I have always found Expectancy Theory the single most valuable insight into how motivation works. So, I am pleased to see that this is one of my more popular motivation videos!
Not sure whether to like this or not - as I can't be sure whether it's a joke or not. The reality of physical coercion is that it is just abuse and has n place in work or family life. Compliance is not motivation.
I JUST WANT TO SAY THANK YOU VERY MUCH ,WE IN THIRD WORD HAVE ACCESS TO GOOD STAFFS OF THIS LEVEL , YOU ARE REALLY THE BEST . I M FOLLOWING YOU FROM TANZANIA IN E. AFRICA
People like you, who don't have much spare cash to buy courses are the reason I started this channel. So it's great to hear your appreciation. Thank you.
I am a humble and an aspiring manager, oftentimes stumbling to motivate people in my team...this formula seems to clear many of my doubts Thanks a lot Sir, let me try something out of it. Nevertheless always something troubles me is how much organisation would support me. I equate many times Motivation to employee is cost to the company and my leadership doesn't like anything spoken about money I have to balance something.
Hi - there are many videos in this series about motivation. Watch some more and you'll learn that 1. there are many other motivators, besides money, and 2. Money isn't a particularly good motivator in many circumstances. The full playlist is here: th-cam.com/play/PL6vWkk9L7LeE7ly5r-rFBoi0gt1o3yKhH.html
The explanation is excellent and clear. Love the example, it helps us remember well. However, can you please maybe include some of the criticisms and limitations in the theories? That will bring more overall and proper understanding about a theory. Thank you so much!
My wife is a nursing student in Haifa university. This semester she studies the course "System aspects of the nursing practice". Thank you very much for clear explanation of Vroom's theory.
My late parents would say clean the car this instant if you actually want to eat dinner tonight. I am 60 years old and recently decided to return to graduate school to study organizational behavior. These are really helpful videos.
OMG! Thank you BIG TIME. You are the only one amongst all the authors I have studied and the videos I have seen who has been able to explain it. It is truly said, those who know, know. Those who understand, teach. THANK YOU for being such a great teacher!! I don't think I will be looking for anyone else to breakdown complex management theories now. I have subbed. Thank you once again and please never stop doing this.
I've always liked the theory but never quite understood how to explain the formula. This is an excellent video to demonstrate it with a simple everyday example. Thank you so much for simplifying it for me!
Thank you for posting this video. I have found it really interesting as it has helped me to understand the Expectancy Theory mathematical equation in simple terms IE, low expectancy multiplied by low belief in the performance will lead to desired rewards, multiplied by the low value employees place on the existing reward system, this would equal a low motivational force and therefore low employee satisfaction. I will be using this to help with the critical analysis of my next MBA assignment. Thanks!
That was so helpful in aiding my understanding of this theory. I will definitely view your others, as I'm doing a HR course, with the current module on Performance Management. Thank you!
You are very welcome. [Thank you. You have explained a subject that I have difficulty in understanding in a simplified way perfectly.] - Google Translate
I like the humor there "no equation" 😂 Thank you so much! I almost watched all your Motivation topic videos for my report in Masters. Keep it up! From Philippines with love!
Thanks for the video! This was very clear and exactly what I needed to feel more confident to use expectancy theory to substantiate my masters thesis - great help!
Thank you for these videos. they helped me grasp a bit the reasoning of some motivation theories. If they are ALL the best motivation theories, which one is actually worth it? or should you as a manager apply different approaches to different situations/ employees?
If they are all the best, you should apply them all. Firstly, many theories address different aspects of motivation - most notably some focus on the process (like Vroom) while others focus on the 'what' that motivates us. Secondly, we are talking about people here. I doubt a single theory could account for everything. That said, Kurt Lewin got close with his B = f(P, E) (that is, behavior is a function of the person and the environment. But, while it's undoubtedly true, it leaves out rather a lot of detail!
@@ManagementCourses thank you for your response. Indeed, we are talking about people, so no rational theory would have the desired job performance. Combining many, while being aware of the cultures and the situations/ context would probably be best.
The difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation comes down to one question. (and an expectancy theory is the answer, but a bit different from Vroom) What is an incentive or reinforcer? For a Skinnerian behaviorist, a reinforcer is any event virtual or real that changes any attribute of behavior, from rate to intensity to form. For a biological behaviorist, a reinforcer is a positive change in a specific neurologic state that is embodied by an affective tone or feeling. For the Skinnerian, all reinforcement is extrinsic, and is justified procedurally. For the biological behaviorist, all reinforcement is intrinsic, and is justified realistically, or through a thorough understanding of how the brain works. Either perspective denies separate categorical entities of extrinsic and intrinsic reward. Ultimately however, a sound neurologically grounded explanation of incentive motivation resolves the distinction, which given our current knowledge, is no distinction at all. The concept of a unified reinforcement theory was proposed by the bio-behaviorists John Donahoe and David Palmer in 1994, and was independently confirmed by the affective neuroscientist Kent Berridge (who added the affective nature of reinforcement) in the same and following decades. Donahoe and Palmer proposed a neurologically grounded definition of reinforcement. Reinforcement reflected a discrepancy principle, when behavior is continually mediated by the activity of dopamine neurons elicited by continuous correction error between predictions and outcomes. Dopamine scales with the importance of the reinforcer, and is responsible for a feeling of energy and arousal, but not pleasure. The reinforcement principle from a Skinnerian behaviorism is still the guiding principle of present-day behaviorists or behavior analysts, but discrepancy principles are now core to single process incentive motivation theories in radical behaviorism as reflected by modern affective neuroscience. The difference between these two principles is stark in both principle and practice. Whereas a Skinnerian behaviorist is concerned about the effectiveness of reinforcers, a biological or radical behaviorist Is concerned about how reinforcement induces affect. To a teacher, parent, society, or politic, the effectiveness of reinforcement is paramount. However, for an individual, affect in reinforcement is of first importance. The latter is reflected in the recent work of Berridge, who emphasized that behavior change must be oriented to eliciting continuous positive affect, which is epitomized by an active and meaningful life. Given this perspective where individual feelings are critical for motivation and positive affect or ‘happiness’, the metric for success for behaviorists is not behavioral control, but individual freedom, and a behaviorally engineered society that focuses on constructing the avenues that enrich the meaning or value of life, or an individual’s fully realized self-control in a free society. John Donahoe: Behavior Analysis and Neuroscience www.scribd.com/document/426400833/Behavior-Analysis-and-Neuroscience-1 The Joyful Mind: Kringelbach and Berridge sites.lsa.umich.edu/berridge-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/743/2019/10/Kringelbach-Berridge-2012-Joyful-mind-Sci-Am.pdf ‘A Mouse’s Tale’ Learning theory for a lay audience from the perspective of modern affective neuroscience www.scribd.com/document/495438436/A-Mouse-s-Tale-a-practical-explanation-and-handbook-of-motivation-from-the-perspective-of-a-humble-creature Berridge article on history of learning theory www.scribd.com/document/447163649/Berridge-Reward-Learning-Incentives-and-Expectations Berridge Lab sites.lsa.umich.edu/berridge-lab/
I am currently taking an online graduate school management course, and personally I think your videos are better than some of the videos my university provides. Are you affiliated with or are you interested in being affiliated with any universities?
Thank you. I am not affiliated with any universities although a small number use some of my videos in course - and maybe some that have not let me know! I am always open to collabs and licensing my content for use on non-YT servers (which is, of course, a breach of copyright without my permission!)
Great Explanation Sir !! One doubt the valence here does not hold a positive or negative sign as in Lewin Theory ? I mean in what terms does Lewin's theory differ from this ( apart from fact that behavior as function of environment is not considered in Vroom's theory )
Thank you, Parthesh. I've never seen Vroom's work discussed with negative valence, as it is about. positive motivation. But I do expect that the model will hold with a 'motivator' that actually repels someone. If you ask me to do something and offer a reward I actually find distasteful, I will be motivated to resist. For example, you may offer me a trip abroad with a flight. But if I am highly aware of climate change and keen to avoid adding to carbon emissions, what you may reasonably have expected would have a positive valence could actually have a negative one. Interesting thought - thank you.. I don't know, but I do expect that Vroom was building on Lewin's ideas. Many 20th century psychology theorists were!
