Studying Computational Neuroscience Worth It?

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 18 พ.ค. 2024
  • Hi👋, today I want to give you 8 possible career options after finishing computational neuroscience. If you are missing one let me know in the comments below 🧠.
    00:00 - Intro
    01:57 - Neurotech
    03:47 - Digital Health
    04:23 - Professor
    05:33- Biotech
    06:14 - Scientific journalist
    07:35 - Computational finance
    08:55- Permanent staff scientist
    11:45 - Start-up
    🎵 Copyright free music: Epidemic Sound - share.epidemicsound.com/ndkqqq
    📚Resources:
    www.cbinsights.com/research/n...
    smartsciencecareer.com/how-to...
    Books I love:
    Deep Work - geni.us/XPlK0Q
    Show your work - geni.us/IZ4B7
    Courses I love:
    Machine learning course - imp.i384100.net/9W64oe
    My noise cancelling headphones:
    Bose QuietComfort 35 II - geni.us/YQzq
    Sony WH-1000XM4 - geni.us/60vGhb
    *Some of the links are affiliate links, which help me buy some extra coffee throughout the week ☕️
    🙋‍♀️ Hi, my name is Charlotte Fraza a second year PhD student in Computational Neuroscience at the Donders institute in the Netherlands. With this Channel I hope to teach the world about Computational Neuroscience and give current and prospective students the tools to enter this field. I hope you enjoy the videos ❤️.
    💃 Connect with me
    🐦 Twitter: / cfraza
    📧 For brands/collaborations: charfraza@gmail.com
    I try to answer all the comments, but if I don't respond I'm probably in my coding cave 👩‍💻
    Sub count:
    📈 36,272

ความคิดเห็น • 92

  • @kanishktantia7899
    @kanishktantia7899 ปีที่แล้ว +64

    Commenting from India so that you can get more views and recommendations in my region. Great video by the way

  • @manudasmd
    @manudasmd ปีที่แล้ว +50

    I started learning computational neuroscience from a biology background. Its going well so far... I am a psychiatrist.Thanks to MIT OCW videos... Going well so far👍

    • @spiritual_scientist9744
      @spiritual_scientist9744 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      I am med student I also want to find new treatments for mental illnesses can u guide me how to proceed

    • @andrewhazelwood698
      @andrewhazelwood698 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      which courses do you specifically recommend for beginners?

    • @francesescocerutti7107
      @francesescocerutti7107 ปีที่แล้ว

      but did you go to school to become a therapist after the master's degree in neuroscience?

    • @manudasmd
      @manudasmd ปีที่แล้ว

      @@francesescocerutti7107 I don't have a masters degree in neuroscience dumbo. I have a medical degree ( MBBS +MD) = 8 years (And last time I checked medicine is basically a branch of biology) it's Indian medical degree.

    • @manudasmd
      @manudasmd ปีที่แล้ว

      @@francesescocerutti7107 and there is a difference between a therapist/psychologist and a psychiatrist. I guess you skipped too much school

  • @yusstoss
    @yusstoss ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I just discovered your channel today and have been binge watching ever since. Thank you for posting these videos. Looking forward for more content to plow through 💛

  • @misssunshine537
    @misssunshine537 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    I absolutely love your channel. And you explain things so well. Thank you♡

  • @mariaduk6366
    @mariaduk6366 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Thank you for the video, I’m currently doing MSc in Neuroscience and recently I’ve been interested in computational neuroscience. Very informative!

  • @lilianignatius
    @lilianignatius 11 วันที่ผ่านมา

    thank you so much! I never knew of these options.

  • @konradd8545
    @konradd8545 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    I've been working in Tech (Finance) for years now and I never would have assumed that Computational Neuroscience can be used in big banks. Thanks Charlotte for explaining this! There might be a niche for me after all!

  • @jordanr8745
    @jordanr8745 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    Amazing video! Thank you. Most of the non-professor options doesn’t look good to me though.

