Hypersensitivity Type 1 2 3 4, Urticaria Anaphylaxis Immune Complexes I II III IV
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 25 มิ.ย. 2024
- www.stomponstep1.com/hypersens...
SKIP AHEAD:
0:26 - Definition of Hypersensitivity
1:12 - Mnemonic for remembering the 4 types
2:58 - Type I (Type 1) HS
6:48 - Anaphylactic Shock
7:45 - Type II (Type 2) HS
8:57 - Type III (Type 3) HS and Immune Complexes
10:29 - Type IV (Type 4) HS
Hypersensitivity is when an otherwise healthy immune system has an undesirable exaggerated response to a foreign substance (or perceived foreign substance) that damages the body’s own cells. These are the same immune processes that are necessary to prevent infection, but they create problems when they are hyperactive or misguided. The way I remember the four different types of hypersensitivity is my ABCD mnemonic.
I = Allergic Anaphylaxis and Atopy
II = antiBody
III = immune Complex
IV = Delayed
* Types I, II and III all can involve antibodies. Therefore, having antibody in the mnemonic for type II may be confusing. However, the “classic” role of antibody involving complement activation, NK cell activation and opsonization are part of Type II which is why I feel that is the simplest way to remember it.
Type I Hypersensitivity is triggered by an innocuous foreign substance (like dust, pollen or animal dander) that would cause no problems in the majority of people. The antigen simultaneously binds more than one membrane bound IgE on a mast cell (or basophil). This process, called Crosslinking, triggers the release of mast cell granules full of histamine. Histamine then goes on to signal the various changes associated with allergies similar to how it functions during acute inflammation. This allergic reaction happens almost instantly and the symptoms can become evident within minutes. This is possible because the mast cells are Pre-Sensitized to the innocuous substance which means they have pre-formed membrane bound IgE that recognizes the particular innocuous antigen. To be pre-sensitized the immune system must have seen the antigen previously, because antibody (IgE) formation takes time. Histamine’s role in Type I Hypersensitivity is why Anti-Histamines (Histamine Antagonists) like Diphenhydramine or Loratidine can control some allergy symptoms.
Type I Hypersensitivity is the process that leads to various different “allergies”. A more mild form would include Allergic Rhinitis (seasonal allergies) that cause things like coughing, sneezing, watery eyes and nasal congestion. Some individuals with these allergies also experience an atopic rash referred to as Urticaria (Hives) or Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema). This red rash is raised and pruritic (itchy). Through a similar mechanism Type I Hypersensitivity can lead to exacerbation of Allergic Asthma by environmental triggers. This type of hypersensitivity is also the mechanism behind more serious conditions like peanut or bee sting allergies that can lead to swelling of the lips/tongue/throat, shortness of breath, stridor, and anaphylactic shock. Anaphylatic shock is a life threatening condition in which systemic histamine directed inflammation causes hypotension via global vasodilation, an increase in vascular permeability and significant fluid movement into the tissue. It is treated with epinephrine, often in the form of an “Epi Pen” when outside of a medical setting. Epinephrine activates Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptors to raise blood pressure via vasoconstriction and increased contractility of the heart.
Type II Hypersensitivity is the process by which IgG or IgM binds to a cell to cause injury or death (Antibody Dependent Cytotoxicity). This process has the same mechanism of action as normal humoral immunity except it is targeted at the body’s own cells instead of pathogens. The variable region of the antibody binds to the host cell while the constant portion interacts with NK cells, complement and macrophages. Examples of this reaction can be seen in Rheumatic Fever (body’s own cell look similar to Strep Pyo), Goodpasture Syndrome (Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibodies) and Hemolytic Disease of Newborns/Erythroblastosis Fetalis (when a Rh- mother has a second Rh+ child and the maternal IgG targets fetal RBCs).
The text for this video is too long for TH-cam and exceeds the maximum allowed video description length. To read the rest of it go here www.stomponstep1.com/hypersens...
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The best video on TH-cam on hypersensitivity! Thank you :D
This is the best explanation of hypersensitivity I've seen. Thank you for keeping it short and succinct and fully covering the topic.
Very helpful. I am an FNP student and this helped clear up a topic that I have been struggling with for years as an RN and now as a student again. Thank you!!!!
Viewed this last year during first year immunology, and I'm returning once again as I prep for Step 1. Thank you so much for this video. I'll check out some of the others over the coming weeks!
+Dave Carlson thanks for watching :) I appreciate the feedback
+Dave Carlson I wish I had watched this during my immuno course!! But I'm using it now for step 1 also. thanks!!
Great video! I like how your videos start with a "big picture" section and then adds more detail. Also really liked the "importance ranking" for boards. Keep up the great work:)
Perfect explanation of hypersensitivity! Exactly what I needed to help me understand it for my Pathophysiology exam tomorrow. I wouldn't change anything. Love the A B C D thing, great way to remember it!
I do not like this video; I love it!!! So helpful for my Pathophysiology exam. Thank you for sharing
+Peace Ekakitie :)
best i've seen so far. easy to understand, thank you very much :-)
+Rue Tendow thanks for watching!
Thanks for breaking it down so nicely. I was taking notes. Great video!
I love these videos! I'm an M2 & I first found out about these videos through my sister who is actually a D1. It's very convenient for listening on the go.
+Jasmine Cherry Thanks! My goal is to eventually convert these videos into a podcast format, but having a podcast costs more money in hosting fees etc. so it will probably be a little while before I get to do that
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+Théophile Germon-Dupont Thanks :) I'm glad I could help
I am taking an online pathology class in university and this helps explain so much of what we're learning! Thank you for taking the time out of your day to do this :) I really appreciate it!
+cindycane Thanks for commenting :)
Great video! Details like contact vs. atopic dermatitis really help with distinguishing the different types of hypersensitivity. Keep it up!
Your channel is pure genius sir
thank i learned a lot because my wife suffered allergy more than a decade.. thanks a lot very imformative and educational.
Thank you for sharing! Really helped with breaking it down and being able to remember the differences
I'm in vet school, and these videos help more than you could imagine
+Logan Jarrell Thanks for the comment and good luck with the rest of vet school!
Love this video, and the ABCD pnemonic! Thank you!
the ABCD thing mnemonic was genius. simplicity is key (y) studying for finals with 300 slides of immunology, this is just what i needed. u literally summed up 24 slides! thanks alot! :D -->subbed
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quick easy and clear ... loved it
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/medical student
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I love this video which describes my world of pain and suffering.
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+Melia A (VeganVolgs) Glad I could help. Thanks for commenting Melia!
Thank you very much for this wonderful explanations! Very clear and to the point.
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Dave Carlson Thanks for the feedback!
in nursing school this is so helpful I felt your explanation was so clear!
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Me-tube Thanks for watching!
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Really helping me in my Pathophysiology class! Thanks!
+Shelby Gray Glad I coul help. Thanks for the comment!
awesome video! i finally get the different stages of hypersensativity thank u!
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Tomorrow is my immunology final and lets just say that if you saw u right now I wouldn't mind giving u a hug!
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Thank you, really helpful for my revision.
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Thank you so much you clearly explained each hypersensitivity type. Which i have a better understanding on this topic now. :D
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رحم الله والديك
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