Robert Stickgold - How Does Memory Work?
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 2 ต.ค. 2024
- We all wish for better memories. But how are memories stored? For all our neuroscience, we still do not know even the level in the brain where memories are stored-from inside neurons to long brain circuits. We do know that the synapses between neurons in the brain are critical, but how those chemical changes mean a specific memory remains a mystery.
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Robert Stickgold is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. He graduated from Harvard University before receiving his doctorate in biochemistry from University of Wisconsin-Madison.
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Closer to Truth, hosted by Robert Lawrence Kuhn and directed by Peter Getzels, presents the world’s greatest thinkers exploring humanity’s deepest questions. Discover fundamental issues of existence. Engage new and diverse ways of thinking. Appreciate intense debates. Share your own opinions. Seek your own answers.
This explanation seems to touch on so many different things I’ve been thinking about. One practical idea is how much my guitar playing improves AFTER I am done practicing and have slept. To the point where when I am practicing it, I feel I am failing. Yet the next day, I will be able to play it magnitudes more proficiently. Though fatigue from the practicing might play a part, it seems much greater improvement than that can account for.
The formation of COLLECTIVE MEMORY by individual learning is one of the most fascinating aspects of life.
Am I the only one who notices every one of these videos starts with the person’s name….”Bob…, Rich…, Don…, Michael…, etc.”
Is it only me that has pops in the audio?
It’s only you. 😆 jk
Memory buffer can be fluid, as well. I can reverse an executive function disorder, I can go from barely able to think and process, to being able to process and focus on a deeper level within seconds. I've also had aphantasia my entire life and reversed the aphantasia 3 different times and was able to access visual memory for the first time in my life. Those visual memories that I recalled for the first time were stored and I had no idea until I recalled them, they were present in the form of visual stills and remained there for several minutes. One of the most incredible things I've ever experienced!
Consciousness is the accumulation of layers and senses in the body: auditory, visual, taste, smell, touch, etc. that create an echo chamber within the body. My experience shared above, my world is very flat with very little dimension. I can access the senses individually, but it's not until I'm in homeostasis that my senses are merged together and create a stronger conscious experience. If you were to remove the senses from the body, say removing your ability to visually see, hear, taste and smell, then your conscious experience would be almost non-existant. Consciousness is internal, not external.
I want better memory.
My face memory of peoples is perfect but that's all ha ha.
The whole Life is like a remembering process..so the the existing world is like a forget!
Good video. We need to clarify ideas like intelligence and memory, especially since we're starting to encode those ideas in the form of software.
I find memories of frequent events all seem to merge into one unless something out of the ordinary happens. I can't remember any individual journeys to work except the one where the traffic stopped for two men chasing a sheep over the road.
Matt Walker's work on sleep is fantastic. I highly recommend his book Why We Sleep to everyone.
Awesome
Sound quality poor in this video.
Many videos have unexplainably miserable sound quality. Obviously they don‘t mind.
Does short-term memory during daytime get transferred to long-term memory during sleep at night-time?
The memory of touch: hot, cold, soft, hard, etc., is not "just" in the brain. It is also in the world. There is biofeedback with the world, a process of reviewing.
But what about inference? Is it when we connect a sense impression with a memory? When we touch something hot and then touch something new there is a comparison or review of "hot". There is a "measure" of the world: comparing what is with what was(memory). But is that the same thing going on with inference?
When we infer, for the first time, what is the brain doing? When Newton first inferred, from an apple falling, that all things fall, he was not just comparing what is from what was. He was adding something. That addition, gravity, was something new. That wasn't a comparison of memories nor a physical comparison with memory akin to the sense impression of touch. He didn't remember gravity or see it. He adduced or inductively reasoned it.
This ratiocination was made after the observance of the apple falling. It was made by what? A new faculty of the brain? The linguistic mind? The will? The a priori synthetic or the a posteriori synthetic? Causation or creation?
Where is inference? In the brain or outside it? In the brain but lurking; like a hidden receiver waiting for a particular frequency? Or outside the brain forcing its way into the linguistic mind? Forcing in the sense of making reason, the linguistic mind, conform to it; or forcing in the sense of disturbing the brain, like dreams? Or is it forcing in the sense of disturbing the will, awakening the will to new possibilities of relating to the world?
Is it the will itself? One way the will works, like physical growth?
The relationships between things in the world depend on evolutionary forms and their genetic processes. The relationships between abstract, Platonic, forms like pi depend on what? Biological desires or all the desires not contained in our biology; the biology of will itself?
oh dirty malicious apes, you are not humans, I have recognised that from the beginning, oh dirty malicious apes its double punishment "the planet of the apes !"
