This is the same story as "Nosferatu" in that both films are based on Bram Stoker's "Dracula". "Nosferatu" was an illegal adaptation and a court ordered all copies of the film to be destroyed. Fortunately, a few copies survived.
And he was STILL cavorting about in his Dracula cape in his very LAST movie... the posthumously released "Plan 9 From Outer Space" (1959), which has been described as "the worst movie ever made," in case you should want to rush out and see it...
You mentioned how we're desensitized nowadays - in this movie, there's 1 drop of blood. The scene when Renfield cuts his finger! In an entire Vampire-Genre-Basing movie, there's 1 drop of blood. And people were fainting in the theater. Fun Fact: Bela Lugosi only reprised his role as Dracula in one of the sequels; Abbott and Costello meets Frankenstein.
My parents saw Bela Lugosi perform Dracula on stage. After the show he appeared on stage in costume to assure the audience that they could rest easy that it was just a story and that vampires are not real - before disappearing from the stage in front of their eyes. While waiting for a bus across from the theatre they noticed that everyone that left the theatre crossed the road to avoid walking past the dark alleys at each end of the theatre.
The ship captain being tied to the wheel is normal. During bad storms, ship captains would tie themselves to the wheel, to keep from being swept overboard.
Small factoid - Bela Lugosi couldn’t speak English. In the movie he read the lines but had no idea what the was saying. He later decided to learn English later for other roles, still with the Hungarian accent.
You're mistaken... Bela Lugosi starred in the Broadway Play this film was adopted from, and he wasn't initially thought-of for the film because his accent was so heavy, but he was eventually chosen and his portrayal with a heavy Eastern European accent became the standard for all the future Draculas...
It's Harker in the book, Renfield in this film - and that's not the only character to be switched around (several others were just dropped). The first clue that something was off should have been "Meet my carriage at the pass at midnight, and don't tell anyone".
When I was growing up, us kids would gather around the TV on late Saturday nights with Popcorn and watch "Creature Features" from WGN in Chicago consisting of all of these old B & W old movies with Bela Lugosi, Lon Chaney and others... Great memories.
When people are impersonating Dracula, it always comes with that Hungarian accent and of course, ALL due to Bela Lugosi. They are not doing John Carradine, or Christopher Lee, but Lugosi!
This is absolutely one of the iconic films in cinema history and Bela Lugosi's role as the Count is, likewise, one of its iconic roles. From the cinematography to the acting...all splendid.
Definitely! He was so iconic that even almost 100 years and dozens of other Dracula movies later, everyone still basically does a Lugosi impression when trying to act like a vampire.
@@silvershamrocknovelties5723 Interestingly enough, when I imagine Dracula speaking he sounds either like Louis Jourdan (from my favourite adaptation) or Frank Langella.
Yet, the film itself truly isn't that much of a horror film. After the action leaves Transylvania it's essentially a filmed version of the stage play, complete with actions being described that are happening just offstage/off-camer
In the recent horror comedy Renfield they overlaid Nicholas Cage on the background of this Dracula in the part where he first meets Renfield at Dracula's castle.
That was Abbott and Costello Meet Frakenstine..it had Lugosi as Dracula, Lone Chaney as the Wolfman and Glenn Strange as the monster..good fun film and funny!
@@0PsychosisMedia0 My favorite horror comedy, other than Young Frankenstein. Also, “Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein” is currently named by Quentin Tarantino as one of his favorite films.
In the book version, the village peasants were strongly discouraging Jonathan but didn't straight up tell him there were vampires. In the movie, they straight up tell Renfield "There are vampires. They will drink your blood and straight up kill you." And he still goes.
Mel Brooks spoof Dracula: Dead And Loving It follows the 1931 Dracula very closely. Peter MacNicol's performance as Renfield in Brooks film is nearly the same performance as Dwight Frye in this film.
@11:40, The ship's captain being tied to the wheel is from the book. After Dracula eliminates all the rest of the crew, the captain ties himself to the wheel so that he'll be able to get the ship into a harbour as they're approaching England.
The movie Dracula (1931) was adapted from the Broadway production Dracula (1927) which was revised from the play Dracula (1924) which was based on the book Dracula (1897).
@31:50 The plot of this film, after the setting moved from Transylvania to London, followed the plot of the stage play rather than the novel. In the play, Dracula is destroyed at Carfax when he's forced to take to his earth box when the sun rises
I have that same Blu-Ray set. It's a great collection of movies. I also have the Frankenstein set. Thanks for watching these. So few channels honor the originals.
At the same time that this was made, Universal was also making a Spanish language version to be played in Mexico. Instead of just being a straightforward copy, the Spanish director put his own unique stamp on the material. When Dracula is first introduced there is a crane shot from the bottom of the stairs to the top.
I just hope they eventually get around to doing a review of the Spanish version of Dracula. Same movie, same sets but different actors/camera/angles etc. they filmed at nights after the American version stopped but that gave them a chance often to watch the dailies from the day shoots so they could make their scenes look and flow better.
I actually prefer the Spainish version as that one's Dracula is creepy while Lugosi's was just mysterious. But the actor who played Renfield was just terrifying in with his version.
@@donovanbradford8231 agreed. Lugosi has the look but Villarías is more menacing. When it comes to Renfield I prefer Frye’s creepy manic portrayal of the character over Rubio’s over the top performance.
Interesting tidbit: the opening line in the film, spoken by a young woman reading in the carriage and then gets bumped about, is Carla Laemmle (niece of Universal Pictures founder Carl Laemmle). She lived to be 104 (1909-2014). She’s also a ballerina in The Phantom of the Opera (1925). I remember following her on social media… had to, I was a Universal horror fan as a child decades ago.
When I was a kid, they used to show all of the Universal Monsters movies on TV, and we used to watch them on Sunday afternoons, after my mom would make a big, homemade lunch. Really good memories.
One of the best horror films of all time and Bela Lugosi is truly iconic in this role. The Universal Monster Movies are a great way to introduce young people to horror as they’re not as intense as many horror films today when it comes to violence, but the atmosphere that are in these films are still great to this day. It’s great to see you two watch this, hope you’re both doing well. Have a great day and a great weekend, take care!
