Cleopatra: Ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 19 มิ.ย. 2024
- Cleopatra VII is one of the most famous women who has ever lived. Her story has inspired poets, dramatists, and artists for more than 2,000 years. Through cunning and guile, she survived to rule Egypt as all of her siblings perished by the wayside.
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Credits:
Host - Simon Whistler
Author - Steve Theunissen
Producer - Samuel Avila
Executive Producer - Shell Harris
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Biographies by the book, get Cleopatra's biography from Amazon: amzn.to/2FHWgxF
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For those who question or are pissed (myself included) about the censored arts, remember it's TH-cam, they will demonetize the video if there are nudes
flawlesslycan well they missed Pompey’s dick
How juvenile, yet you can see breast gallour on TV, its desecrating Art and History
Having to censor art makes me incredibly pissed for some reason. I understand why, but still...
I don’t think the censorship takes too much away, I don’t have problem celebrating censorship if it takes the keeps the facts straight.
Technically, nudity is allowed for educational purposes. However since the algorithme won't take that into account, meaning it has to be modified manually, the video would miss the spike of revenue that occurs shortly after publishing.
I think Queen Hatshepsut was the most successful Queen of Egypt, she deserves a video too.
Diego Sebastián Pérez definately
Diego Sebastián Pérez agreed
Oh yes! I was able to see her mummy in the Cairo museum. Fascinating woman.
I agree
yes!!
Is so strange to me that black americans constantly say Cleopatra is black because she was from africa. That's how frightening ignorance can be.
Egyptian not being spoken in the royal palace is hardly surprising. It's actually really common for the nobility to speak a language the peasants would not understand. From ancient Greece to Tzar Russia. That's why most of the posh words in English are French.
This was only the case during the Ptolemy dynasty, not previous dynasties, and in the case of the Ptolemys, they spoke Greek because that's what they were. The first Ptolemy was one of Alexander's (as in Alexander the Great) generals and when Alexander died his empire was divided up amongst his generals and Ptolemy got control of Egypt.
Phil Hsueh i read somewhere that in ancient rome the higher class spoke Greek instead of Latin...or it was the other way around. But classes in society had a different language or dialect from others
The Ptolemaic rulers spoke Greek because they were fucking Greek, Macedonian Greek to be precise. Cleopatra's name is Greek because she was Greek, spoke Greek as a native language, and ruled Egypt from the Greek city-state of Alexandria founded by Alexander the Great, King of Macedon, when he captured Egypt from the Achaemenid Persian Empire. This is not analogous to later Russian aristocrats speaking French.
True the Swedish royals spoke French during at least a part of the 17-hundred.
the ancient greek nobility spoke greek not another language
Hi :) My name is Kiah, I'm nine years old and I can't get enough of your history biographies. I love them!
I hope you are doing well kiah!!
damn kiahs 12 now damn
@@jamal.54_ they grow up so fast 🤧
@@GoblinAttacForce facts can’t believe this 😞
damn kiahs 14 now
Cleopatra wasn’t even ethnically Egyptian at all. Her line descended from Macedonia/Greek, the Ptolemy.
Egyptian by heart.
Actually through marriage that weren't incestual she was part Egyptian though only a small percentage
@@taylortanner37 Except the Ptolemies didn’t marry any Egyptians.
JB Cheema Greek by incest
Agreed
Cleopatra was not the greatest ever Egyptian queen. It is her proximity to the most famous Romans in the most famous Roman period that has been written about, dramatised and taught through the ages that makes her the most famous. Nefertiti, Hatshepsut, Neferusobek/Sobekneferu and Nefertari were all more successful and despite their story being less exciting.
Well these earlier native Egyptian queens were certainly more successful in that they didn't lose their kingdoms to a foreign power (in this case the Roman Republic under Octavian). However, Cleopatra VII during her prime was at least as powerful and influential as earlier Ptolemaic Greek queens of Egypt, including Arsinoe II and Berenice II. Cleopatra raised an army in Syria to fight her brother in Egypt and even led her naval forces in battle.
@@ericconnor8251 Cleopatra was half Egyptian not greek
@@nziom what is the other half?
