Cold Welding In Vacuum
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 20 ก.ย. 2024
- I attempt to cold weld metals on earth in a vacuum chamber.
AvE : / arduinoversusevil
music by Dan Wurtzbacher at www.ddubbAUDIO.com
Bonus videos:
gauge blocks in liquid nitrogen: • cold welding the plot ...
pumping mercury: • mercury water pump
cute bunnies: • Video
Help me make videos by donating here: / codyslab
Thanks for testing so thoroughly! Very interesting to see how difficult it is to get a cold welding result!
can you show a more in-depth video on how to make a nut vibrator?...making one for a friend
AvE Thanks for recommending this channel to me. Cody has almost a million subscribers now. crazy.
So, is it pronounced Ave?
Ja, nuts, I remember coming across his water to acid mythbusting vid then having my mind blown at the TNT vid; thinking how does this guy only have a thousand subscribers?!
This colab has been very interesting to me, I think the finding that twisting metals together plays a big part in cold welding is significant in the mystery of gauge blocks holding on to each other... yet I've never had gauge blocks gaul up permanently like actual cold welding
Cody: Cold welding is all about cleanliness and flatness. Speaking from experience, physicists doing high-precision experiments don't have to worry about cold welding effects until they are utilizing ultra-high vacuum (UHV) systems. At those pressures, nothing is generally able to be dirty (because it if were, then the pressure would be lower anyway, because even metal outgasses to some degree).
Think of it this way. Metals are really just atomic lattices. If you zoom in so far as to be able to see the atoms (at atomic resolution), then in the absence of anything else (oxide, dirt, crap, whatever), you'd just see an incomplete lattice (probably rebonded at the boundary) and then nothing else (just vacuum). If you have two such objects and then touch them together, then you literally have just one complete object. In other words, cold welding is the effect of making two objects one, quite literally. If you zoomed into your samples (which you probably think are relatively clean already), you'd be shocked to see how much gunk there is on them in the form of water vapor and other stuff on the atomic scale, even with the oxide completely removed. Moreover, you have to have very flat surfaces in order to cold weld properly. Polishing to a tiny grain size is almost a must in order to see the effect.
The problem comes in because there's almost always just way too much junk in the way in order to actually cold weld something. Oxide will obviously be in the way, but even if you remove all of that, there's still a lot of stuff that will cause problems. If you have an UHV vacuum chamber and clean it with chemical solvents for days and bake the hell out of it, you're still going to be pumping for quite a while before you reach UHV pressures (circa 10^-10 to 10^-11 torr). Scientists who use UHV will tell you how arduous it is to get their chambers down to UHV pressures. Even a single fingerprint accidentally left on the inside of a UHV chamber will cause the pressure to be high for months. For this reason, everything that goes into the system has to be ultra-clean. Parts have to be cleaned with chemical solvents over and over again (often using an ultrasonicator) and so forth. The chamber itself has to be baked for a long time to remove the excess fluid pressure of the moisture left inside. Conflat flanges using copper gaskets have to be used in lieu of traditional o-ring seals because at those pressures traditional seals will fail. You absolutely cannot touch anything which goes into a UHV system with oily (ungloved) fingers. In short, UHV is a lot harder than normal vacuum pump work.
And yet, you really need UHV pressures in order to see proper cold welding. Sure, you can twist parts together at atmospheric pressure, but you're really just lodging the metals together in certain places and causing them to hook together because they are not atomically flat in places. You're just using the non-uniformity of the (presumed flat) samples that you have in order to simulate a cold weld. True cold welds should be permanent, because it's really just touching one half of an exposed, polished, flat metallic surface to another, making one piece.
I hope that makes sense. In summary, once again, cold welding is all about cleanliness and flatness. Thankfully, it is much harder to achieve than it is, because otherwise us scientists would have a devil of a time trying to get anything done!
SlamminGraham HA Nerd!
SlamminGraham word
SlamminGraham Jesus how long did it take you to type that
That was a pretty nice read. Thanks for writing your comment.