I absolutely never do this but...I've noticed you use discs over streaming. That alone is both commendable and laudable. But now must add good taste. The Joe-Bob t-shirts too? Gotta give this my first thumbs-up ever to any youtube video. And, if not already mentioned, Dwight (Renfield) Frye was the inspiration for Alice Cooper's "Ballad of Dwight Frye." (He also appeared in Frankenstein.) Would be cool if the next movie was the Hammer remake Horror of Dracula. Viewed on its own, some find it so tame. But viewed after Lugosi's, one realizes the major jump in both filmmaking and allowable content, making it more impressive. A great bridge between years past. And it wasn't terrifying in the 30s. I wasn't there, of course, but I've known people who were. Remember, this was based on a play, as the opening credits stated. That's why it's so stagey. Frankenstein may have been a different story though. That first reveal must have stunned people.
I ALWAYS prefer discs over streaming. Not only do the discs include bonus features not available on streaming, but with the physical copies as long as you take proper care of them they WILL last a lifetime. Streaming services will often remove films without notice, even if you paid extra to add it to a permanent collection...
I must add both the Mummy and Creature from the Black Lagoon may have been passed over for the Abbott and Costello film, yet they are part of the OG monsters we all love.
This was an adaptation of a stage play, which in turn was an adaptation of Bram Stoker's novel. Thus the combining of characters and the sparseness of the settings. And Bela Lugosi had played the titular character in the play as well.
The complex way of getting to the vault is likely based on an old 50s or 60s sitcom. The program was called Jack Benny, in the show he played a penny pinching scrooge. On episodes where he visited his vault, it would be such a complex way to get to the vaul, where he supposedly kept his money.
To understand horror films and culture you must go back to the beginning. These films created an entire culture in the early 1930s at a time when this sort of thing wasn’t acceptable. Dracula and Frankenstein were pre-code meaning they got a way with more than what you did after 1933-34. These were considered racy and violent for this period. These films stand the test of time due to them being the first “talkies” that delved into the horror realm. Yes, you had silent era horror films but they always felt that these films couldn’t make the transition into the so called “talkie era” of post 1928 Hollywood. I had suggested these films a couple years ago on a live stream so I’m thrilled that you guys are finally getting to them.
Fun fact: The only reason Dracula has a cape is because of the early stage version, where Dracula wearing a cape helps with hiding some theatrical technical magic.
Phil Collen (Def Leppard) had a custom guitar with Bela Lugosi's Dracula face made in the late 80's... A few years ago my brother had a replica made also 😅 it glows in the dark 😮
Lugosi only portrayed Dracula for Universal twice. The second time being in 1948's "Abbott & Costello Meet Frankenstein". There were Dracula sequels like Dracula's Daughter and Son of Dracula and John Carradine played Dracula in a couple of other Universal films. Lugosi did play other vampires or vampire like characters in films for other studios though, like Count Mora in MGM's Mark of The Vampire and as Armand Tesla in Columbia's Return of The Vampire. There is also a short on youtube called Betty Boop Meets Dracula with Lugosi's short appearance in it.
Fun fact: Bela Lugosi played Dracula on film just once more, in Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein. He played the evil hunchback Ygor in Son of Frankenstein and Ghost of Frankenstein. And he actually played Frankenstein's Monster in Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man.
An unfortunate truth about this film is that a lot of it was lost and we now have a cobbled together version that is possibly edited out of order. It's impossible to see the version that audiences saw in 1931.
Well, they edited the movie in accordance to the 1927 Broadway stage play, which the movie was an adaptation of. That's basically also what got Lugosi the role - he'd already played Dracula for four years in the play.
The Spanish language version includes some of the scenes that were lost from the English version. For example, in the English version, we seen Renfield approaching the maid, but the scene ends abruptly. In the Spanish version, we see him try to pick a bug off her dress.
@@ShawnRavenfire The Spanish version is interesting and , I think, in some areas better. It is also a bit more risqué in terms of decolletage etc. It must have been chaos on set as they changed over from shooting the English version with one cast and crew during the day to shooting on the same sets with the second cast and crew at night for the Spanish version.
@@BarryHart-xo1oynot really..it added atmosphere and the performances may not been as good, yet different enough to make it a solid decent adaptation.
Dwight Frye, who played Renfield, is the best thing in this movie, IMO. He should have patented that creepy laugh - it was absolutely brilliant and iconic.
Lugosi actually was hired because he did dinner plays and stage plays for Dracula. Most actors of that time usually had a big career history in stage plays. On a side note there is a Spanish verision of Dracula the used the exact same sets as this production. A complete separate Spanish cast but also they had to film late at night after the Logosi cast and crew left for the day. Their Renifled was really good as well. Spanish Dracula is not as good as Ligousi's but it well worth the watch for the performances.
In the Spanish version of Dracula (shot at the same time this was being filmed and using the same sets) when Renfield creeps up on the fainted maid, he's actually spotted a fly on her and is after it, not the maid.
Dwight Frye, who played Renfield, was quite a good actor. I’ve seen him in a few films and he always looks completely different. I don’t even recognize him until he speaks. He played the hunchback Fritz in the original “Frankenstein”, and Karl in“Bride Of Frankenstein”. Edward Van Sloan, who played Van Helsing was also in “Frankenstein”, and “The Mummy”.
The thing with the vampire wives reminds me of a moment in Buffy the Vampire Slayer where they meet Dracula and somebody I think Giles gets taken prisoner and is being mobbed by Dracula's wives. Riley rescues him and Giles is kind of hypnotized so he doesn't want to leave and Riley says "No more chick pit for you!"
@2:57, The silent version was the German film "Nosferatu", which was made without the permission of Bram Stoker's estate. This was the first legal film adaptation of the story. Interesting note: prior to this, there was no "supernatural" horror in Hollywood cinema. In any earlier horror films, there was always reveal at the end that the seemingly supernatural horror was just someone in disguise and/or part of a larger plot. (It was the original "Scooby Doo" type of ending.) The 1931 "Dracula" broke that trope by having Dracula be a real vampire. There had not been any previous film adaptations, but there WAS a stage play. That is what this film is based on. (You'll be able to tell that once the action moves to England from Transylvania.) That was where Lugosi first played the part. Universal Studio had originally planned on a big-budget adaptation of Stoker's novel, but the onset of the Great Depression meant they had to cut budgets. The most economical way to do that was to simply adapt the play for for film. Another note was this was when sound films were only a few years old. Thus, for many audiences, seeing a sound film (even if it was just an adaptation of a stage play) was a big deal for them. Oh, you should watch and review the 1931 Spanish-language "Dracula". It was made for Spanish speaking audiences, and was filmed at night, on the same sets. (This was before dubbing was a smooth process). It's generally considered to be a technically superior film, but the lead actor doesn't have Lugosi's charisma.