  • @abrorxalilov2550
    @abrorxalilov2550 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you!

  • @aminamoudjar4561
    @aminamoudjar4561 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    😊 thank you for the information
    could you please make a video about artificial intelligence and brain machine interface

  • @juliellison9030
    @juliellison9030 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Great video, as always! I am taking your summer break advice and started 100 Days of Python a couple weeks ago :) So far I've been impressed with the course and the projects are really interesting. By the way, if anyone else is interested in a study group for the class let me know!

  • @mariaglez5453
    @mariaglez5453 ปีที่แล้ว

    Awesome!

  • @TheIguandon
    @TheIguandon ปีที่แล้ว

    I love your videos, really I've discover something new, by the way, what's the song?

  • @rigelr5345
    @rigelr5345 ปีที่แล้ว +42

    I have a master's degree in Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, and my plan was always to do a PhD afterwards, right now I'm thinking more computational with Python programming (wet lab was not for me). However, my master's project was so stressful and I had really bad suicidal thoughts the last half year of it. Now I'm really scared to start a PhD, but I still find the neuroscience and programming really interesting, so I'm conflicted. Another thing is that you really don't get paid a lot as a PhD student. And that's for maybe three-four years, maybe more. I also have a chronic GI disease to manage, and really didn't feel like there was any (useful) help available doing my master's degree. So I'm really conflicted and stressed out about what to do :( Sigh. How hard has it been for you, stress-wise? Maybe you could even make a video about it?

    • @saminaakram2190
      @saminaakram2190 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

      Stay hard bro. You got it

    • @pascalrockenstiehl6972
      @pascalrockenstiehl6972 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Hey, this comment is now a year old, just wodered how and what you're doing

    • @rigelr5345
      @rigelr5345 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@pascalrockenstiehl6972 Woah yeah, time flies! Thanks for checking in on me. I eventually got a 6 month job as a programming research assistant at an MRI lab. After that, I went five weeks to Japan and South Korea. When I got home, I started a job in the tech industry as a solution's engineer where I now do some programming, a bit of data science / machine learning and (what is seriously making me consider quitting right now) customer contact. I think I've figured out I want to become a data scientist (and NOT have to talk to customers). Still seriously considering doing a PhD, but still afraid to do it hearing so many bad things about it. Also not sure what lab I would join.
      My dream is honestly just to work remotely as a data scientist working with life science data, then travel the world as a digital nomad. I'd like to return to Japan and stay at a language school to learn the language seriously. But yeah idk hahah.... still pretty lost 1.5 year after graduating, but at least I made some more money. Industry pay is a lot better.

  • @Themerve-tv
    @Themerve-tv ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for your beneficial videos 🎉

  • @samuellyngdoh5317
    @samuellyngdoh5317 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great video

  • @snarkyboojum
    @snarkyboojum ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I want to start my own Neurotech startup. I'm in tech now, and know how to get funding and build a tech business. This is where my heart is :D

  • @rjarpa
    @rjarpa ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I'm computer engineer, I finished my IT master degree in 2017 and this year I will finish my master degree in neuroscience. I enter to the field to improve my statistical skills and learn more about cognition and computational models, but I realized could be a high correlated neurotech, AI, ML , data and signal analyzes plus emotions and human behavior to be explore . Thanks for your video this give more confident about continuous career path. PS: I don't believe in Elon too much marketing than reality.

  • @evehodovan3805
    @evehodovan3805 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Dear Charlotte, according to Your expirience, is it enough to have only a bachelor degree (in electrical engineering) to join a reseach project? Or it would be nice to have at least a master degree? I am interested in how to heal spinal cord injuries, but do not really know where to start. Thanks for Your answer.

