CURVED or STRAIGHT GUARDS on Medieval Swords
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 9 ก.พ. 2025
- Curved and straight hand guards on medieval swords offer different advantages. Here we look at which is better for different things.
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Ah, finally the answer between curved vs straight…oh wait; guards? This should be interesting.
😂
Straight with knobs vs. hooked and narrowing.
@@texasbeast239 dogs vs cats?
See those warriors from Hammerfell?
Their swords have curved guards! Curved! Guards!
I use a curved guard for longsword HEMA, and I like it for primarily two reasons, one of which wasn't really touched on here. One is like you said - it makes it harder for a blade to slide off the guard and onto my hand. The other is that a straight guard prevents me from taking certain angles because it pokes into my arm. Some of those positions are really useful.
Absolutely. The second reason is even more of a consideration if you're wearing plate gauntlets that can sometimes hamper wrist movements. You don't want your sword's guard to make that any worse. Besides, your hand will be in far less danger thanks to the protection offered by the gauntlet, so it really doesn't matter much if you lose some of the guard's protection mentioned by Matt.
I was thinking about the exact same thing. Straight cross guard would jab into your wrist if you are not careful. It is not that hard to avoid getting jabbed in my experience but it does force your to be more restrained with your hand movements.
But you lose reverse half swording techniques
In a heavily armored duel straight cross guard
When armor started to turn into breast plates for stopping firearms a curve cross guard is better
Yeah, I also can't help but think that proper buckler and shield use cuts off lines to the hands anyway, so matt kinda is overstating the hand thing on one handed sword guards. Then again, there are messers which we known were used by themselves. Or maybe on calvary swords, though getting into fencing matches kinda goes against the point using a horse. A horse at a standstill is a massive most of the fleshy target.
Also a point of note for handling: for a lot of techniques where the cross goes past your wrist in moulinettes and the like, some people just seem unable to adapt to a straight cross and continue to bruise themselves, so they get a curved crossguard. Ie. like Henry Cavill did for his witcher prop sword.
I am mainly curious about this aspect. Even quite a small curvature makes moulinettes much easier to do. Fingering the guards (so a typical sidesword grip) removes this problem. But also, from a hammer grip, bringing/rotating the sword back towards the arm to flick it forward is facilitated by a curved guard. Conversely, am I learning a bad technique by using a curved cross guard? I don't want to become Henry Cavill in the witcher and use a reverse grip... not unless I also get his other perks. 😏
I was going to comment about Cavill's Witcher sword, too. IIRC, it was originally a straight crossguard and then was changed to an angled hilt at his request for greater maneuverability.
A classic Mat Easton video, where Mat just picks up a couple weapons he happens to have around the house and talks about them for 10 minutes!
For the algorithm!
Why did he like this comment?
@@beesmongeese2978probably has a sense of humor, recognized a kernel of truth, and it’s not actually negative. Didn’t say he didn’t like the video or anything.
@@UnsolicitedContext Sounds about right. The comment sounded more cynical in my head.
@@beesmongeese2978 My favorite Mat Easton era was when he realized he needed to upload a video, so he just picked up a random sword and rambled about it for 10 minutes. 10 minutes because 10 minute videos got mid-rolls. The man knows so much and I want to know all of it.
He probably upvoted it for the last line actually: comments count as engagement so if you say anything right when a video gets uploaded it gets shown to more people. This is a business, he is a businessman, and as a satisfied customer I want him to make/sell more product.
For the algorithm!!
It is nice to see somebody addressing the wearability of swords. As a practical matter, swords would have been worn more often than they were used in practice and in combat combined. Wearability would thus have been a significant issue.
I am a retired cop in the U.S. I wore a thirty pound gun belt for many years. In my experience, there are four major issues with the wearability of weapons.
First, a weapon has to be worn in such a way that it remains constantly at hand. A weapon is useless if you can’t access it when needed.
Second, a weapon has to be worn in such a way that it remains secure. A weapon doesn’t do much good if somebody can easily grab it and disarm the bearer of the weapon. Modern holsters have a variety of security features but the simple ability to rest a hand or arm on the grip of a weapon can go a long way to making a weapon more secure.
Third, a weapon needs to remain relatively close to the body so that it does not involuntarily interact with the environment. A weapon can frankly become a hazard if it is constantly bumping into things, knocking objects from shelves, tearing curtains or the clothing of others, etc. It can also present a problem if the weapon gets caught on objects in the environment and pulled from your person.