2:55 Actually, she's absolutely right: Nosferatu was the first movie based on Dracula - but it wasn't in the public domain yet, and they didn't bother to get the rights, so they had to rename him.
You two really must watch *_'Love at First Bite'_* one of these days! Pokes a lot of fun at this movie, with George Hamilton (Dracula) and Arte Johnson (Renfield) absolutely nailing their performances ... it's just brilliant😂
Dracula is the same story as Nosferatu (1922), but because of copyright, they had to call Max Schreck Count Orlok instead of Dracula, Nosferatu, which means vampire. Dracula opened on 5 October 1927 at the Fulton Theatre in New York City, and Bela Lugosi played Dracula for 261 performances before the movie. Bela was an outstanding actor and managed to play other roles, but he was and will forever be linked to Dracula. When he died, he was actually buried wearing the Dracula Costume.
Everyone should go through a Halloween journey through the Classic Universal Monster Franchise. I hope you watch them all. As for Dracula being killed at the end - well, since you know there are Dracula sequels then I can say without spoilers that there is something about Vampire Lore you don't know yet. I'm looking forward to watching you find out.
If you’re confused about the wolf connection to Dracula, in our modern lore, vampires and werewolves are seen as total opposites, even arch enemies. But in the much older lore of the vampire, the vampire and the werewolf were seen as much closer in abilities and powers and weaknesses
Modern pop culture separated werewolves and vampires into two completely different monsters who sometimes even hate one another, but Dracula was written in an earlier time when it was more blended together. Count Dracula can become many different things at will, from bats and wolves to mist.
Nosferatu actually is the story of Dracula, changed slightly to try to avoid copyright issues, but Stoker's widow successfully sued Prada films over the film though and at that time all copies were ordered to be destroyed. Fortunately, not all were.
This was one of if not the first movie with sound in it and so they were still learning things about filmmaking with sound which is why it has that loud background hiss and almost complete lack of music. It honestly makes the movie creepier and even more modern by todays standards.
sound basically started in 1928 with The Jazz Singer with Al Jolson, but yes & most theatres didn't have any speakers yet, too so for a lot of people, this was a silent movie with an organist & the Great Depression hit at this time, which slowed down sound advancement
Ok so to answer a couple questions that came up: Dracula is able to enter the Seward house because Renfield invited him. At the end, you asked how Drac returns for sequels. For years, he did not. Both 'Dracula's Daughter' - a direct sequel to this which is AWESOME, btw - and 'Son of Dracula' proceed from the premise that Dracula is dead. His daughter even burns the body and performs an exorcism! It isn't until 'House of Frankenstein' that the OG Drac is resurrected. And then he's played by John Carradine. This also happened with the Hammer Dracula movies: the Count stayed dead for years after the first one and was finally brought back in 'Dracula, Prince of Darkness." From that movie on, Dracula became this guy who died in every sequel and got resurrected on the next. But the studios took years to figure that trick out.
Nosferatu was actually a German adaptation of Dracula that was made illegally; plot points and character names were changed in an effort to avoid getting sued but it didn't work. Bram Stoker's widow tried to get every single copy of that film destroyed but one print survived and now the film is in the public domain. Count Orlok is now recognized as one of the most iconic vampires next to Dracula.
Renfield crawls up to the female that fainted and catches a fly that had landed on her. That part was taken out of the film. Back then they didn't dub movies, I guess, instead what the studios did with films like Dracula was they had other actors and actresses use the same sets and play the parts of Dracula and the other characters in Spanish. I've seen both versions and they are both great, luckily I know Spanish, but if you've seen the English version over and over, you can pretty much follow what's going on in the Spanish version, I don't think too much was changed.
Like Universal's Frankenstein, Dracula was based, in part, on the stage play vs. the novel. At the time, Lugosi was still not that fluent in English, and he learned his lines phonetically. Various movies reverse Lucy and Mina or Harker and Renfield. In the Christopher Lee Dracula, Harker goes to Transylvania
If you want to have an Avengers-type team-up of the Universal movie Monsters you MUST check out "Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein" (1948). With a Rotten Tomatoes 90% rating this is sort of like "Shaun of the Dead" of its day. A supernatural comedy that is also well-made. With Lon Chaney Jr. as the Wolfman, Bela Lugosi as Dracula, Glenn Strange as Frankenstein's Monster, Charles Bradstreet as Dr. Stevens (a mad scientist), and a cameo of Vincent Price as The Invisible Man (voice only). This is also a great intro to the comedy team of Abbott and Costello known for perhaps the greatest comedy routine of all time, "Who's on First".
@JollyJeff "Sort like a Shaun of the dead of its day"?😕 Only in that they're both horror comedies, other than that your comparison is extremely random, Bud Abbott and Lou Costello were an established comedy duo meeting three iconic monsters, but Shaun/Ed/Liz/David/Di were just one-off original characters fighting generic zombies.🤣
@@justindenney-hall5875 Simon Pegg and Nick Frost are a comedy duo who starred in three iconic horror/fantasy movies (Shaun of the Dead, Hot Fuzz, and The World's End). Yes, they are not exactly the same as A & C but there are some comparisons to be made.
@@JollyJeff Actual Lee: He was referring to two comedy character's that had already been in several films as opposed to the group of one-off characters, not the actor's in and of themselves, therefore your rebuttal is invalid.
I'm writing this before i watch your reaction. I'm in my 70s & watched all the 1930s-40s horror films on tv back then. Dracula was & still is a classic, but even as a kid I recognized that it was not great film making. It is basically a stage play put on film. Saved by Lugosi & Dwight Frye (Renfield) performances. Btw, in looking at you upcoming slate of old classics, you left out the one I think was the best film of them all...The Invisible Man.
I saw this in the late 50s (age 8 or 9) and it scared the (ell out of me. When Lugosi walks down the stairs and thru the cobwebs without breaking any of them, I genuinely almost wet my pants. Seriously. Absolute classic.
