Explaining the Singularity
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 29 มิ.ย. 2024
- The Singularity is a technological event horizon beyond which we cannot see - a moment in future history when exponential progress makes the impossible possible. This video discusses the concept of the Singularity, related technologies including AI, synthetic biology, cybernetics and quantum computing, and their potential implications.
My previous video “AI, Robots & the Future” is here:
• AI, Robots & the Future
The episode on “The Metaverse: A Facebook Fantasy?” is here:
• The Metaverse: A Faceb...
And I have a video on “Nanotechnology 2.0” here:
• Nanotechnology 2.0
Links to websites shown in the video are as follows:
Amyris (synthetic biology pioneer):
amyris.com/
IBM Quantum Computing:
www.ibm.com/quantum-computing/
Xanadu Quantum Computing:
www.xanadu.ai/
Quantum Computing on ExplainingComputers.com:
www.explainingcomputers.com/q...
More videos on future technologies, future challenges and future trends can be found at: / explainingthefuture
You may also like my ExplainingComputers channel at: / explainingcomputers
Chapters:
00:00 Introduction & Definition
04:09 Singularity Implications
06:30 AI & the Singularity
08:45 Beyond Human Intelligence
16:05 GM & SynBio
19:52 Bioprinting
23:05 Cybernetics
25:25 Molecular Self-Assembly
27:10 Quantum Computing
29:18 Singuarity or Decline?
#Singularity #AI #ExplainingTheFuture - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
I love these monthly formal videos, please continue with it Chris.
Thanks. We will see how it goes! There will certainly be another one on March 1st. :)
@@ExplainingTheFuture Great work, as usual. Some of my thoughts:
I don't think the singularity is a point in time. I think its an ongoing process: AIs are now used to help design chips. I wonder what the effective IQ of a design team with helper AIs is? Probably not measurable with current IQ tests.
I'm very skeptical of the need for "radical" action. It wasn't "radical" action that brought the Thames back to life, it was simply applying water treatment technology to the problem. Perhaps, when I hear "radical", my mind automaticaly thinks "authoritarian", given the current political climate in much of the developed world.
I also beleive that the singularity will not change things as much as many people think it will; I think that a simple knife will probably always be a useful tool, as will a smasher, ie a hammer.
Lastly, when you look at the history of life on the Earth, you will see a pretty steady exponential rise in information processing ability and speed of resource allocation, starting billions of years ago. Moore's Law is simply an expression of this evolutionary trend. Also, a plot of mass on the horizontal axis vs complexity on the vertical axis shows less and less mass getting more and more complex as time progresses, but the peak complexity still seems to be depandant on the less complex structures that it lies on and that preceded them. It could happen that what we call "civilization" will simply be relegated to a layer of lower complexity while things we cannot understand continue the trend towards higher complexity but less and less of the overall mass.
Just some thoughts I thought you might find interesting.
@@ozzymandius666 A love your take on Moore's Law as an expression of evolution. Great stuff. :)
@@ExplainingTheFuture Thanks. :) My backround is physics, and that tends to colour my outlook, I imagine. Life on Earth, ecosystems, and all of what Mankind has achieved, are called, in physics terms "dissipative structures", ie complex structures that can arise in very, very far from equilibrium systems, like the Sun/Earth/Moon/Atmosphere/Ocean/Land system.
If I might be so bold, may I recommend a book by the Nobel Prize laureate physicist Ilya Prigogine called "Order Out of Chaos"?
@@ozzymandius666 I've made a note about that book.
I love Arthur C. Clarke's quote because it recognizes that both technology and magic have, at some point, a common characteristic - they cannot be explained. I cannot imagine this concept being expressed any more succinctly.
Forrest Valkai was challenged by Matt Powell.
Atheist-Scientist vs Christian Hate-Preacher - WHO WILL WIN?
I cant wait, i am so excited i even say this under this video here,
despitere being unrelated af!
If I had been born only a half a century earlier it would've been the end of the 19th century, a period when emerging keen technology had not touched the lives of most humans. Instead I was born a couple years after the close of WWII, a time that was about to experience the technological burst of advancement resulting from two world wars. Funny thing is, in the 1950s we couldn't have imagined this world, we actually thought humans would at least be living on Mars by now :)
Great post. As you say, most of us are/were only decades away from having experienced very different lives.