I have noticed that from the beginning that the apes read all my comments, but for me it was my responsibility to warn and protect my kind "future generations", so why should I keep knowledge for myself ! I worked hard while the dirty malicious apes work hard to steal my thoughts!
the dirty malicious apes are not humans at all !
It seems like the mechanism he's talking about is predictive coding. If our experience matches our expectation there is no need to update memory. We don't even notice. Only predictive errors are salient.
Where goes the recorder when in deep sleep?
What are the memories of baby that is not born yet and how it perceives time?
From my memory I know that mic audio is bad.
good thing you wrote it down so you can never forget it
Someone explain how natural nanotechnology emerge without intelligent agent....
The FMRI activity location data is only suggestive, so... We don't know. That's the answer to "How does memory work?"
We don't need to know.
Only an intelligence ( like Man) makes, maintains, improves, fine tunes ... abstract & physical Functions.
Everything in the Universe ... is an abstract or physical Function.
Machine Analogies is a natural phenomena ... because a Natural Function ( Life) will always be like an unnatural Function( machine)
The Human Body is a physical Function, composed entirely of Function.
Memory is simply a physical Function ... over the Supercomputer called the Human Brain.
What we all really need to know & understand ... is the origin, purpose & need to enforce ... rules & Laws.
All Law ... provides structure, guidance, boundaries, order and ideal, repeatable & predictable BEHAVIOR or properties.
Only an intelligence ... makes & enforces Law.
An intelligence ( like Man) ... has free will ... to think & do good or evil .. . and a NATURE or propensity to do either.
We know what Man's Nature is like ... and the absolute need for Rule of Law and enforcement.
What is the nature of the intelligence that made Man?
And why hasn't the Law been enforced .... yet?
the apes have no minds, all the dirty malicious apes can do is blunt thievery ! shame on the apes, but how could the apes know the meaning of shame !
I worked hard to protect their children, while the apes worked hard to destroy and loot my country! I had to leaves my country "they left it in chaos and tragedies"
now the apes stolen my own thoughts too !
So basically, while the brain is a storage center, our mind and memories are metaphysical and even dictate to the brain, where to store a memory and evolve it.
unbelievable, how did the apes lost all the main human characteristics !
most of the things you can guess by knowing how neurons work: synapses chemically activated, new synapses, and physical strengthening of them then the function of the inputs. but you have to check how artificial neural networks work. then by researching you need to confirm them and find new things. Anyway it’s a very exciting field of study 👍
In his metaphor of remembering breakfast and also remembering liking it he seems to have it backwards. I would rely on the fMRI based work of Antonio Damasio which suggests to me that memories are of feelings first then the mind fills in the details about the eggs, the toast, I was in my kitchen etc. The memory or recollection is first a" re-feeling" then the details as modified are collected around the feeling.
it is really strange how the apes lost all the main characteristics of humans !
Robert Stickgold's take on memory could find more fertile ground for expression in the context of semiotic theory (motivation, association and habituation - CS Peirce). Memory as habit, and the changing of a habit of thought with a new association. Taking his example, your generic habit for "dog" changing with a new association upon your encounter with your neighbour's Great Dane.
The cliché that much of the brain is unused is wrong. (Except for Republicans). But sleep is clearly a very dynamic and healing function for the body, much like exercise and appropriate diet. A fascinating area for research to elucidate the entire functioning of the brain. Aristotle would be pleased.
Existence doesn’t exist. It’s just a word in your vocabulary.
the dirty malicious apes !
exactly like apes, unbelievable !
The processes in a brain, whether in sleep or awaken depends on so many factors, true is that its constantly evolving through the sensoring system and the memorized informations, how the transportation of data occurs and the division of the importance of the data, is the complicated network solution of a brains function, whereas consciousness determines the decision for understanding a certain task.
We have to imagine as an example a central post depot where all letters from the whole world arrive, the employees (neurons), sort and separate the destination and guide them to the (synapses) the deliverers that brings your post home.
This is a constant ongoing daily, like in our brains.
There's no mystery, just a logic understanding of how a complex brain works.
@@ROForeverMan that's a good one, and how come you have tears in your eyes? is the skull full of water?
@@ROForeverMan there are three conscious layers that are born with each individual human being, and these tissues are under the skull positioned, that's why we have a small hole left in the skull that closest fully after a few years, when the upper conscious layer has enough surrounding data absorbed.
Your cognition is in the second layer, and the decision making is in the third.
