2-Minute Neuroscience: Methylphenidate
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 14 ก.ย. 2023
- Methylphenidate, better known as Ritalin or Concerta, is a stimulant medication primarily used to treat ADHD. In this video, I discuss how methylphenidate affects the brain and how this is thought to lead to therapeutic effects in ADHD.
TRANSCRIPT:
Methylphenidate is a stimulant medication primarily used to treat ADHD, although it is sometimes also used to treat daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy and has several other off-label uses. Methylphenidate is better known as Ritalin or Concerta, which are two of the numerous brand names the drug is sold under.
Methylphenidate is a stimulant drug. Its primary mechanism of action is thought to be the inhibition of reuptake of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine. Reuptake is a process used by neurons to remove excess neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft. In reuptake, proteins called transport proteins move neurotransmitters out of the synaptic cleft and typically back into the neuron that released them. Thus, by inhibiting reuptake, methylphenidate increases levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft. These elevated levels of dopamine and norepinephrine lead to increased activity at the receptors for these neurotransmitters, and cause various alterations in brain activity.
For example, methylphenidate has been shown to increase activity in the prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain that’s considered important to attention and other executive functions. The exact way the pharmacological actions of methylphenidate help improve the symptoms of ADHD is not fully understood, but in general it’s thought that dopamine and norepinephrine signaling are important to attention and other executive functions, and thus increasing levels of these neurotransmitters leads to therapeutic effects in ADHD.
Although inhibiting dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake appears to be the primary mechanism of action for methylphenidate, the drug does have a number of other actions in the nervous system. For example, it also stimulates serotonergic and adrenergic receptors. It’s unclear exactly what contribution these other actions may make to methylphenidate’s therapeutic effects, but studies have found that the effect on adrenergic receptors specifically may be important to the drug’s ability to enhance cognitive function.
REFERENCES:
Faraone SV. The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018 Apr;87:255-270. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.001. Epub 2018 Feb 8. PMID: 29428394; PMCID: PMC8063758.
Shellenberg TP, Stoops WW, Lile JA, Rush CR. An update on the clinical pharmacology of methylphenidate: therapeutic efficacy, abuse potential and future considerations. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2020 Aug;13(8):825-833. doi: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1796636. Epub 2020 Jul 25. PMID: 32715789. - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
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Been taking this bad boy for 2 years now. The appetite loss is the strongest side-effect for me, sometimes eating feels like trying to push paper-mâché down my throat.
On the other hand, I actually managed to finish university, and my close-relationships don’t dissolve after 8 months.
Do you ever get sleepy from it?
@@SerpentinePleasure The opposite, it's wakefulness itself. Sleep hygene becomes much more important. I take the metylphenidate early in the morning, and then no coffee or tea 6h before sleep.
It also made me able to be productive on days I slept poorly. Which before was unthinkable, a bad night just outright ruined my day.
@salad_tasty hmmm I've been giving these to start tomorrow. But I think I will struggle. I already been suffering with eating ussues and I don't want to lose weight. I've managed to gain some and will just get severely depressed if I start struggling with food and lose weight. But also I need and want to sleep. Already have insomnia and sleep problems. Tbh I enjoy smoking a joint sometimes and magic mushrooms. Don't particularly want to give them up 😒
Yeah and I like a tea at night..
that's so relatable... food becomes a lowkey burden
I have severe ADHD and it's interesting how Ritalin seems to annihilate it unlike other stimulants like amphetamines. It's as though it surgically picks with such precision the exact parts of my brain responsible for my ADHD symptoms. I tend to get quite depressed on this medication, however it's almost like magic how I suddenly put stuff back where I took it, remember what I have to do at all times, paying attention to where I put my belongings, being mindful of where I'm going when walking, reminding of certain tasks, and more. I'd say it reduces 90% of my symptoms, but it leaves me with a cold void I don't enjoy.
For some this is amazing, for me it feels like I'm a robot. But hey, it definitely helps for ADHD.
i understand you man it sucks the personality out of you. being social is hard on it but it depends on dose. Do you take allot ?
idk if there's a solution for it. I just learned allot from my therapy and have more control over my adhd now so i take less meds and sometimes just don't. Also do you think you will need your meds forever ?
@@annemarcovandijk1523 Yes I took a lot, at low doses I can manage not feeling like a robot. Also I agree that a big part (arguably most) of managing ADHD is therapy so I don't think I'll need them per se, but they definitely do help a lot. I don't mind relying on substances as long as I'm happy and healthy, but if it starts giving me problems like I can't go a day without it, then that's a bit annoying and I'd have to work on that with therapy. Overall yea it's all about that sense of control that you can't really get without therapy
this, also fucks up my vision and confidence, slows me down a ton, makes me depressed,
@@annemarcovandijk1523 ik zit laatste jaar middelbare nu na het ongeveer 12 jaar te slikken ga ik stoppen, vanwege deze bijeffecten. Aan het begin had ik weigin last, maar naar maten je t langer slikt merk je meer. Verschilt per persoon maar sowieso als je het 6 weken slikt werkt het pas goed
Interesting, for me I feel like the void is there when I'm not on meds.