SlamminGraham I like it. keep up the good work
Cody, can I just say, I have so much respect for you still posting videos of "failures" like this, where you didn't obtain the desired result. It brings the viewer along with you on the journey of discovery and shows the process of trial and error that is necessary to learn anything. I notice you often have a bunch of know-it-alls in the comments going "oh well OBVIOUSLY" and "I can't believe THAT didn't occur to him", as though it's possible to know everything or that they always knew the things they know. You are obviously quite smart and knowledgeable on a wide range of subjects, and I really appreciate that you don't pretend you magically just knew everything from birth.
My first time watching and I'm super impressed. I wish everyone had this much curiosity, can you imagine a world where we are too curious about one another and the way things around us work for hate and discord? This is why so many nations can inhabit the ISS in such close proximity, mutual curiosity for the unknown with only the expectation that they learn from their failures. They've seen this planet for its fragility hanging in space dwarfed by an unknown infinity.
Cody, Another approach you could try is to freeze one piece of gold in the liquid nitrogen so that it shrinks, next clamp it together with the other piece of gold, then as the frozen piece starts to warm up it will expand and possibly lock the two together. anyway great video!
Experimental Fun runs on coke huh
While cryogenics can change crystalline structure in metals, it won't make them magically flat and clean enough for the lattices of the gold to cold weld on large surfaces. Temp was not his failure.
He's trying to cold weld, which bonds it on an atomic level. Your talking about pressing metal together, not even close to what he's trying to do.
"So I've set up a mouse trap here and fixed the two pieces of gold to it"
I love you, Cody.
Cody's so close to 1,000,000, help him get there 😀
Have you degreased the gold? Probably there was a thin film of oil or other organic stuff that prevented cold welding. Try a piranha solution or a concetrated solution of sodium hydroxide in ethanol. They are powerful degreasers especially the piranha solution. Also you can check if water beads up on the surface which would indicate that surface isn't clean enough.
I tried several things; acetone, isoproponal, heating... I was using gloves in the beginning to keep the oil from my hands off it.
it's really hard to get rid of it. Organic stuff is suspended in air and even perfectly cleaned surface will be dirty after some time.
I had some luck with concentrated H2SO4 mixed with surfactant (Sodium dodecyl sulfate).
Piranha would be the best though.
Probably Patreons getting earlier access
I Like Turtles Same it says he put the comment 6 hours ago and it went up 5 mins ago WTF XD
Like Fredric Marc wrote - I'm one of the patreons, and have earlier access ;)
4:45 am i going crazy or do i hear two different things being said?
trueharm - whoa cody messed up
I thought I was the only one XP
I thought TH-cam or my computer had a problem, since I heard it right after a internet crash XP
Obviously a ghost.
trueharm not crazy
trueharm u know, u are using youtube where u can just go back to that minute and replay it. 😪
can you extract calcium from bones? I'm the same guy as last video
Joshua Corona I'd love to see that!
by any chance aer you the same people?
Jack Geoghegan very much so. that's how I start up a comment
You can easily run that experiment yourself . just use distilled vinegar and some chicken bones. It's rather fun takes a few days though.
interesting 478
You are an idiot
1:53 So here's what I came up with...
LET ME SHOW YOU ITS FEATURES!
was that an editing error 4:46
ah it seems so.
that was an error in the matrix :'D
Cody has secretly cloned himself. That was just them talking over each other.
hey7328
WTF was thaaat😂😂😂😂
Cody'sLab HAHHAAHAHAHA
I appreciate your channel because you're not just blowing shit up for fun and calling it science. You actually explain what is going on and use the scientific method to answer real questions.
When I tig weld aluminum, after I'm done "molten puddle is solid" during the post flow of gas I can stick my filler rod to the piece near the weld and it sticks together. When you weld aluminum it burns the oxide layer off and is under 100% argon gas (inert) this could be a great way to verify your oxide layer and oxygen molecules sticking to the surface theory.