This is one of the best channels around. Needs way more subs!
Thanks. And agreed! :)
Brilliant. I am a technology veteran and I agree that ate some parts of my career lots of things that are happening today would appear as “magic” or a “singularity” for the good and unfortunately for the bad sometimes. Thank you very much!!!
Another brilliant lecture! It's very refreshing to get a level headed review of the state of technology with well thought out future projections without all the hype and hyperbole. I eagerly await your next video.
Thanks John.
This is even better than his main channel, let's hope this grows tenfold to match the other one :)
I love this so much! I often think about this topic and didn't know it had a name. Thank you for continuing your presentations [free] on TH-cam. I feel honored to see it regularly as I probably would get a chance to attend one of your in-person events living in Florida, USA. I know you said you enjoyed doing them on your channel update video. You are an engaging presenter and I'm happy I found your channel years ago. I also love your subtle sense of humor. Cheer sir:)
Really enjoying the new format! Always enjoyed your content, but this new, simpler format allows you more time to put together more information about our potential future, which is why we're all here. Can only imagine how much time it took to create all that awesome CGI of your old format.
Loved the episode, absolutely loved it.
Thanks. :)
"When will finally arrive?" This question reminds me of a puzzle I heard years ago. You are given a bacteria and told that it replicates every minute. You drop this bacteria into a swimming pool and are told that it will fill it in an hour. You are then asked, "When is the pool half full?" If you don't put any thought into the question, you might answer it's half full after 30 minutes - but it's actually half full after 59 minutes. This is how I view anticipating singularity - it'll be halfway here the minute before it gets here. Ten minutes before it arrives, it'll barely be recognizable.
A great way to think of it.
...another amazing lecture, Chris..."foldamers and protein engineers" really enlightening concepts - thank you...and please remember to wear that red tie when we reach Singularity!...
Sehr schön, dass Sie wieder da sind! Ich habe sie vermisst und werde Ihre kommenden Videos alle sehr gern wieder anschauen.
Viele Grüße aus Deutschland :)
Greetings! :)
Yet another exceptional video, thank you, sir! And thank you for mentioning the danger of blindly trusting the idea that technology will solve all our issues. As much as I’m excited about technological development, i think we’ll need some societal changes too if we are to solve some of our major issues.
I like the presentation-style videos, which double as a podcast-like video for me. Keep up the good work Chris
Great episode. I like this format. Lots to think about.
Subscribing to your channel years ago was a great decision ! Thanks for all the information you put out !!
Fascinating. Excellent presentation! Thank you!
Outstanding video, iv watched all your videos and by far this really hits it out of the park 👏 amazing, truly awesome
Thanks 👍
Amazing to see the vlog with the future like a journey you are having though!
I just discovered you're uploading again, so I've had quite the catching up to do. Really looking forward to the next one!
Thanks for watching. :)
You introduce me to new horizons, Definitely a singularity for me !
Great video Christopher 👍
I’m very glad I stumbled upon your channels. This is very refreshing content on a platform (TH-cam) that is often not a very intelligent. As an software engineer with over 30 years under my belt, I’m having a blast catching up with all your videos. This is right up my alley. Cheers!
thanks on yet another great lecture
Mr Scissors: "Hello Mr Knife"
Mr Knife: "Hello Mr Scissors
Chris when recording an EF video:
"Welcome to another video from explainingcomp- dang it!"
Oh yes, I have done that many times, in both directions!
Another thought provoking video! Sometimes science fiction, or at least hollywood science fiction, can get stuck on the idea of an AI singularity, like the Terminator or other advanced machine becoming sentient. But you have brought all sorts of interesting technologies and industries to light in this video, some I am familiar with, some I have heard of, and some that were completely new.
I also liked your warning that we can't rely too much on a singularity to solve all of our problems. Here in Australia our current government has been accused of relying too much on a technological break through that will somehow solve all of our problems around climate science. It's a good idea to invest in the future, to fund promising research, and to push research and industry to solve complex large scale problems that we as individuals can't solve by ourselves. But it's another thing again, as you rightly say here, to dump all our problems on solutions that don't exist, to use it as an excuse for inaction today. Hopefully governments, researchers and industries can strike the right balance between dreaming big while still being responsible in the present day. :-)
One aspect of Climate Change, the death of the Great Barrier Reef, has been solved, as it has sprung back into life! :)
There is still the problem of Peter Ridd's sacking from James Cook University, for not tolerating Scientific fraud.