Fourth, a weapon has to be worn in such a way that the weight is at least bearable over the long term. Outright comfort is often impossible to achieve. As I aged and acquired chronic injuries, I noticed that it became painful to wear a gun belt and body armor. I would be astounded if this is solely a modern problem.
Yep. Contractors always modified equipment assigned to us. I could never wear a gun directly at waist line. It would have to hang low on my hip or it was always in the damn way.
Well stated. Career soldier here with identical feelings about my LBE. Negotiating what is necessary with weight and bulk was always an issue.
I just got out of a fencing lesson about 15 minutes ago and this just popped up on my phone. The universe has aligned for me
What school, please?
This is not the universe, this is phone apps listening to your surroundings through your always-on microphone in your phone and adjusting search algorithms.
Something that never seems to be mentioned is the physics of cross guards. A cross guard adds mass to the sword at a distance from the central axis. This mass creates inertia that requires more energy to rotate the blade along its long axis. The result is a blade that keeps its edge alignment slightly better when it strikes another object. It would be interesting to do some tests on this, maybe in collaboration with Todd.
Royal armories you say? I sure hope we get an appearance from Jonathan Ferguson The Keeper of Firearms and Artillery at the Royal Armories in the UK which houses a collection of thousands of iconic weapons from throughout history!
I think, for the sake of brevity, we may have to petition for an official title that’s a little more succinct. Something like ’Lord of the bang sticks’ or ‘Duke of Dakka’ for example.
@@Oldtanktapper "Sir Boomstick"
@@REDACTED_shenanigans champion of S-Mart
schologladatoria, tods workshop, modern history TV, lindybeige, the history squad, time team.. all of you are always on rotation in the house. cannot stop! And of course the great tobias capwell when he is featured.
11:45 I always assumed this asymmetrical designs appeared first on falchions because they are already asymmetrical, meaning they have a clear "front" and "back", while with double edged swords you want to be able to hold them in any direction
I appreciate that Matt is able to consistently provide information on a variety of specific topics. It makes his channel a very effective reference document.
I've a leaf-shaped shortsword with horseshoe-shaped pommel and guard.
I find it useful to 'catch' and block sliding blades ... and hooking it onto my belt. 😁
I guess your blade is blunt? Sharp blades do not tend to slide, but to bind.
@@PalleRasmussenI hook the cross guard on the belt, not the blade.
@@alantheinquirer7658 that is not what I meant, but nevermind, I am falling asleep.
Goodnight.
I always prefer the slightly upswept cross guard, it gives me more room to maneuver the sword in the hand and wrist. This is especially true considering our HEMA heavy gloves we all wear.
More space for rotation in the wrist helps with some techniques.
I don’t know about arming swords, but in my longsword training I noticed that a long straight guard would sometimes hit my wrists during certain movements. Though it could be atributed to my lack of experience as it tends to happen less with more training, A slight upwards curve would be apreciated.
One point I've not seen mention is while a straight guard is safer when fighting without gloves or possibly leather gloves. When fighting in armour using gauntlets and a visored helm, would a curved guard not be easier to grab and draw when fighting in an armoured or battlefield situation. You primary weapon breaks or is discarded for some other reason. You will then need to quickly draw your sidearm. Your visor obstructs you view of your scabbarded sword at your waist and you need to get your gauntleted hand on your hilt quickly and easily. I would imagine that a curved guard would make this easier.
“Those warriors from Hammerfell? They've got curved swords. Curved. Swords."
(I know, not quite right, but still)
There are also backwards curved crossguards, stereotypically asssociated with china but they did appear in byzantium and other parts of eastern europe.
The primary advantage is in hand protection. The primary disadvantage is that they lock your hand in a handshake grip. Fittigly, they are always spotted with thrusting blades (with maybe two exceptions). Also, backwards-curved quillons can be found on rapiers and other later swords.
Also, curved cross guards will weigh more on average than a straight cross guard for the same breadth. This is because there is a minimum effective thickness of the material, and a curve requires a longer continual line to achieve for two given end points, meaning that there is simply more material and, therefore, mass.
Very interesting......and with soooo many medieval garments made of wool, you just know that guards tangled in cloaks was a real problem!