Ross The Welder That's a very interesting thought! I've noticed that occasionally while tig welding aluminum, but never really thought about it much.
*aluminium
Ill have to try that
4:47
Lol we now have 2 Codys arguing
when will you be continuing rocket videos? is it because of the lack of a licence?
pls reply!
Aaron K. James Calm down
Ville Ruokonen lol
Aaron K. James Ha, the nitric acid - diesel fuel thingy rocket? That's so old, i want to see it though
If you can find a way to incorporate a vacuum chamber maybe he'll do it!
Rockin' the chamber! yes, love that band.
You worry about a single layer of O2 atoms on the gold, but not worry about a 'mountain' of molecules of grease from your hands on that gold? No wonder it is not cold welding. Besides those gold bars were not polished enough - they have to be mirror polished.
I also wonder if the wooden rig was outgassing and causing problems
“Diamond finished”?
@notfiveo Junior Mold Polisher here checking in. Lol
Searched for this video after seeing your comment on AvE’s channel. Glad you delivered!
Guys this guy is a genius !
Naseef Bro He's like a modern day Bill Nye
Elizabeth Walton true 😂
Elizabeth Walton Except no one really liked Bill Nye.
Sav age speak for yourself bro I loved me some Bill Nye
Elizabeth Walton Except no one but you really liked Bill Nye*
This is seriously one of the coolest interdisciplinary videos I've seen. I've watched most of these videos over the past year or so, and for whatever reason this particular video really stood out to me. Please do more like this.
For what is's worth, I agree with the logic behind grinding the metals together vs. slamming them together. If cold welding can only take place if the crystals from the different halves are aligned in some specific way, it would make sense that rotating the two surfaces in opposite directions would be particularly effective in providing more opportunities for this to occur.
Did you take into account the temperature of the metals? Maybe twisting the bars together heats and energizes the atoms a little and allows it to happen. Why don't you try heating the bars and then touching them together. not hot enough to melt but just to like 200 degrees.
Another possibility is while twisting the bars together obviously doesn't increase the temperature of the bars themselves to melting temperatures. But maybe the surface atoms for a brief moment get heated up to their melting point. But this heat can't be measured because its only a couple atoms that are that hot for a fraction of a second. Maybe the surface atoms of the bars are several thousand degrees for the moment you twist them together and that causes them to melt together.
He did heat the gold up with his laser a bit, I'm not sure if it's anywhere near 200 and it does depend on if you use the imperial, centigrade, or science scale, so please point that out. Anyway, he'll probably have to glue them and want to get them back, so he might not have an alternative other than hot glue, which will melt.
no he didnt. He shined his laser on the bars but they didn't touch for 30 minutes after that while he evacuated the air in the chamber.
That's a good point. In addition, I wonder if the metals behave somewhat like a non-newtonian fluid, in that abrupt shock will not fuse them because it stiffens the intermolecular forces somehow.
STDrepository Wouldn't the smashing together cause lots of heat on it's own? It would last much less time but wouldn't it?
smashing together creates a shockwave that distributes heat through the bar evenly. But twisting would cause friction that only heats the surface atoms.
Hey Cody, chemist here.
Just a little suggestion for getting a decent vacuum faster.
Have you tried installing an external cooling trap on your vacuum chamber? Run the tubing (ideally a metal one) into a glass cooling trap, freeze it down with liquid nitrogen and you should be around 10^-3 mbar in no time. Even with a moderate pump.
That also eliminates any problems arising from mercury vapor
Dear Cody-
Think of how much cooler your life would be if your last name was Slab.
Thanks
Bestest comment ever.
It's time for someone to get a name change lol
bestest comment? BESTEST? WHAT DO YA MEAN
I don’t get it
No I think codydon codydone
What I still think, the roughness of the surface is main problem in big surfaces. The attractive force is present to up to ~1x10^-12m. Repulsive force acts in bigger distance. The finest lapping is able to produce surface with roughness 20-50x10^-12m. So when you put two surfaces with this roughness on each other, they stick on relatively small amount of points of contact. When you slide these pieces you put one piece "mountains" into other piece "valleys" thus increasing the surface which is closer than ~1x10^-12m.
