dr Greger Q&As as well. Would love to see one on cognition, exercise/movement, ageing, foot health (don't see much of that), eating patterns or accessing healthy food (ie: how to avoid pesticides, chemicals in tap water [lol sydney PFAs], etc). Love your work and thanks!!
This is awesome information. I have a degrees in nutrition and have listen lot of podcasts and I have to this is one of the best as clearly defining each types of fats and how it effects us and where we still are not too sure. I am a vegetarian but all my family members have metabolic disorders especially diabetes and eventually heart issue. I am 47 and have kept them at bay but was so scared of carbohydrates and in last 1 year I have good whole carbohydrates, less saturated fat less than 8% and made sure strength train to get good muscle mass. What surprised me is my blood glucose a1c has been in downtrend , I have excellent omega 3 markers and ApoB level. Will continue my journey in the same route as I am enjoying good food as well. Thanks a lot to you and please more of these.
The best podcast/video on fats .... thank you so much for making it so clear and concise. While I am plant based my partner prefers more omnivorous eating animal protein so delineating how to put into practice best fats to consume - how much, how often etc is really helpful. (listened to another popular podcast on this subject recently and came away more confused than I started.)
Loved this episode, and format. Would love to hear you break down topics like this more, mixed in with your guests. Thanks so much. I have a question about algae oil for cooking. I recently found some and the lipid profile looks very good (even less saturated fat than olive), and they have a very high smoke point. At this time they’re a bit expensive to use for everything, however my family has begun to add them to our repertoire (alongside olive oil). I’d be very interested to hear your thoughts on algae cooking oil. Cheers!
First, I just wanted to say I have been Whole Foods Plant Based for almost 5 years now and I am happy to hear you talk about it. I found this very helpful. You were very succinct in your presentation and I appreciate this style. I would love to see more like this one. Also I would be interested in learning about HRT, especially for women after having gone through menopause as well as navigating around weightlifting while dealing with an injury, such as a herniated disc snd sciatica that I have been dealing with for many years. Thank you and I enjoy your podcasts.
Such a helpful episode. I love how throughly you covered the topic of fats. Could you do a deep dive into how to select quality oils? I read so much on how the processing of oils can damage them, or there are chemicals used on the processing, or how many “olive oils” are a blend that could be harmful to our health.
Super useful explanation about saturated fat and insulin resistance, which a lot of people would find useful. Just less than 45 minutes but could add years to a healthy lifespan. So worth it!
Absolutely LOVED this episode. I liked the combination of theory with the results from specific meta analyses, concluding with his own recommendations. I would definitely like to see more!
I love these type of videos, I have watched this a few times now and have learned so much - would love if you did more like this! I’ve been listening to your podcasts for a good few years now, and between these and your book it has changed my life - and as a Kiwi saying that to an Aussie that’s not to be taken lightly, haha!
I don’t but not because I’m against them. I’m just weird and put peanut butter or avocado straight on bread. Look for one that’s low saturated fat (I.e no coconut or palm oil) and is free from partially hydrogenated oils (trans fats).
Thanks Simon. I was very engaged by the information saturated content in this episode. I'll be tuning in for more of these solo episodes should you care to serve them up but I can't help but feel they must be a little more routine and less rewarding for you as compared to episodes where you have someone to bounce things off.
Really appreciate this video, thank you so much! I also gotta ask, given the parallels between your podcast and Peter Attia's, do you plan on writing a book similar to his? I think it would be fantastic, and I think your nutrition section would likely be stronger.
@@TheProofWithSimonHill Hi Simon, I've read through a lot of your first book, great stuff! Since that book release, your interviews with Inigo San Milan, Thomas Dayspring, Roy Taylor, have been a gold mine of transformative information. Realizing that fat storage is the biggest issue beyond anything else was a game-changing click moment for me. I do have one podcast guest suggestion if you don't mind: Dr. Mike Israetel is the goat for muscle building science in my opinion. He has some "X made Simple" playlists on his TH-cam channel that contain like 80% of his ideas. As far as nutrition goes, he has a really incredible 8 part lecture series, with each episode being 25-50ish minutes long, called 'Nutrition for Fat Loss.' I've listened to tons of content on weight loss, and this was by far the most comprehensive series of lectures I've found. The idea is calories in, calories out, but his approach and strategies to make food as satiating as possible was unique, and if your book does include a segment on weight loss, Dr. Israetel's perspective would be valuable.
Thanks for a great presentation. It really helped to clarify this convoluted subject. I recently hear about C15 and I'm really looking forward to listening to your take on it.
Nutrition is becoming increasingly difficult to navigate. Becoming overwhelmed with conflicting information. The most practical thing I can follow is to eat from nature. If I can grow it, harvest it, hunt it, make it then I’ll be eating it. With that being said, I am a science fan so learning about nutrition is a passion for me and I appreciate the education of nutrition.