It seems to be fairly evenly matched for pros and cons so I think your assertion that it may just be personal choice and fasion
I've a Type XV from Lancaster Armouries. Admittedly I only bought it two weeks ago at ARM so am still mastering it's quirks, but I love the upturned crossguard, and I've not had any issues with it being caught on my combat duvet just yet.
What about double curved guards that are curved both up and down like a x? Do they exist?
I was a novelist and I wrote a couple of fantasy romance novels set in the period from the Georgian to the Regency. I watched your videos and studied a lot, and it was very helpful for me. My problem is, I'm not writing any more novels because I've been watching your TH-cam videos.😊
If you can ever get your hands on a North African Nimcha I would love to hear your thoughts on it.
It has very strongly curved guards swept towards the point which seem well-suited to catching (and the rear pair of guards could be interesting if it's functional rather than aesthetic), but also a nice protective knucklebow and a hooked end to the grip which would seem very quick and secure to draw and hold.
Suddenly I understood the reason of the portuguese “crab” hilt. You combine the advantatges of both guards
'W' in german is pronounced like an English 'V', so it would sound like "vinden". It pretty litterally translates to winding, as in winding something around a blade to hold it or winding around an attack to counter.
I would love to see you or one of your colleagues do a speculative evolution of various arms. Based on the hypothetical that firearm development was delayed indefinitely. No gunpowder, basically. I would love to see things ranging from, "What would a Halberd turn into?" all the way to "Would we even be alive to wear new armor in this hypothetical?"
would the limit be just no gunpowder or would you expand that to no ranged weapons? Guns replaced spears more than swords, swords remained the sidearm long into the use of gunpowder weapons. Armor is what stunted the use of swords more than anything, gunpowder if anything began to reduce the benefit of armor thus restoring the potential of swords for a long time with a focus on much less armored opponents than the past, that's where we get the age of sabers and rapiers and such that wouldn't do diddly to an armored opponent but the armor wouldn't do diddly against a gun. What you really want here is lightsabers, swords that nullify armor and guns.
This actually happened in Japan. There, firearms were quickly banned for most people, even the elite. And they continued to use swords in the old style. But maybe it's a matter of attachment to tradition?
@@henryjones2111 I really just want to speculate on how weapons would have evolved if we didn't have gunpowder. I am okay with ranged weapons. I want to hear people's thoughts on what they think would have become the top arms as well as what they think would have happened in history if guns had not been created. I am not focusing on swords or anything in particular.
@@henryjones2111Yes, I also think that in the absence of gunpowder weapons, wearing armor would still make sense.
@@Zbigniew_Nowakmore likely an attachment to power, When you say no one can have guns, those in power are free to create exceptions for those that support their rule "no one can have guns, guns are evil, except my bodyguards, that's different, they can have whatever guns that they want". Banning something doesn't get rid of it, it just puts usage solely in the hands of criminals and those with the power to selectively unban it (often also criminals). Tale as old as time, and why things Like the US second amendment are so radical and valuable. The idea that government can't take away your right to arm yourself and the acknowledgement that government doesn't give you the right, their only role is to protect that right... game changing idea, shame it's been corrupted and eroded over time.
My first thought is that a sword with a curved guard would be less likely to get snagged in the wearer’s clothing when it was drawn from its scabbard.
Thank you for the information. I've always liked the straight guards in medieval swords ⚔️
The pseudo-knuclebow (d-guard) shape seems like a very good shape for a cavalry sword as it is more likely to have the oponent's weapon slide off. I think that is very important as getting your sword caught while your horse is moving is very dangerous
When I got started in HEMA (and was probably not doing things right), I jabbed myself in the forearm with a straight guard. I thought at the time that forward angling the rear guard made sense to prevent this, and that if you had a symmetric blade, you might as well forward angle both.
My first reaction when I saw the topic is whether or not the width of the blade, and thus the need to catch & control thrusts, was going to be a factor.
Interesting that there were other factors that Matt brought up.
I knew about the S-curve as I have a replica Medici falchion :)
This is super helpful, thank you.
Hi Mat, is there a foreseen release date for the Royal Armory Batch 2? Basically, should people keep ahold of their spare change for now, or go ahead and buy something else since the Batch 2 release is still far away?
You are far from being the only one who wants to know that.