  • @pasha6098
    @pasha6098 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Hii and many thanks for the valuable content you prepared as always. And I've had a question for a long time is the name of your background music? It's perfect for focus and deep work. 😉😍

    • @CharlotteFraza
      @CharlotteFraza  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Yes its from epidemic sound, just the lofi mix 🌸

  • @fallenangel8785
    @fallenangel8785 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you

  • @Barandur
    @Barandur ปีที่แล้ว +9

    Im almost done with my master's in computational neuroscience and it depends a bit on the lecture's you choose while studying but a lot of my colleagues are going to the field of data science. We had quite a lot of lectures on machine learning in general, deep learning and optimization but also data processing and preparing so I think it's quite easy to find a job in the field of data science.

    • @emily9480
      @emily9480 ปีที่แล้ว

      hi I'm starting my master's in neuroinformatics and may I ask which programing languages did you use and have any recommendations? Currently I'm studying with python and R for zebrafish neural data

    • @Barandur
      @Barandur ปีที่แล้ว +3

      @@emily9480 Hi! That is actually a very funny coincidence: I also started from classic biology, did my bachelor in neuronal developmental biology in zebrafish and ended up in a master of computational neuroscience. But to answer you question: I think now days, if you start fresh, Python is the absolut gold standard because of its machine learning libraries and its easy to learn. However, the professors and other people who are in the field for longer did everything with Matlab and R back then. So you might stumble across R and Matlab code and its super handy to be able to read them. However everyone is moving to Python and most of labs already work with Python only. Also the python community is very big and you will find plenty of help online.
      Later on, if you get bored, you can also look into other languages, I was learning some Matlab in the lectures and had a look at Julia myself. Also C and C++ can be nice if you want to write something for embedded systems such as BCI transplants or in the field of robotics. But that's all stuff you can learn if you get bored or think its interesting. Python alone can find you almost every job you can ever think of in the field of neuroinformatics. Where do you study neuroinformatics if I might ask? Good luck anyways :)

    • @emily9480
      @emily9480 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@Barandur Thank you so much for your detailed answer, it actually helped a lot to shape my path for studying informatics. It's always so nice to meet with people who has similar interests and specializations :D I did my bachelor in genetics and did couple internships at bioinformatics(not by choice, due to pandemic..) but I actually enjoyed. Neuroscience was always my passion so now I started MS in Koç University (in Turkey) and working with Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Norway. My professor, as you mentioned, is not very familiar with python and expect me to study mostly on R but he's okay for me to study with python as well. Can I also ask where do you study neuroinformatics?

    • @Barandur
      @Barandur ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@emily9480 im studying at the Bernsteincenter Freiburg, Germany :) maybe we might meet some day at a conference :D

  • @HuaHuang-ts4gt
    @HuaHuang-ts4gt 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    The kdrama reference was beautifully accurate. Fucking love start-up.

  • @timplays3454
    @timplays3454 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Hi Charlotte, being enjoying your videos. Currently I am studying datascience for my master's but would love to work on a neuroscience project as I do love learning on neurology and how it applies to the brain, was mostly inspired by David eaglemans talks talk on omwelt and how our brain dont know what body parts we have but learns from the senses it receives and acts on it. Do you have any advice to what I could do

    • @christopherprattos9043
      @christopherprattos9043 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I’m in the same boat. Very interested to hear if there is a way to break into a research lab without having a masters/PhD in neuroscience.

    • @timplays3454
      @timplays3454 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@christopherprattos9043 just waiting to get some response 😭😭

    • @CharlotteFraza
      @CharlotteFraza  ปีที่แล้ว +8

      Very nice that you are interested, if you are a good programmer or have some amazing datascience skills what I would do is find a few labs online that you really like and ask for a short research internship. When I studied physics and wanted to do a neuroscience project I emailed a few professors that I liked and read most of their papers, and I asked them if they have a project for me. Some tips: 1) don't email only the biggest people in the field 2) show your skills online through github for example 3) build your cv with projects (through kaggle or programming competitions). Good luck 🌸

    • @christopherprattos9043
      @christopherprattos9043 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@CharlotteFraza Thank you!!