Heey! real nice videos you got, it's helping me out a lot! I'm currently searching for a model to help me write my thesis. the thesis wil be a motivational research about young people from the ages of 15-25 about what motivates them to joing a youth center. I'm currently thinking about using this expactancy theory of Victor Vroom, McClelland's achievemt theory and Herzberg's two-factor theory. What do you think is the best way to go? 1 of these 3 of is there another better one? kind regards, Vincent
Vincent - what is nice about those three theories is they are all complementary. None tries to explain all of motivation and each explains a different part. For example, Vroom doesn't talk about what does and does not motivate us. Rather, it's about how the motivation process works. McClelland talks about big concepts that drive our choices and Herzberg explains why somethings we want don't provide motivation. I can't guide you as to which are relevant in your circumstance - that what the research element of your thesis program needs to uncover But my guess is that each will contribute an element of understanding about the choices young people make.
![Expectancy Theories of Motivation: Vroom and Beyond [Compilation]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/u8CwP4Sdswk/mqdefault.jpg)
I have always found Expectancy Theory the single most valuable insight into how motivation works. So, I am pleased to see that this is one of my more popular motivation videos!
⛓
I’ve never seen a clearer video in my life.
Thank you very much, DJ!
Yessss.. agreed
My mother used the Flip Flop Expectancy Theory. I could expect a flip flop when my motivation to clean the car was low.
Not sure whether to like this or not - as I can't be sure whether it's a joke or not. The reality of physical coercion is that it is just abuse and has n place in work or family life. Compliance is not motivation.
@@ManagementCourses It was a joke! ;)
@@yannickroosen8138 Phewww!
😂😂😂😂👍
😂😂😂😂😂😂
This is the most clearer video I have ever seen in this subject. Great effort Sir.
Wow, thanks!
you really know the art of 'putting it simple'
thank you
Thank you, Abdul - you're very welcome.
I JUST WANT TO SAY THANK YOU VERY MUCH ,WE IN THIRD WORD HAVE ACCESS TO GOOD STAFFS OF THIS LEVEL , YOU ARE REALLY THE BEST . I M FOLLOWING YOU FROM TANZANIA IN E. AFRICA
People like you, who don't have much spare cash to buy courses are the reason I started this channel. So it's great to hear your appreciation. Thank you.
One of the best video i have ever seen regarding motivation !
Thank you, Simon. That's fabulous to hear.
I am a humble and an aspiring manager, oftentimes stumbling to motivate people in my team...this formula seems to clear many of my doubts Thanks a lot Sir, let me try something out of it. Nevertheless always something troubles me is how much organisation would support me. I equate many times Motivation to employee is cost to the company and my leadership doesn't like anything spoken about money I have to balance something.
Hi - there are many videos in this series about motivation. Watch some more and you'll learn that 1. there are many other motivators, besides money, and 2. Money isn't a particularly good motivator in many circumstances. The full playlist is here: th-cam.com/play/PL6vWkk9L7LeE7ly5r-rFBoi0gt1o3yKhH.html
The best part of the video was the example, that actually made the concept stick. Thank you, Mike!
You're very welcome!
Simple and straight to the point. You were born to do this, believe me, I know.
Thank you, Tembu!
Liked because of the last line. "Keep learning!"
Always!
Thank you so much sir!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Love from India. You are just great.
Most welcome!
expectancy theory couldn't get more clearer than this tnx so much
You're very welcome!
The explanation is excellent and clear. Love the example, it helps us remember well. However, can you please maybe include some of the criticisms and limitations in the theories? That will bring more overall and proper understanding about a theory. Thank you so much!
Thank you, good tip.
You know it when you see a passionate teacher.
Thank you, Listian.
My wife is a nursing student in Haifa university. This semester she studies the course "System aspects of the nursing practice". Thank you very much for clear explanation of Vroom's theory.
You're very welcome.
My late parents would say clean the car this instant if you actually want to eat dinner tonight.
I am 60 years old and recently decided to return to graduate school to study organizational behavior.
These are really helpful videos.
That's great - thank you and good luck.
This was clear explanation of the Expectancy Theory. I have subscribed to your channel for future guidance. Thank you!
You're welcome - thank you for subscribing.
blown away with your concepts and explanations. Just so easy to follow and understand. You are amazing!
Wow, thank you!
The most satisfied example... Tq... 😇
Thanks!
very clear video thank you very much sir
My pleasure
Victor Vroom's expectancy is in Sandra Reeds PHR/SPHR study guide. You explained it very clearly. Thank you
Thank you.
Thankgod someone explained my topic for my online classes report.
Good luck with your assignment.
That subtle explanation did the trick!!!
That's great to hear!
