How CPUs Are Made As Fast As Possible
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 28 พ.ค. 2024
- Sure, you can build a PC, but you can't exactly build your own CPU. Fortunately, there are companies that can - here's how they do it!
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Well the "end of this decade" part went by pretty quick...
Corona
@@DhirC35 Heineken
And Intel is just starting to put 10 nm chips on the market
Probably won't see new materials the next 5 or so years i would guess
They could use boron or carbon or something like that
14nm+++
Yeah, the transistors on 14nm parts are about 90 atoms long.
Let me say that again...
90 .... *ATOMS*
About 6,500 of these transistors would equate to the diameter of a single hair. Yeah, pretty tiny.
That's why when shitty TH-camrs who don't know jack ass about PCs speak crap about them make PC enthusiasts pissed off.
Electronics is a bitch of a field, kids.
+LazerLord10 how the fuck they move 90 atoms around?
+SeekNeo I have no clue about the specifics, but imagine they're not really "moving" each individual transistor, they're just made whole basically
+SeekNeo with science (?)
+SeekNeo illuminati
When a mommy and daddy CPU really love each other.....
Lmao mate
Is this why new technology is called "next generation"?
Lol
xD
u wot m8
Instructions unclear
Spent some time playing around in my sandcastle and ended up with 3 Intel and 5 AMD CPUs
This legit sounds like 21st century alchemy.
wait *IN* your sandcastle?
Gg
Can i have some?
gimmie
"By the end of this decade" 2019 already and graphene is still a futuristic material
It is an amazing material thermal expulsion to electrical and even acts as a super conductor. So odd how it is both.
@@diezeljames7910 are energy convert into mass spent batteries so fast drain as possible
2021 and were still on 5nm silicon. an intel is STILL on 14nm silicon, with AMD on 7nm.
"...to create transistors, that only allow current to flow in one direction, which means they can function as tiny switches or gates..."
You're getting transistors confused with diodes. It's true that transistors function as tiny switches, but it's diodes that only allow current to flow in one direction. The function of a transistor is harder to explain succinctly, but it's basically an electronically operable switch. And it generally takes multiple transistors to make a single gate, so you shouldn't really equate the two.
+Yoshie True, but the physical construction is almost identical. I think (just going off of memory here), a diode is a P-N junction, and a transistor is just what happens if you add another P or N junction, hence PNP and NPN transistor types. But you're right about the function of transistors not being the same as a diode.
+Yoshie Thank you, this was bothering me a bit.
***** The construction is very similar, yes. IIRC they also both rely on the same principle of physics in order to work, that of making an electron gap. But Linus still goofed.
was looking for this
+Yoshie It sounds like you are still learning so I'll go easy on you. But take a look at a transistor icon, notice how there is a tiny diode icon inside?
How GPUS Are Made As Fast As Possible
yes
absolutely the same way
+Gavin Crane - Re-watch and replace every mention of CPU with GPU and you have your how GPU's are made.
The only difference between them is the architecture and their inbuilt instruction sets. CPU's are generic computational processors while GPU's are specialised to certain types of repetitive operations and instruction sets which specialise in graphics. eg how shaders are applied.
+CoderMonkey Nathan Well they do specialise in graphics but they specialise in parallel computation (I think it was). Because of the way GPU's work, you can Bitcoin mine very successfully and that doesn't require any graphics. Look up Computerphiles "CPU vs GPU" video
FarmingtonS9 AMD cards are good at bit currency mining, because of the way it processes data. GPU's are capable to performing integer & floating point math better than CPU's and are designed for threaded parallelism. AMD cards became better at bitcoin mining due to a change in the way it processed integer shift which made it more efficient at that kind of math.
So what you are saying is that I CAN'T make my own CPU without spending thousands more that what the most expensive CPU would be?
I quess calculator is possible with hand soldering transistors
just as any modern electronic product
+Gaming Hoot Pretty much when you try making anything which is mass produced...
+Gaming Hoot You could do a pretty shitty and useless one lol
+wojtepanik i made an alarm once in school. motion sensitive with a circuit board some tin and a heating unit to melt the tin plus the connected. dunnl where it is anymlre but it runs on D batteries and starts beeping if slmeone interferes the invisible.light. beam
I am incredibly overwhelmed of how magical these things are. As well as photography. I mean, it's to think that there was NOTHING that could portray a moment forever, and then someone had an idea on how to make that. And it was made, it's just incredibly magical.