    • @timplays3454
      @timplays3454 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@CharlotteFraza thanks a lot.

  • @tusharroy6712
    @tusharroy6712 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    - Neurotech companies
    - Digital health and health data analytics
    - Professor
    - Biotech & pharma (drug discovery, modelling etc)
    - Scientific journalism/communication
    - Computational finance
    - Permanent staff scientist
    - Startup

    • @abhinavshaw9848
      @abhinavshaw9848 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I'd add Machine learning and Neural Networks to that list as well, which will give you the option of a Data Scientist and MLE in Tech which is a high paying field to be in.

  • @anti-uefa
    @anti-uefa 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi Charlotte,
    Thanks for your videos!
    In your opinion, is the path from Master degree in Computational Neuroscience to having a career as a Machine Learning engineer straightforward? (Assuming one coded a lot, including taking some Machine Learning courses, during his/her MSc studies as you did, and also used Machine Learning and Deep Learning when working on the thesis?)
    My background is Electrical engineer, very heavily Applied Physics oriented.
    Thank you in advance!

  • @ryanthegooch5952
    @ryanthegooch5952 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nice

  • @profedaniel9354
    @profedaniel9354 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Is great those job , i wanna work an professor or scientific search .

  • @robertlee5151
    @robertlee5151 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi. In reference to TNO, I'm not sure what you meant by "only requires a graduate degree". Required for what? Working there? Participating in some kind of fellowship or internship or network platform?

  • @mohammadafif8517
    @mohammadafif8517 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I am currently doing my bachelors in Bioinformatics, Will I be able to do MSc in Computational Neuroscience?

  • @Ibrahim-kf7cu
    @Ibrahim-kf7cu ปีที่แล้ว

    ❤❤❤❤

  • @sebastianreyes8025
    @sebastianreyes8025 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    100%, ai/ML jobs will only increase. We haven't solved general purpose robotics yet, and I believe these are the tools needed to help solve it.

    • @sebastianreyes8025
      @sebastianreyes8025 ปีที่แล้ว

      Also the wizard hat that are high bandwidth Brain machine interfaces

  • @tanvigandhi8752
    @tanvigandhi8752 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I am pursuing MSc in Cognitive Science. My background is Bachelors in Computer Science. I wanted to know the industry positions I can apply for?

  • @EldhoseJoseph
    @EldhoseJoseph ปีที่แล้ว

    What is the scope of computational neuroscience in AI BCI?

  • @chiarabressan5116
    @chiarabressan5116 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    How hard do you think it will be to pursue a PhD in neuroscience after a humanities degree? I have a bachelor's in Italian language and literature, a master's in Linguistics and I'm currently about to begin my second master's in clinical linguistics (which is closer to language neuroscience) but I obviously lack all the bases of "hardcore" neuroscience. Do you have any recommendations? 🙏 Great channel 🥰

    • @michelealbanese3261
      @michelealbanese3261 ปีที่แล้ว

      Ciao, credo che tu sia italiana. Se vuoi posso risponderti io visto che io ho fatto la triennale in Psicologia e Neuroscienze Cognitive (Scienze Cognitive). Sinceramente non ho trovato difficoltà nello studiare neuroscienze (anche se in effetti venivo dal liceo scientifico), più che altro mi annoiava la materia quindi è stato abbastanza stressante ma non è una materia come analisi matematica dove per capire l'argomento devi un po' avere le basi del liceo di matematica. Anche se vieni da una facoltà di Scienze Umanistiche se hai la passione credo che non abbia problemi nello studiarla. La cosa più importante per questo tipo di materie è che devi avere una buona memoria a ricordare i vari concetti.

    • @chiarabressan5116
      @chiarabressan5116 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@michelealbanese3261 grazie della risposta!

    • @michelealbanese3261
      @michelealbanese3261 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@chiarabressan5116 prego cara, se hai altre domande fai pure.

