More manufacturing footage and other information about rings here → hydraulic.squaremade.com also remember to use code hydraulic for 15% off from your order!
I love the way the metals fracture in the horizontal tests. You can see the crystalline structures in the metals in the way they crack and flake. Another awesome video.
Be careful with these very strong rings. Something like tungsten can be difficult to impossible to cut in an emergency situation, and if you have a swollen hand and a swollen finger you can end up with what's called compartment syndrome which can result in the loss of the finger. Any ring that you're thinking about wearing that's made of a hard material and I mean steel tungsten titanium anything like that must have a built-in fracture line somewhere so that it can be broken. We had several cases where a hand was swollen and we could not get the ring off and we were left with very unattractive and narrow choices. And in order to break a couple of tungsten rings in the theater we had to mow the finger pretty bad to get a tool under the band so we could then snap it.
Be careful with these very strong rings. Something like tungsten can be difficult to impossible to cut in an emergency situation, and if you have a swollen hand and a swollen finger you can end up with what's called compartment syndrome which can result in the loss of the finger. Any ring that you're thinking about wearing that's made of a hard material and I mean steel tungsten titanium anything like that must have a built-in fracture line somewhere so that it can be broken. We had several cases where a hand was swollen and we could not get the ring off and we were left with very unattractive and narrow choices. And in order to break a couple of tungsten rings in the theater we had to mow the finger pretty bad to get a tool under the band so we could then snap it.
You are confusing tungsten with tungsten carbide. There is no point to make tungsten rings (except in this video). Tungsten is easy to cut, I do it often on my metal lathe even with high speed tool bit. In the other hand tungsten carbide can be really difficult to cut on a lathe but it can be done with a cubic boron nitride (CBN) insert. Tungsten is just a metal, tungsten carbide is in the advanced ceramic category, these are two completely different materials. If I was an emergency personnel I would keep a battery powered Dremel tool with a diamond wheel in my tool box for these occasions. Diamond cuts through tungsten carbide easily. Also titanium is soft enough to cut with regular tools.
Would be interesting to get a material analysis on these. The cast iron didn't act like cast iron, yet a few of the later ones did. Sort of wonder if it's more a finishing appearance name more than anything.
@@blaircox1589 It could be ductile iron instead of cast iron. Also known as dura-bar. It's a lot less crumbly while still having a lot of the good properties of cast iron.
@@blaircox1589 cast iron is iron with more carbon in it than steel has. Low carbon slowly cooled cast iron is not as brittle as black cast iron (which has higher carbon percentage) so it can be shaped a bit while cold.
A small note. Tungsten as metal or alloy with other metal is supposed to be malleable and not brittle. On the other hand, tungsten-carbide is a CERAMIC. It is a chemical compound that creates a lattice of tungsten and carbon in 50/50 ratio distributed in a balanced matrix. So, tungsten-carbide is very hard and brittle, while tungsten-metal alloys have very different properties depending on the mix and type of metal being added.
Tungsten used in jewelry is not WC (the compound) which is a composite material or a ceramic. It’s also not WC with cobalt, as is used the majority of the time in all kinds of tools for strength. Rather it’s WC with nickel, which is classified as a metal-matrix composite and combines the properties of an alloy and a composite material, but it is not a ceramic. Nickel is used in placed of cobalt since it has better corrosion resistance and is less toxic as a powder (e.g. when grinding it)
@@joshp6061 Fair enough. I did not know sintering WC with nickel would change it's properties so much. I thought it was just less toxic replacement for cobalt. I assumed that the ring in the video was made of pure tungsten and mislabeled as carbide, because, as far as I know, WC jewelry is supposed to crack under pressure and not bend at all. It's a safety design, because in emergency it's much easier and safer to remove a ring by cracking it than by cutting it, as one would need to do with metal alloy rings.
@@NotAyFox the safety part is actually just convenient, tungsten carbide rings were made to be a far cheaper alternative to precious metals rings. They also have much higher wear/scratch resistance to last longer, and since WC is susceptible to corrosion, they alloy in nickel
@@joshp6061 I got a tungsten carbide ring for $30 and it seems nearly impossible to scratch without diamond tools. A diamond dremmel bit will cut through it. I tested that on an extra(wrong size)
@@MrMikeT89 yes tungsten carbide has a Mohs hardness 9, where diamond sets the maximum hardness on that scale at a Mohs of 10. Diamond is able to scratch WC, but it’s possible it’s difficult since they’re both very very hard
The cracking nature of Tungsten is exactly why I chose the ring I do. I worked in a job where finger injuries were possible, and a swollen finger would make it impossible to get the ring off. If Titanium, it'd need specific cutters. Tungsten could just be squeezed with any decent channel locks and break it off. Much safer for me.
I was looking for a comment like this. I wasn't sure it would be better to have one that can take more pressure or one that would crack under pressure.
There are multiple kinds of cast iron. The "traditional" cast iron is gray cast iron and it is very hard and brittle; you can smash it like a clay pot with a hammer. Ductile iron is still a cast iron; it is just treated slightly differently to make the graphite residues spheroidal instead of graphite flakes.
It was super neat seeing up that close to the point where you could see the grain structure of each material coming through, and how the finer the grain, the stronger the material seemed to be
Interestingly, Rolls Royce uses mono-crystalline turbine blades on its latest engines because removing the crystal boundary defects makes them super-strong and (more importantly for a jet engine) increases the melting point significantly, apparently.
@@randombloke82 Also, various heat / cryogenic treatments are used to control and homogenize grain size during and after manufacture to optimize for selected properties. The Metcalf experiment for tool-steels is a very good starting point.
@@randombloke82 Rolls Royce use single crystal turbine blades for slightly different reasons. It is related to a phenomena called creep where a material deforms below its conventional yield strength. In the case of a jet engine, high temperature creep is an issue. The single crystal reduces various causes of this creep relating to diffusion along grain boundaries (no grain boundaries in a single crystal). The melting temperature itself is largely unaffected by the single crystal. They employ many other design mechanisms to avoid creep, namely using nickel superalloys with specific elemental compositions.
@@benjamindesson5326 came to say this, exactly. Creep properties are in big role in turbine parts, hence alloys such as IN939 are used to product as large grains as possible
@@Azaerel cast iron rusts easily, to be used in jewelry it’s likely they add small alloying elements in to improve corrosion resistance and increase ductility like nickel copper or molybdenum
Hot tip: make sure your ring can be cut or broken off in an emergency without excessive deformation or fancy tools. Generally that means soft or brittle materials that machine well.