If you keep slapping a child on his head, you'll damage the first layer and maybe the second layer too, causing a disorder in his cognition.
Consciousness doesn't emerge from somewhere, it grows within the brain and develop's like other body parts.
Without consciousness we wouldn't be able to understand or realize reality. Consciousness is the natural given defense system of humans for survival, other than animals with venoms, ferocious strengths, claws, and bite toolworks.
Everything is built on true existence, only a confused brain doesn't realize that.
Very interesting :)
Such a great show but Im very disappointed in the staticy sound that's happening. Please check your videos before uploading them.
6:28 clearly everything you “aquire” gets modified in time but abstract concepts I think can be remembered unaffected, anyway it’s a different story. For example learning to do summations or whatever algorithm.
real apes unbelievable !
He concept concern memory are wrong. For instance he Said memory are liking with reality it is untrue because memory Not predict all reality . Certainly he Not remember last day he had lived utter.
tl;dw - i forget
Where is memory in the brain? A recent video said they have no evidence of knowing where it is, and this man says that during sleep.memory is moved from one part of the brain to another
How does memory effect the overall brain, the thinking and functioning of a person, and what capacity of memory is ideal regarding health, and to what length of time should a memory be contained for?
Memory is subconscious thinking, as if going through a filing cabinet, meanwhile you're not entirely conscious or free from the subconscious so being in the presence.
Our programming is built in the memory of the subconsciousness as a construct dicating our thoughts and influencing our mind and intentions and actions. Memory is both good and bad. It remtains our pain, holds our regrets and shame, the subconscious and memory may feed off our life force or being, pulling us back down under -- like ptsd which I studied much.
They say the subconscious is a great servant and a horrible master. Those thoughts that attack us and tell us we're not good enough are the demons lurking in the under world of the mind, the subconscious.
Is known that we hold onto the bad times more than the good times even though they were less frequent, which is categorized in the lower mind and is substantial and has much of an effect on our overall well-being.
How should one manage the memory? The modern era has polluted our minds.
Conscious and subconscious mind is like a pendulum swing, and a non disciplined mind, the subconscious usually directs where the conscious mind goes, as if a captain of a ship. Subconscious is a great servant, and a horrible captain of the ship -- where do you find the captian so directing the conscious mind?
You can't talk about how memory works until you know what memory is.
This gentleman is not discussing memory. He is talking about subjective reports and memory testing.
Unfortunately he and all other humans have no idea what memory is.
So, what is it?
Sorry, snarky unfair question....have recently had some odd experiences involving lucid dreaming, which probably negatively affected my tone in my comment.
I do not know, of course, what dreams actually are, but I suspect they represent some attempt by our consciousness to reorder the huge amount of information in our brains in a fashion that might prove useful.
@@hughbarton5743 Memory is the storage of subjective information for later retrieval. Talking about the steps for memory formation is not talking about memory. Testing memory is not talking about memory. It is talking about the process of subjective information retrieval.
@@hughbarton5743 Who can say anything about dreams? They really can't be studied. All we can study are reports of dreams, not the dreams themselves.
How so?
The brain is a physical Function composed entirely of Function ... with Memory & consciousness being subroutines and Hardware of a living supercomputer.
We know the purpose & the fundamental principles about memory storage & sensor data ... from Computers or devices with a CPU.
Everything in the Universe is an abstract or physical Function ... unnaturally made by an intelligence.
Only an intelligence( like Man) ....makes, maintains, improves, fine tunes ... Functions.
How Man's memory actually works is not important. Man being a physical Function composed entirely of Functions is crucial to understanding existence.
An intelligence .... has free will ... to think & do good or evil ... and a nature or propensity for either. Law made by an intelligence for an intelligence ... must be enforced ... otherwise there will be chaos & disorder UNLESS the intelligence has a Nature that is pure, perfect, good, just, righteous, loving, merciful, patient etc.
What is the nature of Man & the intelligence that made Man ... is more important that understanding how memory works in the brain.
Stickgold is a sleep expert . I wished Robert would have asked him about the genesis of dreams. How does billions of neurons with trillions of synaptic connections somehow cooperate to create a vivid dream for us while asleep? From a materialistic reductionist perspective, it seems impossible.
Good question. I would be interested in hearing his explanation as well.
There's cellular communication and different microbes can affect human behavior. This has been known for hundreds of years.
Indeed it has, this is literally nothing new
This video explains it better:
th-cam.com/video/58KbxBOg7-I/w-d-xo.html
(1:30) *RS: **_"I think our memories are constantly being modified with every new piece of information that comes into us."_* ... "Memory" is a biological microcosm of the universal database of information administrated by "Existence." We continuously acquire, process, and assimilate information in the same ways that Existence does. This is how "Existence" evolves.