My preferred/favorite sword to use has quillion that are mostly straight with the capstand ends curving upwards ever so slightly. Like you said, kind of a best of both worlds.
The sword in the thumbnail is the cawood sword. I own a replica! Very cool sword that combines "viking age" and crusades era styles
Curved, I go with curved. 👌
Curved guards, if you catch the angle right, help you catching and maneuvering around the enemy's weapon
The Sword of Santa Casilda also appears to have a guard that is a compromise between the straight and curved types.
My beginning in HEMA started with a wooden sword that was replicated by the El Cid looking d3sign and now I just have a preference for the forwards curve to catch and bind other people's swords. It usually ends up being more of a wrestling match than a sword duel by the looks of it, but it does catch people off-guard if they weren't expecting it.
Curved guards you can hang the sword on a peg or nail
I’ve found that one of the challenges in sword & buckler can be the interaction of the cross with the buckler. Such as when you’re protecting the sword hard with the buckler and winding with the sword. I wonder if this would be less of an issue with a curved cross.
It gets even more interesting with greatswords, most of what was said in the video only partly applies to them, they are neither worn nor used in close quaters with shields or sidearms and yet they have both curved and straight guards. The extreme length of these guards however and the flattened profile of the ones that do curve suggests that hand protection against an angled strike may have been the most important factor.
Specialized longswords for armored dueling have crosses that end in spikes, or a hammer-beak configuration as Joachim Meyer described & illustrated. That's the one context where you do want a spikey cross.
A curved crossguard might also help orient the hand correctly when grabbing the sword while wearing guantlets, especially with a wheel pommel - just get your hand somewhere around where it needs to be and the curves coming from both sides settles your hand on the grip snuggly
For the Algorithm!
And quicker than the bots! Respect.
The straight guard is just cooler in my eyes. I bet a lot of people in the period would have had the same discussion and on many occasions they would choose by visual preference and compensate in other ways
The CPU is watching 😂
@@ZaeyrusOr maybe religion also mattered? I know, of course, that the cross guard had a practical reason. But maybe they thought it was cool to have a cross symbol on the weapon. I have the same observation about some early sabers, which even have a strange-looking cross guard. This doesn't seem like the best solution to me, but I wonder about the religious factor.
For the algorithm.
great video very interesting love the examples
My favourite isn't stright or curved but angled.
I Personally like a 'Bow Tie' as a V shape cross guard on a double sided blades but Schiavonesca are nice as well in terms of very simple guards though that is curved on a portion of the differing plain mind.
Single sided blade then a simple knuckle bow with a lip is
The addition of finger, loop & side guards is always welcomed.
2 projection can be done in a multitude of ways!
9:20 as an example of why you want to avoid finger hits, watch Troy: Fall Of A City, episode Battle on the Beach. There's a scene that illustrates perfectly why.
The first curved hilt was because a guy with a spare tire around his waist found the straight hilt digging in to ample waist, then came the day he snagged his wife's new dress and ruined it. The next day he went to a smith and had that taken care of. Once his friends found out how much it cost to buy their lady's new dresses it came in to fashion.
Half round is perfect 🍀✌️😜✌️🔥🔥🔥
I know Matt is much more focused on bladed/melee weapons but since he's frequently at the Royal Armories, I wonder if he's ever met Jonathan Ferguson The Keeper of Firearms and Artillery at the Royal Armouries Museum in the UK, Home to Thousands of Iconic Weapons Throughout History
Got me thinking about which swords in my collection I find more comfortable to wear riding in replica medieval saddles. Crossguard design is definitely a big factor.
I prefer the curved cross guard because it’s less likely to get caught on my arm or rub against my arm while fighting. When doing solo drills with my nylon longsword i end up rubbing against my forearm with the straight cross guard, for me that’s a form issue that can be worked around but the curved one is more forgiving in that regard which is why i prefer it.
I've read that curved guards (and "curved down" pommels) were used on late Viking Age swords in the lands of Rus' to make those swords more convenient for use on horseback. If I understand correctly, in Western Europe the same problem was solved by using wheel pommels and making grips a bit longer, so curved guards weren't that useful for cavalry swords.
I used a sword with a rather long straight guard and I found it hit my wrist a lot when bending it back. Seemingly you can get away with longer curved guards than straight ones.
