The Antibiotic Resistance War
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 19 มิ.ย. 2024
- Dive into the microscopic battlefield in our latest video. We delve into the critical issue of antibiotic resistance. Witness the historical development of antibiotics, from penicillin's accidental discovery to the ongoing battle against superbugs. Explore the molecular structures of antibiotics and the ingenious strategies bacteria employ to survive. We uncover the urgent quest for new antibiotic solutions, utilizing AI, bacteriophages, and cutting-edge technologies. However, time is ticking- the World Health Organization warns of a potential future claiming 10 million lives annually by 2050 due to antimicrobial resistance. Subscribe now for a riveting exploration of this silent threat. 🦠💊🔬 #AntibioticResistance #Superbugs #ScienceWarfare
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Credits:
Executive Producer:
Matthew Radcliff
Producers:
Elaine Seward
Andrew Sobey
Darren Weaver
Writer:
Alex Danis, Ph.D.
Host:
Alex Danis, Ph.D.
Scientific Consultants:
Ian Seiple, Ph.D.
Michelle Boucher, Ph.D.
Leila Duman, Ph.D.
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell
Reactions is a production of the American Chemical Society.
© 2023 American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
Sources:
www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/sta...
www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/ab...
www.who.int/news-room/fact-sh...
www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/obje...
www.compoundchem.com/2014/09/...
onlinepublichealth.gwu.edu/re...
www.acs.org/education/whatisc....
www.antimicrobe.org/d24.asp#:~....
www.science.org/content/blog-...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.nature.com/articles/s4159...
www.nature.com/articles/s4159...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.britannica.com/science/me...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methici...
www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-c...
www.acs.org/molecule-of-the-w...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB....
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.bbc.com/news/health-65709....
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti....
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
aricjournal.biomedcentral.com...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
00:00 Introduction
02:05 Penicillin is Discovered
03:07 How Penicillin Works
03:35 Bacteria Beats Penicillin
05:02 Antibiotic Resistance
05:44 Methicillin
06:13 Horizontal Gene Transfer
07:14 Vancomycin
10:21 What Do We Do Now? - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
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I am an ICU doctor. One of the biggest misconceptions is that we have "stronger antibiotics". As this video demonstrates very well, we are more and more limited with the types of antibiotics we have. The newest generations we have of Cephalosporins are now incredibly controlled by our infectious disease colleagues because once you have resistance to that, you are screwed. Stronger doesn't always mean better. FIrst of all, people call Vancomycin 'stronger' but it is less bacteriocidal (i.e. bacteria destructive)than penicillins or cephalosporins. Second, those 'stronger' antibiotics also have WORSE side effects. For example, Vancomycin is more likely to cause renal failure. Third resistance takes TIME to figure out. It can take a few days to grow out bacteria and then find what they are resistant to. Those days can make it too late to help someone if they develop septic shock, abscesses, empyemas etc. These are just SOME of the reasons why good doctors want to limit antibiotics if it isn't necessary. It's not that they are holding out, they are trying to PROTECT you.
Thanks 2😂Tap water 👍
I’m 66 years old and am working my way up the ladder using stronger antibiotics for longer, a scary thing, amoxicillin by itself no longer works with me.
No carbepenems are d strongedt
It's the agricultural use of antibiotics that has greatly sped up the development of resistance, but it was inevitable with the tonnages we use. And then there's plasmids....
Maybe if we studied other species and find more antibiotics or substitutes instead of killing off animal populations.
Alexander Fleming -- the person who discovered penicillin, and won a Nobel prize for it -- warned of antibiotic resistance publicly in 1945. That was nearly 80 years ago for the people bad at math. There is no excuse for anyone to not be aware of the problem.
When they disrespected Mr. Fleming, I was like "Eh" but then they went so deep into Science and Microbiology (for free) so I was like "LIKE, COMMENT, SUB❤❤❤"
If Pharma wants to make more money, they want to sell more medication, for them to sell more they have to give more kick backs to doctors. Why is it most doctors in India prescribe antibiotics for everything viral, common cold. They put forward few cases where person is weak and bacteria also attacks the host, taking into consideration such cases, Pharma sales pitch it using conferences validated by doctors.