@@nziom LOL. Wrong on both counts. She was Macedonian Greek because her father was Ptolemy XII Auletes of the Ptolemaic dynasty. You do know what that is, right? Apparently not. Apparently you don't even know Alexander the Great conquered Achaemenid Persian Egypt and that Cleo's ancestor Ptolemy I Soter was a general of his who started the whole dynasty in 305 BC. Cleo's mother is unknown, so part Egyptian? Maybe.
Given Cleopatra's surviving Hellenistic Greek coins and Roman sculptures and even paintings from both Pompeii and Herculaneum, though, I would say it is very unlikely Cleopatra's unknown mother was even part Egyptian. She looks very Caucasian in all her portraits and even light-skinned in her paintings. Aside from their sister-wives, Ptolemaic kings also took on Greek, Persian, and Syrian women as concubines. There is only one case in all of Ptolemaic Egypt where a king had an Egyptian mistress, but she didn't produce any kids or heirs for the Ptolemaic dynasty.
My wife is Ethiopian, and learning about her country and history is one of the most amazing things Ever. *_please do a video about Emperor Haile Selassie!_*
The 225th Emperor direct descent from Solomon and The Queen of Sheba
He is the "King of Kings, The Lion of Judah"
The name Haile Selassie I means "Power of the Trinity"
@Harrison Yates 🤣🤣🤣
Bancroft outdoors
See what happens when you try to have an interesting discussion. I like your idea.
There's a lot of history that could be covered well here. 👍
Haile Selassie Makonnen. AKA Ras Tafari Makonnen.
The king of kings and the lion of Judah are Jesus!
I'd rather hear about the Communist government that took power after him...
My wife, who is a Cleopatraphile says this was spot on! Thank you crew and Simon too!
If you liked the info presented in this video, a perfect complement to it might be a more visual-centric one that I made a little while ago, showing and describing a progression of images depicting Cleopatra as the ancient Romans viewed her. These include her ancient sculpted busts and paintings from Pompeii and Herculaneum, along with coinage: th-cam.com/video/boQOXk9ZEoc/w-d-xo.html
+Eric Connor You sir, are a shameless asshole. Simon and crew work hard to produce quality product for their viewers and here you come, rowing in on your douche canoe to try and use their success to bolster your content whilst doing nothing whatsoever to increase the quality of your own content. Do your own work sir, it's especially shameful to do this to +Biographics or any of it's sister channels as they regularly do shout-outs and collaborations with smaller channels as a way to help them out, and may have done so for you had you been a harder worker and a lesser leech than you seem to be. As far as your content goes, get better quality images and either use a voice-over and a better font(Red did not look good either.), or lower the volume of the music and choose more relaxing pieces as well as, again, the font thing. If you want to do advertising maybe create a twitter page or even go with facebook, this is not a cool way to do it and gives most people a negative idea of you and what you're about. Good day sir, good luck in your future endeavors, so long as they are honest.
Cleopatraphile! hahahaha love the term.
Levi Landes Might want to calm down a bit there...
@MysticOwlzz Source?
could you do a video biography on Joan of Arc?
He already did.
@@christinegatto7426 that comment was posted over a year ago.
Simon, would u be interested in doing empress wu? I wouldn’t say she changed the world 🌎 or anything, but if you check her out, I think 🤔 you may find that the story is quite interesting.
Anyway ...up 2 u. No pressures. I juz like your presentation style.
@@MCorpReview Yes! I second this! Empress Wu Zutien!
I have never heard Joan and if Joan was as known Queens like Cleopatra many people like Cleopatra. Kings in Egyptian times and all famous and well known Kings the Egyptians were Kings for 2000 yrs or more. So, I didn't mean anything about it other than just to tell what I know or heard.
IIRC Cleoptra and her ancestors were ethnic Greek rather than Egyptian. Egypt had been ruled by Greeks since being conquered by Alexander the Great in 323 BCE.
Her father's side was definitely Hellenic Macedonian, but her mother may have been Egyptian. The mother was not Hellenic and she spoke Egyptian, but not much else was recorded about her, including her name as far as I have been able to find.
+FO cast Kleopatra’s mother is not proven to be Egyptian. She was the sister or niece of Kleopatra’s father.
Fabian Hale Can you cite that for me, please? The research I have seen does not prove her mother to be Egyptian, it only infers it. I haven't seen any indications that the mother was named and would appreciate any citations. Thanks.
Robert Dawson From what I know the Ptolemaic dynasty was composed by rulers of mixed Greek and Persian descent.