My favourite example of an event tool is the anvil.
Born of a concept, many thousands of years ago and of which the "modern" anvil was developed but, has not changed in design for maybe hundreds of years.
The anvil has very complex geometry and was designed by a type of crowdsourcing. It has taken us through the agricultural revolution, the technological and industrial revolutions, to arrive where we are today with our computers etc.
However, it would be interesting to see if modern man could reverse engineer a computer to arrive back at the anvil. Would we know what questions to ask ?.
Just my little mind play on the subject.
Thanks again for a wonderful presentation.👍
BTW. I have left a request on the community page if anyone can help.
Event Horizon? You mean Paul Anderson's movie?
That movie is a hidden gem...
Hi Chris,
Thanks for so eloquently encapsulating this important topic.
Arthur C.Clarke and his techncally prophetic works always amazed me. I remember reading “The Obsolescence of Man" in the 70's
and was mildy amused back then, but after seeing the advent of geo-synchronious satelliles and working in the computer field for the past 35 years, I feel that he incredibly extrapolated the current trend in which we find ourselves, and it will be fascinating we realize that we are just another transient aspect of the evoloution of the species on an incredible journey to the ultimate singularity.
Thanks for pointing out that the Singularity is not just AI centric which seems to be the main premise of Kurzweil but a hyperbolic graph of progress as many interdepenent facets of all technology influence the whole as we accelerate forwards.
Hopefully we do not end up like the "Sorcerer's Apprentice" and try to analyse the ramifications of each step we make to lead us beyond the "great filters" that may block all but the few civilizations from reaching a Universal connected whole.
Thanks for this. There is a real risk of the "Sorcerer's Apprentice" scenario I fear.
@@ExplainingTheFuture In that case, may the Sorcerer return home to restrain and educate us in time :)
I'ts a very fascinating subject that you've discussed Chris, indeed my brain has certainly been stretched. Thinking back to 1903 the Wright brothers first flight to putting man on the moon in 1969, the advancement of technology in aeronautics/astronautics never ceases to amaze. I'm just hoping that technology in the future will be developed for the good of the many and not the few. Looking forward to your next video :)
What an amazing channel. Almost tickles my pickle more than explaining computers
Loved this video especially... I'm in my late 60's and often think how when I was a youngster, watching TV and the Cinema, most of the realms of what were called "science fiction" have been integrated into normal life.... I'm never going to see A.I. mature into normality in my lifetime but it's definitely coming... thank you for presenting this... 🤗
Fantastic lecture Chris, thank you.
Thank You.
You are most welcome. :)
Very cool Chris, love the red tie and black shirt btw !
Nice video Chris, definitely my favourite channel for futurology. Keep it up!
Brilliant. This is the best explainer of the Singularity on the Internet
Thanks. :)
Fascinating look at concepts and applications regarding the development of technologies. I'm an armature programmer and if I am honest I didn't really understand what was meant by the term "singularity". Thank you for making this video, I really enjoyed it and very well presented.
Great job Chris, now you have me thinking about areas I can do nothing about. 😳😁
Excellent! It's kind of like what I tell my friends and wife: "If you throw it away today you can't remodel it and use its
new form tomorrow."
Thank you very good content like always.
I like the idea of editing to remove criminal behavior, or self-destructive behavior.
I don't like it - the definition of criminal behavior is too vague, and will be misused by people with power.
I hope this channel will have million subscribers.
I hope so too, but I doubt it will happen.
Great microphone placement. It makes all the difference. Fascinating video
3d print a fusion reactor. Currently superconductor coils are reaching 26T Teslas in Rebco like ribbons 30 Tesla, 40 Tesla may happen in a few years. That also means smaller reactors tinny, and even micro reactors are conceivable. This was so successful why not just heat the superconductor ceramic and ink jet it into sintered powdered metal 3d printing process. Just over sinter and inkjet the ceramic in place. This could be done in any powdered metal method, like Inconel, Aluminum similar melting point, or even Titanium with added option of gold done at same time for internal wiring. This could be used for deuterium tritium with boron chambers in the blanket that create electricity. Another option is Helium Three He3 it only produces protons that also makes electricity directly. Without the damaging neutrons a He3 reactor could be as small as 30 centimeters, studied on the desk in a full classroom at MIT University.