Money talks, and it shouted louder...
The warnings of geniuses are always ignored by inferior (and usually greedier) minds, but no one can escape the consequences of that ignorance. Democratising science and peer review (appeal to popularity) has shown why science was done better when it was done by people who were from noble families and/or had a private education.
That's 3-4 generations ago, for people bad at biology.
Yeah… this whole this is terrifying. Imagine going back to a time where just getting a minor cut could be life threatening. Watch an infection spread with literally no way to treat it…
I wish more people understood just how big of a problem this could be.
Also… those playing cards are awesome!
Alexander Fleming -- the person who discovered penicillin, and won a Nobel prize for it -- warned of antibiotic resistance publicly in 1945. That was nearly 80 years ago for the people bad at math. There is no excuse for anyone to not be aware of the problem.
We also have to stop treating and feeding the livestock that we eat with antibiotics! That the biggest way it gets to the population!
Soon we probably won’t need to imagine.
My 8 year old daughter has been in hospital for 7 weeks for a bone infection MSSA most likely, but nothing grows in the cultures, antibiotics are not working, the only thing that works is surgery to clean out abscess, after 5 cleanings in the OR surgeon closed incision, but 2 weeks later MRI shows a small abscess growing back. This is the scariest time of my life 🙏🏼 I don’t know if she’s antibiotics resistant, antibiotics make the infection worse. Drs seemed puzzled too
I contracted MRSA in college while living in a dorm. 6 months later I got MRSA pneumonia w septic shock. 24/7 back to back azithromycin & zithromax infusions saved my life. Well, that and the chest tubes. I’m very lucky. Ask me anything. I’ll type out the story if someone wants to hear it. Cheers.
Please do 🙏🏼
Please tell us
I'm puzzled how young healthy people get *life threatening* infections, unless it is something like ebola.
I paid a LOT of money to have permission to drive Downtown to my community college and sit in classes for hours a day for weeks, over years, plus textbooks, to hear this exact information..... YOU ARE PROVIDING SO MUCH for your fellow humans!! Idc if it sounds cliche or corny, y'all are doing the best thing one can do as a person. Everything else is a trade for instant gratification, but educating others is "Planting a tree even if you'll never enjoy it's shade" ❤❤❤❤ Thank you for your service!
Having high resilience without any motivation, we humans should learn that from bacterias
Staph infection nearly deleted me this year after breast reduction surgery. That bug resisted like 4 antibiotics (including the one they inject immediately after most surgeries), and it's a very long story, but suffice it to say I just recovered from a second surgery last month because the infection was so stubborn that not even Bactrim made it better; they had to go in and clean it from the inside! After that and another week on antibiotic, I finally felt well enough to return to the targeted therapy drug I take to control stage 4 cancer, and it's been 3 weeks since I started again. My next scan is a little over a month from now, and I'm trying to be as Zen as I can about it. There's no lesson for me in this experience. I don't normally take antibiotics.
TLDR: Staph happens.
I have to wonder how much longer resistance would take to evolve to a synthetic antibiotic not related to an existing natural antibiotic which means there are already resistances to.
Honestly, I loved the direct way you explained this. I like your exposition style and I am going to suggest this video to my kids. Thx.
Thank you!!!
I suffer from severe reoccurring dental infections that can range from painful to possibly hospitalization. I sometimes have to suffer an infection without meds to AVOID becoming resistant because I need antibiotics so often it’s at least once every couple months sometimes multiple times a month, its a scary thought
Have you tried oil pulling with coconut oil? It might help
I have chronic uti and kidney infections, and have a history of both vre and Mersa. Listen to her when she says antibiotic resistance is no joke. Stop going to your dr with a sniffle and insisting you need an antibiotic or getting upset when once isn’t prescribed
Can I buy those playing cards anywhere?
We’re working on it!