Linus, can you explain AFAP how does the electrical energy in the CPU convert to... everything we see? Because as far as we can see... they are only 2 pieces of metal (and other materials) together, but how does that go from being that into something abstract (an OS). Does it send different waves of electric energy and with protocols is interpreted... or... does Gandalf have anything to do with all this? I would love a video about this. (If not as fast as possible, then in LTT channel since maybe you need more time than some minutes).
+Lati Sullivan I know isn't science great it's responsible for our entire modern lifestyle.
Donald C. Yes! :D though it's also used to destroy and do evil things :(
Lati Sullivan That's not really sciences fault people are just assholes.
Donald C. Agreed. Science is the Force. People can use it for good or bad :P
boolean aritmetic
how a humand mind can create that.. impressive
aliens
@@vezeveer lmao
Many human minds together.
@El Mahdi Ettaleb The power of all our minds combined makes us that much more capable.
After he stops believing in a Sky God who never knew dinosaurs existed
if you look closely you can see Linus on the video
Time stamp please.
Wtf is this joke? It makes no sense.
The Frank Knight 6:42
Wooosh
Alex B. Where is that
2:30
No Linus, those are diodes.
Transistors only allow current to pass through when a charge is applied from another side.
Well transistors are a type of diodes
4 minute video with a 2 minute add? Jeez. Linus has sure been expanding those.
+FifthGear 2 minute addition? spelling is everything
DiZith I did.
+FifthGear 5 minute though :)
+FifthGear Yeah seriously
Didn't get an ad and don't have Adblock :^)
The reason why transistors can't get any smaller is because of quantum tunneling. Basicly, the electrons that wouldn't otherwise flow through the transistor (be allowed to) does so anyway (because of quantum tunneling) when the size gets too small.
Its really fascinating, you should consider looking it up.
Didn't he talk about that on this quantum computers video.
*?
Sam leo Maybe. Can't remember. Just wanted to make a quick explaination for those who haven't seen it.
+Wellstar lolwas that a joke? You cant see it
***** Sorry?
What about Graphene Valley ?
+Jon H Yep.
+DH Shawon glassfiber valley
or Silicene
silicone valley is a whole different thing though
+DH Shawon We're waiting for it to get into mass production. It's not there yet.
TechQuickie: We're going to replace silicon in transistors by the end of this decade
2020: CoronaVirus
I used to work in a factory that used to recycle these wafers. Loterally all 3 of the companies (intel, global foundries and tsmc) Best job I ever had.. btw for some reason tsmc was always easier to recycle, global foundries was easily the hardest. There were only 7 factories in the world that did what we were doing so I always felt quite privileged.
that sounds cool
Wdym by recycle? Would it be fully useable again?
@@jishan6992 Yeah they use different types of acids to take away all the different layers on top of the silicon wafer leaving the bare silicon, then it's polished up and sent back, it's cheaper to do that than to make a new wafer. We would "reclaim" thousands of these wafers every day.
@@sacredbridge368 that's good then, no wonder they can sell this chips for relatively cheap. I read somewhere that a single wafer can cost up to 20,000 usd but I thinks that's after all the processing and stuff
@@jishan6992 I'm not sure about 20,000 but the bare silicon wafers that we would send back to companies like intel and TSMC were only worth around £20 - £30. But we'd process about 6,000 of them a day.
so your saying tons of sand is running my rig uh
Edit: wow never got this many likes thanks!
Yes sir
So I can chuck some sand in and it will run faster?!
Felix DaCat That's something Thio Joe would clickbait upload about
Bryan Mengwasser you know hes a troll
Zephir il ventilatore chiassoso thats the joke
How CPUs are made as fast as possible? I think I want my CPUs to be made with time and care...
EDIT: /s
+2987ms Fast as in GHz not time. He was saying we are almost at its limit of making them as fast as possible.
+Dustin Phenix Read the title and of the video, I was making a joke.
2987ms Didn't detect sarcasm lol sorry.
they can be made efficiently, using just the time needed to make them work propperly
+2987ms Jesus christ those people don't belong on this channel. How can you not know that that is sarcasm...
This is great. I want to see how Techquickie is made, as fast as possible. Would be interesting. Thanks :)
+ucheucheuche I'm just replying because if you have more replies you have a higher chance of getting top comment
+ucheucheuche with ads.
It's crazy to me, how much work and technology goes into creating computer parts, and yet a pair of shoes can cost the same as a new CPU or motherboard. Consumers are dumb.
thats why i7 starts at 300$ because it takes more tome to create an i7 than it takes to create an i5 or i3 thats why new i3 are cheaper they arent better than i5 or i7
+robin kegel well you know that a i7 cost not ner 300$ in production ? Im guessing 50$ . And a i3 oir i5 is not going to be any less or more .