@@T1g3rch3n can confirm, my mom once had to go to the fire dep to get her titanium ring off when her finger got swollen. She was too scared to use a ring after that haha
That's why I only wear Tungsten Carbide rings. I had a finger get smashed in a car door and swelled up. I took a pair of vice grips and put it on the ring. Gave the pliers like a an extra turn or two so it would just clamp down on the ring. Shattered it without problem and on with my day I went! Plus they are cheap to replace!
@@deadprivacy Never said anything about EMTs. I was talking about getting my own ring off when I need to, which I have. And yes, tungsten carbide rings shatter. You can throw them on a concrete sidewalk and they can break like glass.
With some of the stronger rings it’s pretty important that they can be broken in case of emergency, if it were to get crushed onto your finger or your finger got swollen up you need a way to cut the ring off. Some of the best made rings will have pre cut weak spots so that you can get the ring off in case of emergency. Otherwise you want to get a relatively soft ring that can easily be cut
Great camera work, I especially liked how the silver ring started to almost dimple as it was being crushed! That would be a nice looking ring if they could make one like it.
That Mokume-Gane Titanium ring is utterly gorgeous, I want that as my wedding ring. It's interesting how differently black zirconium behaved compared to regular zirconium, and even more intriguing was how the orientation changed how regular zirconium behaved too.
@@guygadbois1068 that's actually not true. It's not anodizing. It's heat treatment / torching at very high temperatures. I am collecting different Mokume Gane Items from Titanium Grade 2/5 and it usually stay for very long time. It does degrade with time, but easily retorched back if you know what you are doing.
I almost lost my finger getting my titanium ring caught on a ladder last week. Very humbling knowing your ring can skin your finger instantly like that.
titanium as a ring is a hidden gem :) 12 years ago i was shopping in a new opened Chinese shop. tipical to chinese shops, they had all stuff from clothes to headphones and jewels , watches, etc. all kinds of very cheap things , knock-offs of brand merch , etc. i wanted to buy something since everything was so cheap and i felt sorry to just watch things for 30 minutes not buying anything. so i bought a titanium ring for equivalent of 2 euro. for 10 years that ring never left my finger. i used it top open beer bottles, i worn it at work were i worked with big car parts like engines, gear boxes, i had it in contact with all kinds of solutions and heavy metals. that ring barely had a scratch not to mention it never bend or anything. it was like i found a 2 euro treasure :) i got bigger with age so it started to be too small for my finger and since i couldn't remove it anymore, i had to cut it. I went to the section of the factory were the maintenance mechanics work and for 10 minutes we tried with all kind of stuff to cut it . dude, that ring was nearly invincibile. we finally made it with a very HUGE pair of scissors like those that you need two hands to operate and cuts thick sheets of metal and has 1 meter long handles. That was best 2 euro i ever spent . amazing material.
The silver ring got a very interesting surface texture before crumbling. Just imagine that as an option: manufacture, press, redo to fit, leave external texture. Neat.
I was surprised by how well the iron held up. Remember gentleman: Always wear a ring that is safe when working with your hands and won't make you regret wearing it if something does happen.
My favorite ring is tungsten carbide due to its hardness. It’s unscratched and could have been made yesterday. Its hardness is unreal, unlike any material I encounter normally.
@@onradioactivewaves I'd rather have a ring shatter off than bend and constrict blood circulation if you accidentally get your hand crushed in a door or something
fun fact: you do not want a particularly hard material for a ring. If you break your finger the ring cutter that medical professionals have is stainless steel and won't be able to remove a particularly strong ring. so they have to remove your finger and hope they can reattach it later.
I agree that could be have been the case, but in that small cross section I am more inclined to believe the cast iron and zirconium got mixed up. The 'cast iron' and 'black zirconium' behaved similarly in the first test. And the 'zirconium' cracked in a way consistent with how I'd expect cast iron. Zirconium is a very ductile material and should not have cracked in that way. In the second test the materials behaved more as I would expect.
Yes. It's also called spheroidal cast iron because the graphite in it has spheric shape not plates. In regular gray cast iron the graphite plates create stress fracture point that is why it's brittle.
Ok this is a crazy coincidence but I just got married yesterday (the day this video came out) and I got a tungsten wedding ring. On top of that, I was telling my wife how tough tungsten and we was both wondering how it a tungsten would dial if crushed. Then I wake up late I’m the day, turn on YT for the the first time in a couple days and this is the very first video in my feed. So yea, a few crazy coincidences lol.
My wedding ring is tantalum. I would love to see what the press would do to that and other metals. Also it might be interesting to try pressing the copper/gold/other soft metal a few times to try and create the thinnest sheet of metal you can
I would be cautious about wearing tantalum in the longterm. It does get absorbed by skin slowly and maybe not good for your health. Edit: just googled them... They usually have a different metal on the inside. They look absolutely insanely cool!
Tantalum is very interesting as it’s very hard, one of the most if not the most corrosion resistant pure metal, and it costs an arm and a leg and probably your kidney too
If I recall correctly, with Tungsten copper alloys, the tungsten is usually suspended in a copper matrix, so you're probably not getting the properties or "pure" tungsten. Pure tungsten is super hard to process as it has the second highest melting point of any known element (behind carbon). Additionally, powdered metal parts (at least classically) tend to fail in a brittle mode (cracking) as opposed to ductile bending. You probably know already, so just putting that out there for the comments.
Yes that’s why it’s super rare that tungsten is used in pure form, if it is it’ll be powder sintered and is used as an electrode for gas tungsten arc welding, although even then it’s usually mixed with oxides as pure tungsten is rarely a desirable material. As for tungsten copper it is not an alloy because the metals are poorly soluble in each other, so as you said it is actually of matrix of the particles classified as a metal matrix composite.
Very cool video! When it comes to Zirconium it is normally a silver colored metal but when torched with high heat it creates an oxide layer on the outside that turns black but is also very resistant to scratching and knicks. Would love to see this same experiment but with pulling the rings instead of crushing them. I wonder how much weight they could each hold if used as a carabiner.
Yeah, tungsten has a high melting point, but it’s brittle. We use it in welding because of those properties, and also some more physics stuff I’m in no way qualified to explain. In TIG, the process that uses it, we have to be very very clean and avoid contamination at all costs. If the tip of the tungsten electrode touches the weld pool or the filler rod, we use that brittleness to snap the dirty tip off and grind a new one into it.