Seleucus dynasty was Hellenic and Persian, rather than Ptolemy.
So close to Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet deaths. According to coinage Cleopatra had struck, she was far from beautiful. She was intelligent, charming, well educated and had great political savvy. These things and her manner and ability to manipulate made her desirable. Not great beauty of face. This has largely been debunked as the carpet story.
One should be careful about her coinage portraits, which were deliberately made to look masculine in order to lend her more legitimacy as a female monarch (especially after the civil war with her brother Ptolemy XIII). Her contemporary sculpted busts, statues, and paintings made by the Romans show a much more flattering, feminine visage of the queen, although some are perhaps a bit idealized. See this video for that: th-cam.com/video/boQOXk9ZEoc/w-d-xo.html
Hello Annette, I think its more than likely Shakespeare's inspiration for Romeo and Juliet was taken from Cleopatra and Anthony's tragic history. I would agree Cleopatra was an astute, intelligent, charming and politically informed individual. A beauty? Yes, i believe perhaps Cleopatra was this as well. Take any coinage from the time; all the faces are vulgar looking. This is down to crude mass production techniques of the time. Formal portraits of the lady are far more pleasing. There are also historical and cultural considerations. What may have been seen as beauty millennia ago may not translate today. There's enough evidence to suggest Cleopatra was a beautiful woman in her day: seducing the great Caesar and Mark Anthony in turn. These were men with great power, wives, concubines and access to any number of women should they desire. It would, i suggest, take more than clever conversation to make such men fall for her as they so famously did. Have a pleasant day, Andrew
andrew grundy hello Andrew. Perhaps your version is plausible. However , taking into consideration as a whole all of the documentation I have seen on Cleopatra I still believe she was quite ordinary looking but of high intelligence and very learned. Difficult as it is to believe these attributes could have elevated her above lesser accomplished women in the eyes of a couple great men. Plus having funds for elaborate seduction didn't hurt either.
Yes, its apparent Caesar and Anthony found her quite beguiling compared to most women they encountered. Cleopatra stylized and projected her image as living goddess and queen. You'll be aware of her legendary public appearances. I would still defend that Cleopatra was not a physically unattractive specimen. There is as far as i'm aware no written evidence from the time to suggest that she was unappealing to behold. A woman wont to attire herself in the guise of aphrodite may well attract scorn were she plain. I believe Cleopatra was shrewd enough to realize this but knew she had the looks to carry the mantle. Furthermore i don't believe vanity was her motivation, rather she was using all her powers physical and intellectual to win over the most powerful men at the time. To further her cause; that being the future autonomy of Egypt.
andrew grundy 😘😎
Can we see a video about Queens Nefertiti or Hatshepsut
Both had major impacts on Egypts economic, social and religious history
And did so in fascinating and empowering ways that deserve to be delved into!
Simon, you put so much information into such a brief program that I almost always have to listen twice to take it all in. I mean that as a compliment. (It could also be that I'm not very bright! 😋) Thanks for all the hard work your crew and yourself put into these videos. I'm addicted!
As an Egyptian, I would love to see videos on Nefertiti and Hatshepsut!!
Good. You're profestly not Arab.
@@isaacleillhikar4566 with a name like she does i find it more likely shes copt (ancient egyptian descendant) than arab
It’s pretty funny that people complain about paintings depicting cleopatra as white, even though she was greek
Cleopatra was Bi-racial. half black and half greek. Mother was African
@E Kasongo: we still don't know who Cleopatra VII's mother was, so claiming she was black (a Kushite?) or even ethnic Egyptian is just false and without any evidence. Strabo was the only ancient historian who claimed she was an illegitimate child born of a mother who was not the Ptolemaic Greek queen Cleopatra V Tryphaena (wife of Cleo's father Ptolemy XII Auletes), but even he doesn't mention the mother.
Eric Connor kemite not kushite, kush is in the south
She was a person of color..My brother spent one month in Egypt and the only white people he saw were the tourists taking pictures of the pyramids
Eric Connor we know she wasn't white
LOL, this is what you get, when YT "defends" freedom of speech or art... Blurred art for fear of demonetization...
I think t is truly scholarly the way your team investigates individuals uncovering facts & dispelling old myths. These episodes are educational & entertaining.
A video on Pompey Magnus would be fascinating. He would be remembered as one of Rome's greatest generals if he didn't turn on Julius Caesar.