Then what about s-curved crossguard. Not those that curve up and down, like you shown on that rapier but from left to right?
one small thing i think you missed is that with curved (towards the blade) guards the point of balance is also brought farther forward which in some cases can be desirable.
its a small detail, but sometimes these can help with the context. :P
2:02 there is also manufacturing ease, but I suppose it's a mute point in this case
Reach (straight) vs strength ( curve) in the parry. Similar contrast is found in boxing weight classes
Thanks for the thoughts on this. Particularly the wearablity.
I have finally realized I'm backwards. My first thought was your last thought; wearability. I mean the average person wears his sword far more often than he uses it. And with the curve it is far less of a problem when it bumps into things, or when he draws the weapon, and it bumps into himself in the process.
Do you find any noticeable different between straight guards and horizontally s-curved guards, like the stereotypical “Irish” style?
Sir Easton, would you consider breaking down weaponry from Avatar (Na'vi, not Airbender)? There are some cool tomahawk in one hand and dagger in the other style combat employed in the way of water among other things. I'd be furthermore interested in your opinion on the Na'vi bows and spears etcetera. My personal favorite is when Neteyum (might be wrong on the name) sneaks up on a bad guy and deliberately switches to the pick side of his tomahawk before wrecking said bad guy.
Thanks Matt highly informative!
I don't fence so I'm just speculating but I could imagine that a curved guard allows you to use some cutting angles that a straight guard would prevent because it's more likely to jam into your forearm
I don't necessarily disagree with the points Matt makes, but I disagree with his final assessment about curved guards. In my own practice I have found that straight guards limit my wrist motion because the guard digs into my arm behind the wrist. Without protective gear this can lead to cuts and bruises on my arm just from my own weapon. On the other hand, this does not happen with my sword that has an upswept guard because it clears my arm just enough to avoid digging into my skin. This allows me to perform more complex circular attacks and defenses with less risk of injuring myself in practice.
From a Harnischfechten point of view, the curved guard tends not to catch on my armor, whereas my straight guard swords do catch on my armor unless I am performing extremely limited motions. This also extends to my protective gear for Blossfechten, where the straight guard actually catches on my heavy gloves and restricts my movements, sometimes even catching so bad that I have to call a safety halt to untangle my weapon from my own gear. I do have fairly large arms though, so this may not be a problem for most fencers, but it is definitely a contributing factor in my choice of weapon.
Between the limited range of motion, catching on clothing/gear/armor, and causing injury to myself during practice, I feel that there is far more benefit to curved guards than what Matt has presented in this video.
Not to disparage Matt's knowledge and expertise, however. You're still a legend among peers, my dude
Great video, but I wonder if you've missed something: in discussing the bind you mentioned that it ties up your sword. That's obviously an issue in a one-on-one duel but if you're fighting alongside friends is that really an issue? You tie up your opponent's sword and then a friend skewers him. Obviously you don't go for the bind if your opponent's friend can skewer you!
I used to wonder why the early "batorówka" saber had such a wide, sword-style cross guard. It seemed to me that designers should have immediately recognized a downward-bend rod as better hand protection. But after your video, I have slightly different thoughts. Perhaps during this transitional period between the use of the sword and the saber, there were still some tricks used to control the opponent's weapon, which required a sword-style cross guard? What do you think about it?
I don't own any swords, but my personal ranking progresses from straight cross guards to curved to downright artistic basket hilts.
I am trying to design my ideal sword. This is good food for thought.
I don't know if this is accurate, just throwing out an idea, could it be possible that straight guards were more common than curved guards because its easier to make straight guards symmetrical? at least one reason
Interesting idea, but perhaps unlikely? Dunno if this is accurate either but I imagine blacksmithing something straight is similarly difficult to making a curve, it's a lot of work either way, but a time-served smith could do either proficiently. They weren't, for example, starting off with straight bar stock material like we would these days. Also, from surviving examples of old swords, before the mass-production era, absolute minute perfection doesn't seem to have been such an important aesthetic requirement or expectation as it is these days, where even modern 'replicas' have to have the mass-produced 'perfection' standards to them or they don't sell very well. Back in the day, they'd probably want to make them as symmetrical as possible for functional reasons as well as aesthetic but for the amount of work involved in the whole sword, any time saved even if straight guards were easier, personal preference for a curve or straight guard based on what Matt was saying would seem more important of an issue, imo. You might be right though, good idea, and defo worth mentioning! :)
7:02
You can notice that the handle on that (seemingly double edged) sword is off center.