When you vibrated the fine dust, you minimized the whole surface and increased point of contact. Plus even the force is minimal, those particles were bumping to each other.
BTW I do not want this comment sounds negative or something. Great work Cody.
i was gonna make a joke about sodium, but Na
You zyklon b kidding me brah? I did nazi that coming.
The Real Canadian Bacon Was that the joke if so I don't get it
Cephas Rock the symbol for sodium is Na. in german the metal is called Natrium.
i would make a chemistry joke, but all my jokes argon
Na BrO
i've been subscribed to AvE and you for a while and happy to see great minds coming/working together
next video Cody goes to NASA and cold welds in space
science_and_anonymous lol
Dig it. I've been an avid watcher yourself and AvE for a long time. I was pleased to see you chime in on one of the vidjehos in his chat channel. It's a good combination in fact and hopefully more collaboration is possible. Fans of both will dig.
Cody, what if it was the WAY energy is introduced? When you rub them together the energy is spread rather evenly throughout all crystalline planes, while when striking you make point contact, being the number of planes interlocking or joining (welding) smaller and cannot hold back the rebounce (after all it is an ellastic material). Just like the force of rebounce exceeds that of the weld and it breaks off instantly?
Alexander Martínez Pasek certainly a plausible explanation. By rotating the pieces together, their surfaces are conforming to eachother. This creates a large enough contact area for both bodies to bond sufficiently in order to support the weight of the bottom piece.
Saw you on Outrageous Acts of Science! Congrats Buddy!
When you wring the gold and indium together and they 'weld' could that just be that two soft metals deform under the pressure and gall up and they aren't welded? Is there a fusion line when you do this?
Thank you so much for your regular updates. I make a point to watch every video and to like them also!
My cannabis seeds just came in this morning! I'm so stoked to get this season going!
Mitchell Maytorena sweet
cool, probs man.
It is a bit random, you're right.Lol I was watching this video and paused it cause the mailman came and bang, I had a bunch of top of the line cannabis genetics! I just couldn't contain myself. As your internet buddy I strongly advise you all to start cannabis companies. It's a billion dollar industry in Colorado alone!
welcome to the jail in 3 days
Its legal in some states
Codys Lab and AvE? Collab of the century
MAin problems, in my POV: Low vaccum (you must go to high vaccum to notice any difference). The ones with turbo or diffusion pumps. Your mechanical vacuum should be around 1 or 0,1 Torr, which is still a lot of air. You should go to at least 10-6 Torr to get sth. Second, surface roughness, you should go to extreme polished, lapped surfaces with nanometric roughness. This might be tricky without specialized equipment.
If you watch to the end you can see that I got down to to less than 10 microns.
Ok. I meant about the gold experiment. But I see you tried to prove your point by a different experiment. Seems promising. I would let that running for some days if possible...
a micron is a unit of pressure in this context, with a micron being a micron of mercury, and it is equivalent to 10^-3 torr
at 10 microns mercury (strange unit), it takes less than 5 millisconds for adsorbate film to have build on the surface of the metal even if it had been clean before. You would need to get a at least 4 orders of magnitude lower to have any chance at all.
What's most interesting in the result with the copper powder is that this experiment says that finely grained dust will merge into lumps easily under vacuum.
I am thinking of sun's primordial dust cloud.
This experiment is a beautiful DIY-able demonstration of how dust could have clumped together to form our planets.
Absolutely brilliant, lads!
Eo Tunun nabaksjzkakk
JajqjaaiaknHwbbsbedbd
I've always wondered if the 'bouncing back' from smashing the metals together breaks/prohibits the cold welding. like the plates should wobble around at least a little bit from the force of the impact, which i can imagine, is counterproductive for the welding...
also: cool poster, DFTBA !
edit: have you ever tried just pressing the two together in a vacuum? It's probably way harder to do, but that would definitely eliminate that theory.