It's a bit more complicated than Pompey turning on Ceasar.
Anyone here after the whole Netflix-Cleopatra drama?😁😁
I ve been binging these videos for 14 hours straight 😂 thank you for taking my thoughts away fron my insomnia and depression and making me excited about something for a while . 💙
Who is here after the god awful queen Cleopatra documentary on Netflix .The one that portrays her as black because one of the people sit in the show because your grandmother told her she was black.
They didn't just make Cleopatra black. Her whole family are played by black actors! It's like they just tried to erase the whole Macedonian-Greek thing.
0:52 It's a shame that we have to blur out parts of a historic image. But I suppose that's the world we live in now.
dangerousmythbuster I’m offended!!
Its to prevent demonetization, but if you like the paintings go to an art museum not TH-cam. I prefer the "the world we live in now" because there are less wars and diseases compared to later centuries or B.C.
TF? Do you genuinely believe that the contextually appropriate and historically accurate presentation of art which just so happens to include innocuous parts of the natural female form are somehow related to the number of modern day wars and diseases??? Which "logic" books have you been misreading? SMH
Joseph Loera
I don't have time to break it down for your small mind. Just go and support a local art history museum not Biographics
. TH-camrs have their hands tied with all demonetization going on.
dangerousmythbuster don’t get too lofty. The channel voluntarily self-censored the historical images rather than miss out on money. Even cleopatra appeased the Roman oppressors, whoring after them.
I would've liked the whole "arriving in a carpet" thing to be true
That sounds pretty slick
What a nose
Love it, you make history interesting again. I wish you would have been my history teacher. How about something on aztec/native american leaders.
Thank you for your videos
Amazing docuseries brother so glad that the channel is taking off like it has you definitely deserve the credit, I learn so much from the depths that you explain from thank you for putting out great content!!!!
Simon! This is one I've been waiting for! Again, thank you!
Thank you! Fore I remember once suggesting Cleopatra!
Im really liking this channel! I love history and biographies! Perfect combo! ❤
Simon love your narration of these biographies!
Just discovered the TopTenz channel and now this one - love them both. I feel like I learn so much and get a basic overview without being bored to death and inundated with too much information. Haven’t seen another channel like this one - keep up the great work :)
Shes so famous even black Americans are now claiming she was black even though she was clearly Greek
*She was Macedonian-Greek*
T R U T H we live in such an age we need to point out the obvious ... ah
I was thinking this the whole time
The Ptolemys ruled Egypt for generations before Cleopatra. There's only only so much incest one family can partake in, it's safe to say the family line was not very Greek by the time she was born
That means she was European
@@keeganmcauliffe9764 The coins struck with her image were contemporary.
well done Simon. she truly knew how to walk like an Egyptian.
Doing the sand dance with Imhotep
She should've been known as Cleverpatra.
Boom!
😂👍🏻
Badumtssss
One of Her royal titles is "the great lady of perfection, excellent in counsel" so they basically already did call Her clever
Keep up the good work ‼️
Wow thanks, love all this interesting stuff. 👍🏼
0:40 - Chapter 1 - The early years
3:50 - Chapter 2 - Sibling rivalry
6:20 - Chapter 3 - Enter julius caesar
11:30 - Chapter 4 - Crisis
13:30 - Chapter 5 - The great seduction
16:35 - Chapter 6 - A tragic end
Thanks for posting
I really enjoy all your videos. I love learning about the past and people from those eras keep them coming!
I absolutely love these vids!
I enjoyed it as well. Definitely felt compelled to subscribe to Biographics. If you're interested in knowing further stuff about Cleopatra, you can check out my video on ancient Roman artwork depicting her (including sculptures, paintings, and coinage): th-cam.com/video/boQOXk9ZEoc/w-d-xo.html
They did a great job actually, hitting all the salient points about Cleopatra's life and career as a monarch in Ptolemaic Egypt. I just wish they would have shown more actual ancient depictions of the queen instead of mostly recent paintings by artists of the past few hundred years. The ancient Romans actually made sculpted busts and paintings of the queen, one of which can be seen in the video above, but also here: th-cam.com/video/boQOXk9ZEoc/w-d-xo.html
What's with all the censored art? Anyway, great video as usual. Thanks Simon.