Why?
Thanks for the video!
For the early type of curved guards, may it have happened by accident?
With some type of good replica, by striking or falling on the ground, they have this tendancie to bend upward.
I've often wondered about those dramatically curled guards on Spanish swords from the 15th-ish century.
Considering that they seem to have finger rings built in, I wonder if they suggest a more point-forward fighting style which would both be less impacted by cuts to the hand and also would develop into the distinctive way of gripping a Spanish cup hilt rapier.
14:30
i would think that curved guards are also easier on the wrist of the sword hand.
right or wrong ?
Good evening Sir Mat Easton,
Can there be a relationship with the form of the guards with the type of armor that was used/available on the battlefields such as you said: Gauntlets, Full plated armor or even brigantines? Furthermore the use of shields could influence the guards too or not? Maybe a straight guard has more benefits with a roundshield then with a later kite shield etc.?
These are just thoughts of a non-HEMA/-swordfighting person. I would like to hear or read your view with your years of experience about that. Thank you again for a great, interesting video.
Yours sincerely
Curved cross guards give you more wrist movement, while also being able to catch and twist and opponent's blade...
My Ren Faire outfit includes a shirt with lace sleeves.
I have never managed to go a full day without my sleeves getting caught on my sword/dagger of it has any quillons of any kind. Shape doesn't matter, it gets caught. :-)
I'll take the s guard like on the katsbalger. So elegant looking and protective
Oh to see the mediaeval facebook discussion on this subject.
Before anyone else asks, what about the diagonal guards on the Scottish claymore? Did they have some specific purpose in being like that or was it purely decorative?
What about the offensive capabilities of curved vs straight guards? Would the straight one be more effective for striking with the guard, whether punching with it or murder stroke?
When did they start curving out of the plane of the blade? Nagles, rings, s-curves, etc?
I want a sword with giant fish hook barbed quillons. You also remind me why wooden sheilds are so good, as the opponent's weapon gets stuck in it.
Out of curiosity, have you ever seen a double-curved guard (i.e. curves up near the blade for binding and then back down for hand protection)? What would be your opinion on such a guard?
So maybe I’m just adding things up that shouldn’t be at it up, but….
Gun Jesus recently released some videos from the Royal armory, and you are just now releasing a video about going to the Royal armory. Can we expect some crossover collaboration soon?!
That would be amazing.
Byzantine swords' guards are often curved down, that's where the Western ones should have came from, by the intermediary of Viking swords perhaps. It seems to be an oriental feature that you can also find on Hungarian and other East European sabres from the 10th century.
Are there enough extant examples of a type/style/maker/era of sword where it would have been possible to "tune" the balance and feel by bending the quillons in or out?
Is there enough mass there to affect balance?
Probably the reddest of herrings (not simply through embarrassment), but might be fun to experiment with on a modern replica.
Could a secondary use or benefit of the curved guard be for in a case of binding or wrestling for your life (which would not occur in just sparring ) be to jam into your opponent's face to distract them ?
Great points! But I think for me aesthetics is the important thing here, I just find curved crossguards hideous at medieval style swords.
I myself might not be straight but my sword crossguard definitely has to be!
What about hitting with the cross guard? They used to do it, right? (holding the grip or the blade)
There is much more in armored combat.
If it’s upswept enough could you not use it to traps blades as well?
How about a follow up to this video where you discuss S-Curve or Figure-8 guards
Have there ever been guards that terminate in a spike essentially?
I really would like to know how long a guard (of a sword or knife) must be at the minimum (measured from the point at which the sharpened edge meets the handle) to prevent an opponent's blade from sliding down one's own blade and cutting one's fingers. Also, how would a choil (if this is the right term) decrease this minimum length?
I can't wait for your April Fool's Day video. As I've said before on some of your bits: "The innuendo is strong with this one" Carry On.
I’m sure he will…
It seems strange to me that there was such a large time period between curved guards and S-guards. It seems to me like S-shaped guards would have been invented as soon as somebody had the idea to curve the quillions. I wonder why that didn't happen.
Usually, form follows function.
But sometimes styles, fads, and culture gets in the way.
Hands up if you quickly changed your plans for today to try and catch Matt in person at the Royal Armouries.