Good stuff Cody!! As always....Ave was the channel that brought me to your channel!! Great couple of minds
its it Ave or A-V-E (just how you say the channel)
jdnrox Short for ArduinoVersusEvil.
jdnrox : AvE was originally Arduino Vs Evil
jdnrox A-V-E
Yeah, its A-v-E
No guys you're all pretty much wrong it's AvE
Cody, it was explained to us in machine shop class that the gauge blocks stick together by external air pressure. The surfaces of the gauge blocks are so smooth that you squeeze the air out from between them and they stick like a suction cup.
Bruh, he literally put it in a vacuum chamber and they still stuck
Cody !
I'll keep spamming my question then :P
Why won't the oxidized layers on two material cold weld, they are basically the same material
does cold welding happen only for pure elements and not compounds ? why?
Lizard813 so does that means only metals can cold weld?
Only metals can cold weld because their surfaced are like incomplete perfect crystals
It's called welding, so it only happens to metals
Tarmius matals also oxidize and metal with an oxygen is still a metal compound. It just becomes a metal-oxide. So yes they can technically weld. The only problem here is that metal-oxides when heated up will separate into their old elements due to the the heat and the fact that there isn't a high enough pressure to prevent them from changing chemically when the heat is applied. If you ever listened to your chemistry teacher on how chemically reactions reverse, it's due to pressure because the world around us is always searching for a state of equilibrium. Mostly this is for aqueous solutions but it actually goes for solids aswell theoretically. I haven't ever been able to do this myself because it's extremely difficult and it's extremely dangerous to do. Not to mention that I don't have such supplies to replicate such a thing happening.
Is it me or does anybody else not only watch this for the knowledge but because he is contagiously chill. where you get chill vibes just watching and listening?
Damn in 4 years you didnt get a single like, guess noone agrees
4:45 Cody turns into a demon
MineFish lol!
I was taught that gage blocks stick together because the surfaces are machined so flat that it's possible to remove most or all of the air between two blocks, so atmospheric pressure is holding them together, and friction (usually) holds them in place. The twisting action just helps to expel trapped air, but you can actually get them to stick without twisting if you're patient. One thing that seems to support the vacuum theory is that the blocks stick just as well, if not better, with oil, perhaps because it creates a better seal. The same principle may be in effect for the indium in a different way. Since indium is quite malleable, you might actually be forming a seal when twisting the discs together, pushing out some air and creating a vacuum.
If u can u chould do more mining videos
Jack Beauchemin Ye mining vidz it's so cool what he could find :)
Cephas Rock good english guys!
colin wunder Good*
who chu talkin bout willis?
Falcon If you're going to be a douchbag grammar Nazi, you should correct the word English for him as well.
My understanding of the process is that both metal surfaces have to be exposed once in the vacuum to prevent any oxidation layers forming, to achieve this you could use the same basic rig with magnets but replace the falling weight with a cordless drill and the cleaning cloth with an abrasive such as Emory cloth. Once at vacuum a length of the emory cloth gets spooled by the drill removing any contaminants and hopefully giving the clean surfaces needed. Another point I'm sure other people have mentioned is grease contamination from your fingers, wiping the surfaces down with a degreaser such as alcohol and then handling the pieces with either surgical gloves or tweasers might help.
Anyway, thanks for sharing these videos and I look forward to future content
try putting a natural sponge that is holding water inside a vacuum
Cory Pickerign i think that may brake his air pump as water might get in it.
perhaps a light oil/liquid oxygen/a gas other than water in its liquid state instead.?
Hmmm. i don't know, however i don't know how sensitive his pump is either. I don't know where he said it but he has stated it's very sensitive but i don't know the date of it.
maybe it might work.
on the other hand i just realized that if he used extremely distilled water *please correct me if i'm wrong* it might not be a problem if it got in the pump as it's non-conductive.