My only facebook ban is from american mushroom growing group where I learned that they buy antibiotics for farm animals (which apparently can be bought by anyone from the shelf) and mix it with mushroom substrate to reduce bacterial growth.
My criticism was too much for them. Now if bacteria respected country borders I wouldn't care.
I had read something concerning changes to environs (localized hyperbaric dressings, colonizing wounds with benign bacteria to out-compete pathogens, etc.) as another avenue of research (a lot of it seemed to be referencing Pauling, so...).
Another was whole blood transfusions to get a better immune response.
Putting most of our hopes into newer antibiotics seems (and certainly we'll be more responsible with these) just a treadmill.
Using probiotics in agriculture is very promising but in hospitals it's complicated by the fact that the patients often have a weakened immune system that might not be able to resist opportunistic pathogens.
This was so informative and entertaining! Thank you!
Screw AI... I'm going to complain because you skipped both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. Instead of bypassing beta-lactamase we just give the enzyme an excess of beta-lactam that consumes it.
We need to look into Phages!
From what I understand, the solution they're currently working on is bacteriophage therapy. Hopefully they make it viable before we hit the antibiotic resistance singularity, otherwise we're pretty well boned.
Always love seeing comments by people that clearly haven’t watched it the video first. lol.
This is discontinued in the West, but it is still used in former Soviet countries.
Exceptionally well explained, love this channel!
(Dr. Glaucomflecken reference) Just... don't overuse meropenem for a generic fever... 😂
Thank you ❤
THANK YOU FOR THE SPIDER WARNING OMG
It's been a while ^^ welcome back
Great video-thank you! The NIH have found that the use of antibiotics in fish farming has lead to 90% of saltwater bacteria being resistant to at least 1 antibiotic and 20% are resistant to at least 5.
Now I'm also terrified.
Have we found a Bacteriophage for VRSA specifically?
We need solutions that doesnt include medicinal extermination like how we use genetics to get rid of pesticides or training immune cells to be more vigilant or mechanic methods like bacteriophages. Just using stronger antibiotics will cause serious harm and progress the resistance even further.
This has been a real problem in medicine and in medical school we are repeatedly reminded to use appropriate amount of antibiotics ,not to overtreat.We also had before some guidelines about differentiating between bacterial and virutic infections but since covid, it has been really difficult to determine which one is which. Even if we know it is covid or something similar, there are bacterial infections that can come on top of the covid causing lines to get blurry even more.
Also one more thing sterilization and cleaning also an important component in hospital caused resistant bacteria, but bacteria can gain immunity to cleaning solutions too rendering them useless.
Very very nice and excellent explanation
*carefully develops resistance to antibiotics while weakening in other areas to develop it*
*gets absolutely smitten by a crispr solution and can no longer resist antibiotics and has no way to resist what just happened*
Reason #15257 to stop eating meat is the massive overuse of antibiotics in animal farming.
But now that I'm brining my chicken, it is quite delicious.
Wasn't there some move to make everything in hospitals out of copper to try and solve the VRSA outbreaks... ? That sounds like chemistry.
There is another way to deal with this. As the Russians.
Copper is naturally bacteriocidal so making metal surfaces out of bronze can potentially reduce infections in hospitals, copper won't work because it oxidizes. But pure alcohol is also bacteriocidal and works against viruses too and that's also already used to clean surfaces in hospitals. The biggest issue with solutions like this is that they can also kill benign bacteria that might otherwise crowd out infectious ones.
By reducing use of antibiotics for common and minor diseases we can slow these resistance process in various strains of bacteria. Use of alternative treatment can be there.They may be for little long duration but antibiotics dependence can be reduced so we can use them in sever cases and in future we can use them
I was able to understand only about 15% of this video and I’m still terrified
Where can you get those antibiotic playing cards?
Great video! As an immunologist, I agree that antibiotic resistance is terrifying . . . but you didn't mention the other thing hurting us: capitalism. From the moment a new antibiotic is developed, bacteria begin evolving resistance. Why would any for-profit company invest millions of dollars in difficult research not even guaranteed to develop a new class of antibiotic when it starts down the path to obsolescence (and reduced profits!) as soon as it is put on the market?