In the first position there was little cross-sectional area. That's why the result is not so noticeable. The second position was interesting. Shows why knowledge about materials makes such a difference.
a fitter i once worked with made some rings out of a billet of titanium alloy that was used to make jet engine compressor blades if the rings where deformed a bit they would return to being round after a few hours
Used to work at a steel mill that made pipe for gas and oil fields. I worked in QA. We tested the pipe and we did this exact thing. Cut rings from the piper and put them in a hydraulic press to test them.
Idea for you. Make rings with square edges and the same exact dimensions but with rounded edges and see if there’s any difference in how much strength they have
Great video, sharp picture when crushing and well thought-out editing. Special compliments to the Blade Runner -like background music in the latter series of presses, the atmosphere so created was superb. One of your best videos up to date in my opinion.
Two ideas: 1) Do a similar test sequence but with pairs of rings -- one normal and that has been heat-treaded (tested separately). It would be quite educational to see the effects of heat-treatment. Maybe one of the educational TH-cam channels would like to collaborate. 2) Sell the results (maybe on eBay) -- the copper one would make a nice pendant. It could make some revenue for the channel. I would bid...
Another idea: test the rings on the stretch resistance, how they will cope when force is applied from inside surface. One thing just to pull them apart, and other idea to test stretch resistance by putting rings on something like "pinocchio nose" type of attachment, where force will be applied evenly throughout the whole diameter.
Heat treatment varies depending on the material and the alloy system. A lot of systems will see little benefit unless they are designed for it, utilising relevant strengthening mechanisms.
I’ve been in an ironworker for almost 30 years and there’s one thing I can tell you is cast iron does not bend under any circumstances, it will break before it bends
It would be very interesting to see the results after hardening the rings. I don't know if the company offers hardened versions, but it could be done at home if you know how.
Former EMT here If you like your Finger, DON'T get anything harder than silver/gold/copper Most Hospitals don't have Ringcutter that can cut harder Metals, we have to call the Firedepartement and in the Worst Case, you'll lose a Finger. Stainless Steel is already a stretch, Titanium or Tungsten is a total No-go
@@one-eyedsam2186 It is a first step But you can pinch your fingers so easy. A Patient of mine was a Teacher, some kid played a prank and moved the Blackboard the wrong way and Pinched her whole hand. The Ring took most of the Force. Her Finger swell 2x within Minutes. We cut it off, on scene. Withouth the Cutter her Finger would be gone now. So yes, in theory, take your Rings of if it gets dangerous. But you never know where the Danger is comming from, sometimes its a 8 Year old.
6:00 I've worked with zirconium before and I wouldn't say it's especially "soft" It's not nice to cut and it's reasonably brittle, at least in my experience
I love the premise of "what is the best material for your ring" as though people are gonna get the strength of it tested one day when their hand gets stuck in a hydraulic press or something.
I took it into consideration. Silver rings were too soft and always deformed a bit out of being round after constant wearing, and required me to bend them back round again. Tungsten carbide stayed round and unscathed, but shattered. I decided on a cobalt alloy ring, which has stayed lustrous and shiny, retained it's true shape, and won't shatter. After years daily wear, I'd say it was great choice.
Ok, so, in terms of "safest" ring. You want ones that crack and break, not crush. The reason being is, other than the obvious, is if the rings that flex get caught between 2 objects, it could cinch your finger. But a break away ring would, well, break away.
I was really wanting to see the rings after you flattened them, especially the copper ring. Flattening the rings down should make a cool looking pattern
this is insanely informative for ring shoppers. I feel if you made a poster with this info, you could sell it to jewlery shops easy. thank you for the experiments
3:08 Mokume-gane (木目金) is a Japanese 🇯🇵 metalworking procedure which produces a mixed-metal laminate with distinctive layered patterns; the term is also used to refer to the resulting laminate itself.
The music you put in was a kool addition. It went really well with this setting. Fun video and that was nice of that ring company to send those to y'all. Hope y'all have a great day.
Remember, brittle does not equal bad. That's why tungsten carbide is so good for rings. With other hard materials like titanium, they are hard to cut through in emergency situations and compression can actually cause the ring to dig into your finger and potentially do very significant damage to it. Brittle materials retain the hardness you want, but are safer to remove in emergencies because you can simply apply pressure to them and they shatter before they can hurt your hand.
I would argue that you’re better off with a brittle ring that shatters…. Along the lines of steel toe boots that pinch your toes off, a doctor is going to have an ugly hard time getting that bent ring off of your smashed finger..
That's one reason why I stopped wearing steel-toed boots after hearing some of the horror stories and switched to composite. Does the job just as well, and a whole heck of lot lighter in weight as well which lessened my soreness at the end of a hard work day.
If a concrete sewer pipe cracks it tend to look a lot like that tungsten ring. Usually the top of the pipe protrudes into the pipe more than the bottom of the pipe so it is slightly more heart shaped.
Jesus loves you all and have a great day also remember to not say the Lords name in vein and to say your blessings before you eat food and to not hate anyone no matter what.
I got a cool ring story. My husband was wearing his wedding ring when he was changing the tire on our truck when the jack slipped while his hand was under the wheel well and was caught between the well and the tire, if it wasn't for his titanium ring he would have lost his finger! Love your channel hun❣❣ stay groovy✌~N~💖 Granny hugs to you and that adorable wife 👵🤗🤗
I've machined tungsten a few times. Even high speed steel cuts it easily. Tungsten is not that hard. You confuse it with tungsten carbide like most idiots.
That really really close is likely because different materials react to temperature changes differently; they may have been even closer when made, but W the different temperatures of transit & current location, now they measure slightly different. You won't notice without precision tools, but still very interesting. This also ties into weights & measures in science; they recently changed the standard definition of the base scientific units to make them set equations rather than based off of physical objects; because the objects we used for the last century before that Changed Over time; they made 6-10 1kg representation objects a century ago; they were distributed around the world, then brought back together & weighed & measured regularly. The charts of the differences, small as they were, were pretty interesting.
Nice looking rings. But looking at the crystal structure of each metal as they press, I can't say any of them were cut from quality cast billet metals. Cheap metals in all of them. This is why I love this channel! How else would you ever find this stuff out??