.
Space X first priority could bring back Helium Three from the moon without even mining it. The shallow intermittent atmosphere of the moon could carry water full of it to hydro gel. Moon Landers right now are using hydro gel as a vacuum desiccant to protect delicate instrumentation. Sorry for altering so liberally existing tech, but we could get to fusion with thousand dollar reactors instead of billions. Possibly even get to He3 fusion faster because it would be so much safer and smaller to do.
If people are machines, is it because machines are modeled after people? Looking forward to your next video in the future!
All praise be the Singularity, All praise be the Singularity, we have to be very careful from now on but I personally can't wait !! wonderfully explained...cheers.
I don't drink ofter but would love to sit at a pub or someplace and take with you! I think that would be great for me not sure what I could offer, though. Say, Thanks for another great episode, and will look forward to the next episode very soon!
Loved it, every bit of it. I appreciate you!
Once you start invoking the concept of a knowledge horizon, you have to apply it liberally, not just in one area.
Hence, I propose a “Consequence Horizon”. For each change we make, our ability to understand the potential vs real consequences is limited to a “consequence horizon”.
Similar to Entropy, the possible unintended outcomes will always outnumber the intended outcomes by an almost incomprehensible factor, and due to the “consequence horizon” we can’t possibly predict or understand or control how our changes actually play out in the long term.
Brilliant. These lectures are greatly appreciated and i wait each month with anticipation...roll on March 1st. This is the new 'appointment to view' tv, the cream arising from the you tube brainfood factory...an oasis away from the general rule of thumb which seeks simply to commodify everything. Thanks so much.
Hmmm... Lots to think about indeed. SymBio: Object oriented programming, with real objects. Genetic engineering, human implants... Given the current model for corporations (including the medical sort), the thinking I'm having on this is rather scary. I think we'd need a 'Star Trek' world culture in place for me to able to trust much of these types of improvements; that is, one where the culture is dedicated to self improvement, versus monetary gain (often at all cost). Right now I'm seeing a trend in the opposite direction, where the corporations are well on their way to owning the actual government (speaking more about here in the U.S., but I'm sure it's also elsewhere). I do see the cool tech aspects of all this, but I'm concerned about the possible execution of it. So yeah, lots to think about. Thanks for another great video Chris.
The potential for large companies to literally get inside our heads is indeed worrying . . . but so are the positive opportunities.
If you liked this video check out Ray Kurzweils "Transcendent Man" on TH-cam. You can also buy the DVD.
This was such an interesting video. Keep making them. I feel like at university watching these.
Would you consider the possibility of making these interactive, with 'formal homework' style questions on your website. Just an idea.
A very interesting idea. Noted! :)
This is a great video Chris. Just wanted to mention, I'm not too keen on something like a BCI right now, perhaps the change of mindset will come gradually with time as well? The thought of Elon Musk's chip in my brain is uncomfortable, but perhaps in a couple of generations.
Thank you so much for your great efforts to explain the future in such an intelligent way!
I am trying to get all my 8 grand-children to follow your channels. I wish they can find an interestingfuture study direction doing so.
(Like me they are not native english speakers, but your good pronunciation makes it easier!)
Very interesting video!!! 👍
Fascinating stuff well defined! Gracias
Amazing video!
Great video (again) 👌👍😄
Chris here is a though you may enjoy: in the master thesis 'A educação sensível' (the sensible education, from ismael pedrosa i think), he defines the post modernism as a 'pessimism agains modernism'. Following the medieval ages, modernity and reason promissed a more racional and confortable time. But... the same tecnology used by planes and atomic energy also brought war. This was kinda the line also followed by some of the surrealist movement, rejecting some of this 100% focused racionality and turning their interest on the emotions as well. Hugs from brazil
when talking about singularity and how technology singularity could solve all our problems we miss the part were we can end up with the other singularity - problems singularity, driving things very quickly very bad
Singularity is a impressive sounding word that astronomers use. That sounds better than saying. We haven,t got a clue
Chris get this :- apparently excitement comes as standard with the Honda Accord . Your ads sir . Beeston Forever !! … Or Chilwell for a little bit !
Thank you 👍
You are welcome!
very interesting topic
We came to the another month and another video didn't we 🤗
Greetings !