With a problem this urgent why is it still talking point instead of actually developing new ones and enforcing proper perscription? What are we missing here? Did the medical industry just give up?
Resistance to new antibiotics will inevitably develop so the solution is to look for alternate treatments and stronger regulations.
@@hedgehog3180 That doesn't make sense, we actually need an alternative, til then we should be developing newer antibiotics.
Not just only antibiotics should be combined with prebiodic and probiotics to help the body replenish good bacteria and diverse microbiom during recovery. Also focusing on bacterial detox techniques study trials.
My parents are always like don’t take meds for sicknesses…. Blah blah and now I see why
Terrestrial and aquatic endophytes will be a good source of an endless supply of antibiotics helping us deal with antibiotic resistance in patients
First channel I found that actually broke down how exactly the resistance happens. Everyone else just says they “become resistant”
It’s interesting to see how at the microscopic level of life, binding to shit and etc… is just resistance. That’s the key takeaway for me. The bacteria just mutate and bind to the molecules. Kinda just like us putting tape on a leak or something idk.
It’s not really scary but also is, but also gives me hope for humanity.
Phage you say… I’ll have to look into that.
Why doesn't some do a world wide soil sampling project?
Have grade school kids send in samples from there back yard or local park?
We should still be studying soil samples for future antibiotics.
We should be looking for new bacteria and bacteriaphages too.
Pahes are so cool cuz 1. Specific 2. Geometric growth pattern that can nullify bacterias geometric growth 3. So cool
Upper respiratory infection is a friend of mine, it visits me 3-4 times a year, that's what i used my sick days for. I now keep extra Amoxicilin around, for rainy days😂😂.
One question: If antibiotics are a natural phenomenon, why can't we take these organisms, expose them to the immune bacteria and wait for it to develope a new anti-biotic? Surely not the most sophisticated process, but if the last discovery is like 40 years ago, it's not like we couldn't try that.
Interesting idea, maybe fungi wouldn't mutate as fast as bacteria
bacteria is literally everywhere. if fungi and other microorganisms routinely created antibiotics when in contact with bacteria, then we'd have a shit ton of them. the reality is that antibiotics in many cases are merely an accidental byproduct of some organisms that end up inhibiting bacterial growth. in other words, the antibiotic isn't a survival tool for the fungi because even without the bacteria around them being dead, they'd still live just fine. there is no selective pressure for the fungi to mutate. lastly, the speed of bacterial mutations is also way quicker than that of fungi due to higher replication rates... so even if you placed them together and assumed that the bacteria would kill the fungi slowly and add a selective pressure on the fungi population, the fungi will not out-mutate the bacteria
Very cool and important but I have no idea what's going on
Had been taking antibiotics due to sinusitis!
How do I get that deck of cards?
What I heard is that antibiotic resistance is a negative trait for bacteria which doesn’t help it multiply in a normal environment, so basically the more resistant a bacterial is, the less competitive it is outside of a patient under antibiotic treatment.
Where did you hear that?
@@feynstein1004it's metabolically expensive and serves no purpose for bacteria absent exposure to the antibiotic.
@@anon58973 That sounds plausible but I'd counter that we're using antibiotics so much these days, especially in hospitals, that we're basically creating microniches where the resistant bacteria can survive indefinitely. The fact that these bacteria couldn't survive in the outside world is of little comfort because they never need to go to the outside world. Also, this is only true if the resistance to a particular antibiotic is evolutionarily expensive. That might not be the case for every antibiotic.
That would be the case if the genes for resistance were part of the chromosomal DNA of the bacteria but most of the time they're contained in plasmids, little bits of DNA that bacteria can trade between each other. This essentially means that a bacteria doesn't need to carry around these genes all the time and thus doesn't need to express them so they don't waste any energy on expressing them, it's enough if just one bacteria has the plasmid because then it can quickly be traded around between all the bacteria if the antibiotic is introduced. The frequency of these plasmids in a bacteria population will of course vary based on how often antibiotics are used but since were talking about infectious bacteria they will obviously be exposed to antibiotics fairly often since they can't really live outside the human body.