It’s interesting to see how the combined tests affect the hydraulic press. I’ve always seen hydraulic presses as these insanely strong indestructible machines capable of crushing anything. That made it even more impressive when I seen the imprint left from the rings. The repeated tests left a slight bend in the press and I think that speaks volumes on the strength of these metals (as well as the pressure that’s needed to press them). In the beginning, the hydraulic press was completely flat. But the more rings it pressed, the bigger the imprint became. I started noticing the difference around the 6:45 mark (after the copper ring). It makes me wonder how much pressure/resistance it would take to break a hydraulic press🤔
back in college I was helping the grad students with their research projects. We had to move big concrete pillars into and out of a ~1000 ton hydraulic press (something like 4ft long by 1.5ft diameter cylinders). It took 4 people. one time, one of the dudes lost his grip taking it out and the cylinder dropped a couple inches right onto my hand. I was completely fine and nobody thought anything of it. When I got back to the dorm an hour later, I had noticed that my (fairly large) stainless steel ring had completely flattened around my finger. I had to hammer it back round to get it off. I fear what would have happened if i wasn't wearing a ring that day.
Mokume-gane is categorized in the Damascus Family, it's a very ornate Damascus with contrasting colors and it's supposed to look like wood, hence it's name, Wood-Grain Metal. The reason why it gave out so soon is that Damascus has the infamous tendency to delaminate, acquire cold shuts and explode (rarely)
I had to have the fire department cut my titanium ring off when poison ivy made my fingers swell. It took them 45 minutes and broke 2 trying cutters so they had to switch to a cutoff wheel. Would not suggest titanium for a wedding band.
Well, you can see the upper tool got deformed EXACTLY pressing the copper “coin”. It wasn’t a gradual process over the course of all the rings. I don’t know if the following tests really are comparable with the first few~
Good video! Thank you! Zirconium ring. That one I've never seen, it burns in open air when heated enough like titanium. You should melt down all the rings and see if they'll aloy.
The titanium ring is also 2 grades of titanium. "Timascus" or "Mokuti" are the brand names. They are pattern welded 6al-4v grade 5 titanium and grade 2(more pure)titanium typically. This can make for an interesting test of strength. Typically the grade 5 will be much harder due to the alloyed elements.
Anyway you can add a FLIR camera to your set up when you are compressing metals (like in this video)? Would love to see the real time temperature changes.
I'm a metal expert, something was wrong with how a lot of those metals reacted. Are the metals pure or are they just plated? The cast iron was way too flexible (malleable) for what it should be
A lot of ppl are suggesting the zirconium and cast iron got swapped, and that makes sense to me. I saw one guy suspicious most of them might be aluminum and steel varieties, and tin for the silver. Idk 🤷♂️ , but I am curious. On the website it says the silver is 99.9%.
![PASULOL รามเกียรติ์ ตอนที่ 4 นนทกพบรัก [Ramakien Ep.4: Nonthok in love]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/tMUQgmZzf_A/mqdefault.jpg)
More manufacturing footage and other information about rings here → hydraulic.squaremade.com also remember to use code hydraulic for 15% off from your order!
#wekeephydraulicmoving
I love the way the metals fracture in the horizontal tests. You can see the crystalline structures in the metals in the way they crack and flake. Another awesome video.
I tried to purchase a ring using the code. It said it wasn't valid. Yes I spelled it correctly and I tried both caps and lower case.
Be careful with these very strong rings. Something like tungsten can be difficult to impossible to cut in an emergency situation, and if you have a swollen hand and a swollen finger you can end up with what's called compartment syndrome which can result in the loss of the finger. Any ring that you're thinking about wearing that's made of a hard material and I mean steel tungsten titanium anything like that must have a built-in fracture line somewhere so that it can be broken. We had several cases where a hand was swollen and we could not get the ring off and we were left with very unattractive and narrow choices. And in order to break a couple of tungsten rings in the theater we had to mow the finger pretty bad to get a tool under the band so we could then snap it.
@@Dippedinsilver1974 hydraulic worked for me.
Be careful with these very strong rings. Something like tungsten can be difficult to impossible to cut in an emergency situation, and if you have a swollen hand and a swollen finger you can end up with what's called compartment syndrome which can result in the loss of the finger. Any ring that you're thinking about wearing that's made of a hard material and I mean steel tungsten titanium anything like that must have a built-in fracture line somewhere so that it can be broken. We had several cases where a hand was swollen and we could not get the ring off and we were left with very unattractive and narrow choices. And in order to break a couple of tungsten rings in the theater we had to mow the finger pretty bad to get a tool under the band so we could then snap it.
As we have seen above it's quite easy to remove with hydraulic press.
You are confusing tungsten with tungsten carbide. There is no point to make tungsten rings (except in this video). Tungsten is easy to cut, I do it often on my metal lathe even with high speed tool bit. In the other hand tungsten carbide can be really difficult to cut on a lathe but it can be done with a cubic boron nitride (CBN) insert. Tungsten is just a metal, tungsten carbide is in the advanced ceramic category, these are two completely different materials. If I was an emergency personnel I would keep a battery powered Dremel tool with a diamond wheel in my tool box for these occasions. Diamond cuts through tungsten carbide easily. Also titanium is soft enough to cut with regular tools.
Would be interesting to get a material analysis on these. The cast iron didn't act like cast iron, yet a few of the later ones did. Sort of wonder if it's more a finishing appearance name more than anything.
@@blaircox1589 It could be ductile iron instead of cast iron. Also known as dura-bar. It's a lot less crumbly while still having a lot of the good properties of cast iron.
@@blaircox1589 cast iron is iron with more carbon in it than steel has. Low carbon slowly cooled cast iron is not as brittle as black cast iron (which has higher carbon percentage) so it can be shaped a bit while cold.
A small note. Tungsten as metal or alloy with other metal is supposed to be malleable and not brittle. On the other hand, tungsten-carbide is a CERAMIC. It is a chemical compound that creates a lattice of tungsten and carbon in 50/50 ratio distributed in a balanced matrix. So, tungsten-carbide is very hard and brittle, while tungsten-metal alloys have very different properties depending on the mix and type of metal being added.
Tungsten used in jewelry is not WC (the compound) which is a composite material or a ceramic. It’s also not WC with cobalt, as is used the majority of the time in all kinds of tools for strength. Rather it’s WC with nickel, which is classified as a metal-matrix composite and combines the properties of an alloy and a composite material, but it is not a ceramic. Nickel is used in placed of cobalt since it has better corrosion resistance and is less toxic as a powder (e.g. when grinding it)
@@joshp6061 Fair enough. I did not know sintering WC with nickel would change it's properties so much. I thought it was just less toxic replacement for cobalt. I assumed that the ring in the video was made of pure tungsten and mislabeled as carbide, because, as far as I know, WC jewelry is supposed to crack under pressure and not bend at all. It's a safety design, because in emergency it's much easier and safer to remove a ring by cracking it than by cutting it, as one would need to do with metal alloy rings.