Is the subject becoming more difficult to navigate, or are you experiencing the paradox of learning Plato mentioned, that you become more aware of what you still don't know (I e , your ignorance) the more you think you've learned?
Knowing conflicting knowledge means a big leap forward for your understanding of nutrition. There is 100% truth of nutrition. We are always trying to get closer to the right answer.
Focusing on whole, unprocessed foods is undoubtedly a cornerstone of optimal health. Your intuition aligns with a growing body of scientific evidence supporting the benefits of a plant-based diet. I'm intrigued by your interest in both nature and science. Could you elaborate on the specific plants and animals you're cultivating or harvesting?
Brilliant podcast Simon thanks. I just listened to it on Spotify and I normally write notes. You mentioned a certain food increased LPa but I can’t recall what you said and where you heard that? My LP(a) is 5x the normal which must be where my genetic risk lies.
For me, I avoid seed oils because of the ultra processing needed to manufacture them. After reading ultra processed people I am totally turned off refined, bleached, and deodorised oils. I’m not opposed to eating them because of their PUFA content, just the processing
@@ottaviazwillenberg3168 I'm always confused as to how people exclude seed oils from UPFs when they one of the most processed food products that exist.
Fabulous episode Simon, What DHA/EPA supplement would you recommend if living in the UK ... In fact , what supplement company would you recommend if on a Whole food Plant-Based diet living in the UK...Does Eimele cover everything enough??
Very thorough. Thank you. I would like a bit slower delivery, but understand how these videos are designed to pack info in, and can use my pause and rewind buttons.
This was really helpful and informative. There is so much conflicting information out there that it can be confusing. Good to know that you think algal omegas are helpful. More of these please!
Hi Simon! Really enjoyed this episode. I did have a question as to whether you have followed Jay Feldman‘s work at all? He did a podcast on omega-3‘s speaking to them leading to inflammation and oxidized lipids. He was referring to a study and I can’t recall which one but was just curious , as to whether you could take a listen and give your thoughts. Thank you for all you do!
I've been hearing about a newly identified essential fatty acid, which I'd never heard of. It is C15, pentadecanoic acid. It's absence contributes to "cellular fragility syndrome." The origin story is that it was identified first in Navy dolphins whose normal diet had become deficient due to changes in their food related to climate change. I've never heard you mention C15. Can you cover this?
Hi Simon, thank you for the video! I have a question: Is there a specific study on individuals who eat well and maintain a healthy lifestyle but still have high LDL cholesterol? My current numbers are: LDL >200, HDL 88, and total cholesterol 318. I suspect I might have a genetic predisposition, but I still need to check my Apo-B levels as you suggested in 'The Prof's Blood Checklist.' I'm very lean and my body composition is pretty good, my cardio capacity is very high. The last months I was consuming a lot of meat. I’m curious if it's possible to lower my cholesterol levels as they were at. For four years, my LDL was around 150 and total cholesterol 209.
Thank you so much for the very informative episode on fats! Question: you often recommend tofu. Is there any concern about tofu in men’s diet? My husband always avoids tofu saying that it has a negative effect on testosterone.
This was great and I didn't fall asleep. I like funneling all down to what that means for me and how I can adjust lifestyle and nutrition simply. I do have a question about the amount of Omega 3 you take - 1.5 gr. Does it matter whether it's men or women?
More related to body weight. Best to test, intervene and then retest and adjust dose as required. Have you seen my omega 3 ep? If not I explain this there
Disclaimer: this is a thank you that began as a question. I have wanted your opinion, Simon, on a specific influencer/organization in the nutrition space. Such a question seems inappropriate though, I think it can be asked better without naming names. Recently, I've doubted their claims of comprehensively exploring the nutrition literature and presenting the results without bias or, selectivity, having read some criticism of their books and checking out the redpen reviews score.(They got me onto wfpb vegan 5 years ago and I am grateful for that.) Listening to your conversations, this solo video, and having met people in my life with very unique nutrition disorders while continuing my dietetics education at uni, I don't need to ask anymore. It is undeniable that in specific individuals certain animal foods may be necessary and even beneficial on a broader scale (thinking fermented dairy) and while I'll continue (and be thankful that my body can be) vegan wfpb, I have to thank your podcast for widening my perspective. I still think the influencer who got me onto wfpb is doing good work, just their claims of comprensiveness are at fault. Anyways, again big thank you and I hope your fairly neutral tone and willingness to explore opposing views will continue indefinitely.