We did! :) Greetings.
I think you need a bigger microphone, they can only just see it on the moon!
Fantastic
Would you say that a "point" of Singularity would be when the transistor was invented? (Or perhaps when computers were invented, even if only with tubes/valves?) Those seem to be turning points that have lead to much of our current lifestyles and technologies. And when I was growing up in the 1960's, they would have seemed like magic.
Hi Bill. And yes, I would agree that the transistor -- or maybe their integration into microprocessors -- was a major point of inflection.
Yes... but... IMO Chris was inducing that the invention of "fire" and the "wheel" were as also Singularities in human evolution. Of course, transistors like the BC107 changed the world into where we are now, but I look forward to see there results into what we have achieved in all the other fields of innovation...Thanks Chris for hinting us to the next possible Singularities!
Interesting view on some of the many singularity possibilities.
Now if you want a really tough nut to crack, talk about the political and economic consequences.
The singularity will envolve dramatic restructuring of society, particularly work.
Millions of jobs will be made obsolete overnight in dozens of industries and their replacement jobs will be very different and only come with time.
The political impact will be staggering.
Amazing things like the discovery that in fact, we can travel past the speed of light, following a change in our understanding of the theory of relativity?
Potentially, yes. Not something we can understand today, but maybe in the future . . .
If Industrialization was a singularity with steam power, looms and mills drawing people into the city, perhaps a modern take would entwine AI with a new political system that would open up some new human space. It could free up a lot of resources that would create the new space, that are wasted in posturing, wars etc nothing to do with culture usually. A new economics might be required and tech making it happen, send files instead of goods, a giving economy based on internet communication and friendly competition. Giving money and power to some individuals that use it to create some feudal type regression is not the way! Thanks for the video.
My little grey cells are buzzing having watched your video. A lot to think about, only caveat I can think about are the things beyond our control. Natural worldly cycles, planets aligning to affect our magnetic atmosphere (2024) If you want to make God laugh, tell him you've made plans! and depending on the 'intelligence' in AI being credible and not malignant and for monetary profit. But still a great thought promoting video. Thank you.
Have you ever thought about how much more today's kids must learn just to keep up, compared to a few decades ago?
This is true. But I think today's kids often surf rather than learn -- substituting breadth for depth. And in part the technology we now have supports this, allowing access to depth online where required.
⚡🧠⚡ You are a GENIUS.
The idea system development rarely happens the leading parts and science now may take a back seat, because of development technologies some things can come out of the left field.
At the moment the possibility of running out of resources may of passed because all modern used less than they did on the past, modified fungus can replace plastics, and technology is evolving to use less complicated things to get the same results, we like the rest of people in the past not necessarily know if the singularity hasn't already happened, take one point in history like the second world war, technologies there that were at least 20 years ahead of what people general new,
I hope you go beyond your planed 4 videos of Explaining the Future. I could see these developing into longer podcasts type videos where you have guests on the show, think Joe Rogan! But strictly science & technology.
Chris, that's ok if humans have the attention for 2 secs, (with so much, young people being on the SITES), there are so many that will not or will not want to try and understand. They are only me-me's. ( Not all young people) There are also some people that are, (old word), luddite's. Love your lectures, Syd.
Oh no, someone's going to plug me in when I'm not looking and wipe my brain!!!
Complexity begets complexity. It has been going on since much before single cell organisms begot multi cell organisms. And of course it accelerates as it produces more opportunity to create more complexity. In my young days I used to call it "quickening".
First Like! And now the future…
Thanks for the like! :)
One of my long time theory's is that we will reach a point where we can build either biological micro-organisms or fully artificial nano assemblies that can breakdown our plastics into harmless carbon these will be released into the environment....and this will clean up the earth but also take us back to a pre technology age ..(all wires use plastic based insulation) ..even PCBs are bound together with plastic based resins , most low power microchips are encased in plastic based resins ... All future humans would find of us will be stone(&,some concrete) / metal artifacts....at which point the plastic 'eating' micro-organisms will have died out and the technology cycle starts again.....
I would like to ask you a question about AI. In an interview with Leonard Susskind it was said that quantum processen don't play a roll in the working of the brain (according to a statement of a brain surgeon friend of Leonard Susskind). Do you think that quantum processes will make the AI therefore more powerfull?