Humanity is tantamount to 8 billion individual workstations all feeding our unique experiential data and value judgments into the core server known as "Existence."
@@ROForeverMan *"With the mention that "existence" is synonymous with God. I am God."*
... After 13.8 billion years, you are the highest state of evolution, but you are not God. Theism's God is defined as infinitely existing, all-knowing, and does not evolve. Everything in existence (including you) evolved from simplicity to complexity.
@@ROForeverMan *"Read my sentence again."*
... The one time I read it suffices.
*"I said: "I am God", not "Ego am God"."*
... My response had nothing to do with ego.
*"I'm talking about the Self, not the ego."*
... Unless you are an infinitely existing, omnipotent, omnipresent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient supernatural entity that's responsible for the creation and destruction of everything that exists, then you ("ego" or "self") are not God.
@@ROForeverMan *"Self is God. I am Self. I am God."*
... Okay then, you are God. Mr. God, why did you terminate the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous Period? Also, why did you wait 380,000 years to create the first hydrogen atom? I'd love to know!
Anyway about the interview, so the cellular communication in the brain is waves frequency it is quite literally the same as cellphones, antennas because we are all basically walking antennas.
@@ROForeverMan Oh yeah? That's quite literally the dumbest shlt I've ever heard so far lol. Heart don't exist fingers don't exist lol
@@ROForeverMan consciousness is not all their is theirs no proof of that nor is their any proof consciousness can exist without the brain.
@@ROForeverMan so when we cut the brain out and lay it on the table it isn't their? You are proving you don't have a brain for sure lol.
@@ROForeverMan Your lack of intelligence is astonishing.
@@ROForeverMan When a person gets a headache it's in the brain, when a person gets a head concussion it's brain, when a person gets in an accident and injures their brain their head at alters the state and it can change them from a brain injury how can you even come close to saying brain does not exist that is the most ridiculous thing I've ever heard yet
So good discussion. So good investigations. The memory that plays around with yesterday, now, and next, is an anchored no passenger-ship, in “Hic et Nunc”
According to the TNGS, memory is a process of dynamic recategorization. It is a system process, not identifiable with any particular group of neurons or area in the brain.
It's becoming clear that with all the brain and consciousness theories out there, the proof will be in the pudding. By this I mean, can any particular theory be used to create a human adult level conscious machine. My bet is on the late Gerald Edelman's Extended Theory of Neuronal Group Selection. The lead group in robotics based on this theory is the Neurorobotics Lab at UC at Irvine. Dr. Edelman distinguished between primary consciousness, which came first in evolution, and that humans share with other conscious animals, and higher order consciousness, which came to only humans with the acquisition of language. A machine with primary consciousness will probably have to come first.
The thing I find special about the TNGS is the Darwin series of automata created at the Neurosciences Institute by Dr. Edelman and his colleagues in the 1990's and 2000's. These machines perform in the real world, not in a restricted simulated world, and display convincing physical behavior indicative of higher psychological functions necessary for consciousness, such as perceptual categorization, memory, and learning. They are based on realistic models of the parts of the biological brain that the theory claims subserve these functions. The extended TNGS allows for the emergence of consciousness based only on further evolutionary development of the brain areas responsible for these functions, in a parsimonious way. No other research I've encountered is anywhere near as convincing.
I post because on almost every video and article about the brain and consciousness that I encounter, the attitude seems to be that we still know next to nothing about how the brain and consciousness work; that there's lots of data but no unifying theory. I believe the extended TNGS is that theory. My motivation is to keep that theory in front of the public. And obviously, I consider it the route to a truly conscious machine, primary and higher-order.
My advice to people who want to create a conscious machine is to seriously ground themselves in the extended TNGS and the Darwin automata first, and proceed from there, by applying to Jeff Krichmar's lab at UC Irvine, possibly. Dr. Edelman's roadmap to a conscious machine is at arxiv.org/abs/2105.10461
the universe has been evolving as well. and wherever data of any sort accumulates they get kept within a that specific area. like all that is knowable is all around us within particles. our brains are nodes connected wirelessly to the surrounding area. thats why why when we exit this planet we start losing much of ourselves.
Your memory works? Gosh.
the dirty malicious apes have stolen everything I have wrote, they left nothing !
It doesn’t work. I only remember things randomly. Development isn’t evolution. I always do things better the next day. All of our memory is being replaced. It’s also our interpretation of the event.