  • @heyyou9740
    @heyyou9740 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Coming from a background in psychology, my goal is to pursue a master's or PhD in computational neuroscience, providing me with a broad array of career options. Given my uncertainty about my exact passions, versatility in career paths is crucial to me. Could a degree in computational neuroscience pave the way for opportunities in industry, such as a role as a machine learning engineer or AI engineer?

  • @sebastiaanbijlsma7340
    @sebastiaanbijlsma7340 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    What do you think of going the entrepreneurial route of starting your own neuro/biotech company after finishing a phd?

    • @Boss-yl5gk
      @Boss-yl5gk ปีที่แล้ว +1

      go for it 👍

  • @abraao.maximo
    @abraao.maximo 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    - working at a neurotech company
    - working at a digital health company
    - becoming a professor, but just 3% manage to do that
    - computational finance - like risk management

  • @patrickakubu159
    @patrickakubu159 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi, an a recent undergraduate with bachelor's in social sciences psychology major. I have fallen in love with computational neuroscience with the research I've made abt it. Is it possible to pursue master’s in computational neuroscience despite my background?

    • @CharlotteFraza
      @CharlotteFraza  7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Yes, many people I work with have a similar background as you :)!

  • @amirfakour5549
    @amirfakour5549 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi, ive seen your videos, very interesting, just i have a question: can a person working on a carrer in genetics join neuroscience projects?

    • @CharlotteFraza
      @CharlotteFraza  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Yes, for sure, you can read up on the field of neurogenetics, for example this paper: www.nature.com/articles/mp201235 :)

  • @natiakikvadze5605
    @natiakikvadze5605 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Does anyone know about the computational neuroscience and cognitive robotics master course in Birmingham University, how is it?

  • @saadibnrouf7941
    @saadibnrouf7941 ปีที่แล้ว

    I'm thinking of doing MSc in Computational Neuroscience in Middlesex University (UK)
    Do you have any idea if this University is good for Neuroscience or not?
    I'm from CS background

    • @pranavpancham3258
      @pranavpancham3258 ปีที่แล้ว

      Hi @Saad , have you decided to pursue this course ? even I am interested to know about this Uni and course.

  • @nazeeraharmanza
    @nazeeraharmanza 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi!

  • @yashi_san
    @yashi_san ปีที่แล้ว

    Hey is there any difference between computational neuroscience and cognitive science?

    • @michelealbanese3261
      @michelealbanese3261 ปีที่แล้ว

      Cognitive Science is a broader study field. In some bachelor degree you could have different concentrations like Computation, Neuroscience and Human Computer Interaction. A computazional concentration is more focused on Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence. There may be courses like: Programming, Algorithm, Artificial intelligence, Computational Neuroscience, Computational Linguistics, Machine Learning ecc. Human Computer Interaction focuses more on users and its purpose is to design usable (and/or accessible) interfaces. This field is more focused on Cognitive (and Social) Psychology. In the Neuroscience concentration in addition to a course of Computational Neuroscience (that not any universities have) there are courses that study the brain from a biological point of view and maybe someone on research techniques to analyze it (like Neuroimaging, fMRI etc.). So computational neuroscience is more focuses on the computational side of Neuroscience, Cognitive Science is a bigger field.

  • @call_me_ace_
    @call_me_ace_ ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Hey and greetings from Germany, i have a question and i cant find answers anywhere so i hope you can help me. I always wanted to study and research the brain as a job. Im currently in my second year of my Bachelor in biology and realised id much rather work mainly theoretical than experimental. Thats how i stumbled upon computational neuroscience and it seems like something id really enjoy. Now my question is, how do i get a job in that field? Do i need a Master in computational neuroscience or can i do my master in something else like only neuroscience? And how does it work with the PhD? Do I need one, and same as with the Master, does it have to be in comp. neurosc.? I really hope you can help me, because your videos really inspired me:)