In layman's terms, gauge blocks stick together because there is always 'stuff' between the gauge blocks. No matter how hard you try to clean them there will always be a film of sorts there. There have been at least two peer reviewed papers on this. If one were to ever get the blocks completely clean (which would have to be done in a vacuum) - they will not stick together. As I alluded to in my comments on the previous gauge block episode, you can easily test the electrical resistance of the blocks - which provides an insight into what it's doing at an atomic level. An adjunct of this is the way cyanoacrylate polymerises when adhering two surfaces together - It relies on the fact that no matter how clean the surfaces are there is always a water film that exists on almost all solid objects.
Cody, i have a good question. Will a polaroid picture develop in a vacuum? Please answer this I've always been wondering, and since you have a vacuum, i was hoping that you could find out.
It also would be funny if you could take the picture inside of the vacuum. Thanks!
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_film
Best TH-cam collaboration of all time!
Can you make a PhD out of this though?
you would fail hard if you dont realize you are friction welding.
Cody you came a long way. I remember 2 years ago when I subscribe back with the green house water plants and solar panels in about. Now you have 1 mill subscribers. I love this channel for it's scientific research and test.
4:45 lol
You make a good case for explaining asteroid accretion in the vacuum of space. With the static electrical potential you mentioned in the radiometer video, and eventual gravitation effects, space dust-to-asteroids becomes a pretty straightforward process.
4:46 editing fail
My day is made. I just saw a collaboration of my two most favourite TH-camrs'.
So much love!!!
'Him and I get along pretty well' I would too if someone sent me gold bars :) AvE and Cody's lab are the two Chanel's I look forward to watching all the time.
An Ave and Cody collaboration would rock, get with it guys, you know you want too.....
I love your glasswork, great idea on removing the chance of a contamination by mercury. That Sprengel pumb is just pure awesome. Keep up the awesome work.
That setup was so cool. Good effort, dude.
11:20 "Possibly several hours" His commitment to science is unmatched!
I love how my two favourite channels have been collaborating
This is the best science video of 2017 for now. The bar is set pretty high now. 😀
You, ave and the essential craftsman are my favorite TH-camrs! Keep up the videos and thank you for all the interesting knowledge.
Cody vibrating the metals to get them to weld reminds me of a process used to weld copper in atmosphere.
It is "ultrasonic welding" process that use high frequency vibration and pressure are used to weld the materials.
Looks similar to what you did in vacuum but it need much more energy to weld in atmosphere.
I have a hypothesis about smacking the indium together like you did toward the end. I believe that when you smack them together so quickly, it's forcing such a strong shock through the ingots that you're actually BOUNCING them off of each other, and they hit multiple times when you smack them together. That is what is keeping it from welding.
Wow a Cody’s lab video that actually makes sense
You'd be surprised how easy it is to get contamination on a surface. It's not just adhered oxygen, but any organic residue or particles. Also, even though the surface was highly polished, it wasn't "flat" on the
Cody's vacuum channel - ALMOST 1 MIL SUBS, MAN!
In response to your question at 15:29 When you smack two pieces of metal together they bounce off of each other.
Even if a weld is formed, it is likely being overpowered by the elastic energy of the collision.
Dude that's so cool you're working with Ave. you guys make an interesting friendship. Excited to see more. He's a fun Canadian guy, knows everything about tools.
Cody, I have a suggestion for a vacuum video: make and set a block of agar, then freeze dry it in you vacuum chamber to drive off the water without collapsing the polysacharide structure, then take the resulting super light foam block and pyrolize it in a can, excluding as much air as possible to try to make a carbon aerogel.
According to me vacuum is responsible between iridium, that's why it sticks when rotated, you can test it by rotating two glass sheets and then stick together and rotate those will also stick together until there is no air between two absolute flat surfaces.