OMG! Thank you BIG TIME. You are the only one amongst all the authors I have studied and the videos I have seen who has been able to explain it. It is truly said, those who know, know. Those who understand, teach. THANK YOU for being such a great teacher!! I don't think I will be looking for anyone else to breakdown complex management theories now. I have subbed. Thank you once again and please never stop doing this.
Wow, thank you! What a great message.
I have loads more content for you and loads ore to come. Glad to have you on board.
I've always liked the theory but never quite understood how to explain the formula. This is an excellent video to demonstrate it with a simple everyday example. Thank you so much for simplifying it for me!
Glad you enjoyed it!
Valuable and simple explanation. I enjoyed watching. Thank you so much.
Great - You're welcome, Loai.
Thank you for posting this video. I have found it really interesting as it has helped me to understand the Expectancy Theory mathematical equation in simple terms IE, low expectancy multiplied by low belief in the performance will lead to desired rewards, multiplied by the low value employees place on the existing reward system, this would equal a low motivational force and therefore low employee satisfaction. I will be using this to help with the critical analysis of my next MBA assignment. Thanks!
Glad it was helpful, Pav!
Explanations are so clear and concise, huge thanks!!
Glad you think so!
That was so helpful in aiding my understanding of this theory. I will definitely view your others, as I'm doing a HR course, with the current module on Performance Management. Thank you!
That's great to hear!
Love you videoes. As a university student, your videoes really speed up the process of going through papers and book chapters. Thank you
Happy to help!
such an excellent presentation and this make to understand the Vroom's motivation model so easy to understand.
Wow, thank you!
Thank you! You explained this one very well.
That's great to hear!
Thanks a lot, I couldn't understand the Vroom's expectancy theory but after this video I can say I totally understand the theory
You're very welcome!
The explanation is very clear..
I love how simple you have made it to understand.
Glad you think so!
Oh my God, I really love this video. This is very helpful for my AS level. Thank you so much!
Glad to hear it was helpful, Sam!
U r a genius.. so much clarity in the content !
Thank you, Batman.
Now I will write better emails so others have incentives to listen my words more carefully. Thanks Mike
That's great to hear!
That's an outstanding explaination
Thank you.
love this great for sphr prep
Thanks, Tiers
Thank you for your wonderful work and it helps me a lot to explain my XY Timeboxing theory
You're welcome.
Very clear thank you
That's great - you're welcome.
No words to express thanks.......hatsoff sir for this explanation
So nice of you.
Teşekkür ederim. Anlamakta zorluk yaşadığım bir konuyu basitleştirilmiş bir şekilde mükemmel anlatmışsınız.
You are very welcome.
[Thank you. You have explained a subject that I have difficulty in understanding in a simplified way perfectly.] - Google Translate
Clear ..and simple..
Thank you, Marvin.
You really made the concept clear. Thankyou sir
My pleasure
Thank you. I would have end up learning this theory for 3 or 4 hours instead . You saved me.
Glad to have helped!
I like the humor there "no equation" 😂 Thank you so much! I almost watched all your Motivation topic videos for my report in Masters. Keep it up! From Philippines with love!
I'm glad you like them, Saima.
Thanks for the video! This was very clear and exactly what I needed to feel more confident to use expectancy theory to substantiate my masters thesis - great help!
Glad it was helpful!
Thank you so much sir, for taking the time to make this theory so interesting and memorable
Glad you liked it!
Thank you for these videos. they helped me grasp a bit the reasoning of some motivation theories. If they are ALL the best motivation theories, which one is actually worth it? or should you as a manager apply different approaches to different situations/ employees?
If they are all the best, you should apply them all. Firstly, many theories address different aspects of motivation - most notably some focus on the process (like Vroom) while others focus on the 'what' that motivates us. Secondly, we are talking about people here. I doubt a single theory could account for everything.
That said, Kurt Lewin got close with his B = f(P, E) (that is, behavior is a function of the person and the environment. But, while it's undoubtedly true, it leaves out rather a lot of detail!
@@ManagementCourses thank you for your response. Indeed, we are talking about people, so no rational theory would have the desired job performance. Combining many, while being aware of the cultures and the situations/ context would probably be best.
best video / explanation ever!
Thank you very much!
Indeed teaching and learning at it's best. Q: What does the 4th child do?
The 4th child washed the car, got the reward, and was happy.