I actually feel more like myself on it
The study of the brain is more comprehensive and more important than simply studying the nerves. The brain is the main control center in the body and controls all mental, sensory and motor functions. While nerves are the roads that connect the brain to the rest of the body. The brain is responsible for operating the nerves and sending signals through them.
So studying the brain and understanding how it works is vital to understanding human cognition, thinking, and behavior. While studying nerves alone will not give us the full picture. Focusing on the brain will help us gain a deeper understanding of the human mind and its unique capabilities.
All complex systems can be broken down into smaller functional units, and until these units are better understood, their combined function is historically thought of as somehow mystical. Look at the historical progression of understanding/demystifying lightning, weather patterns, disease, nutrition, mental health, or any other observed complex system. We will someday similarly be looked back on as ancients fumbling through the darkness of our ignorance
This drug revolutionized my life.
same, untill could not afford it here in peru
Amazing video! Thank you so much, this explained more then I’ve been able to read anywhere
Popped up while writing an email.....now I am watching Belfast Ireland 🇮🇪
Great video. Would be very curious to see you explain some popular, well researched nootropics like phenylpiracetam, noopept, bromantane. Cheers brother thanks for the knowledge!
That mechanism also explains why I crash if I run out of my methylphenidate due to insurance or whatever
Get better insurance
@@Svnfold actually most of the time it's because I run out and forget to reorder, and they just can't refill it absolutely immediately.
@@FutureAIDev2015 Gotta keep yourself a side stash. When you get a new refill, set aside ~three pills in a different spot, and do it right away. When the big bottle is empty, do what you need to do to get the next refill started at the pharmacy and use the side stash till the next bottle is ready for pickup. Just don't let yourself touch the side stash till the refill is processing. I do this with cat food, too. 😅
Thank you for this detailed and informative video on a relatively commonly prescribed medicine. Its mechanism of action reminds me of selective serotonin reputable inhibitors or Ssri
Interestingly, it's even more reminiscent of cocaine. They have a very similar general mechanism, but methylphenidate of course doesn't produce euphoric or addictive effects to the same degree.
@@Neuroscientificallychallenged oh that’s interesting I didn’t know that. And cocaine is a stimulant as well
@@Neuroscientificallychallengedanother difference between the two is....cocaine also affects the serotonin system as well...unlike methylphenidate
Cocaine = SNDRI...serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
Methylphenidate = NDRI norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
Theoretically...adding an SSRI along with methylphenidate creates a "pseudo-cocaine" effect
@@aamirrazak3467yes
@@SvnfoldI’m have no understanding of this (don’t have the knowledge) I’ve just been prescribed this drug after being diagnosed with ADHD at 30 yrs old. This chain concerns me as I’ve also had past issues with cocaine, should I be concerned?
Any idea how catecholamine supplements interact with methylphenidate?
10 minute neuroscience for brain anatomy? :D
❤thank you
Due to my ADHD (mental kind, not physical) i started with Concerta but switched to Medikinet because i had a hard time sleeping
This may seem like a dumb question because i'm totally uneducated on the subject, but :
In my understanding, Parkinson's disease is caused by the loss of cells that produce dopamine,
could this drug help compensate that ? Using MPD results in more dopamine left in the synaptic cleft.
I realize that this is very oversimplified so it may be completely wrong. Also it's possible that i understood the mechanism backwards
You are understanding the mechanism correctly. There have been a number of studies that have found some potential benefit to methylphenidate in Parkinson's, but more research needs to be done.
@@Neuroscientificallychallenged Thank you very much for the response.
This is really interesting
I could be wrong about this but you are correct about dopamine being involved in both but I believe Parkinson’s involves a different type of dopamine.
What confuses is me is that clonidine and methylphenidate have opposite effects on noradrenalin/norepinephrine but yet are used to treat same condition ADHD. One increases levels of Neurotransmitter and the other reduces its release i.e clonidine
I wonder what about the mechanisms of action cause sleepiness and suicidal ideation. Tried Concerta once and I could not even drive home from where I was I was so sleepy, and couldn't stop crying and thinking about suicide for two hours. I have mild ADHD and depression and respond very well to Adderall and Dexedrine, Vyvanse doesn't do anything for me but Concerta was its own Hell.
So how does this differ from buproprion??? Yet buproprion is not a contolled substance
Because buproprion does not work as instantly as MPH. It may take up to 2 weeks or longer for buproprion to work.
You should reel these ..
I'd love to
But they are ur work
Belfast Ireland 🇮🇪 😎
Doesn’t this work for depression and anxiety ?
Depression is one of the off-label uses I was referring to in the video, so yes there is some evidence of effectiveness in depression. There have been some studies looking anxiety-reducing effects, but I don't think it's a very common use. For many people (especially those without ADHD), stimulant drugs can increase anxiety, so it might be counter-productive.
@@Neuroscientificallychallenged I suffer with severe anxiety and I have yet to feel any increase in that since starting this drug. However, I am on a very low dose and working my way up as time goes on. Maybe at a higher dose this may cause more of a problem with my anxiety but not currently.
Is that drug really effective against ADHD ?