First, thank you much for teaching! I am guessing that all your viewers, including me, love to learn. My struggle is how you are so certain about the benefits of polyunsaturated fats while Dr Chris Knobbe is so convinced of their harms. Would so like for you to interview Dr Knobbe
@@TheProofWithSimonHill Also, Chris Knobbe et al. Medical hypothesis. Volume 109, nov 2017; 184-198. The displacing of foods of modern commerce.are the primary and proximate cause of AMD
![F.HERO Ft. JSPKK x ลำไย ไหทองคำ x M-PEE - ไม่สนิทบิดหมด (Thai Riders Anthem) [Official MV]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/kPJZ0UihBfk/mqdefault.jpg)
Your videos have become master classes, all inclusive while still being concise, far superior to so many in this space.
Brain matter classes
I agree!
Simon, this video is incredible! The graphics, the clarity, the strong nuance and qualifying statements (like 'in the presence of a diet with excess calories') are all phenomenal.
Wow, thank you!
Thanks very much. These episodes are about the length of a university lecture, easier to stay engaged.
Outstanding episode, Simon! I've been listening to you for several years. You are improving all the time! Thanks for your hard work and sharing with all of us!
Thanks for listening
Well done, Simon. Thank you for this incredibly clear, super helpful video. I particularly appreciate your willingness to get into the nuance of the science on things like dairy and other animal products. While I eat over 85% whole food plant based myself, I do occasionally consume small amounts of fatty fish and some dairy. It's a tremendous gift to the scientific and lay communities alike to foster the spread of nuanced, accurate truth.
Keeping this video "in my back pocket" for my friends who keep bashing seed oils (PUFAs for the win!).
Thank you Simon for reconfirming these important facts. I understand why keto/carnivore is appealing to people - it is satiating, but that doesn't mean it is the best diet for longevity. But like you said, for Americans especially, keto/carnivore is far healthier than eating processed foods like many Americans are addicted to.
The ideal diet for most is full of veggies, poly/mono dominant, and has typically lean meat. The so called "Mediterranean diet". Getting there is difficult for people. Their stomach has to shrink somewhat, they have to get off hyperpallatable foods, and they have to be okay with food prep. The keto/carnivore diet tends to provide a solution to all of those hurdles: a further reason why people like it as a "health option" (on top of not having to pay for vegetables/fruit), especially compared to the average American diet.
For many people, for many Americans anyway, that is just too much in a hypercapitalist society full of bread and circuses to have an optimal diet, which is why we see so much disease related to diet now. It is also a reason why things like ozempic and wegovy are entering the picture, albeit not without some serious and potentially long-term side effects. Keto/carnivore creates bodily responses similar to the effects of ozempic and wegovy through satiation, mimicking the production of glp-1 agonists like the aforementioned drugs, so people should possibly consider it if they don't want to go the big pharma route and they don't have the time or money for a more varied, healthy diet.
It is vital Simon that you addressed and simplified this issue on fats (you even pointed to MCT's as being the preferred option for saturated fat). Most diet and fitness books affirm the facts you laid out here, but the Atkins and keto people have been gaslighting and misleading people for years. I will say they have had some useful contributions encouraging people to be skeptical. They've also spread the word on microplastics, and the degradation of certain molecules like aspartame/PUFA's from being on/in the shelf/pallet/stove/fryer too long in high light/heat conditions. Conversely, they've also made ridiculous statements like cholesterol is essential/healthy in high amounts. That's like claiming excess protein is essential/healthy in high amounts, except far worse because cholesterol embeds in the arteries, excessively high protein just taxes the liver and kidneys slightly.
Yes their diet is superior to most modern American diets due to the often processed and filler nature of said diets, but it is certainly not optimal like they claim. Then again, some people just want a keto/carnivore diet, even if it may cause mortality in them sooner by the numbers because of its satiation, cost, and minimal prep benefits. That is their choice at the end of the day to choose a subjectively superior, objectively inferior diet, and to potentially cut their life expectancy by 5 to 15 percent.
Keto doesn't necessarily mean less vegetables. Most probably increase their intake
Excellent post.
This was a really interesting video. I tried keto (I was only actually in ketosis for a week but for a much longer time I increased my saturated fat and meat intake significantly and decreased my sugar and carb consumption) Not only did I put on 6 kg but my blood sugar level went to scary levels. I'm back to my pescetarian diet and am eating a lot of carbs every day (I eat a lot of white rice and even drink fruit juice) Not only have I lost 5 kg but my blood sugar levels are completely back to normal. I am not trying that again
Would love to see a discussion between healthy fats vs a very low fat diet (as proposed by Ornish, Esselstyn, etc.), specifically for cardiovascular and carbohydrate metabolism health.
This was brilliant. You are my go to when I’m confused by so much conflicting and contradictory information on YT. Loved the dad joke 😀
I like solo episodes from a personal nutritional standpoint. They typically answer a specific question with well organized information from well validated sources, and provide clear guidelines for how to apply in one’s diet. Love your show, and your book occupies a favored spot on my shelf. Thank you Simon!