+fritz hoffman near*
But R&D
i3, i5 and i7 are all made from the same die (within the same generation), then they are binned according to what is broken. for skylake that means they are all essentially i7 6700K CPUs. if one (or more) hyperthread path doesn't work, then all hyperthreading is disabled and it sells as i5, (same if any of the L2 cache is no good). if any cores are faulty, then 2 cores are disabled and it is sold as an i3. The stability of cores at particular frequencies determine weather it is designated as say a 6400, 6500, 6600 or 6600K. They all cost about the same to manufacture, and R&D is a blanket expense for the generation. but they can charge more for a better (i7-6700K) and while an i3-6100 costs the same to make - selling it at a reduced price still recoups more of the loss than throwing away anything that is not perfect. I am also amazed how stupid consumerism can be.
Graphene Valley.
Now thats a cool name, like something out of Final Fantasy.
Not ff2
Why are CPUs so small? i mean, you look at a GPU, or a HDD and they look important, and the CPU is that little tiny thing. I mean, if we are at the limit of how many transistors we can fit on that thing, why not just make it bigger?
+Nitay A. you could do that, buy a multi socket board, but if you want it to be literally a bigger cpu, lets say 4 times as big, it would draw like 500w alone, and need LN2 to cool it down
+Nitay A. The larger a CPU, the more time it takes electrons to get from one side of the die to the other. (In other words, a larger CPU would actually limit the top speed. It is a careful balance between size, speed, and features. Many engineers spend years building them and figuring this stuff out.) Next question!
(And yield of course. A larger CPU die typically means less yield. In other words, when they make a wafer of them, there is more waste - more of them that don't work during testing.)
+Nitay A. A very basic, simple answer is that CPU's have a handful of cores on a die. GPU's have thousands of cores on a die. It's probably the reason that they are clocked much slower by comparison.
+Nitay A. The GPU is also a small chip. Thing is a modern video card includes more than just the GPU, it also features its own RAM (VRAM), a sound chip and voltage regulators.
***** That is actually really cool, did not know that. Are there large differences between a gpu and a normal PC, or can i theoretically connect one to a SSD/HDD with an OS and run it on the graphics card?
I _REALLY_ wish I could find an explanation as to how computers _actually_ work.
Like, hear me out. The chips don't have moving parts, and you can't see the data moving through them. So how does data get in and transfer around on a seemingly tiny square on a board?
Electrons atom. That's how they work. If the computer detected one electron Particles it will go 1 and if not it will go 0. That's why we got binary numbers
4 years in the future and Linus is still using the same sponsor segway
quick update: It's 2021
CPUs are still made from silicone
I work in a semiconductor fab and it is the most interesting job I've ever had. Linus' description of the process is the very basics of what happens but it is apt. If you ever get an opportunity to tour one, certainly do it. It's awe inspiring to look at your phone, see the processes in the factory and understand your fancy portable phone/gaming system/camera/computer a bit more.
Awesome video been waiting for a while for someone to explain that. Thanks bro😎👍😎
4:06 I heard that "We are very close at the physical limit" claim since over 10 years.
Yep, TSMC is on 5nm with 3nm in development. No issues yet.
@@cm01 Their 5nm is not actually 5nm. Their 12 nm is more like 45 nm, similar at Intel and Samsung.
@@happygimp0 I don't care what your tape measure says, that's what they're named. Everyone knows fabs lie about their nanometers.
This 6 minute tutorial has changed my life. Now i can make my own processor.
WHO THE FUCK COMES UP WITH THIS STUFF
+Waga Yuuri
Engineers, very very smart Engineers...
+Waga Yuuri Exactly my thoughts. The developers must be high as fuck all the time.
"Lets take sand, burn it and expose it to UV-light, this allows us to watch funny cat videos on TH-cam.."
+Waga Yuuri Computers started out big. Then you just make them smaller and add more transistors :P
+ynnckstrm or more likely they never use any drugs, play games, or have relationships.
+DoJo Starfox I've smoked weed once or twice, play games frequently, and have had quite a few relationships. I work at Texas Instruments as an engineer.
Watching these things being created in person is fascinating. I live about a 10 minute drive, with traffic and stop lights factored in, from Micron here in Northern VA and I got to go tour the facility as part of my computer science courses in college.
Excellent explanation of a difficult topic. Nice work LMG, especially Jon ;).