There's lots of matte paintings used in the Original STAR WARS films as well. Google armadillos in Dracula! Interesting! A great Anthony Hopkins you should check out is The EDGE,co starring Alec Baldwin. His plane crashes in the Alaskan wilderness and he and two others are being pursued by a huge and hungry GRIZZLY. They run and flee until they are exhausted and are forced to use their wits and intelligence to fight the bear. Excellent film!
Bela Lugosi only ever played Dracula twice (once for this original movie and again in the satirical comedy film Abbott & Costello Meet Frankenstein.... however he has played Dracula-like vampires in many movies and other monsters, heck he even played the Frankenstein monster in Frankenstein Meets The Wolf Man). 🧛♂️🧌
Back in a time when actors relished 'owning' a role. Later they seem to resent it until reason catches and passes ego. Leonard Nimoy is an excellent example with the Spock character.
Renfield was played by Dwight Fry. Alice Cooper has a great song called The Ballad Of Dwight Fry. Another great vampire song is by B.O.C. Called Nosferatu. It’s also an old school silent movie from Germany which is the first adaptation of the Dracula character. It’s pretty weird and don’t think wifey would like it.
As others have commented, Nosferatu WAS the first Dracula movie. They didn't have the rights, so they changed the names. There was never a team up of the universal monsters, officially. The Dark Universe is still something Universal is trying to put together. The original title for Abigail was "Dracula's Daughter" and part of Universals attempt to create their Dark Universe.
“Countess Lucy” doesn’t end up sounding so bad in light of the fact that there was an Empress of Austria in the mid 1800’s who was commonly referred to as Sissi. Apparently, there are so many paintings and actual photographs of her that we know she was strikingly beautiful. I think European sensibilities are prepared to overlook the silly designation of “Empress Sissi” for such a hot female.
One of the oldest is still the best. Lugosi's performance was great as was Renfields and Van Helsings. This is how horror should be done, relying on atmosphere and tone instead of gore. It's really a drama and not an action movie.
@allengator1914 Something like that does happen in "House of Frankenstein" (1944) however that's a retcon because in the follow up film "Dracula's Daughter" (1936) the title character ritually cremated her father's remains.
Bela LU -go -she, is how you're supposed to pronounce it according to the late Christopher Lee. And apparently even after a century, Stoker's book the way he wrote it, has never been done on screen.
The 1977 BBC version is the most faithful to the book. It's a difficult novel to do a 100% accurate adaptation of, because much of the story is told from the point of view of different characters, and it doesn't have just one main character or a single narrative. The book is presented in the form of a collection of letters and newspaper articles (to make it seem more like a series of real events which the author has simply discovered and is piecing together). The original Frankenstein story is told in a similar way. To make it exactly like the book, it would probably have to be done as a tv series, with each episode focusing on seperate characters and events, and with different directors for each chapter to give each part of the story a unique look and feel. You couldn't really capture that in a movie.
This is the same story as "Nosferatu" in that both films are based on Bram Stoker's "Dracula". "Nosferatu" was an illegal adaptation and a court ordered all copies of the film to be destroyed.
Fortunately, a few copies survived.
Thank God for that!
And significantly more terrifying even by today’s standards.
@@dmytryk7887 less than a few...I believe just one.
another good movie is "Shadow of the Vampire" which is set around the making of Nosferatu.
@@RoninUK-e3u Dafoe returns to Nosferatu in the new remake
Lugosi was buried in one of his Dracula capes, he adored the role the most out of his entire acting career
Legend has it that when Peter Lorre saw him, he said to Vincent Price "Should we drive a stake through his heart just to be safe?".
@@MikeyFilms yet he refused to repeat the role until Abbott and Costello
I've been to his (former) house (via delivery). Got a short tour. There's a business there last time I visited (It's been a while).
And he was STILL cavorting about in his Dracula cape in his very LAST movie... the posthumously released "Plan 9 From Outer Space" (1959), which has been described as "the worst movie ever made," in case you should want to rush out and see it...
@@Joe-hh8gd or was it never offered until then? Studio's aren't exactly smartly run often
Once you have Dracula, Frankenstein and the Wolfman under your belts, you'll be ready for Abbott and Costello meet Frankenstein.
A must
I'm off to find the Mummy.
And “The Invisible Man” (1933) with a relatively young Claude Rains (of “Casablanca” fame).
You mentioned how we're desensitized nowadays - in this movie, there's 1 drop of blood. The scene when Renfield cuts his finger!
In an entire Vampire-Genre-Basing movie, there's 1 drop of blood. And people were fainting in the theater.
Fun Fact: Bela Lugosi only reprised his role as Dracula in one of the sequels; Abbott and Costello meets Frankenstein.
It kind of makes it even creepier knowing that everyone on screen is long dead. For almost 100 years old, this movie holds up surprisingly well.
The last surviving cast member was Carla Laemmle who died in 2014 at the age of 104.
Very true.
"Listen to them, children of the night... what music they make!" 🕯🧛♂
"Children of the night...shut up!"
@@WVRSpenceWestVirginiaRebel BWAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAAAA!!! Nadia Comanici will arrive at your house tomorrow!!!!
@@WVRSpenceWestVirginiaRebel I knew the quote, but forgot which parody George Hamilton (yes) or Leslie Neilson.
@Wyrmksc Hamilton
Christopher Lee said it much better in the 1970 Jess Franco Dracula, complete with white moustache.
My parents saw Bela Lugosi perform Dracula on stage. After the show he appeared on stage in costume to assure the audience that they could rest easy that it was just a story and that vampires are not real - before disappearing from the stage in front of their eyes. While waiting for a bus across from the theatre they noticed that everyone that left the theatre crossed the road to avoid walking past the dark alleys at each end of the theatre.
Wow,l’m envious-your parents were lucky people.
That sounds wonderful! Wish I had a time machine. 😕
The ship captain being tied to the wheel is normal. During bad storms, ship captains would tie themselves to the wheel, to keep from being swept overboard.
Small factoid - Bela Lugosi couldn’t speak English. In the movie he read the lines but had no idea what the was saying. He later decided to learn English later for other roles, still with the Hungarian accent.
You're mistaken... Bela Lugosi starred in the Broadway Play this film was adopted from, and he wasn't initially thought-of for the film because his accent was so heavy, but he was eventually chosen and his portrayal with a heavy Eastern European accent became the standard for all the future Draculas...
It's really cool that you did the whole video in B&W. Excellent homage. Looking forward to the rest of your videos on the Universal Horror classics.