Thanks for the feedback Mary! Glad my book was helpful
Simon, your explanations and objective conveyance of information about healthy fats were excellent, thank you!
Thanks so much Simon! I avoided all dairy except occasional frozen yogurt for years only to find (after menopause) that I have inherited a familial high cholesterol profile. Everyone (Drs and family) was shocked that the “healthy one” could have issues. I have been listening to your podcasts and trying different tweaks, so now I think it’s time to join your Longevity Challenge. Thanks again for all the support and education you provide 😃
Excellent coverage of this arena which has clarified for me a subject that has been very confusing - so much contradictory material out there. Many thanks 👍
This was INCREDIBLY helpful Simon. Produced so well with amazing content. Can’t thank you enough for what you are doing to disseminate solid, research-supported nutritional information to the masses.
Happy to help!
I´ve been following you for 12+ months and watched, something like 20-30+ episodes. I really apreciate what you are puting forward in every episode. Along with other sources, your channel helped me get some clarity to take more informed desicions about what i eat. Its very surprising for me that you don´t have more followers, the content deserves it. I hope you continue putting forward great content in your quest for reaching more people. My sincere Good Luck to you!.
Well thought out presentation. I learned a lot and many of my questions were answered and clarified. Appreciate the time and energy, not to mention bio chemistry break down of fats. Thanks Simon
Wow. You have changed my mind on this matter.
I was listening to the wrong "experts".
It makes sense now.
Thank you mate
I always learn so much from your videos. This format is especially great for me - it's really clear and informative, and I appreciate how you explain things in such an easy to follow and digestible way. Kudos to whoever edits your videos, too; the way they lay down the photos, videos, texts, and little illustrations to back up your points is super effective. It makes the videos engaging to watch without being distracting. Anyway, just wanted to say thanks for all the great content you put out, Simon!
Yes Simon, that was an excellent video! There was so much helpful information in it, so much so I'll have to watch it again! A printed version would be good, is it any one of your books? A couple of things though. There was one thing that was a little confusing. According to some other, let's say plant-based advocates, they often refer to the epic studies, mainly the nurses study and the Swedish study that shows that dairy consumption is associated with higher mortality per additional serve per day. Also, you did mention the fibre deficit aspect of eating too much fermented dairy and cheese and you mentioned they contain saturated fats that are beneficial, do they not also have high levels of the non-beneficial saturated fats, making higher or even moderate intake quantities problematic? And just one more thing, being plant-based, what is the basis for fermented non-dairy yoghurts, let's say other than probiotics? Especially if you're consuming other fermented foods like natto? Sorry, too many questions 😅
I absolutely love these solo videos. I learn so much from you, Simon! -- Here's a suggestion for another video: Supplementation 101. It would be helpful to know which vitamins/minerals go well together and which ones should be taken separately because of potential interactions when bundling in a multivitamin. THANK YOU!!
Awesome work Simon, thanks for sharing this. You should keep doing more solo deep dives, it's a great format to complement your interviews. On this topic, it'd be great if you did a follow-up episode to explore more deeply the counter-perspectives that PUFAs are bad/oxidative/inflammatory/etc. as I'm not sure a purely evidence-based view (as you've presented) would truly shift 'online' perspectives without a mechanistic view (as counter-perspectives seem to focus on)
Will add to my list!
I never miss your podcasts! I really have enjoyed the solo ones where you summarize the information.
Dr Michael Greger wrote in his book How Not To Age about the impact on the brain caused by oxidised cholesterol found in ghee. It’s not in my pantry anymore. Brilliant video Simon 🙏🏼
Greger is a zealot and quack.
Brother is doing god's work. Thank you so much, Simon! You are the best!
Thank you for this informative video on dietary fats, Simon. It’s refreshing to see complex scientific information presented in such a clear and engaging way. Your breakdown of the nuances is incredibly helpful.
MCTs, due to their shorter carbon chain length, bypass the intricate process of chylomicron assembly and direct entry into the portal vein, circumventing the lymphatic system. This expedited delivery to the liver allows for immediate beta-oxidation in hepatocytes, bypassing the need for lipoprotein lipase hydrolysis. Consequently, MCTs are less likely to be stored as adipose tissue, potentially contributing to their thermogenic effects.
A deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms, including the role of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-I) and the mitochondrial respiratory chain, could provide valuable insights into the potential benefits and optimal use of MCTs.
I'd love to hear your thoughts on MCT oils, particularly C8 and C10. While they are classified as saturated fats, they seem to have unique metabolic properties. Can you elaborate on how these medium-chain triglycerides are digested and metabolized differently compared to long-chain triglycerides (LCTs)?