👌explanation level💥
Thankyou😘
You're welcome!
He could be saying absolute crap and I would believe every word. Good job, this video is really useful :)
Happily, I try not to say absolute crap!
Very Well Explained Sir ! The Car Washing Example is very helpful in grasping a clearer concept of the theory. Thank You !
You are very welcome!
Great analagy used. Thank you!
You are so welcome!
This is so clear and easy to understand. Thank you Dr Mike
You're very welcome!
outstanding video...thanks sir
So nice of you, thank you, Kazi.
Thank you. Great video.
Thank you too!
Not sure if you're having a stroke mid sentence with your pauses, but besides that good explanation
JUst pacing for people who don't have English as a first language. But thank you.
Awesome 👌
Thank you.
very good video, clear and motivating, thank you, a friend from Lebanon
Awesome! Thank you!
superb explanation sir
Thanks and welcome
The difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation comes down to one question. (and an expectancy theory is the answer, but a bit different from Vroom)
What is an incentive or reinforcer?
For a Skinnerian behaviorist, a reinforcer is any event virtual or real that changes any attribute of behavior, from rate to intensity to form.
For a biological behaviorist, a reinforcer is a positive change in a specific neurologic state that is embodied by an affective tone or feeling.
For the Skinnerian, all reinforcement is extrinsic, and is justified procedurally. For the biological behaviorist, all reinforcement is intrinsic, and is justified realistically, or through a thorough understanding of how the brain works. Either perspective denies separate categorical entities of extrinsic and intrinsic reward. Ultimately however, a sound neurologically grounded explanation of incentive motivation resolves the distinction, which given our current knowledge, is no distinction at all.
The concept of a unified reinforcement theory was proposed by the bio-behaviorists John Donahoe and David Palmer in 1994, and was independently confirmed by the affective neuroscientist Kent Berridge (who added the affective nature of reinforcement) in the same and following decades. Donahoe and Palmer proposed a neurologically grounded definition of reinforcement. Reinforcement reflected a discrepancy principle, when behavior is continually mediated by the activity of dopamine neurons elicited by continuous correction error between predictions and outcomes. Dopamine scales with the importance of the reinforcer, and is responsible for a feeling of energy and arousal, but not pleasure. The reinforcement principle from a Skinnerian behaviorism is still the guiding principle of present-day behaviorists or behavior analysts, but discrepancy principles are now core to single process incentive motivation theories in radical behaviorism as reflected by modern affective neuroscience.
The difference between these two principles is stark in both principle and practice. Whereas a Skinnerian behaviorist is concerned about the effectiveness of reinforcers, a biological or radical behaviorist Is concerned about how reinforcement induces affect. To a teacher, parent, society, or politic, the effectiveness of reinforcement is paramount. However, for an individual, affect in reinforcement is of first importance. The latter is reflected in the recent work of Berridge, who emphasized that behavior change must be oriented to eliciting continuous positive affect, which is epitomized by an active and meaningful life. Given this perspective where individual feelings are critical for motivation and positive affect or ‘happiness’, the metric for success for behaviorists is not behavioral control, but individual freedom, and a behaviorally engineered society that focuses on constructing the avenues that enrich the meaning or value of life, or an individual’s fully realized self-control in a free society.
John Donahoe: Behavior Analysis and Neuroscience
www.scribd.com/document/426400833/Behavior-Analysis-and-Neuroscience-1
The Joyful Mind: Kringelbach and Berridge
sites.lsa.umich.edu/berridge-lab/wp-content/uploads/sites/743/2019/10/Kringelbach-Berridge-2012-Joyful-mind-Sci-Am.pdf
‘A Mouse’s Tale’ Learning theory for a lay audience from the perspective of modern affective neuroscience
www.scribd.com/document/495438436/A-Mouse-s-Tale-a-practical-explanation-and-handbook-of-motivation-from-the-perspective-of-a-humble-creature
Berridge article on history of learning theory
www.scribd.com/document/447163649/Berridge-Reward-Learning-Incentives-and-Expectations
Berridge Lab
sites.lsa.umich.edu/berridge-lab/
Thanks. A bit beyond my expertise to comment on this.
I have an exam on this tomorrow. Thanks for helping me understand 🤗
Good luck!!
Wish you were my professor ! Thanks alot !
Happy to help you
Fantastic. Thank you
You're very welcome.