"Children of the Night...SHUT UP!!!" LOL!!! George Hamilton as Dracula in Love at First Bite! Hilarious!
A lot of actors did well in this, but Dwight Frye really left it all on the field (no pun intended).
It's Harker in the book, Renfield in this film - and that's not the only character to be switched around (several others were just dropped). The first clue that something was off should have been "Meet my carriage at the pass at midnight, and don't tell anyone".
When I was growing up, us kids would gather around the TV on late Saturday nights with Popcorn and watch "Creature Features" from WGN in Chicago consisting of all of these old B & W old movies with Bela Lugosi, Lon Chaney and others... Great memories.
And just FULL of lengthy commercial breaks while we were all struggling to stay awake.
With Svengoolie? Classic.
Yes,when l was growing up in the Boston area,one of the UHF channels (l think it was 56)would have “Creature Double Feature” on Saturday afternoons.
Three wives and the house is still dirty, LOL!
When people are impersonating Dracula, it always comes with that Hungarian accent and of course, ALL due to Bela Lugosi. They are not doing John Carradine, or Christopher Lee, but Lugosi!
Quite true-the other portrayals of Dracula just haven’t grabbed the popular imagination the way Lugosi’s has.
That's what Lee himself said
This is absolutely one of the iconic films in cinema history and Bela Lugosi's role as the Count is, likewise, one of its iconic roles. From the cinematography to the acting...all splendid.
Definitely! He was so iconic that even almost 100 years and dozens of other Dracula movies later, everyone still basically does a Lugosi impression when trying to act like a vampire.
@@silvershamrocknovelties5723 Interestingly enough, when I imagine Dracula speaking he sounds either like Louis Jourdan (from my favourite adaptation) or Frank Langella.
Yet, the film itself truly isn't that much of a horror film. After the action leaves Transylvania it's essentially a filmed version of the stage play, complete with actions being described that are happening just offstage/off-camer
Hammer's Dracula is far superior. Christopher Lee had way more screen presence and menace, and Peter Cushing was the best ever Van Helsing
In the recent horror comedy Renfield they overlaid Nicholas Cage on the background of this Dracula in the part where he first meets Renfield at Dracula's castle.
It's Lu-GOH-si. With a long O.
Legassi is the TV chef who shouted "BAM".
Don't forget Abbot and Costello's films with Dracula and Frankenstein!!!
That was Abbott and Costello Meet Frakenstine..it had Lugosi as Dracula, Lone Chaney as the Wolfman and Glenn Strange as the monster..good fun film and funny!
@@0PsychosisMedia0 My favorite horror comedy, other than Young Frankenstein. Also, “Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein” is currently named by Quentin Tarantino as one of his favorite films.
In the book version, the village peasants were strongly discouraging Jonathan but didn't straight up tell him there were vampires. In the movie, they straight up tell Renfield "There are vampires. They will drink your blood and straight up kill you." And he still goes.
‘Children of the night, what a mess they make! 😂
“He’s like Igor now”……well, kinda. Igor in Young Frankenstein was based on Fritz from Frankenstein, who was also played by Dwight Frye
Mel Brooks spoof Dracula: Dead And Loving It follows the 1931 Dracula very closely. Peter MacNicol's performance as Renfield in Brooks film is nearly the same performance as Dwight Frye in this film.
@11:40, The ship's captain being tied to the wheel is from the book. After Dracula eliminates all the rest of the crew, the captain ties himself to the wheel so that he'll be able to get the ship into a harbour as they're approaching England.
The movie Dracula (1931) was adapted from the Broadway production Dracula (1927) which was revised from the play Dracula (1924) which was based on the book Dracula (1897).
This is one of the finest films of its kind ever made. Exquisitely iconic in every way.
@31:50 The plot of this film, after the setting moved from Transylvania to London, followed the plot of the stage play rather than the novel. In the play, Dracula is destroyed at Carfax when he's forced to take to his earth box when the sun rises
"Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein" 1948
Svengoolie is showing it next month!
That’s a great idea-that movie is so much fun.
That's for dessert.
The best of the crossover/team-up movies by a LONGSHOT.
In the original novel, Jonathan Harker meets Dracula in his castle, not Renfield.
I have that same Blu-Ray set. It's a great collection of movies. I also have the Frankenstein set.
Thanks for watching these. So few channels honor the originals.
At the same time that this was made, Universal was also making a Spanish language version to be played in Mexico. Instead of just being a straightforward copy, the Spanish director put his own unique stamp on the material. When Dracula is first introduced there is a crane shot from the bottom of the stairs to the top.
I just hope they eventually get around to doing a review of the Spanish version of Dracula. Same movie, same sets but different actors/camera/angles etc. they filmed at nights after the American version stopped but that gave them a chance often to watch the dailies from the day shoots so they could make their scenes look and flow better.
That would be cool.
I actually prefer the Spainish version as that one's Dracula is creepy while Lugosi's was just mysterious. But the actor who played Renfield was just terrifying in with his version.
@@donovanbradford8231 agreed. Lugosi has the look but Villarías is more menacing. When it comes to Renfield I prefer Frye’s creepy manic portrayal of the character over Rubio’s over the top performance.
Yes. Came here to say this. A lot of fans consider the spanish version to be better than this one.
Interesting tidbit: the opening line in the film, spoken by a young woman reading in the carriage and then gets bumped about, is Carla Laemmle (niece of Universal Pictures founder Carl Laemmle). She lived to be 104 (1909-2014). She’s also a ballerina in The Phantom of the Opera (1925). I remember following her on social media… had to, I was a Universal horror fan as a child decades ago.
Well Thank you for finally visiting this Classic. 👏🏽👏🏽👏🏽👏🏽
The Felicity star name your looking for is Keri Russell.
When I was a kid, they used to show all of the Universal Monsters movies on TV, and we used to watch them on Sunday afternoons, after my mom would make a big, homemade lunch. Really good memories.
One of the best horror films of all time and Bela Lugosi is truly iconic in this role. The Universal Monster Movies are a great way to introduce young people to horror as they’re not as intense as many horror films today when it comes to violence, but the atmosphere that are in these films are still great to this day. It’s great to see you two watch this, hope you’re both doing well. Have a great day and a great weekend, take care!
This is the best one!!!! Anything with Bella Lagossi, Lon Chaney and Vincent Price are the greatest. Have a good weekend.