Aston
Thank you once again Simon. I love the way you set everything out so logically. More of these please. I do listen to your full length episodes on topics of interest to me but they are very long. It should be great if you could do one of these in calcium. I am confused. To supplement or not to supplement. According to chronometer I only get around 700mg a day. So I supplement with a quarter tspn of red algae powder. But we hear all the time that supplements block our arteries. I cannot find an answer as to whether it is because supplementing gives us too much calcium or because of the source of the calcium or because a supplement gives too big and quick a boost to calcium levels in our blood. This is so important for us post menopausal women. And advice greatly appreciated.
Excellent episode. Informative and very easy to understand. I also enjoy your more detailed interviews however this format is one I will be more likely to share with family and friends.
Awesome, thank you!
Thanks for all of the information on diet. I really enjoy the deep dives into different nutrients, and all of your other videos>
I just found you and love your content. Your voice and cadence are perfect. I like the way you sum up your guests points especially when they talk too fast. ❤
This is a great place to get knowledge on health for old dudes like me who want to learn what the science behind good nutrition is. I am currently in the phase of changing years of bad eating habits. Many of my bad habits are due to having the wrong information about what is healthy to eat and what isn't.
Thank you, Simon! This is brilliant and incredibly useful content (as always)! I'd love if you could do something like this about the effects of consuming sugar. Is there room for it in a healthy diet? How much is safe to have? Is there a difference between "natural" sugars found in things like maple syrup versus refined sugar?
Adding to my list ! Ty
I could watch you all day!!! I have been passionate about my health for over 40 years having hereditary high cholesterol and have refused to ever take prescription medications. I consider my food choices to be 95% on point but after listening to this episode it's time to swap out the ghee and coconut oil. I'm so looking forward to your life-changing podcasts.
Wow, yes! I found this little episode to be QUITE helpful in understanding more about fats! I like how much information you packed into the shorter time and your explanations were so clear! Please do more of these types of episodes!
Brilliant video! Thank you for sharing and increasing my understanding
Appreciate the efforts you put in to make the topic simpler for us to digest. Thank you!
Glad you enjoyed it!
Another great video based on research and science while making the complicated easy to understand - thank you for creating this Simon 🙏
Glad it was helpful!
Simon I absolutely loved this episode. I love the longer, deep science episodes, but this format is a great twist. I could easily finish it while meal prepping, and really good for sharing with the people in my life who are not yet followers, but need to be! 😉
Glad you enjoyed it!
This was fantastic Simon. Whilst I do enjoy the long, detailed podcasts full of science and finer details, this format is fantastic. The way you put it all together as a mini lesson makes it impossible not to understand. Keep them coming.
Awesome, thank you! More to
Come
I really appreciate the way you deliver information clearly. Please consider doing more of these solo episodes.
My pleasure
Absolutely amazing podcast with potentially life changing info.
On that. I'ma try implementing better eating habits. Will have a look at the "12 week challenge" on Simons website but that might be a bit overwhelming for me ATM.
Currently sitting at 6'1, 128kg. Eating take away 4+ times a week 😬 and a habit of eating until I'm feeling over full just about every meal.
Hopefully I can log some progress next time a pod drops 💪
it's challenging as such foods are 'addictive' because of our evolution to seek easy calories. Someone thanked me for referring them to take a look at Simon's chat with joel fuhrman, so it might be worth a look. Looking forward to updates, good luck!!
I'm loving these mini lectures Simon (ie: shorter than a uni lecture but very dense). Also the downloads and references back to earlier episodes is super helpful in restructuring nutrition knowledge, which can be a bit spotty if you've been following nutrition science for many years but need quite a bit of unravelling if you’re not a scientist/nutritionist. My scientific method only extends to statistics in the humanities. As always, many thanks, I'm on a reformation pathway (that can go with your Dad joke!)
Edit to add: am re-reading parts of your book (The Proof is in the Plants for those who want to check it out) in Part Two and the 8 Principles in Part Three. It's been very helpful now I'm listening to The Proof closer to when you release episodes. A year ago I was unable to be an up-to-date listener because I was caring for my elderly mother before it was necessary for her to go into a nursing home. Point of interest. It has a chef who has designed food around her likes and dislikes and her 92 year old health needs. She's doing remarkably well even though she is frail.
Wow 92! That’s awesome. Thanks for the comments and tuning in each week
YES, more videos like these, please. I haves so much respect for your objectivity and clarity and never miss The Proof Podcast. As an aside, I happen to be largely whole plant based but for a small amount of salmon, kefir and Greek yogurt, so I'm happy to know that is your recommendation for those of us who include some animal products in their diet.
Will do!
I love this style of video. Full or real practical advice, sifting through all the confusion and explaining where the totality of evidence lies... Would love more like this. Thanks Simon!