By the way your subjects and explantions are very interesting and mindboggeling... Thanks for that.
Economics of the singularity, Robin Hanson, about 2008.
Great, now I really want to hear what Arthur C. Clarke would have to say about tiktok. Guess I'll just have to invent that time machine I keep putting off.
Technology is very dangerous in the wrong hands.
Like Bill Gates
True!
MetaMan sounds like the Borg - Resistance is Futile
When MetaMan becomes (is?) selfaware I hope it wil use Sophia to communicate with us.
:)
Our problems are not technological in nature. We need to develop emotionally.
We are living in the future
I'll tell you how I know
I read it in the paper
Fifteen years ago
And we're all driving rocket ships
And talking with our minds
And wearing turquoise jewelry
And standing in soup lines
We are standing in soup lines.
--- John Prine
Greetings, I can't contact you via LinkedIn but briefly- I am working on a project about best-practices for educating NP students if you could answer a quick question please- are colleges permitted to use your free videos in their curriculum (because they profit and save manpower/resources doing so), and if so, do they need to obtain permission somehow? Thank you so much!
Anybody can use my videos in their curriculum provided they are embedded in a web page so that they will play from TH-cam (which means that I still get the views). And I know that a lot of educational establishments do this, or provide links to their students to watch my content on TH-cam.
Colleges cannot download my videos and host them elsewhere -- this would be in breach of my copyright, and my means of earning my living as a TH-camr. This said, I have on occasions licensed entire videos, or more usually parts thereof, to broadcasters and other parties for a fee.
@@ExplainingTheFuture That was a really helpful explanation, thank you so much for taking the time 🙏
Now you can even grow cement called Biomason. Is that what you call SynBio?
There are (imho) still people's who would believe they are seeing a singularity or event horizon even in what WE perceive as the modern world. Tribes in jungles?
Metaman=Borg.
I postulate that a man such as you, if awakened in 1000 years, would not believe himself in a world of magic, but rather in a world of technology that he has yet to understand.
Self assembly sound cool! Too bad we have an expiration date and when it goes bonkers we develop what we call cancer...
It is said that familiarity breeds contempt. So the technological event horizon is not necessarily a future event, but exists throughout time. It is partly a population divide, in that much of today's technology might as well be magic for the majority of the population. It is only the members of the particular engineering or scientific magic circle who actually understand how the details of their particular discipline. Even the member's of one of these magic circles may not necessarily understand the technologies of another. The subjects have become too vast and complicated for one individual to understand all in any detail. ( It is concerning that an AI might be able to do so, as that would relegate the human race to believing in magic).
What the general population does, is develope a very limited handwaving understanding of current technology, with varying degrees of understanding, and acquire some of the vocabulary of the science. This allows them to develope a level of comfortableness with their ignorance. ( Do I really need to know the details of how it works to use it.)
There are event horizons in individual technologies. Consider that a well educated ancient Chinese gentleman who would most likely grasp the mode of operation of a space rocket, but would have no concept of understanding of x-rays or radio communication. The difference is that electromagnetic spectrum was unknown to the ancient Chinese. So the technological event horizon is the result of a discovery of a hitherto unknown physical phenomena. What can be agreed is the past is another country, and people from the distant past would have a hard time understanding the complexities and language of our modern technological society.
Great post. Thanks for sharing.
I could have cited the discovery of electricity, as its applications controls most the the modern world in ways that would be undreamed of before it's discovery. To some extent science fiction often blur's the edges of the technological event horizon, by predicting what might lie beyond it. Interstellar space travel is likely to depend on finding a new method of transversing the great distances involved. If this ever happens, it will be the result of the discovery of a new physical phenomena. There is a good chance that the new science will draw on some of the vocabulary already developed in some branch of science fiction, be it a new method of propulsion or the opening a some gateway between dimensions.
Where science fiction differs from magic, is that it attempts to explain an apparent magical effect in technological terms, where as magic is happy to stop at it just being magic.
It is worth considering the scientific discoveries that truly created an event horizon, there are not that many. The discovery of electricity, the electromagnetic spectrum, nuclear power (atomic radiation) , DNA, bacteria and viruses.
Dick Tracy had a mobile phone in 1931!
:)
Food for algorithm ;-)
Synthetic biology is the future of sustainable ingredient creation