Left out Boris and Peter Lorre.
@@lokivt you are so right
I absolutely never do this but...I've noticed you use discs over streaming. That alone is both commendable and laudable. But now must add good taste. The Joe-Bob t-shirts too? Gotta give this my first thumbs-up ever to any youtube video.
And, if not already mentioned, Dwight (Renfield) Frye was the inspiration for Alice Cooper's "Ballad of Dwight Frye." (He also appeared in Frankenstein.)
Would be cool if the next movie was the Hammer remake Horror of Dracula. Viewed on its own, some find it so tame. But viewed after Lugosi's, one realizes the major jump in both filmmaking and allowable content, making it more impressive. A great bridge between years past.
And it wasn't terrifying in the 30s. I wasn't there, of course, but I've known people who were. Remember, this was based on a play, as the opening credits stated. That's why it's so stagey. Frankenstein may have been a different story though. That first reveal must have stunned people.
I ALWAYS prefer discs over streaming. Not only do the discs include bonus features not available on streaming, but with the physical copies as long as you take proper care of them they WILL last a lifetime. Streaming services will often remove films without notice, even if you paid extra to add it to a permanent collection...
One of my great-aunts was named Mina, which is a diminutive of Ermina, which is also the source of Minnie, like Mickey's girlfriend.
Hope you do Abbot and Costello Meet Frankenstein. It was definitely the "Avengers" that all these films built up to.
I must add both the Mummy and Creature from the Black Lagoon may have been passed over for the Abbott and Costello film, yet they are part of the OG monsters we all love.
This was an adaptation of a stage play, which in turn was an adaptation of Bram Stoker's novel. Thus the combining of characters and the sparseness of the settings. And Bela Lugosi had played the titular character in the play as well.
The complex way of getting to the vault is likely based on an old 50s or 60s sitcom. The program was called Jack Benny, in the show he played a penny pinching scrooge. On episodes where he visited his vault, it would be such a complex way to get to the vaul, where he supposedly kept his money.
To understand horror films and culture you must go back to the beginning. These films created an entire culture in the early 1930s at a time when this sort of thing wasn’t acceptable. Dracula and Frankenstein were pre-code meaning they got a way with more than what you did after 1933-34. These were considered racy and violent for this period. These films stand the test of time due to them being the first “talkies” that delved into the horror realm. Yes, you had silent era horror films but they always felt that these films couldn’t make the transition into the so called “talkie era” of post 1928 Hollywood. I had suggested these films a couple years ago on a live stream so I’m thrilled that you guys are finally getting to them.
Fun fact: The only reason Dracula has a cape is because of the early stage version, where Dracula wearing a cape helps with hiding some theatrical technical magic.
This is by far my favorite! Bela Lugosi has just an imposing presence without even doing or saying anything. 🎃🔪
That movie is such a classic, Bela Lugosi played the part very well like he's made for it.
Phil Collen (Def Leppard) had a custom guitar with Bela Lugosi's Dracula face made in the late 80's... A few years ago my brother had a replica made also 😅 it glows in the dark 😮
Lugosi only portrayed Dracula for Universal twice. The second time being in 1948's "Abbott & Costello Meet Frankenstein". There were Dracula sequels like Dracula's Daughter and Son of Dracula and John Carradine played Dracula in a couple of other Universal films. Lugosi did play other vampires or vampire like characters in films for other studios though, like Count Mora in MGM's Mark of The Vampire and as Armand Tesla in Columbia's Return of The Vampire. There is also a short on youtube called Betty Boop Meets Dracula with Lugosi's short appearance in it.
The voice of the Harbour Master, who talks about the captain of the Vesta being tied to the wheel, was Tod Browning, the director of the movie
Ever since I was a kid, Lugosi's stare freaks me out.
Fun fact: Bela Lugosi played Dracula on film just once more, in Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein.
He played the evil hunchback Ygor in Son of Frankenstein and Ghost of Frankenstein. And he actually played Frankenstein's Monster in Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man.
7:06--high ceilings--it must take forever to heat.
An unfortunate truth about this film is that a lot of it was lost and we now have a cobbled together version that is possibly edited out of order. It's impossible to see the version that audiences saw in 1931.
Well, they edited the movie in accordance to the 1927 Broadway stage play, which the movie was an adaptation of. That's basically also what got Lugosi the role - he'd already played Dracula for four years in the play.
The Spanish language version includes some of the scenes that were lost from the English version. For example, in the English version, we seen Renfield approaching the maid, but the scene ends abruptly. In the Spanish version, we see him try to pick a bug off her dress.
@@ShawnRavenfire The Spanish version is interesting and , I think, in some areas better. It is also a bit more risqué in terms of decolletage etc. It must have been chaos on set as they changed over from shooting the English version with one cast and crew during the day to shooting on the same sets with the second cast and crew at night for the Spanish version.
That’s sad.
@@BarryHart-xo1oynot really..it added atmosphere and the performances may not been as good, yet different enough to make it a solid decent adaptation.
Starting in black and white was a brilliant idea. I love it❤
Absolute classic and iconic film
Crazy how film still looks so clean
Almost like it's not limited to pixels.
Dwight Frye, who played Renfield, is the best thing in this movie, IMO. He should have patented that creepy laugh - it was absolutely brilliant and iconic.
Lugosi actually was hired because he did dinner plays and stage plays for Dracula. Most actors of that time usually had a big career history in stage plays.
On a side note there is a Spanish verision of Dracula the used the exact same sets as this production. A complete separate Spanish cast but also they had to film late at night after the Logosi cast and crew left for the day. Their Renifled was really good as well. Spanish Dracula is not as good as Ligousi's but it well worth the watch for the performances.
In the Spanish version of Dracula (shot at the same time this was being filmed and using the same sets) when Renfield creeps up on the fainted maid, he's actually spotted a fly on her and is after it, not the maid.
Dwight Frye, who played Renfield, was quite a good actor. I’ve seen him in a few films and he always looks completely different. I don’t even recognize him until he speaks. He played the hunchback Fritz in the original “Frankenstein”, and Karl in“Bride Of Frankenstein”.
Edward Van Sloan, who played Van Helsing was also in “Frankenstein”, and “The Mummy”.
The thing with the vampire wives reminds me of a moment in Buffy the Vampire Slayer where they meet Dracula and somebody I think Giles gets taken prisoner and is being mobbed by Dracula's wives. Riley rescues him and Giles is kind of hypnotized so he doesn't want to leave and Riley says "No more chick pit for you!"