Hopefully it’s possible to make bacteriophages work for us, and hopefully if it is we’re smart enough to avoid making the same mistakes again.
Idk which seems more unlikely though.
Bacteriophage resistance can't really develop in the same way as antibiotic resistance since bacteriophages are a lot more complicated and also viruses so they will evolve alongside the bacteria.
11:03 I thought it's not literally called "space invading spiders"
Actually, you do have an Ace of antibiotics, its called a micro phage... and the resistant to antibiotics a bacterium becomes, the more suceptable to micro phages they become... its a beutiful balancing act in mother nature
Was just watching and realised you have a kind of Velma Dinkley vibe. In a good way..
Where can i buy these cards ?
It’s crazy that this is literally evolution happening in real time
When it comes to MRSA think PHAGE not Antibiotic.
My students want to know if those cards are commercially available.
6:53 I haven’t played War in a while but I’m pretty sure 8 doesn’t beat 9. Lol
Fire will always be the best antibiotic.
You're not wrong.
Fire is the best antimicrobial, but a terrible antibiotic. Fire can't selectively target bacteria without harming human cells nearby.
We need to bring back bacteriophage therapy.
It's a little misleading that the last antibiotic discovered was polymyxin. That might have been the last class discovered (that I can tell), but there are new antibiotics with efficacy against MRSA, VRE, ESBL, etc coming on the market pretty regularly. Antibiotic resistance is still a HUGE problem, though, even with these new developments
Well, on the other end, by 2050 famine might be a much bigger problem than bacterial infections.
Lmao saying spider in 321 doesn’t make it any better
one reason for resistance is too much use of the antibiotics.
1. using them to treat a simple common cold that the body can rid easily anyways.
2. the big one probably the use as growth boosters so we can bring livestock to market faster.
while antibiotics can bring a chicken to market much faster by making it grow faster it can leave the safety of the food supply in question and leave us vulnerable to drug resistance microbes.
It would help if antibiotics would only ever be used to fight you know bacterial infections. It's going to do nothing against viruses after all. Yes, it is sometimes subscribed to avoid a secondary infections, but that should be done via an actual trained physician.
The use in agriculture is a direct result of the sanitary conditions in most meat factories. The only way to fix that would be to return to more natural methods of growing animals, including giving them space. No one in the industry wants that and much of the population likely doesn't want it either, given how much the price of meat would grow.
@@joergsonnenberger6836lots of antibiotics actually have antiviral abilities.
It doesn’t mean it’s wise to prescribe them for a common cold, though.
Everyone who has taken or prescribed antibiotics for minor infections is to blame for this problem. They have all helped to strengthen the enemy (micro-organisms) while weakening natural human immunity. Antibiotics should probably have been restricted to life or death situations from the very beginning.
Antibiotics don't weaken the human immune system in any way, the immune system reacts the same way regardless of whether or nor antibiotics are administered and will develop immunity all the same.
People seem to forget that before we had antibiotics, a small cut could become a life threatening infection that had no treatment. If we end up with a pan-resistant bacteria, we will go back to that.
Imagine watching as your skin goes from a small red area around a cut, to your entire arm becoming red and hot, then the cut weeping puss that smells like rot. All the while you’re getting a fever, chills, body aches, throwing up, etc. until eventually the infection enters your bloodstream and your organs begin to fail, your blood pressure plummets, and your heart stops. You die because your cat scratched you.
Imagine you come down with a sore throat, it hurts to swallow and you get white patches on the back of your throat. You have strep. It’s resistant, you have to deal with it. The infection doesn’t clear up, you begin throwing up, you haven’t been able to eat or drink because of the pain. Your hearing is becoming impaired due to the swelling in your throat. You begin coughing and your fever gets worse and worse. You start to have severe headaches and nausea. You go to the hospital, you’re septic. The infection is in your blood. There’s nothing they can do besides fluids and support while your body fights on its own. You will most likely die a painful death.