More to come Emma! Thanks for tuning in (and hopefully sharing with friends/family)
Outstanding episode, Simon! I've listened this one for 3 times, and shared with many friends. I like this university lecture format, easy to understand. I have been listen to you for years, thank you so much for your hard work. Appreciated if you could have an episode on how to gain weight for vegan women (I am 155cm height, only 104 pound after menopause). Also interested in post menopause hypothyroidism (non antibody) diet. (Bay area, California)
Thank you Simon for this great review. Now I will have to listen again to the “FAT” episodes in order to understand them better and rearrange all things FAT. It would be great to do this with other themes…. Thanks again, and so that you know, you are very much present in Lisbon, Portugal. On my bookshelf, my walks around town and my conversations with my interested family and friends! 😊
You asked if the audience wants more of these and I'm going to vote yes yes yes!! I love Q&A type podcasts from people I feel I can trust that kind of... synthesises everything together. Similarly I enjoy the Dr Greger Q&As as well. Would love to see one on cognition, exercise/movement, ageing, foot health (don't see much of that), eating patterns or accessing healthy food (ie: how to avoid pesticides, chemicals in tap water [lol sydney PFAs], etc). Love your work and thanks!!
Great suggestions thanks
This is awesome information. I have a degrees in nutrition and have listen lot of podcasts and I have to this is one of the best as clearly defining each types of fats and how it effects us and where we still are not too sure. I am a vegetarian but all my family members have metabolic disorders especially diabetes and eventually heart issue. I am 47 and have kept them at bay but was so scared of carbohydrates and in last 1 year I have good whole carbohydrates, less saturated fat less than 8% and made sure strength train to get good muscle mass. What surprised me is my blood glucose a1c has been in downtrend , I have excellent omega 3 markers and ApoB level. Will continue my journey in the same route as I am enjoying good food as well. Thanks a lot to you and please more of these.
You're welcome. Thanks for sharing that information about your health and family. Simon
Great video, very helpful and informative. I like the shorter format too. Thanks for your work🙏
Awesome, thank you!
This is outstanding, Simon. Thank you for taking a lot of nutritional information and making it crystal clear. Not an easy thing to do.
You're welcome
These episodes are so good! Thanks, Simon.
The best podcast/video on fats .... thank you so much for making it so clear and concise. While I am plant based my partner prefers more omnivorous eating animal protein so delineating how to put into practice best fats to consume - how much, how often etc is really helpful. (listened to another popular podcast on this subject recently and came away more confused than I started.)
Haha glad to provide some clarity for you. It can be made to be more confusing than it is!
Loved this episode, and format. Would love to hear you break down topics like this more, mixed in with your guests. Thanks so much.
I have a question about algae oil for cooking. I recently found some and the lipid profile looks very good (even less saturated fat than olive), and they have a very high smoke point. At this time they’re a bit expensive to use for everything, however my family has begun to add them to our repertoire (alongside olive oil). I’d be very interested to hear your thoughts on algae cooking oil. Cheers!
First, I just wanted to say I have been Whole Foods Plant Based for almost 5 years now and I am happy to hear you talk about it. I found this very helpful. You were very succinct in your presentation and I appreciate this style. I would love to see more like this one. Also I would be interested in learning about HRT, especially for women after having gone through menopause as well as navigating around weightlifting while dealing with an injury, such as a herniated disc snd sciatica that I have been dealing with for many years. Thank you and I enjoy your podcasts.
Such a helpful episode. I love how throughly you covered the topic of fats. Could you do a deep dive into how to select quality oils? I read so much on how the processing of oils can damage them, or there are chemicals used on the processing, or how many “olive oils” are a blend that could be harmful to our health.
Yep, on my list! Thanks for the suggestion
@@TheProofWithSimonHill excellent! Thanks!
You provide quality content Simon. You deserve millions of subscribers! Thank you for all your efforts.
THANK YOU AND BLESSINGS FOR YOUR INSIGHTFUL AND HELPFUL EVALUATIONS. YOU ARE HELPING US. THANKFULLY APPRECIATED 🌅
This is incredibly well structured and broken down. The best breakdown I’ve seen online.
Ahh glad to hear that!
@@TheProofWithSimonHill I’d love to see more macronutrient deep dives. 👍
Super useful explanation about saturated fat and insulin resistance, which a lot of people would find useful. Just less than 45 minutes but could add years to a healthy lifespan. So worth it!
Thanks that’s the goal!! Under 45 mins 🙏🏼
I found this solo episode very helpful as I work to optimize my diet for my specific conditions
Absolutely LOVED this episode. I liked the combination of theory with the results from specific meta analyses, concluding with his own recommendations. I would definitely like to see more!
Way to go Simon! Very informative, understandable and helpful.
I love these type of videos, I have watched this a few times now and have learned so much - would love if you did more like this! I’ve been listening to your podcasts for a good few years now, and between these and your book it has changed my life - and as a Kiwi saying that to an Aussie that’s not to be taken lightly, haha!