@@NotAyFox the safety part is actually just convenient, tungsten carbide rings were made to be a far cheaper alternative to precious metals rings. They also have much higher wear/scratch resistance to last longer, and since WC is susceptible to corrosion, they alloy in nickel
@@joshp6061 I got a tungsten carbide ring for $30 and it seems nearly impossible to scratch without diamond tools. A diamond dremmel bit will cut through it. I tested that on an extra(wrong size)
@@MrMikeT89 yes tungsten carbide has a Mohs hardness 9, where diamond sets the maximum hardness on that scale at a Mohs of 10. Diamond is able to scratch WC, but it’s possible it’s difficult since they’re both very very hard
The cracking nature of Tungsten is exactly why I chose the ring I do. I worked in a job where finger injuries were possible, and a swollen finger would make it impossible to get the ring off. If Titanium, it'd need specific cutters. Tungsten could just be squeezed with any decent channel locks and break it off. Much safer for me.
This. But for some reason people keep mentioning the cracking nature of tungsten like it's a *bad* thing if you get your fingers crushed
Eh he should’ve used a carbide ring not a tungsten copper one. Carbide breaks off even easier and would’ve been much stronger than the copper
Just don’t wear rings
@@erickchristensen746 Or, wear what I like and take reasonable precautions to avoid injury.
I was looking for a comment like this. I wasn't sure it would be better to have one that can take more pressure or one that would crack under pressure.
Gorgeous rings! I’d love to see the distortion on the rings after they were squished on their side, instead of just the view of the squishing.
Especially the sliver, how it kinda dimpled.
They just looked squished...
Just pause the video..
....
......
They used to do that, idk why they stopped
@@isaiahhernandez6304 safety probably. They put something on the sides so they can't point cameras at it
There are multiple kinds of cast iron. The "traditional" cast iron is gray cast iron and it is very hard and brittle; you can smash it like a clay pot with a hammer. Ductile iron is still a cast iron; it is just treated slightly differently to make the graphite residues spheroidal instead of graphite flakes.
It was super neat seeing up that close to the point where you could see the grain structure of each material coming through, and how the finer the grain, the stronger the material seemed to be
Yeah, as soon as I saw the set up, ooh we're going to see the grain deformation.
Silver was pretty dramatic @ 10:34
Interestingly, Rolls Royce uses mono-crystalline turbine blades on its latest engines because removing the crystal boundary defects makes them super-strong and (more importantly for a jet engine) increases the melting point significantly, apparently.
@@randombloke82 Also, various heat / cryogenic treatments are used to control and homogenize grain size during and after manufacture to optimize for selected properties. The Metcalf experiment for tool-steels is a very good starting point.
@@randombloke82 Rolls Royce use single crystal turbine blades for slightly different reasons. It is related to a phenomena called creep where a material deforms below its conventional yield strength. In the case of a jet engine, high temperature creep is an issue. The single crystal reduces various causes of this creep relating to diffusion along grain boundaries (no grain boundaries in a single crystal). The melting temperature itself is largely unaffected by the single crystal. They employ many other design mechanisms to avoid creep, namely using nickel superalloys with specific elemental compositions.
@@benjamindesson5326 came to say this, exactly. Creep properties are in big role in turbine parts, hence alloys such as IN939 are used to product as large grains as possible
Cast iron and zirconium got mixed up in the first test, you can tell by the finish and how it performed.
I was thinking the same thing.. cast does not bend like that
why are all the materials so similar in strenght, what do you think how much stronger woud these rings be if they were bent and not just cnc machined?
@@Azaerel cast iron rusts easily, to be used in jewelry it’s likely they add small alloying elements in to improve corrosion resistance and increase ductility like nickel copper or molybdenum
Hot tip: make sure your ring can be cut or broken off in an emergency without excessive deformation or fancy tools. Generally that means soft or brittle materials that machine well.
Former EMT here
Meh nope, we have tools for Gold/Silver
But all those Titan/Steel Rings are a no-go
We have to call the Firedepartement for that
@@T1g3rch3n can confirm, my mom once had to go to the fire dep to get her titanium ring off when her finger got swollen. She was too scared to use a ring after that haha
That's why I only wear Tungsten Carbide rings. I had a finger get smashed in a car door and swelled up. I took a pair of vice grips and put it on the ring. Gave the pliers like a an extra turn or two so it would just clamp down on the ring. Shattered it without problem and on with my day I went! Plus they are cheap to replace!
@@BrianRRenfro but an emt wont likely do that. Tungsten? like haematite shatters.
You are betting on Being concious.
@@deadprivacy Never said anything about EMTs. I was talking about getting my own ring off when I need to, which I have. And yes, tungsten carbide rings shatter. You can throw them on a concrete sidewalk and they can break like glass.
With some of the stronger rings it’s pretty important that they can be broken in case of emergency, if it were to get crushed onto your finger or your finger got swollen up you need a way to cut the ring off. Some of the best made rings will have pre cut weak spots so that you can get the ring off in case of emergency. Otherwise you want to get a relatively soft ring that can easily be cut
Would have liked seeing the flattened rings. Interesting results...
Anybody notice the state of the press tool after it flattened the copper?
Ye it bended
yea!
thats what happens when you use 77 tons of pressure on a press
Thank god since he didn’t mention it I was worried I had gone mad and was just hallucinating the bending
Great camera work, I especially liked how the silver ring started to almost dimple as it was being crushed! That would be a nice looking ring if they could make one like it.
Foreal, love that sort of look on jewelry
That Mokume-Gane Titanium ring is utterly gorgeous, I want that as my wedding ring.
It's interesting how differently black zirconium behaved compared to regular zirconium, and even more intriguing was how the orientation changed how regular zirconium behaved too.
The blue/purple colour is just anodising, it will wear off in a matter of weeks. Don't waste your time.
@@guygadbois1068 I know what it is and that it'd wear off after 3 seconds of looking at it, but a man can dream 😄
@@guygadbois1068 that's actually not true. It's not anodizing. It's heat treatment / torching at very high temperatures. I am collecting different Mokume Gane Items from Titanium Grade 2/5 and it usually stay for very long time. It does degrade with time, but easily retorched back if you know what you are doing.