There is robust evidence that both methylphenidate and amphetamine can increase attention, focus, etc. at the right dose in anyone (whether they have ADHD or not), and good evidence of short-term effectiveness in using stimulants to treat ADHD. The evidence regarding benefits to taking these drugs long-term is a little more mixed, although the majority of studies see better outcomes in ADHD with medication than without (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3520745/)
@@Neuroscientificallychallenged and what about the side effects?
There are potential side effects, as with any medication. Lack of appetite, insomnia, dry mouth, etc. It depends on the individual how well they tolerate the drug.
@@vasilismarkandonis9435The most important thing is to learn how to deal with adhd symptoms without relying on medication because that's the only healthy long-term solution. Speaking from experience while also basing my argument on science. Generally use medication only as a last resort option if nothing else works while your quality of life is pretty bad.
@@vasilismarkandonis9435 I just started taking it about 2 weeks ago and I see a HUGE difference with my brain working much better and not feeling so 'out of it'. I can actually listen to a conversation and hear word for word. It really is amazing. Side effects would be a dry mouth but I still have a decent appetite. My insomnia issue is still a concerned but since I only take it once early in the morning right now I have yet to have it be an issue..Fingers crossed on that one...
Based on this video, I could use some.
Psilocybin containing mushroom saved my life. It drastically reduced my benzodiazepine withdrawal allowing me to quite illicit pill addiction after three years of heavy daily use before it would had became medically dangerous to quit. it has also helped me to survive depression
Psychedelic’s definitely have potential to deal with mental health symptoms like anxiety and depression, I would like to try them again again but it’s just so hard to source out of there.
Shrooms was the best trip I had. It was an amazing experience.
What does this has to do with mph?
Weird. They completely shattered my psyche and put me into a deep anxiety that I used alcohol to numb. During these experiences, I would have an Ego Death and my conscience would tell me not to use hallucinogens. I persisted against my better judgement. I am very thankful I didnt get stuck, because I know a lot of people who have. It took years, but I am off all substances, run probably about 3-4 miles a day, and I have never felt better.
@@Juliebbb544 lmfao no
Very interesting and good channel but please slowdown rhythm of speech
I'm tired 😂
I wish you weren't talking about depersonalization
Excellent summation of the process! Tragically, since neurons produce dopamine and epinephrine naturally, tricking the synapses into observing there is enough available by inhibiting the re-uptake,, the neurons, in their biologically programmed response to conserve energy, stop producing them. Withdrawal is now difficult because the natural production cycle has ceased to function (true for all re-uptake meds- think of serotonin syndrome)) Restarting it takes time and can be a miserable experience.
I suppose one could endure a lifetime of medication with all their side effects or one can use neurofeedback brain training to help the brain "learn" how to better perform it's functions (focus and attention in this case) and like using your muscles, increase the capabilities needed. By increasing the demand on neuronal competency, the brain will respond by increasing capacity. True for any function of the brain.
The synapse is just a gap. You can't trick a gap into doing anything.
So much pseudoscience nonsense there. You can't retrain a dysfunctional ADHD brain.
If you're going to post huge statements link your research.
For a channel that is "balanced" you should look into being impartial. What a ridiculous comment, I think everyone would prefer to be able to train their brains to somehow beat ADHD instead of taking medication. Oh wait, that is medically impossible unless you outgrow it.
@@stephenburt3470 Agreed. I think the only way ADHD may subside from childhood to adulthood is when children are treated with medication as opposed to the condition being untreated until adulthood. It's possible stimulants encourage neuroplasticity and allow certain brain circuits to develop which could explain how about 40% of children 'grow out' of the condition into adulthood.
The original commenter above also fails to see the obvious, in ADHD brains there is already a dysfunction in dopamine/norepinephrine signalling. The medication is just allowing the right amount of these monoamines to build in the synapse. Tolerance etc only develops if the brain is being harmed by too much of an influx of anything, if the effect of the drug isn't doing harm to the brain there isn't a need for the brain to adapt by creating tolerance.
This is why this drug should be banned in sports that requires high level of brain control like gymnastics, this explains why Biles has this advantage towards the other girls, so unfair.
They are banned.
My eldest was on Ritlin..
Now back in then days ..I didn't know what Autism was..
All I knew ...I was told by
Head of
Northern Ireland Autism
Dr Bennett...
My son had the worst ADHD
They ever seen...so bad was it
He was Banned from all the clinics
It stopped his growth
My son is smaller than
Me
No boy is ever smaller than their mother's
Old Irish tale
Guess what .....plenty of
Boys are now this way
Lucky
We found another way
That is
Mother Natures way to cross the Ion channels
And make Oxgyen in the Michondria
Nd
Repair Myelin Sheath Damage
Belfast Ireland 🇮🇪 😎
My eyes! Wtf did I just read.
@andrewdavies2640 talking about the 90s
When the only Autism was Serverly Autistic..
In Northern Ireland
Check the Data
@@andrewdavies2640Right?! Seems "mom" might have adhd, as well!
Your son Is alive?
@@fortune3911 yes all my 3 sons are alive and happy 😊 😃 😀 😄 😁