This was so useful, I have just had changes to my cerebellum found in MRI and this has helped me understand how those problems link into my physical symptoms.
This is the field I want to study. I was thinking about going for neurology or studying electrical engineering. This is a wonderfully tasting cocktail of the two!
Great video! I love your clear drawings and concise narration. Can I suggest you leave the each drawing up in silence for like 1 additional second before transitioning, so we have more time to process what you just said? In addition, if you ever feel like upping your production quality, you might want to look into transitions between drawings to put the each drawing into context with the next (moving to a different part of the brain and in which direction vs zooming out/in, etc). The conclusions are great and have the same effect, but then we are a bit confused for longer until it is put into perspective at the end of the section. Great work though, keep it up! :)
Hi, such a helpful video! One question - if the purkinjie cells are the only output from the cortex to the deep nuclei, what does the direct input from the mossy fibre to the nuclei do?
That's a great question! The mossy fibres provide excitatory input to deep cerebellar nuclei, this connection has been much less studied that the purkinje cell synapse, but there is some evidence that synaptic plasticity (LTD) at the mossy fibre - deep nuclei synapse is also involved in motor learning. As I mentioned in the previous comment, after the inhibition of the deep nuclei by the purkinje cells, there is rebound excitation where the cells of the deep nuclei increasing their firing rate In order for the synaptic plasticity to take place at the mossy fibre - deep nuclei synapse, the mossy fibres have to stimulate the deep nuclei at the same time as this rebound excitation. To sum up: If the mossy fibres excite the deep nuclei, just after they have been inhibited by the purkinje cells, synaptic plasticity occurs in the deep nuclei, which also stores information necessary for motor learning.
Thank you for this video, really high quality in this one. I do have a question tho: What does stimulation of purkinje cells when fine tuning a movement actually lead to? Because it is an inhibitory neuron it should lead to less activity of the deep cerebellar nuclei which leads to less motor activity? How does this make sense?
Thanks! and well noticed, If things were just as simple as shown in the video you would be right, however this doesn't happen because of something I did not have time include known as "rebound excitation". Essentially when the deep cerebellar nuclei are inhibited by Purkinje cells, after the initial inhibition they can actually show an increase in firing rate, which is known as rebound excitation. This isn't fully understood but it's thought that the inhibition probably activates specific calcium channels which allows positive charge to flow into the deep cerebellar neurones, allowing them to depolarise.
In case of most clear spinocerebellum dcn just inhibits red nucleus (the only input to motoneurons, except motocortex) and hence stops cortex command to motoneurons, therefore cerebellum as a whole weakens irrelevant activity or stops irrelevant automatic movements. More interesting that red nucleus projects to flexors while vestibular nucleus and reticular nuclei to extensors. It means that cerebellum makes proper balance between flexors and extensors/
Maybe if mention spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum and vestibulocerebellum and consider their circuits separately, it would be more simple to explain what happens, in contrast to attempt to explain combined circuit. You will surprisingly find that all parts have the same climbing input - from IO, i.e. from muscle proprioception, but mossy fibers go from layers of execution cortex hierarchy. Btw, one serious mistake - thalamus does not project to spinal cord.
Nice video! I do take issue with the notion that parallel fibers excitatory input is what is responsible for Purkinje neuron firing. This is not true. In the absence of synaptic drive Purkinje neurons continue to fire repetitively and at high rates. Instead, it seems parallel fiber input modulate Purkinje neuron firing rates and may also modulate the degree of synchrony across adjacent Purkinje neurons which has implications for the pauses in firing in DCN neurons caused by Purkinje neuron inhibition. The capacity of Purkinje neurons to fire in the absence of synaptic drive was well-understood even in the 1960's
At th-cam.com/video/QUkwqAaSrUg/w-d-xo.html, doesn't motor cortex project directly down the spine (and never the thalamus)? I assume it's a typo. (amazing amazing videos btw, thank you)
PLEEAAASE can you pronounce Purkinje cells as PURKINIE instead of PURKINJEE!!!! your video is excellent and it is very helpful for me, but the pronunciation of the czech name is really disturbing
This guy just went through all of my week7 lectures in 10 min. Well actually 6mins bc last my uni did not cover last 4 mins
This was so useful, I have just had changes to my cerebellum found in MRI and this has helped me understand how those problems link into my physical symptoms.
This is the field I want to study. I was thinking about going for neurology or studying electrical engineering. This is a wonderfully tasting cocktail of the two!
Great channel! Has really helped me revise for my Biological Psychology exam
Excellent videos! Looking forward to the next one!
comprehensive and brilliant review. Thanks!!
This topic was so confusing before. Thanks to this video. Explained very well. 😌👍
This the best i could find so far.Really helpful.great job ✅ done
BEST VIDEO ON THIS!! THANK YOU!!
EXCELLENT AND BETTER THEN ALL THE TEXTBOOKS ! THANK YOU
Beautiful video. Im excited to see if you will make a similar video discussing output of the vestibular system.
Thank you so much, clarified it very well.
A 2nd yr med student from Karolinska Institute thanks you
Excellent concise lecture!
this is such a good video, thank you!
thanks for making such a great video 😀
Its just awesome dude🔥
this is the best channel and deserves a sub :)............... you earned a subscribe
Saving me before my exam 🙏🙏🙏
Why was this such a fantastic explanation?
please add more videos explaning other portions of CNS...very useful.!!!!!!