This a a classic of early talking pictures.
@2:57, The silent version was the German film "Nosferatu", which was made without the permission of Bram Stoker's estate.
This was the first legal film adaptation of the story. Interesting note: prior to this, there was no "supernatural" horror in Hollywood cinema. In any earlier horror films, there was always reveal at the end that the seemingly supernatural horror was just someone in disguise and/or part of a larger plot. (It was the original "Scooby Doo" type of ending.) The 1931 "Dracula" broke that trope by having Dracula be a real vampire.
There had not been any previous film adaptations, but there WAS a stage play. That is what this film is based on. (You'll be able to tell that once the action moves to England from Transylvania.) That was where Lugosi first played the part. Universal Studio had originally planned on a big-budget adaptation of Stoker's novel, but the onset of the Great Depression meant they had to cut budgets. The most economical way to do that was to simply adapt the play for for film.
Another note was this was when sound films were only a few years old. Thus, for many audiences, seeing a sound film (even if it was just an adaptation of a stage play) was a big deal for them.
Oh, you should watch and review the 1931 Spanish-language "Dracula". It was made for Spanish speaking audiences, and was filmed at night, on the same sets. (This was before dubbing was a smooth process). It's generally considered to be a technically superior film, but the lead actor doesn't have Lugosi's charisma.
2:55 Actually, she's absolutely right: Nosferatu was the first movie based on Dracula - but it wasn't in the public domain yet, and they didn't bother to get the rights, so they had to rename him.
You two really must watch *_'Love at First Bite'_* one of these days! Pokes a lot of fun at this movie, with George Hamilton (Dracula) and Arte Johnson (Renfield) absolutely nailing their performances ... it's just brilliant😂
@@BrodieVickers-tk9sd I loved that one. It was hilarious. I don't know if it was Jeff Goldblum's first film, but he was very young
Dracula is the same story as Nosferatu (1922), but because of copyright, they had to call Max Schreck Count Orlok instead of Dracula, Nosferatu, which means vampire. Dracula opened on 5 October 1927 at the Fulton Theatre in New York City, and Bela Lugosi played Dracula for 261 performances before the movie. Bela was an outstanding actor and managed to play other roles, but he was and will forever be linked to Dracula. When he died, he was actually buried wearing the Dracula Costume.
Everyone should go through a Halloween journey through the Classic Universal Monster Franchise. I hope you watch them all. As for Dracula being killed at the end - well, since you know there are Dracula sequels then I can say without spoilers that there is something about Vampire Lore you don't know yet. I'm looking forward to watching you find out.
Another definitive classic.
If you’re confused about the wolf connection to Dracula, in our modern lore, vampires and werewolves are seen as total opposites, even arch enemies. But in the much older lore of the vampire, the vampire and the werewolf were seen as much closer in abilities and powers and weaknesses
@18:11, That was a shot from later in the film. They just opted to use the footage twice.
Modern pop culture separated werewolves and vampires into two completely different monsters who sometimes even hate one another, but Dracula was written in an earlier time when it was more blended together. Count Dracula can become many different things at will, from bats and wolves to mist.
Nosferatu actually is the story of Dracula, changed slightly to try to avoid copyright issues, but Stoker's widow successfully sued Prada films over the film though and at that time all copies were ordered to be destroyed. Fortunately, not all were.
This movie ranked at #79 in the 100 scariest movie moments on Bravo cool reaction as always Mr. & Mrs. Movies, you both take care
One Of My Favorites!❤
This was one of if not the first movie with sound in it and so they were still learning things about filmmaking with sound which is why it has that loud background hiss and almost complete lack of music. It honestly makes the movie creepier and even more modern by todays standards.
sound basically started in 1928 with The Jazz Singer with Al Jolson, but yes
& most theatres didn't have any speakers yet, too
so for a lot of people, this was a silent movie with an organist
& the Great Depression hit at this time, which slowed down sound advancement
So happy you guys are watching classic horror! Blessings and happy thoughts!😇🤳🎭🎃🧟🎃🌚👻
Please see the movie "Ed Wood". Bela Lugosi's final days, brilliantly played by Martin Landau. Broke my heart.
This film is based off of the stage play 'Dracula', which took some liberties w/ the plot, as you can see.
Mel Brooks' send up of this movie Dracula: Dead and Loving It is hilarious.
Also Love at First Bite (1979)
Ok so to answer a couple questions that came up:
Dracula is able to enter the Seward house because Renfield invited him.
At the end, you asked how Drac returns for sequels. For years, he did not. Both 'Dracula's Daughter' - a direct sequel to this which is AWESOME, btw - and 'Son of Dracula' proceed from the premise that Dracula is dead. His daughter even burns the body and performs an exorcism! It isn't until 'House of Frankenstein' that the OG Drac is resurrected. And then he's played by John Carradine.
This also happened with the Hammer Dracula movies: the Count stayed dead for years after the first one and was finally brought back in 'Dracula, Prince of Darkness." From that movie on, Dracula became this guy who died in every sequel and got resurrected on the next. But the studios took years to figure that trick out.
Nosferatu was actually a German adaptation of Dracula that was made illegally; plot points and character names were changed in an effort to avoid getting sued but it didn't work. Bram Stoker's widow tried to get every single copy of that film destroyed but one print survived and now the film is in the public domain. Count Orlok is now recognized as one of the most iconic vampires next to Dracula.
Quite right-the Nosferatu look was used in the 1979 miniseries version of “‘Salem’s Lot” and the Taika Waititi movie “What we Do in the Shadows”.
Renfield crawls up to the female that fainted and catches a fly that had landed on her. That part was taken out of the film.
Back then they didn't dub movies, I guess, instead what the studios did with films like Dracula was they had other actors and actresses use the same sets and play the parts of Dracula and the other characters in Spanish. I've seen both versions and they are both great, luckily I know Spanish, but if you've seen the English version over and over, you can pretty much follow what's going on in the Spanish version, I don't think too much was changed.