Great episode Simon! One quick question- do you use a vegan spread/butter alternative or would these be classed as ultra-processed?
I don’t but not because I’m against them. I’m just weird and put peanut butter or avocado straight on bread. Look for one that’s low saturated fat (I.e no coconut or palm oil) and is free from partially hydrogenated oils (trans fats).
That’s awesome, thank you so much!
Love these solo episodes! Information is easy to understand and extremely helpful! You are becoming a go to source for science backed nutrition.
Thanks Simon. I was very engaged by the information saturated content in this episode. I'll be tuning in for more of these solo episodes should you care to serve them up but I can't help but feel they must be a little more routine and less rewarding for you as compared to episodes where you have someone to bounce things off.
Another great episode Simon, full of great, evidence based information 💜
Glad you enjoyed it
Absolute pedagogical perfection! Loving this format, along with your deep-dive interviews! 🎉
Glad you enjoyed it! Nice vocab btw
@TheProofWithSimonHill Thank you!! (I teach at a university, and love teaching research methods, which is probably why I love this channel. 🎶).
Really appreciate this video, thank you so much!
I also gotta ask, given the parallels between your podcast and Peter Attia's, do you plan on writing a book similar to his? I think it would be fantastic, and I think your nutrition section would likely be stronger.
I have a book but do plan on writing another soon.
@@TheProofWithSimonHill Hi Simon, I've read through a lot of your first book, great stuff!
Since that book release, your interviews with Inigo San Milan, Thomas Dayspring, Roy Taylor, have been a gold mine of transformative information. Realizing that fat storage is the biggest issue beyond anything else was a game-changing click moment for me.
I do have one podcast guest suggestion if you don't mind: Dr. Mike Israetel is the goat for muscle building science in my opinion. He has some "X made Simple" playlists on his TH-cam channel that contain like 80% of his ideas. As far as nutrition goes, he has a really incredible 8 part lecture series, with each episode being 25-50ish minutes long, called 'Nutrition for Fat Loss.' I've listened to tons of content on weight loss, and this was by far the most comprehensive series of lectures I've found.
The idea is calories in, calories out, but his approach and strategies to make food as satiating as possible was unique, and if your book does include a segment on weight loss, Dr. Israetel's perspective would be valuable.
Loving these type of videos. Thank you so much for giving us all this information for free. And do all the work to summarize it all for us.
You are so welcome!
Thank you Simon for a thorough breakdown. Well explained.
You're most welcome
Absolutely love these episodes, informative and yet at the same time relaxing - thanks so much
Thank you very much. Your presentation is very claming and soothing though it is packed with facts.
Glad you enjoyed it!
Thanks for a great presentation. It really helped to clarify this convoluted subject. I recently hear about C15 and I'm really looking forward to listening to your take on it.
Nutrition is becoming increasingly difficult to navigate. Becoming overwhelmed with conflicting information. The most practical thing I can follow is to eat from nature. If I can grow it, harvest it, hunt it, make it then I’ll be eating it. With that being said, I am a science fan so learning about nutrition is a passion for me and I appreciate the education of nutrition.
Is the subject becoming more difficult to navigate, or are you experiencing the paradox of learning Plato mentioned, that you become more aware of what you still don't know (I e , your ignorance) the more you think you've learned?
There is not much conflicting info when considering only human intervention RCTs.
Knowing conflicting knowledge means a big leap forward for your understanding of nutrition. There is 100% truth of nutrition. We are always trying to get closer to the right answer.
@@dustinirwin1 ok what do they say about meat ?
Focusing on whole, unprocessed foods is undoubtedly a cornerstone of optimal health. Your intuition aligns with a growing body of scientific evidence supporting the benefits of a plant-based diet.
I'm intrigued by your interest in both nature and science. Could you elaborate on the specific plants and animals you're cultivating or harvesting?
Create video! Can you do one on caffeine's effects on the cardiovascular system?
Brilliant podcast Simon thanks. I just listened to it on Spotify and I normally write notes. You mentioned a certain food increased LPa but I can’t recall what you said and where you heard that? My LP(a) is 5x the normal which must be where my genetic risk lies.
For me, I avoid seed oils because of the ultra processing needed to manufacture them. After reading ultra processed people I am totally turned off refined, bleached, and deodorised oils. I’m not opposed to eating them because of their PUFA content, just the processing
@@ottaviazwillenberg3168 I'm always confused as to how people exclude seed oils from UPFs when they one of the most processed food products that exist.
Fabulous episode Simon, What DHA/EPA supplement would you recommend if living in the UK ... In fact , what supplement company would you recommend if on a Whole food Plant-Based diet living in the UK...Does Eimele cover everything enough??
Very thorough. Thank you.
I would like a bit slower delivery, but understand how these videos are designed to pack info in, and can use my pause and rewind buttons.