This is fascinating Cody, I've got a fantasy of huge dry docks in orbit cold welding ships together without using any energy.
Ahhh so close to 1 mil! Your videos are genuine, and I love watching them. Should have been at a mil long time ago!
Hi Cody,
From my experience, the gas Layers are not the main issue. In ambient air, you normally generate a molecular layer of water from the residual humidity in the air. With your end pressure, i assume baking the pieces at 110°C for an hour, you may yield some results with gold, but you have to go to < 1e-7mbar. (you need a TMP or ion getter pump for this) and a lot of time for bigger effects. It is amazing, how sticky stuff gets at the nanometer-level, and how much effort it takes, to remove unwanted stuff. If you have an oxide layer, you would have to remove it by mechanical work, or other means, like sputtering. Your results with copper is probably, because the mechanical forces cleaved the surface, exposing a clean surface, which was able to welt.
The water layer is also a source of adhesion "glueing" the gauge blocks together in air.
When the metals smack together, there's a reverberation that'll cause a small bounce back. When you rotate the metal, it's in contact the entire time. Same thing happens when air is present, it causes a cushion that doesn't let the molecules get close enough to each other.
This isn't very different from just putting the pieces of metal into a press and squeezing them together with force. The pieces will bond together as long as they're close enough in contact.
awesome that you two are figuring shit out together. blowing my mind that my 2 favorite youtubers are doing collabs. keep it up guys!
A few dumb suggestions:
A) limit the vibrations to half rotation per second, 20 rotations per minute OR 1 full rotation per second.
B)Place a second vibration motor but with the direction of rotation pointed in the opposite direction AND with an async timing.
C)Place ONE of the gold places on a slider and the other on a stationary place, then trigger the plate on the slider to contact the gold plate on the stationary place in a parallel horizontal motion.
D)Try again to weld the sides, but ALSO try to weld the hedges.
E)REMOVE THAT CURSED CLOTH, as it can trap oxygen in its fibers, contaminating the entire experiment
G)Remove the nut on the top of the gold plate and replace with with a grip-like device that can ROTATE the plate.
Remember that you only rotated that indium ONCE for it to lock.
What you did to the indium appears more like creating a perfect vacuum, since, by friction, it removes any oxidized particles, OXYGEN particles AND, like you mentioned, re-molded the crystals of the metal.
G)Alternate: try to use plates made with 50% gold and other material/s.
JUST suggestions ;)
Also, one dumb question: If "Cold Fusion" is similar to "bonding through removal of contaminants" FRICTION is the best form, one of the problems may be "sweet spot": Too much friction the molecules don't have enough time to bond, and too little friction the area near the molecule being bonded will have enough time to receive impurities after they were removed by the action of the surrounding molecules.
Or, i may be just inventing stuff since I'm no scientist and nothing of this makes sense. Who knows.
When you smash them together the surface molecules also gets squished and almost instantly rebounds. Hence the molecules are not close for a long enough time for the van der waal forces to take effect which is essential in initiating cold welding.
I worked in a factory where they made large magnets like used on a crane,.They were wound with an aluminum wire, more like a ribbon. The trick was to solder a copper wire lead to it. They used a product that had copper on one side, and aluminum on the other side. The aluminum side was cleaned and roughed up with a wire wheel, and pressed together in a jig with three little divots under very little pressure (foot pedal) in atmospheric pressure. The aluminum cold welded together where it could not be pulled apart without extreme effort. ( I know because I did not believe that they actually welded, and I tried to separate them. ) Then they simply soldered the copper wire to the copper side of the bi metal product called Alcosplice.
Perhaps you could use a press/clamp with a strain gauge and see if you can get to a pressure where the indium, copper, gold or steel cold weld. I also wonder if when you are smashing he pieces together, there's actually quite a bit of reactive force subsequent to the initial collision which is perhaps high enough to then break any weld that might have formed. Great video series.