I almost lost my finger getting my titanium ring caught on a ladder last week. Very humbling knowing your ring can skin your finger instantly like that.
titanium as a ring is a hidden gem :) 12 years ago i was shopping in a new opened Chinese shop. tipical to chinese shops, they had all stuff from clothes to headphones and jewels , watches, etc. all kinds of very cheap things , knock-offs of brand merch , etc. i wanted to buy something since everything was so cheap and i felt sorry to just watch things for 30 minutes not buying anything. so i bought a titanium ring for equivalent of 2 euro. for 10 years that ring never left my finger. i used it top open beer bottles, i worn it at work were i worked with big car parts like engines, gear boxes, i had it in contact with all kinds of solutions and heavy metals. that ring barely had a scratch not to mention it never bend or anything. it was like i found a 2 euro treasure :) i got bigger with age so it started to be too small for my finger and since i couldn't remove it anymore, i had to cut it. I went to the section of the factory were the maintenance mechanics work and for 10 minutes we tried with all kind of stuff to cut it . dude, that ring was nearly invincibile. we finally made it with a very HUGE pair of scissors like those that you need two hands to operate and cuts thick sheets of metal and has 1 meter long handles. That was best 2 euro i ever spent . amazing material.
As a machinist, 0.01mm is indeed extremely similar, and some of your materials are really hard to machinate to that precision. Congrats lol
How does hundredths of a millimeter compare to thousandths of an inch
@@pho3n1xr1sing the internet is your friend
It's amazing to see such accuracy you are right
The silver ring got a very interesting surface texture before crumbling. Just imagine that as an option: manufacture, press, redo to fit, leave external texture. Neat.
I was surprised by how well the iron held up. Remember gentleman: Always wear a ring that is safe when working with your hands and won't make you regret wearing it if something does happen.
If you work with your hands at all just don’t wear one. The horror stories…
@@PreMRaGe agree. Similar with sports - no jewellery allowed. Not because you can harm yourself but because you can harm others.
This is why I wear a silicone ring most of the time.
Rings are for decoration, not work.
I’ve shattered my tungsten ring before. Didn’t really take a lot of force.
My favorite ring is tungsten carbide due to its hardness. It’s unscratched and could have been made yesterday. Its hardness is unreal, unlike any material I encounter normally.
Interesting random fact regarding hardness. A lab recently developed a crystal matrix harder than diamond. Putting it over 10 on the Mohs scale
They do look new, until they shatter ...
@@onradioactivewaves I'd rather have a ring shatter off than bend and constrict blood circulation if you accidentally get your hand crushed in a door or something
@@snickerdoooodle thats a good point.
fun fact: you do not want a particularly hard material for a ring. If you break your finger the ring cutter that medical professionals have is stainless steel and won't be able to remove a particularly strong ring. so they have to remove your finger and hope they can reattach it later.
There are different types of cast iron. The iron ring was probably "ductile," which *is* cast iron, but it doesn't shatter.
Absolutely concur. Dura-bar is some good stuff, has most of the good properties of cast but it's a lot less crumbly and it's a lot nicer to machine.
I agree that could be have been the case, but in that small cross section I am more inclined to believe the cast iron and zirconium got mixed up. The 'cast iron' and 'black zirconium' behaved similarly in the first test. And the 'zirconium' cracked in a way consistent with how I'd expect cast iron. Zirconium is a very ductile material and should not have cracked in that way.
In the second test the materials behaved more as I would expect.
@@bradley3549 Good point!
Yes. It's also called spheroidal cast iron because the graphite in it has spheric shape not plates. In regular gray cast iron the graphite plates create stress fracture point that is why it's brittle.
Ok this is a crazy coincidence but I just got married yesterday (the day this video came out) and I got a tungsten wedding ring. On top of that, I was telling my wife how tough tungsten and we was both wondering how it a tungsten would dial if crushed. Then I wake up late I’m the day, turn on YT for the the first time in a couple days and this is the very first video in my feed.
So yea, a few crazy coincidences lol.
My wedding ring is tantalum. I would love to see what the press would do to that and other metals. Also it might be interesting to try pressing the copper/gold/other soft metal a few times to try and create the thinnest sheet of metal you can
Where did you get it from? I've had a hard time finding it in small quantities.
I would be cautious about wearing tantalum in the longterm. It does get absorbed by skin slowly and maybe not good for your health.
Edit: just googled them... They usually have a different metal on the inside. They look absolutely insanely cool!
Tantalum is very interesting as it’s very hard, one of the most if not the most corrosion resistant pure metal, and it costs an arm and a leg and probably your kidney too
@@joshp6061 well if you break your finger they will have to chop it off because they won't be able to get the ring off.
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If I recall correctly, with Tungsten copper alloys, the tungsten is usually suspended in a copper matrix, so you're probably not getting the properties or "pure" tungsten. Pure tungsten is super hard to process as it has the second highest melting point of any known element (behind carbon). Additionally, powdered metal parts (at least classically) tend to fail in a brittle mode (cracking) as opposed to ductile bending. You probably know already, so just putting that out there for the comments.
Yes that’s why it’s super rare that tungsten is used in pure form, if it is it’ll be powder sintered and is used as an electrode for gas tungsten arc welding, although even then it’s usually mixed with oxides as pure tungsten is rarely a desirable material. As for tungsten copper it is not an alloy because the metals are poorly soluble in each other, so as you said it is actually of matrix of the particles classified as a metal matrix composite.
Very cool video! When it comes to Zirconium it is normally a silver colored metal but when torched with high heat it creates an oxide layer on the outside that turns black but is also very resistant to scratching and knicks. Would love to see this same experiment but with pulling the rings instead of crushing them. I wonder how much weight they could each hold if used as a carabiner.
Pretty cool how some metals almost appear to liquify under pressure.
Yeah, tungsten has a high melting point, but it’s brittle. We use it in welding because of those properties, and also some more physics stuff I’m in no way qualified to explain. In TIG, the process that uses it, we have to be very very clean and avoid contamination at all costs. If the tip of the tungsten electrode touches the weld pool or the filler rod, we use that brittleness to snap the dirty tip off and grind a new one into it.
You should include the weight of each ring so we can see what the pound strength per pound mass ratios are.