    • @Barandur
      @Barandur ปีที่แล้ว

      Hello and greetings from Freiburg :) Maybe I can answer you some of your questions: I started out from a bachelor in biology background and do my masters in comp. neuroscience now. If you want to work theoretically, comp. neuroscience is great because you can work fully theoretical there (modeling networks, simulating ionchannels etc etc without touching a wetlab ever). I'd say a masters degree is kind of mandatory to really work in this field but what masters exactly is not tooo important. A lot of people around me are from physics, math, medicine, informatics, biology and so on. However if you already know that you want to do computational neuroscience the best way to end up there is obviously studying exactly that.
      Now, the big question 'do I want to do a PhD or not?' Id say, if you want to work in academia and you want to stay in Germany you have to do a PhD because that's basically standard here and its the only way to get good payment in academia. But, tbh since you didn't even started your master, I recommend you not thinking about it too much because with a master in computational neuroscience you can find sooooo many very nice and well payed jobs outside of academia. Even if you just finish your master and don't want to continue in academia you will find plenty of opportunities. And if you want to stay and got the motivation, just go for your PhD afterwards.

    • @herojudo2680
      @herojudo2680 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@Barandur Hey
      I'm currently doing my Bachelor's degree in Psychology and I'm also thinking of going in the direction of Computational Neuroscience. From your perspective, what jobs are open to you in Germany if you don't go into science?

    • @Barandur
      @Barandur 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      @@herojudo2680 Hey,
      It's a bit depending on what direction you actually go in the end. I for example chose machine learning and I can basically find a job in any company which needs to Analyse data so it's super easy for me to find something. However, these jobs are not related to Neuroscience at all and I'm not interested in them but it's good to know that I got a back up just in case.
      If you'd choose to go more on the direction of modeling etc you will also have no struggle to find a job I think. You are most likely able to program then and you still are able to some data analysis. So I wouldn't worry about finding a job, it's more about whether you like the jobs you are offered.

    • @herojudo2680
      @herojudo2680 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@Barandur thanks for your response 🙏🏼

  • @puckry9686
    @puckry9686 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Hi charlotte cognitive science or computational neuroscience with is better

    • @michelealbanese3261
      @michelealbanese3261 ปีที่แล้ว

      Cognitive Science is a bigger study field. Cognitive science does not only include Neuroscience but also Cognitive Psychology, Linguistics, Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence. There are some Cognitive Science bachelors with a different specialization (or a general one): Computation, Neuroscience and Human Computer Interaction. A computazional concentration is more focused on Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence. There may be courses like: Programming, Algorithm, Artificial intelligence, Computational Neuroscience, Computational Linguistics, Machine Learning ecc. Human Computer Interaction focuses more on users and its purpose is to design usable (and/or accessible) interfaces. This field is more focused on Cognitive (and Social) Psychology. In the Neuroscience concentration in addition to a course of Computational Neuroscience (that not any universities have) there are courses that study the brain from a biological point of view and maybe someone on research techniques to analyze it (like Neuroimaging, fMRI etc.). So computational neuroscience is more focues on the computational side of Neuroscience, Cognitive Science is a bigger field

    • @Starcell170
      @Starcell170 ปีที่แล้ว

      There is one field of study called cognitive computational neuroscience. They resarch cognitive functions based on computational methods.

    • @michelealbanese3261
      @michelealbanese3261 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@Starcell170 that is computational cognitive neuroscience

  • @devthomaskutty550
    @devthomaskutty550 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Just study general neuroscience and specialise

  • @theonepurpose3968
    @theonepurpose3968 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    do you need a neuroscience degree to study computational neuroscience?

    • @michelealbanese3261
      @michelealbanese3261 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      In some university master degrees you need to take courses like Calculus, Linear Algebra, Probability and Statistics and maybe some computer science course

  • @devthomaskutty550
    @devthomaskutty550 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Bci has more future

  • @jjr1728
    @jjr1728 26 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Are you allowed your pet labrador at work?

  • @GasserAyad
    @GasserAyad 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    But it is a difficult major, not for the average-IQ Joe.