Thank you so much
You're very welcome!
Awesome video. Thank you
Glad you liked it!
Simple and clear explanation - that chain is going to stick!
Thank you, James. It's a way of explaining I use in live seminars and workshops - but with more audience participation!
Thank you for an amazing and very clear explanation. Great job!
You're very welcome!
Beautifully explained. Thank you.
You're most welcome!
Great video and presentation skills! Kudos!
Thank you, Luis.
very clearly
explained.
I'm glad you think so!
I am currently taking an online graduate school management course, and personally I think your videos are better than some of the videos my university provides. Are you affiliated with or are you interested in being affiliated with any universities?
Thank you.
I am not affiliated with any universities although a small number use some of my videos in course - and maybe some that have not let me know!
I am always open to collabs and licensing my content for use on non-YT servers (which is, of course, a breach of copyright without my permission!)
As always, perfect, precious and par excellence
My sincere appreciation
Wow, thank you
Wow, fantastic..
Thank you sir.. You made me understand better than ever..
You are most welcome, Tidish.
Thank you for passing my exam
That's great to hear! You're welcome.
Thank you! You make it so easy to understand. ❤
Glad it was helpful!
Simply awesome
Thanks a lot 😊
@@ManagementCourses well deserved
Thank you Sir for the great explanation!
Thanks - you're welcome.
Damn how good this explanation of the VIE Theory is. 10xBetter then in College😅
Thank you!
Loads more to watch - so, why not subscribe? Buy the way, a new video coming soon an Lawler's modification of this model.
best one so far, tank you a lot!!
You're welcome, Maria.
Now every time I think of Vrooms theory I think of the car in this video going “vroom vroom” and that’s how I remember this ! lol Thank you!
Brilliant!
excellent !
Thank you!
I always love your explaination. Thank you!
My pleasure!
I subscribed to your channel already and I'm definitely telling my friends and coursemates about this
Awesome thank you!
Nice
Thank you.
very valuable
Thank you.
Thankyou for explainnig. Please keep it up (Positive renforecement - by B.F Skinner) ;)
Thank you. Will do!
Great Explanation Sir !! One doubt the valence here does not hold a positive or negative sign as in Lewin Theory ? I mean in what terms does Lewin's theory differ from this ( apart from fact that behavior as function of environment is not considered in Vroom's theory )
Thank you, Parthesh.
I've never seen Vroom's work discussed with negative valence, as it is about. positive motivation. But I do expect that the model will hold with a 'motivator' that actually repels someone. If you ask me to do something and offer a reward I actually find distasteful, I will be motivated to resist. For example, you may offer me a trip abroad with a flight. But if I am highly aware of climate change and keen to avoid adding to carbon emissions, what you may reasonably have expected would have a positive valence could actually have a negative one. Interesting thought - thank you..
I don't know, but I do expect that Vroom was building on Lewin's ideas. Many 20th century psychology theorists were!
@@ManagementCourses Thankyou for that example of flight. That was helpful to get an insight on comparison of the 2 theories.
@@partheshnarkhede5968 You're very welcome!
Heey! real nice videos you got, it's helping me out a lot! I'm currently searching for a model to help me write my thesis. the thesis wil be a motivational research about young people from the ages of 15-25 about what motivates them to joing a youth center. I'm currently thinking about using this expactancy theory of Victor Vroom, McClelland's achievemt theory and Herzberg's two-factor theory. What do you think is the best way to go? 1 of these 3 of is there another better one?
kind regards,
Vincent
Vincent - what is nice about those three theories is they are all complementary. None tries to explain all of motivation and each explains a different part. For example, Vroom doesn't talk about what does and does not motivate us. Rather, it's about how the motivation process works. McClelland talks about big concepts that drive our choices and Herzberg explains why somethings we want don't provide motivation. I can't guide you as to which are relevant in your circumstance - that what the research element of your thesis program needs to uncover But my guess is that each will contribute an element of understanding about the choices young people make.
Superb Sir...👌👍
Thanks a lot 😊
his kids are so done with washing his car
LoL 😃
Just send the car to a carwash! :D A little joke! The example does really work on memorizing the theory! Thank you sir!
You are welcome!
Great Video!!!
Thanks, Sidd!
Do you think this applies to self motivation as well?
Yes, I do.
great video!
Thanks, Ibrahim.
Less is more. Great teacher
Thank you