In the first position there was little cross-sectional area. That's why the result is not so noticeable. The second position was interesting. Shows why knowledge about materials makes such a difference.
a fitter i once worked with made some rings out of a billet of titanium alloy that was used to make jet engine compressor blades if the rings where deformed a bit they would return to being round after a few hours
That's really cool
Used to work at a steel mill that made pipe for gas and oil fields. I worked in QA. We tested the pipe and we did this exact thing. Cut rings from the piper and put them in a hydraulic press to test them.
Idea for you. Make rings with square edges and the same exact dimensions but with rounded edges and see if there’s any difference in how much strength they have
Great video, sharp picture when crushing and well thought-out editing. Special compliments to the Blade Runner -like background music in the latter series of presses, the atmosphere so created was superb.
One of your best videos up to date in my opinion.
Squaremade rings are awesome! glad for this collaboration!
Two ideas:
1) Do a similar test sequence but with pairs of rings -- one normal and that has been heat-treaded (tested separately). It would be quite educational to see the effects of heat-treatment. Maybe one of the educational TH-cam channels would like to collaborate.
2) Sell the results (maybe on eBay) -- the copper one would make a nice pendant. It could make some revenue for the channel. I would bid...
About your second idea - all of the rings should be pancaked like the copper one, especially silver one would be nice.
Another idea: test the rings on the stretch resistance, how they will cope when force is applied from inside surface. One thing just to pull them apart, and other idea to test stretch resistance by putting rings on something like "pinocchio nose" type of attachment, where force will be applied evenly throughout the whole diameter.
Heat treatment varies depending on the material and the alloy system. A lot of systems will see little benefit unless they are designed for it, utilising relevant strengthening mechanisms.
I would educate you about metals and heat treatment if you were a little smarter but based on your comment you are hopeless.
@@benjamindesson5326 Absolutely. That would be part of the demonstration: different materials behave differently.
There was enough hardness in the copper to actually deform the press bit! Cool! And you made a really nice pendant in process.
Interesting video, especially the close-ups. I'd also like to see thermal imaging of the metal as you press it.
I’ve been in an ironworker for almost 30 years and there’s one thing I can tell you is cast iron does not bend under any circumstances, it will break before it bends
It would be very interesting to see the results after hardening the rings. I don't know if the company offers hardened versions, but it could be done at home if you know how.
First I've ever seen Psychedelic Titanium. Prrritti Guud.
This one was really cool. Would have loved to see them all flattened out, and to see the material grains pressed out flat out. Great macro shots!
Former EMT here
If you like your Finger, DON'T get anything harder than silver/gold/copper
Most Hospitals don't have Ringcutter that can cut harder Metals, we have to call the Firedepartement and in the Worst Case, you'll lose a Finger.
Stainless Steel is already a stretch, Titanium or Tungsten is a total No-go
If you like your finger, keep your ring in your pocket while working.
@@one-eyedsam2186 It is a first step
But you can pinch your fingers so easy.
A Patient of mine was a Teacher, some kid played a prank and moved the Blackboard the wrong way and Pinched her whole hand.
The Ring took most of the Force.
Her Finger swell 2x within Minutes. We cut it off, on scene. Withouth the Cutter her Finger would be gone now.
So yes, in theory, take your Rings of if it gets dangerous. But you never know where the Danger is comming from, sometimes its a 8 Year old.
This was great from start to finish. Nice tests, great footage, fantastic editing. And fun!
3.2m subscribers the real meta to TH-cam is have access to industrial machinery
I think the cast iron and zirconium got mixed up in the box somehow on the first run.
If I were to wear one it'd be the copper or stainless.
OMG These rings are gorgeous I just bought one CAN'T WAIT!!!
he never learns! last time he squished metal, he needed to replace his window!
i like how the copper squished the press too
6:00 I've worked with zirconium before and I wouldn't say it's especially "soft"
It's not nice to cut and it's reasonably brittle, at least in my experience
I still think he got the cast iron and zirconium rings mixed up in the first test. The second test made more sense.
wikipedia mentions that zirconium can be quite hard and brittle at lesser purities
Choose the weakest ring possible. Because rings can be replaced, your ring finger cannot.
The plastic deformation is so clear as the press comes down I thought there was going to be more shrapnel but there wasn’t.
Still loving this channel ✌️
I love the premise of "what is the best material for your ring" as though people are gonna get the strength of it tested one day when their hand gets stuck in a hydraulic press or something.
I took it into consideration. Silver rings were too soft and always deformed a bit out of being round after constant wearing, and required me to bend them back round again. Tungsten carbide stayed round and unscathed, but shattered. I decided on a cobalt alloy ring, which has stayed lustrous and shiny, retained it's true shape, and won't shatter. After years daily wear, I'd say it was great choice.
Ok, so, in terms of "safest" ring. You want ones that crack and break, not crush. The reason being is, other than the obvious, is if the rings that flex get caught between 2 objects, it could cinch your finger. But a break away ring would, well, break away.
I think the Cast Iron and Zirconium rings got switched around by accident
I was really wanting to see the rings after you flattened them, especially the copper ring. Flattening the rings down should make a cool looking pattern
HYDRAULIC NOTIFICATION SQUAD LETS GOOOOOOO 🇫🇮🇫🇮🇫🇮🇫🇮
this is insanely informative for ring shoppers. I feel if you made a poster with this info, you could sell it to jewlery shops easy.
thank you for the experiments
3:08 Mokume-gane (木目金) is a Japanese 🇯🇵 metalworking procedure which produces a mixed-metal laminate with distinctive layered patterns; the term is also used to refer to the resulting laminate itself.
I am tungster gang. It gets cool almoat instantly upon taking off, amazing. And they are decently heavy. Best One Ring replicas ( Tolkien fan lol ) 😂
That iron ring couldn't have been cast iron! Far too flexible.
I thought the same - it had to be a mild steel, cast is very brittle.
There are different types of cast iron with different properties.
@@timothyball3144 yes, there is, but as it wasn't specified, therefore everyone's confused.
The music you put in was a kool addition. It went really well with this setting. Fun video and that was nice of that ring company to send those to y'all. Hope y'all have a great day.
The stronger the ring, the worse your finger looks after hooking the ring on something. Wear nylon wedding bands when working.
Don't wear rings at all while you're working. Safety 101.
Remember, brittle does not equal bad. That's why tungsten carbide is so good for rings. With other hard materials like titanium, they are hard to cut through in emergency situations and compression can actually cause the ring to dig into your finger and potentially do very significant damage to it. Brittle materials retain the hardness you want, but are safer to remove in emergencies because you can simply apply pressure to them and they shatter before they can hurt your hand.