We don’t want this. This shouldn’t happen. Doctors are being “stingy” on prescribing antibiotics because misuse is a serious problem. The agricultural and farming industries have majorly sped up the resistances by packaging chicken in antibiotics, feeding animals “growth supplements” made from antibiotics, etc. This has been banned in the EU but the US has not banned it, only advised against it.
I liked the old logo of this channel... 😢
Why or when antibiotics are needed, because our adaptive immune system exists. I wonder where the problem is for healthy individuals.
What role can synthetic antibodies play.
The immune system isn't magic and there are several infections it cannot beat on it's own and that it is impossible to develop vaccines for.
Bacteriophage Joker cards when?
use bacteriophages
Rippin' a phage from the old playbook.
You get it
Where can I buy this card game?
We could just sidestep antibiotic resistance with bacteriophages
No wonder The Martians lost in War of The Worlds.
Thanks for looking out for the arachnophobes!
4:48 The overuse of antibiotics in animal agriculture is insanity. Do people really think access to cheap meat everyday is more important than having antibiotics that work? I hope that precision fermentation and cultured meat will take over as soon as possible and put the factory farms out of business. That will be a glorious day.
VRSA really made things much worsa
0:30 cough eugenics cough cough
Macrophages💀💀
LOL seriously wondering how long the host has been out of grad school, bc this is EXACTLY how I would explain stuff to my students (sarcasm, expletives & all 😂😂😂). At some level, scientific communicators of the younger generations are a different breed than our older counterparts it seems (and I think students might respond more to it as well). Older profs are either SUPER concerned with professionalism OR they're super wacky w/almost no in between lol. I'd love to quantify this tho instead of just smack talking 😅
She finished her PHD in 2018, but she's been making science YT videos since 2011. Her LinkedIn is pretty impressive.
Bacteriophage when?
The polymyxins were discovered in the 1940s...
Yay! She mentioned AI!!!!
U.S. and all world governments need to get together, financially support and limit strongest antibiotics for human use only.
Fun Fact (allegedly): The treatment-resistant 'Super Gonorrhoea' has a point of origin, and i live near there in the north of England.
Welcome to Bumfuck: Home of The Super Gonorrhoea
This are the kind of things that makes me want to believe that we live in a simulation.
Germs😂. Always wanna act up till cowgirl ebola shows up with a lasso.
Cant we just let a cold be a cold and stop mediating areselfs to feel better 3 days sooner.
Especially since the common cold (and it's far more dangerous friend, influence) is a virus and antibiotics help shit.
Why DO YOU ALL WAYS HAVE TO KILL EVERYTHING REALLL…
With synthetic elements( NOT REAL)
Hmmm. What can I do about this problem? Nothing! Should i be worried ? I guess but what can i do ? Nothing! At least i don't have to worry about the Gonorrhea. This video was a little Alarmist. Get to work doctors. Good luck everyone.
If you been eating chicken since birth don’t think will now. Chicken is bad since 2019 mold on chicken.
Talk about an arms race.
Why are you in your bathroom?
Why are you watching me in my bathroom?
@@AlexDainisPhD 😂😂
We have bacteriophage people don't freak out
😮You are talking too fast, slow down. It's not a race!
the USSR never gave up on bacteriophage research. yet another reason the fall of the soviet union was a disaster for humanity.
Didn't help that the Russian invasion of Georgia nearly destroyed the only dedicated bacteriophage research center in the world. If not for western funding all that research might have been lost forever.
I had a coworker for years who would announce the third day I got a cold and had a cough, like clockwork, that I needed to go to the doctor to get an antibiotic. I would tell her there was no point, antibiotics don’t treat colds; and anyway, it’s normal to cough for at least a week from a cold! She would get all enraged, going on about how she had asthma and I was going to make her sick… honey, if I was going to infect you, it would have already happened… 🤦♀️🤷♀️🫠
Free the plant!