That feeling when all the high tech simulation and visualization of the complex reality is done using just "switches" is a pretty cool feeling.
Yup stuff is getting small, we talk about 14nm architecture as if it was just a small wire, it is EXTREMELY SMALL 14nm is about 40-50 ATOMS wide
90*
at this size its just guesses
silicon atoms are 0.2nm, so 14nm is 70 atoms wide.
Depends on the size of the particular atom being used as a measuring tool.
BobClemintime Doped silicon (because that's what they're made out of)
best tech quickie ever... this is the answer I have found for this... very well explained, keep it up!!!
4:13 "We may see CPUs made from something completely different by the end of this decade", didn't age too well.
I come from the future, we're still using silicone
Thanks a lot techquickie, i was looking for this answer for a very long time and i found it on my favourite channel. Its really much simplified for mere curiosity i had. 😄
You're a fantastic channel! Totally subscribed!
"I mean, you can't exactly whip up a CPU from scratch, can you?"
Ahmed could solder you a CPU in a couple of seconds.
Who is ahmed?
Ben eater as well
@@electronichaircut8801 why would you comment twice on this 4 year old comment? what have i done to be reminded of my past self in such a way
@@PixelBeamTM Who's Ahmed?
@@someboringperson9359 may you join judas in the deepest depths of hell
Linus could you explain the difference between super clocked, super clocked+ and for the win?
I freaking love when you do these kind of videos!!!!
Thanks for the information, Techquickie knows it all, kind regards.
Organic Valley?
How does this only have 1 like after 4 years.
WD40Gaming lmaoo ikr
@@WD40Gaming and your reply is 3 months old and has more likes lmao
Why are wafers cut into circular shape instead of a more rectangular one? Wouldn't that give you more usable area?
I think it's not that they are cut that way, but that the giant silicon crystal that they are grown out of is basically a cylinder, because that's just how it's crystal structure naturally grows. They just slice up said cylinder and then etch as many processors on it as they can fit from that current design.
This is actually fascinating, I've always wanted this to be explained.
I love how you always make a bridge to the commercial part
Remember when that kid brought the fake bomb clock to school? Well in an interview he claimed to have made CPUs by soldering them. Guess this is how he solders CPUs.
Cpus can be made using discrete logic ics. Check out Ben Eater's 8 bit computer.
4:13 - that didnt age well.
Nice DIY video, really helped me a lot.
2 small corrections: a. MOSFET transistors are symmetrical, you can turn them upside down in any circuit and it wouldn't change a thing because the drain and the source are interchangeable (it only depends on what's connected on each end) - so no, the transistor itself is capable of passing current in either direction. Using it as a switch is actually achieved by what voltage is applied to the gate (hence we call it a gate). b. silicon isn't doped with ions, it's a very common mistake, it's doped with *neutral* atoms of either donor or acceptor variety, and those atoms carry a neutral charge. They improve the conductivity of silicon because they add more usable (for conventional electrical flow) carriers, but they DON'T change the charge of the silicon itself.
Ahmed makes CPUs
lmao
Why don't we just make processors bigger so we can fit more transistors?'
@@leny4838 I think its more of making them low power since they have to travel their way there before fizzling out. Enlarge this things and they would need more power(hanks to resistance even with copper) that they would eventually fizzle out before reaching the end.
@StreamerGeo its less about heat issues and more of electricity travelling and still having enough juice to register on the transistors. the purpose of cooling is just so they can operate as close to optimal conditions as possible
thank you very much.
your all videos r very helpful.
lol @ the Freshbooks explanation. it's my favorite part.
How to milk as fast as possible nvidia edition.
+tiger d Make one die, turn off CPUs on defective dies to increase your yield and make several model numbers to increase your profits. Make it appear like you have several products, but they are really one product in different forms. :)
+Bowowowification ...and still make GPUs that function well and are capable of competing with your opponents. Intel does this too, and I'm pretty sure AMD does it as well. What's your point, bud? The thing functions great and you are paying less for it than, say, a Titan X.
Simon WoodburyForget You didn't answer the question, though. What exactly is *wrong* with the practice? You're still getting great performance for a great price.
True,but I'd like to remain nVidia's bitch for now.I don't want to get in AMD's industrial oven. :)
So magic, right?
Thank you so much for this video 👍🏻👌🏻✌🏻
Wonderful! I hope that you will create also italian version of this and others video! Thank you!
Last time i came this early, my girlfriend left me
Original.
Funny.