I would argue that you’re better off with a brittle ring that shatters…. Along the lines of steel toe boots that pinch your toes off, a doctor is going to have an ugly hard time getting that bent ring off of your smashed finger..
That's one reason why I stopped wearing steel-toed boots after hearing some of the horror stories and switched to composite. Does the job just as well, and a whole heck of lot lighter in weight as well which lessened my soreness at the end of a hard work day.
Yea but if you sat 2 tons of weight on a finger my guess is a ring wouldnt make much a difference...
If a concrete sewer pipe cracks it tend to look a lot like that tungsten ring. Usually the top of the pipe protrudes into the pipe more than the bottom of the pipe so it is slightly more heart shaped.
Jesus loves you all and have a great day also remember to not say the Lords name in vein and to say your blessings before you eat food and to not hate anyone no matter what.
Some really beautiful shots in this!
I got a cool ring story.
My husband was wearing his wedding ring when he was changing the tire on our truck when the jack slipped while his hand was under the wheel well and was caught between the well and the tire, if it wasn't for his titanium ring he would have lost his finger!
Love your channel hun❣❣
stay groovy✌~N~💖
Granny hugs to you and that adorable wife 👵🤗🤗
Looking great !! I love the way you crushed those haha.
In the future, if you want to apply the same pressure to something, you could put a relief valve in the line and use the sensor to set it.
Try Tungsten Carbide Vs. Titanium Aluminide ⚔️
I'm always amazed anything at all can be machined from tungsten
I've machined tungsten a few times. Even high speed steel cuts it easily. Tungsten is not that hard. You confuse it with tungsten carbide like most idiots.
From submarine to hydraulic press on TH-cam, Pavel never fails to entertain us.
A lot of people commenting have no idea that cast iron comes in a lot of different varieties. Not every cast iron is your mom's old frying pan.
that's true
You should offer the tortured metal rings for sale.
That really really close is likely because different materials react to temperature changes differently; they may have been even closer when made, but W the different temperatures of transit & current location, now they measure slightly different.
You won't notice without precision tools, but still very interesting.
This also ties into weights & measures in science; they recently changed the standard definition of the base scientific units to make them set equations rather than based off of physical objects; because the objects we used for the last century before that Changed Over time; they made 6-10 1kg representation objects a century ago; they were distributed around the world, then brought back together & weighed & measured regularly.
The charts of the differences, small as they were, were pretty interesting.
Nice looking rings. But looking at the crystal structure of each metal as they press, I can't say any of them were cut from quality cast billet metals. Cheap metals in all of them. This is why I love this channel! How else would you ever find this stuff out??
It’s interesting to see how the combined tests affect the hydraulic press. I’ve always seen hydraulic presses as these insanely strong indestructible machines capable of crushing anything. That made it even more impressive when I seen the imprint left from the rings. The repeated tests left a slight bend in the press and I think that speaks volumes on the strength of these metals (as well as the pressure that’s needed to press them). In the beginning, the hydraulic press was completely flat. But the more rings it pressed, the bigger the imprint became. I started noticing the difference around the 6:45 mark (after the copper ring). It makes me wonder how much pressure/resistance it would take to break a hydraulic press🤔
Hydraulic press vs hydraulic press
Thanks for this video!
It is very interesting to see how malleable different materials are.
back in college I was helping the grad students with their research projects. We had to move big concrete pillars into and out of a ~1000 ton hydraulic press (something like 4ft long by 1.5ft diameter cylinders). It took 4 people.
one time, one of the dudes lost his grip taking it out and the cylinder dropped a couple inches right onto my hand. I was completely fine and nobody thought anything of it. When I got back to the dorm an hour later, I had noticed that my (fairly large) stainless steel ring had completely flattened around my finger. I had to hammer it back round to get it off.
I fear what would have happened if i wasn't wearing a ring that day.
Thank you all for the code. Me and my wife just used it for our purchase!
Good to see a post from you all.
I just threw my lab top against the wall after there was no extra content at the end
Mokume-gane is categorized in the Damascus Family, it's a very ornate Damascus with contrasting colors and it's supposed to look like wood, hence it's name, Wood-Grain Metal.
The reason why it gave out so soon is that Damascus has the infamous tendency to delaminate, acquire cold shuts and explode (rarely)
Now it makes sense why cast iron is used for railway wheels. It has a high strength, and it could directly and cheaply be poured out into moulds.
This week's show was "smashing".. Thank you.
I had to have the fire department cut my titanium ring off when poison ivy made my fingers swell. It took them 45 minutes and broke 2 trying cutters so they had to switch to a cutoff wheel. Would not suggest titanium for a wedding band.
It's newer and probably one of the more expensive but I would of loved to see tantalum. That's what I got for my wedding ring.
Well, you can see the upper tool got deformed EXACTLY pressing the copper “coin”. It wasn’t a gradual process over the course of all the rings. I don’t know if the following tests really are comparable with the first few~
Good video! Thank you! Zirconium ring. That one I've never seen, it burns in open air when heated enough like titanium. You should melt down all the rings and see if they'll aloy.
The titanium ring is also 2 grades of titanium. "Timascus" or "Mokuti" are the brand names. They are pattern welded 6al-4v grade 5 titanium and grade 2(more pure)titanium typically. This can make for an interesting test of strength. Typically the grade 5 will be much harder due to the alloyed elements.
That damascus titanium ring is suuuper cool looking
Yes but iam not fan of that mixing.
Anyway you can add a FLIR camera to your set up when you are compressing metals (like in this video)? Would love to see the real time temperature changes.
I'm a metal expert, something was wrong with how a lot of those metals reacted. Are the metals pure or are they just plated? The cast iron was way too flexible (malleable) for what it should be
Sure bro you are a "metal expert" :)
Have you heard of spheroidal cast iron my "expert" friend?
It had to be ductile cast iron. Which make sense since the nickel content of ductile would help with corrosion resistance.
A lot of ppl are suggesting the zirconium and cast iron got swapped, and that makes sense to me. I saw one guy suspicious most of them might be aluminum and steel varieties, and tin for the silver. Idk 🤷♂️ , but I am curious. On the website it says the silver is 99.9%.
Those macro shots are amazing
That Titanium ring looks awsome
Wolverine: Try these, bub... III 🤨 III
Hydraulic Press Channel: Let us see if we can crush.
The video quality is very impressive and great!