Booobbbiieeeeesssss
bc of demonetization
because youtube is a shithole company
TooRandom absolutely absurd. This website is going downhill fast 😕
Because of americans
Simon, you are incredible! I love these videos! You are so awesome... Thank you!
Amazing rapid fire as usual Simon... Awesome
Could you cover Emperor Hirohito?
It is like writing about Phoenix.The Emperor's role in WW2 is shrouded in mystery.
Eyyyy just check the most recent video
Love your stuff man!
Their video was pretty excellent, containing lots of interesting facts and great visual aids. There is a very important painting they showed but didn't explain, though, at 11:17. The narrator explains what the painting is directly related to, that being the statue of Cleopatra erected by Caesar in the Temple of Venus Genetrix in the Forum of Caesar, but he doesn't explain how the painting comes from the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus in Pompeii. For info on that ancient Roman painting of Cleopatra, see this video: th-cam.com/video/boQOXk9ZEoc/w-d-xo.html
Best one yet, many thanks x
These videos are so interesting and well made - my new TH-cam addiction. They are really well made and give enough info about people I’ve been curious about, but in a succinct way. It’s a nice alternative to Wikipedia because I forget who I want to know more about sometimes. My knowledge of history outside of literature is limited. I must add my favorite Shakespeare play in Julius Caesar - so I really love this. Keep up the good work!
.
Congrats for 100k subscribers.
is anyone here because of the current drama?
I love youre work man thanks for it!!
Simon is my favorite TH-camr! His channels offer something for everyone.
wait. her husband was her brother AND he was only 8 years old and she 18?
Welcome to the wonderful/disgusting world of royal incest! Its a classic tradition/horror that only the most elite get to enjoy. An unwashed peasant like you could never understand the privilege/repugnance of such a proud heritage.
Her brother was 10 at the time.
I love how her brothersanaged to kill their sister by then...
+Karol jadw brothersanaged?
I don't think 'husband' means the same thing in the highest stratospheres of society as it does for the plebes.
What a woman: a great strategist and diplomat.
Been binge watching your vids! Love em!
This story is truly amazing
"Her husband and brother" Hold up, ohhh wait, Ancient egypt.
Technically that's more a result of her being Greek. The members of the Ptolemaic dynasty are very well know to have sibling marriages.... and thusly, the associated health issues. Cleopatra VII was actually married to 2 of her brothers, at different times.
@@LeglessWonder its not cuz she is greek. There are other pharaohs who were born from incest in the Egyptian lineage.
@@whatsagoodname8597 Thats true, but has no bearing on Cleopatra. Since she wasn’t Egyptian
Classical*
@@LeglessWonder Well she definitely had some Egyptian heritage. The first of thirteen Ptolemies to speak the language of her people. And the pharaohs had a history of interfamilial marriage before Ptolemy, but they really skillfully picked it up
I'm sorry to hear that the story of the bedroll has been "largely debunked" (8:19). It's a great story! I wonder who debunked it and how? By the way, it was 49 BCE when Cleopatra learned her brother was plotting against her, not 49 CE (5:36). She was long dead in 49 CE. But that was just a slip, I know. Another great video, Simon!
The bedsack thing is relayed by historian Plutarch but not included at all in the account by historian Cassius Dio. It's most likely a legend, considering how it sounds rather silly. The version by Cassius Dio is less glamorous/romantic.
Anyways, you can read about it here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra
Use BC and AD... that other crap is for people who know nothing about history and/or people like Simon who clearly don’t believe in it (cause he mixes them) but don’t want the PC crowd whining about him.
@@ThomasCallahanJr "That other crap," as you call it (BCE & CE) are used by most professional historians now, because they're unbiased. Personally, I don't care whether someone uses AD or CE, but you must admit "anno domini" is totally Christian-biased.
@@magistrumartium yup... they’re biased if they use it... no matter the religious context the entirety of humanity lives in the year 2021 based off the year 0... which is based off the birth of Christ. I’m not religious, I just like facts and history. AD is absolutely “the year of our lord”... the point is, they are trying to change it for PC purposes because they don’t like that it’s not “inclusive” which doesn’t matter anyways because like I said the entire calendar is based off Christ’s birth. Christian monks invented the Gregorian calendar (the most accurate; which we still use). If they had any integrity they’d admit that, and have a little reverence. Now... “amen...and; awomen”
That was a great video!