Glad it was helpful! Perhaps I reiterate a few points more often
Appreciate all the work you do Simon! Would love to know how much dha would be optimal in an algae oil for my vegan infant and toddler.
This was really helpful and informative. There is so much conflicting information out there that it can be confusing. Good to know that you think algal omegas are helpful. More of these please!
Another great video ❤ Am loving WFPB diet, if I use any oil just a touch of olive oil.
Hi Simon! Really enjoyed this episode.
I did have a question as to whether you have followed Jay Feldman‘s work at all? He did a podcast on omega-3‘s speaking to them leading to inflammation and oxidized lipids. He was referring to a study and I can’t recall which one but was just curious , as to whether you could take a listen and give your thoughts. Thank you for all you do!
A master class on fat.
Thank you Simon!
Great video. Clear, concise and informative. A balanced presentation of evidence and interpretation without hyperbole. Keep up the good work!
I've been hearing about a newly identified essential fatty acid, which I'd never heard of. It is C15, pentadecanoic acid. It's absence contributes to "cellular fragility syndrome." The origin story is that it was identified first in Navy dolphins whose normal diet had become deficient due to changes in their food related to climate change. I've never heard you mention C15. Can you cover this?
Yes I actually mentioned this fat in this ep. Upcoming ep planned!
WHICH algae oil do you consume as a supplement, Simon?
Great episode, very useful. Thanks 🙏🏻
Hi Simon, thank you for the video! I have a question: Is there a specific study on individuals who eat well and maintain a healthy lifestyle but still have high LDL cholesterol?
My current numbers are: LDL >200, HDL 88, and total cholesterol 318. I suspect I might have a genetic predisposition, but I still need to check my Apo-B levels as you suggested in 'The Prof's Blood Checklist.'
I'm very lean and my body composition is pretty good, my cardio capacity is very high. The last months I was consuming a lot of meat. I’m curious if it's possible to lower my cholesterol levels as they were at. For four years, my LDL was around 150 and total cholesterol 209.
Thank you so much for the very informative episode on fats! Question: you often recommend tofu. Is there any concern about tofu in men’s diet? My husband always avoids tofu saying that it has a negative effect on testosterone.
Thanks Simon! Always good to reconfirm information. You provide such clear facts and are easy to follow. Appreciate all you do!
I appreciate that!
This was great and I didn't fall asleep. I like funneling all down to what that means for me and how I can adjust lifestyle and nutrition simply. I do have a question about the amount of Omega 3 you take - 1.5 gr. Does it matter whether it's men or women?
More related to body weight. Best to test, intervene and then retest and adjust dose as required. Have you seen my omega 3 ep? If not I explain this there
Bravo! Still my favorite channel for deep analysis and excellent teaching! Finally unraveling all the seeming contradictory evidence regarding fats 👌
Thanks Joanna
What do you suggest for people who are Histamine and Tyramine , who can not eat nuts, seeds, most fruits and some vegetables.
Liver and exercise is a topic that I would love to hear. I love all your videos very informative. Thanks.
Disclaimer: this is a thank you that began as a question. I have wanted your opinion, Simon, on a specific influencer/organization in the nutrition space. Such a question seems inappropriate though, I think it can be asked better without naming names. Recently, I've doubted their claims of comprehensively exploring the nutrition literature and presenting the results without bias or, selectivity, having read some criticism of their books and checking out the redpen reviews score.(They got me onto wfpb vegan 5 years ago and I am grateful for that.) Listening to your conversations, this solo video, and having met people in my life with very unique nutrition disorders while continuing my dietetics education at uni, I don't need to ask anymore. It is undeniable that in specific individuals certain animal foods may be necessary and even beneficial on a broader scale (thinking fermented dairy) and while I'll continue (and be thankful that my body can be) vegan wfpb, I have to thank your podcast for widening my perspective. I still think the influencer who got me onto wfpb is doing good work, just their claims of comprensiveness are at fault. Anyways, again big thank you and I hope your fairly neutral tone and willingness to explore opposing views will continue indefinitely.
Thank you Simon for your clear, concise and easily digested information.
Great video!!! Can you do one on gluconeogenesis? Possibly highlights fats involvement in it?
Will add to my list
Wonderful, succinct and helpful episode! ❤
Glad you enjoyed it!
First, thank you much for teaching! I am guessing that all your viewers, including me, love to learn.
My struggle is how you are so certain about the benefits of polyunsaturated fats while Dr Chris Knobbe is so convinced of their harms.
Would so like for you to interview Dr Knobbe
What studies does he cite? Can you gather the top 2-3 and share here?
@@TheProofWithSimonHill
Also, Chris Knobbe et al. Medical hypothesis. Volume 109, nov 2017; 184-198.
The displacing of foods of modern commerce.are the primary and proximate cause of AMD