The actress's name is Keri Russell she was in the show Felicity but your husband might remember her from cocaine bear
Like Universal's Frankenstein, Dracula was based, in part, on the stage play vs. the novel. At the time, Lugosi was still not that fluent in English, and he learned his lines phonetically. Various movies reverse Lucy and Mina or Harker and Renfield. In the Christopher Lee Dracula, Harker goes to Transylvania
If you want to have an Avengers-type team-up of the Universal movie Monsters you MUST check out "Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein" (1948). With a Rotten Tomatoes 90% rating this is sort of like "Shaun of the Dead" of its day. A supernatural comedy that is also well-made. With Lon Chaney Jr. as the Wolfman, Bela Lugosi as Dracula, Glenn Strange as Frankenstein's Monster, Charles Bradstreet as Dr. Stevens (a mad scientist), and a cameo of Vincent Price as The Invisible Man (voice only). This is also a great intro to the comedy team of Abbott and Costello known for perhaps the greatest comedy routine of all time, "Who's on First".
An argument can be made it's the best Universal monster movie.
@JollyJeff "Sort like a Shaun of the dead of its day"?😕 Only in that they're both horror comedies, other than that your comparison is extremely random, Bud Abbott and Lou Costello were an established comedy duo meeting three iconic monsters, but Shaun/Ed/Liz/David/Di were just one-off original characters fighting generic zombies.🤣
@@justindenney-hall5875 Simon Pegg and Nick Frost are a comedy duo who starred in three iconic horror/fantasy movies (Shaun of the Dead, Hot Fuzz, and The World's End). Yes, they are not exactly the same as A & C but there are some comparisons to be made.
@@JollyJeff
Actual Lee: He was referring to two comedy character's that had already been in several films as opposed to the group of one-off characters, not the actor's in and of themselves, therefore your rebuttal is invalid.
My Dad told us kids "Scared is hitchhiking home from the theatre in the dark after seeing Dracula".
I'm writing this before i watch your reaction. I'm in my 70s & watched all the 1930s-40s horror films on tv back then. Dracula was & still is a classic, but even as a kid I recognized that it was not great film making. It is basically a stage play put on film. Saved by Lugosi & Dwight Frye (Renfield) performances. Btw, in looking at you upcoming slate of old classics, you left out the one I think was the best film of them all...The Invisible Man.
They have to react to Son Of Frankenstein " for Bela's Ygor the hunchback role..and of course the last Borris Karlof's last portrayal of the monster
I saw this in the late 50s (age 8 or 9) and it scared the (ell out of me. When Lugosi walks down the stairs and thru the cobwebs without breaking any of them, I genuinely almost wet my pants. Seriously. Absolute classic.
There's lots of matte paintings used in the Original STAR WARS films as well. Google armadillos in Dracula! Interesting! A great Anthony Hopkins you should check out is The EDGE,co starring Alec Baldwin. His plane crashes in the Alaskan wilderness and he and two others are being pursued by a huge and hungry GRIZZLY. They run and flee until they are exhausted and are forced to use their wits and intelligence to fight the bear. Excellent film!
Bela Lugosi wanted to spend the rest of his life playing Dracula, unfortunately for him, that's a one time thing.
Bela Lugosi only ever played Dracula twice (once for this original movie and again in the satirical comedy film Abbott & Costello Meet Frankenstein.... however he has played Dracula-like vampires in many movies and other monsters, heck he even played the Frankenstein monster in Frankenstein Meets The Wolf Man). 🧛♂️🧌
@@MLJ7956 twice in film but he played the count for a couple of years in the 1920s stage play
@@MikeyFilmsbingo
Back in a time when actors relished 'owning' a role. Later they seem to resent it until reason catches and passes ego. Leonard Nimoy is an excellent example with the Spock character.
Edit: Lugosi was buried, per his wishes, in a Dracula costume. Wow!!
Renfield was played by Dwight Fry. Alice Cooper has a great song called The Ballad Of Dwight Fry. Another great vampire song is by B.O.C. Called Nosferatu. It’s also an old school silent movie from Germany which is the first adaptation of the Dracula character. It’s pretty weird and don’t think wifey would like it.
As others have commented, Nosferatu WAS the first Dracula movie. They didn't have the rights, so they changed the names.
There was never a team up of the universal monsters, officially. The Dark Universe is still something Universal is trying to put together.
The original title for Abigail was "Dracula's Daughter" and part of Universals attempt to create their Dark Universe.
@MichaelTotin "As others have commented" You knew it was redundant, yet you still said it...🤨
@@justindenney-hall5875 I didn't see anyone make the same comments I made. Also, are you the youtube comment police?
@@MichaelTotin First you said "As others have commented" now you say "I didn't see anyone make the same comments"...?
"REALLY NIGGA?!"🙄🤣
Renfield is by far my favorite part of this movie.
When I was a kid I used to like to say: "Crizy! They're all crizy! Except yoo and me. And sometimes I have me doubts about yoo."
The sets were great. Carfax Abbey looks like a tomb.
“Countess Lucy” doesn’t end up sounding so bad in light of the fact that there was an Empress of Austria in the mid 1800’s who was commonly referred to as Sissi. Apparently, there are so many paintings and actual photographs of her that we know she was strikingly beautiful. I think European sensibilities are prepared to overlook the silly designation of “Empress Sissi” for such a hot female.
One of the oldest is still the best. Lugosi's performance was great as was Renfields and Van Helsings. This is how horror should be done, relying on atmosphere and tone instead of gore. It's really a drama and not an action movie.
In some Vampire lore, a staked vampire can return if the stake is removed and fresh blood is poured onto the corpse to reanimate it.
@allengator1914 Something like that does happen in "House of Frankenstein" (1944) however that's a retcon because in the follow up film "Dracula's Daughter" (1936) the title character ritually cremated her father's remains.
Bela LU -go -she, is how you're supposed to pronounce it according to the late Christopher Lee. And apparently even after a century, Stoker's book the way he wrote it, has never been done on screen.
The 1977 BBC version is the most faithful to the book. It's a difficult novel to do a 100% accurate adaptation of, because much of the story is told from the point of view of different characters, and it doesn't have just one main character or a single narrative.
The book is presented in the form of a collection of letters and newspaper articles (to make it seem more like a series of real events which the author has simply discovered and is piecing together). The original Frankenstein story is told in a similar way.
To make it exactly like the book, it would probably have to be done as a tv series, with each episode focusing on seperate characters and events, and with different directors for each chapter to give each part of the story a unique look and feel. You couldn't really capture that in a movie.
Coppola's version is very close. Of course there are a lot of changes, but it is surprisingly close to the book.