Oh that's why it is so coarse, rough, irritating and gets everywhere
I HATE YOU
This is so delicate I can't even believe how it even works
I just got on this video an add of him playing bowling
Video on Light based processor...
Could you make a video on how GPUs are made?
Thanks for the informative video :)
I love these series man
HE DID NOT SAY AMD AT BEGINNING, TRIGGERED
Because tsmc make amd chips
edit: yes i know they are joking
@@crazyksp8344 and Global Foundries
@@electronichaircut8801 oh i didn't know that :)
WTF an hour ago i googled "how cpu's are made" this is freaky!!
+herpsenderpsen Yeah! 7 Years ago I googled the same thing! Creepy!!!11!
+C0okieman2009 DEAD
+herpsenderpsen
It's called "baader meinhof phenomenon"
+herpsenderpsen Illuminati confirmed
+herpsenderpsen because google tracks you with cookies (computer ones) and puts videos based on youre serch history thats why when you google facebook there are gona be facebook vids in youre feed and ads about facebook
I love how you mentioned the wafers because I partical check and package multiple wafers every day to give back to global foundries.
I used this for my school project and it helped a lot
Ahmed can Solder CPUs in his house
+Kilroy45 He invented a motherboard, too.
"End of this decade" hmm.
I worked in semiconductors for 20 years and for a brief explanation of what actually goes on your presentation is not bad. Good job.
Waiting on parts to finish my PC all thanks to Linus you're a big inspiration for me to pursue what I enjoy! :)/
Why are you giving me feelings for my cpu making me feel bad for not using it for a true purpose?
Pff, CPUs are easy stuff, I just solder them at home.
Just thought I'd add a point of clarification, the reason silicon purity is so important is because small concentrations of impurities or what are known as dopant atoms have an incredibly large effect on the electronic properties of the silicon (which its vitally important to control if you're going to make a metal oxide transistor)
Linus. You should go more in depth into the machines that actuelly make cpus. i would love to see that!
baby linus
LOL EVERYONE IS AWESOME HAVE A NICE DAY
+Techquickie My grandfather's old company used InGaAs wafers for his processors. His company actually produced analog processors, and I used to have an entire etched wafer with a number of his processors on it (all of which are now useless), but I accidentally dropped it and it shattered. I do have the glass templates however.
Linus thank you for helping me to get an A I used this video in my projects.
Love Your vids keep it up
Please do NTFS vs FAT explained
Over two minutes of ads? Really?
Fuc kYourAds I hope u do see the videos, to know where the Adv is. Stupid
it's as fast as possible.
at least it isn't in the middle of the video.
2016 and you werent using adblock? I hope you've left the cave
Stop fucking complaining. This is free content and they have to monetize it somehow, and they don't run unskippable ads.
(Yeah I know I'm late)
I just love your content. congrats
I used to work at TSMC WaferTech in Camas, WA and the entire process is so boring. Thanks Linus for making my old job seem exciting! 😂
Ahmed Muhammad makes my CPUs. He knows how to, and he even solders them. He invited the motherboard for my computer, too.
lel
are they hallal?
BlackJoe23 No, but they are halLOL. See what I did there? Religion can be fun.
kek
+Prophet Muhammad
oy vey
I solder cpus. After "making" a "clock" and having it *beep* in my lit class.
And then get invited to the white house :D
Muslims :D
TackS
No matter how many times it's explained to me I still can't get the exact process. I need to SEE it. Also my mind is blown every time I try to understand it.
Definitely trying freshbooks
i'm only dislike cuz it will make 200 dislike :)
Hello only dislike
Ahmed Mohamed already all of this, so you're just a copy-cat now
+Azer_XP He's the Steve Jobs of our time. What a brave and beautiful kid. Such a shame he's left us.
+Prophet Muhammad He ran away like a bitch to Qatar.
deadguy718 Well, his family hated that they were treated like a second class citizen in the United States, so they moved to a country that literally has second class citizens that are treated like slaves and worked to death.
the transitions to ads are getting sneakier and cleverer with every video!
actually they're FET's not transistors hence the use of "gate length" to describe new processor technologies
"First" nobody cares.
+ID GAF then why watch and subscribe? and I'm sure he thanks you for the view....and the many more to come...
+ID GAF YOUR %100 CORRECT NOW PLEASE FUCK OFF
+ID GAF First reply.
+ID GAF "'First' nobody cares" nobody cares.
+ID GAF I care bro... I care
4 years left for a decade to end from the date of this video
Linus? Do you know meaning of holidays? Be with family.
That 'tiny transistor' basically a 'redstone comparator' in Minecraft