Thank you! 🙏🏽
thankuuù so so much🙏 life saving video
amazing video !!
Fantastic!
this video is the best!!
very interesting, thank you
Thank you !
A really splendid explanation. Thank you very much. On 5:12 , how does the body know that it has made a motor error?
thanks very much very helpful
amazing..
Great video! I love your clear drawings and concise narration.
Can I suggest you leave the each drawing up in silence for like 1 additional second before transitioning, so we have more time to process what you just said?
In addition, if you ever feel like upping your production quality, you might want to look into transitions between drawings to put the each drawing into context with the next (moving to a different part of the brain and in which direction vs zooming out/in, etc). The conclusions are great and have the same effect, but then we are a bit confused for longer until it is put into perspective at the end of the section.
Great work though, keep it up! :)
Spot on!
Very precise and well explained.
life saver
OMG! Thanks for explaining this subject! Medical students praise you haha
Hi, such a helpful video! One question - if the purkinjie cells are the only output from the cortex to the deep nuclei, what does the direct input from the mossy fibre to the nuclei do?
That's a great question!
The mossy fibres provide excitatory input to deep cerebellar nuclei, this connection has been much less studied that the purkinje cell synapse, but there is some evidence that synaptic plasticity (LTD) at the mossy fibre - deep nuclei synapse is also involved in motor learning.
As I mentioned in the previous comment, after the inhibition of the deep nuclei by the purkinje cells, there is rebound excitation where the cells of the deep nuclei increasing their firing rate
In order for the synaptic plasticity to take place at the mossy fibre - deep nuclei synapse, the mossy fibres have to stimulate the deep nuclei at the same time as this rebound excitation.
To sum up: If the mossy fibres excite the deep nuclei, just after they have been inhibited by the purkinje cells, synaptic plasticity occurs in the deep nuclei, which also stores information necessary for motor learning.
Ahh right, thanks for the explanation! Your videos have saved a couple of 3rd year undergrads' lives btw!
Very speedy explanation
Good one
thankyou saviour
Thank you for this video, really high quality in this one. I do have a question tho: What does stimulation of purkinje cells when fine tuning a movement actually lead to? Because it is an inhibitory neuron it should lead to less activity of the deep cerebellar nuclei which leads to less motor activity? How does this make sense?
Thanks! and well noticed, If things were just as simple as shown in the video you would be right, however this doesn't happen because of something I did not have time include known as "rebound excitation".
Essentially when the deep cerebellar nuclei are inhibited by Purkinje cells, after the initial inhibition they can actually show an increase in firing rate, which is known as rebound excitation. This isn't fully understood but it's thought that the inhibition probably activates specific calcium channels which allows positive charge to flow into the deep cerebellar neurones, allowing them to depolarise.
Thank you so much! I've watched all your videos and it has really helped me alot. You deserve so many more subscribers :)
In case of most clear spinocerebellum dcn just inhibits red nucleus (the only input to motoneurons, except motocortex) and hence stops cortex command to motoneurons, therefore cerebellum as a whole weakens irrelevant activity or stops irrelevant automatic movements.
More interesting that red nucleus projects to flexors while vestibular nucleus and reticular nuclei to extensors. It means that cerebellum makes proper balance between flexors and extensors/
thank you so much sir
and im not indian
Maybe if mention spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum and vestibulocerebellum and consider their circuits separately, it would be more simple to explain what happens, in contrast to attempt to explain combined circuit. You will surprisingly find that all parts have the same climbing input - from IO, i.e. from muscle proprioception, but mossy fibers go from layers of execution cortex hierarchy.
Btw, one serious mistake - thalamus does not project to spinal cord.
Nice video! I do take issue with the notion that parallel fibers excitatory input is what is responsible for Purkinje neuron firing. This is not true. In the absence of synaptic drive Purkinje neurons continue to fire repetitively and at high rates. Instead, it seems parallel fiber input modulate Purkinje neuron firing rates and may also modulate the degree of synchrony across adjacent Purkinje neurons which has implications for the pauses in firing in DCN neurons caused by Purkinje neuron inhibition. The capacity of Purkinje neurons to fire in the absence of synaptic drive was well-understood even in the 1960's
thx
Need revisits to understand
subhanallah .. thank you for this illustartion
Sexy content... Keep it up
At th-cam.com/video/QUkwqAaSrUg/w-d-xo.html, doesn't motor cortex project directly down the spine (and never the thalamus)? I assume it's a typo. (amazing amazing videos btw, thank you)
th-cam.com/video/zKA8iaxfEww/w-d-xo.html
just watch this and you'll get it , it is more complex
yes you are right
Woah bro I got mind fucked
Here to learn what's happening to my partner who has cerebellum ataxia
You are so fast,
this is soo fast
nice video, but you are talking way too fast..
this video does not explain well the function of cerebullum , go to ninja nerd science video of cerebeullum if you want to get it
please create a better video where you speak slow and coherently. I just cant catch up to the speed. Thanks!
reduce the speed to .75x
Too fast man
PLEEAAASE can you pronounce Purkinje cells as PURKINIE instead of PURKINJEE!!!! your video is excellent and it is very helpful for me, but the pronunciation of the czech name is really disturbing
It is purkinjee as written in all the books I studied so far