Egyptian history is my all time favorite thank you Simon.
I called my cat "Ptolemy" so when Simon says stuff like "Ptolemy became ruler of Egypt, it sounds really funny to me!
Cleopatra also was interested in astronomy and science, was a raconteur and spoke seventeen languages.
Enjoyed this
excellent bio. Thanks again
Hi Simon! I am loving this channel. I was wondering, will you be featuring Nefertiti?
Octavion ( aka Augustus Caesar) was upset that Mark Anthony divorced his Roman wife, because she was Octavion's sister. This fractured any of the last of the ties that bound Anthony with Augustus. This also gave Augustus joy, for he knew that he had the opening to go after Mark Anthony and Cleopatra.
With all that being said, I would love to find out what happened to Cleopatra's children.
Thanks for sharing! 🌟
Again Simon
Great !!!!!!!!
I've watched dozen or more of your video's ......
Wow !! Crazy !!!!!!!
As I write this, Kleopatra VII died 2048 years ago today on the 12th day of August, 30 B.C.
Yes, I spell it with a K because that's how it's spelt in Greek. Κλεοπάτρα
Cleopatra comin atcha
Anne Scholey lol. what?
Cleopatra is one of history's fascinating figures, man or woman.
Hello! 😊 My first video uploaded here on TH-cam is about cleopatra~ only a short vid. Maybe you'd like to watch?
Pls search, "Debunking Cleopatra on Halloween"
Would mean a lot if u can check it out 🙏😊
Take care and have a great day!
Meh.
Thank you !
Great video, finally seeing actual discussion in the comments not just trolls
You should keep on making videos about royalty. I love them all . Love every single last video
Be my queen
jose luis lowe I will
@@nicolequeen9905 sadly I doubt you stay in San Antonio, Tx 😔
jose luis lowe I do not 😭
Love her so much❤❤❤
Hello, I have a short vid about her~ maybe you'd like to watch?
Pls search, "Debunking Cleopatra on Halloween"
Would appreciate if you could watch 🙏😊
Take care and have an amazing day!
Very interesting and well presented.
I adore this channel.
Loving the videos bud! Maybe you could do one on Charlemagne soon. I here his name often but know nothing about him :)
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, THE WOMAN OF THE HOUR! QUEEN OF QUEENS! GIVE IT UP FOR CLEOPATRA!!!!!!!
Awesome... love the way you explain.. and one request make a video on che guevara
Totally unrelated but the way he says empire in 0:58 is amazing
I'm gone.... laughing on the floor. I can't unhear it now. 😂 I'm trying not wake everyone but I might cause a hernia, holding in my laugh. Mercury retrograde gone right. Nice work.
There is much inaccurate information given here. For example there is record of Cleopatra creating policy to ease the effects of famines in Egypt during her reign.
I can't wait to see the comments about the Jada Pinket Smith documentary
They turned it off.
well done!
Do you have a podcast? I’d love to hear so many of the stores you tell on all of your channels and new able to download them while I travel
By modern standards, she is a bit on the plain side. She was pretty enough to have powerfull men fall for her. She was also smart and cunning, which is very sexy.
Good video guys. I've really enjoyed these biography vids. Keep up the good work.
Cleopatra wasn't ethnically egyptian but she was of Greek descent
very good enjoyed that so much
Great video
I’m Larry. Here’s my brother Ptolemy and my other brother Ptolemy.
And our cousin: Ptolemeee
Why is the artwork at :55 required to be censored? Would the Statue of David have to censored too?
Thank-You Simon!!!! FASCINATING as ALWAYS!!!! Cleopatra really WENT THROUGH THE MEN, didn't she?! And having her siblings killed; WOW, that was VERY SAD!!!!
great vid i subbed
This is one of the best TH-cam channels that I've ever seen.🤘🏻🤘🏻🤘🏻🤘🏻👌👌 I pity all my classmates who slept during our Philosophy , Literature and history classes .
Btw love your contents 🤘🏻🤘🏻🤘🏻
Could you please cover Haile Salassie I, or perhaps Marcus Garvey?
beautiful...... thank you.
Great video. I would love to see a video about D.B. Cooper!
11:53 *Roman Republic, not empire. A bit nit pickey but an important distinction.
"She had one vantage over him" ...the V
Perfect story
Oh Simon - you know so many words!