I think one reason the blocks don't cold weld when they are slapped together, but do when twisted, is that when they impact they are also rebounding from each other. When you twist the pieces together there is no rebounding force so there is more time to bond.
You remind me of my first husband 😂🤣 He would get his head set on something so beyond my understanding and pursue it to exhaustion. Great video! I read about cold welding and just had to see what it was. Really thorough explanation. I cannot believe how much I enjoyed this video 😂❤
Text books that describe wire wrapping always speak of cold welding the wire to the square post through deformation, since the soft copper wire puts pressure on the square lead edge it smushes both and welds.
"When a material galls, some of it is pulled with the contacting surface, especially if there is a large amount of force compressing the surfaces together. Galling is caused by a combination of friction and adhesion between the surfaces, followed by slipping and tearing of crystal structure beneath the surface. This will generally leave some material stuck or even friction welded to the adjacent surface, whereas the galled material may appear gouged with balled-up or torn lumps of material stuck to its surface."
"When two metallic surfaces are pressed against each other the initial interaction and the mating points are the asperities, or high points, found on each surface. An asperity may penetrate the opposing surface if there is a converging contact and relative movement. The contact between the surfaces initiates friction or plastic deformation and induces pressure and energy in a small area called the contact zone.
The elevation in pressure increases the energy density and heat level within the deformed area. This leads to greater adhesion between the surfaces which initiate material transfer, galling build-up, lump growth, and creation of protrusions above the original surface."
"The process and contact can be compared to cold welding or friction welding, because cold welding is not truly cold and the fusing points exhibit an increase in temperature and energy density derived from applied pressure and plastic deformation in the contact zone."
Excerpts from the Wikipedia entry of galling. This is the mechanism. Relative movement is a key factor.
DEAR GOD THE INTRO! THE BASS MADE MY EARDRUMS VIBRATE!!!
Really well done man!! Like how you kept trying different things and pursuing a real result. Thank you for the great vid!!
Hypothesis for why rotation causes cold welding but not impact:
First assumption: metals form locally polarized crystal lattices of arbitrary length.
Derivative assumption: these lattices form locally polarized magnetic fields.
Second assumption: these lattices have a normal distribution with the possible exception of a slight bias towards the geomagnetic poles.
Derivative assumption: when brought together, the lattices in the two adjacent surfaces partially align and begin to repel.
Derivative hypothesis: when the adjacent surfaces are then rotated, the partially aligned surface lattices become orthogonal and attract, forming a weld.
Experimental hypothesis: there exists some angle of rotation that will achieve maximum normal distribution of orthogonal lattices given an arbitrary lattice length.
Plain English hypothesis: if you rotate two plates of indium at known angles, you will see a normal distribution curve of weld strength around an optimum angle from which you can then derive the mean length of the surface lattices.
That wasn't really plain English, was it?
I love the Rube Goldberg-esque rig for pulling out the cloth
Cody: Did It pull it out? No? Shakes vacuum chamber...
Great video as always, Cody! I've been looking forward to this one for a bit.
I've heard that one of the reasons that solder paste goes off is that the solder balls can cold weld together (and thus change the particle size affecting the properties of the paste) as the flux in the paste removes their surface oxides over time.
now, after "putting things in a vacuum chamber" became a trendy topic, i like how you keep your videos scientific and not just for fun.
Awesome! I learn something new from every video you make, man.
I'm not the biggest fan of science but I still watch your channel because I feel I will become smarter from listening and watching you :)
I don`t know much about cold welding but my taught is that it would be the diffusion that will weld the pieces together. Simply need to wait longer time pressed together, like weeks, to which a little heat could help.
I think that the reason why it doesn't cold weld when you slam it together is because it is sending a shockwave through both of them therefore sending them opposite directions.
Two points.
1, Casimir effect.
2, twisting faces focuses all the friction energy onto tiny tiny area and hence have very high temperatures on those tiny tiny points
Your twisting theory is interesting. It may explain why metal-on-metal *hinges,* among all things, are the most prone to cold welding in space.