Cody i do quite a bit of work with electricity in a vacuum. i find that in the %95 ish range the electricity can jump a 2" gap fairly easy. especially with the 1-2kv that is the output on the secondary. good luck i look foward to your video on arcs in a vacuum, remember that over 20 kv x-rays are strong enough to go through pretty much anything.
20mv is 20 millivolts but i guess you meant 20MV the problem is that at this voltage electron positron pairs start poping into existence and when the positron annihilate gama rays are produced
You cant clone a bag of microwave popcorn. So it obviously became a wormhole device that allowed an identical object from a parallel universe to be drawn into ours. The Cody in that universe is wondering how he completely forgot to put the popcorn in before he fired up his experiment on if you can pop a bag of popcorn in a high-pressure environment.
but it only works on bags of popcorn... and his dog is sick with 4 broken legs and he has to sell popcorn door to door to make money for his leg transplants. That's a plot line, now let's make the movie!
yeah. Instead of mean comments that joke over someones accent *_-(COUGH CRAZYRUSSIANHACKERS COMMENT SECTION COUGH)-_* , codys comments are actually good.
What happened was that the low pressure atmosphere allowed arcing to happen between winding sections of the high voltage secondary of the transformer. The coils are designed to be used under atmospheric pressure, not vacuum. Since the air insulation was removed via the pump, arcing ensued within the transformer. It would have probably worked under a high vacuum though. Basically the voltage difference between the 2 windings on top of each other was greater then the voltage needed to cause a breakdown of the gas. However there is another permeability, a Corona discharge at the high voltage connector directed at the iron core, seeing as the core is at at ground potential. Looking at the damage seen, that is most likely scenario. However, without dissembling the secondary coil, we wont know if the first option didn't happen. Hope my rambling explains it.
lbochtler what you said makes sense.... Cody could try using a dielectric liquid for the same to make it successful but that would require a lot bigger setup
@sleeptyper, you didn't read all of my comment it seams. As i put forth 2 possibilities. I did state the most likely problem was that the high voltage connector arced to the core due to a lower breakdown voltage of the atmosphere. Also keep in mind that melting point of the enamel decreases in a vacuum, and the coils do get hot during operation. Hence that could have weakened it enough to cause internal failure.
With his public display of cloning prowess and ability to arc over large distances, Cody is One leisure suit and a diabolical plan away from becoming an evil genius
That "beeper" that you mentioned, is actually a thermal protection device. At least that is where mine is located. If you can follow the wire, you'll see it's in series with the line voltage.
Without the electrical resistance of the air present, the high voltage transformer (which normally wouldn't arc that distance) was able to arc between the windings. Hope that helps!
Oh no! The MOT! Great experiment though! And yeah, I think you are correct with the mot Arcing to itself, I would have loved to see the corona inside when it was happening ( it probably had a purple glow for a second, then arced through frying itself )
The secondary coil is burnt by heat from arcing. Under normal air pressure the arc may not form under 2KV over 1mm gap. In near vacuum the ironized air molecule could gain much momentum before hitting another one, then when it does, creates more ironized particles and forms an arc, at a greater gap. The enamel layer on the magnetic wire can only withstand a few hundred volts. It also has some scratches/cracks/damages during winding process, which weakened the rating. Try putting enamel wires in vacuum and apply 1KV, you will find arcing easily. The thermal inertia is quite large for the copper winding, even with much reduced convection due to vacuum, the transformer won't heat up to 100C in a minute. The fan is for continuous cooking for more than a few minutes.
He could just add some heatshrink or silicone to the capacitor contacts to at least somewhat reduce arcing. Same for the diode and anything else up to the magnetron. He could also just have everything but the magnetron and cooking chamber outside the vacuum chamber.
Vince Sempronio, good point about the capacitors. There are definitely some in the circuit, and I'm not sure how electrolytic caps would handle it. Would not be surprised if they started leaking...
You can't put together high voltage (4 kV at the voltage multiplier) and vacuum. As pressure in the chamber drops, probability that spark will jump between wires rises. As pressure goes even lower, there is 'sweet spot' or 'knee' where probability going back as it is the case of 'full' atmosphere. For this reason, all experiments are done with vaweguides and teflon/ceramic barriers (to keep vacuum).
Exactly. Same reason a neon lamp can be so long. At lower pressures, the air is less of an insulator and doesn't require as much voltage to break it down.
I think it arced, because electrons can travel more easily in vacuum so, it might have had enough electric potential (~2000V) to arc to the windings on the secondary. ElectroBoom actually made a video about this topic recently ;)
if its a metal vaccuum chamber, you get the same effect as putting a metal fork in the microwave. If you don't know what happens when there's a fork in the microwave, go ahead and try it, its actually really cool. The fork turns blue and gets really cold. Go ahead, try it.
Pure vacuum in a container that is transparent to microwaves? Not much. You have to add a touch of gas to it. Like argon or mercury vapor in light bulbs/tubes. If you use them you get a really neat light show for a few seconds until the glass melts, cracks, or explodes.
hey cody, try wiring the transformer outside of the vacuum chamber and just repeat the test. It should work then. You could also externalize the on/off switch if you don`t have enough wires available in the vacuum chamber.
Air is an isolator. In a vacuum, you need bigger gaps. That's why vacuum tubes work and get electrons flowing at relatively low voltages. And that's also why compact high power (high voltage and current) are filled with heavy gasses sometimes even under pressure. So yes, the air cap was not enough to isolate the electrodes from each other in a low pressure environment. Just plaster silicone over everything that exposes high voltage next time because the isolation properties of that are not changed (at least not that much) in a vacuum. Great video, loved it because it nicely showed that there is a ton of things that engineers have to think about when designing stuff that must work in another environment.
You guys know what i friggin' love? When I was done watching this video, I thought to myself "Hmm, I should check the comments! I'm sure it's full of serious and intelligent discussion." and I was not sarcastic. That's genuinely what I've come to expect from you people, and what's more, I was right! Nothing but polite science and exactly the answers I was looking for. I love this community!
When you reduce the pressure, the dielectric strength of the air seems to go down, it becomes easier to draw a longer arc with high voltage electricity. Once you get to an extremely low pressure, dielectric strength is not a phenomena that occurs anymore because there are very few gas particles to carry the charge, effectively creating a very high resistance. Get the pressure low enough or pot that transformer, and maybe you can make some space popcorn! ;)
Hi Cody, What you are looking for is called Paschen's Law. It explains the gap needed during various stages of vacuum. It is quite a remarkable curve. We had some fluorescent light fixtures that were used to light our vacuum chamber and didn't take in to account the spacing needed at partial vacuum. (about the vacuum you use) it burned the insulators up while roughing the chamber. Once we were under full vacuum (5.0 x10-4 millibar or so) we had no trouble. Paschen's Law explains what happens. To solve it we shut off the lamps while going from ""Rough Vacuum 1000mbar to about 1 x10-1 mbar" to "High Vacuum (
Run the microwaves from an external magnetron into the vacuum chamber through a waveguide, then the microwave will still function as normal, and without corona at low pressure, and have proper cooling.
mon librepenseur, indeed. it seems you have some experience with "Hardy's Paradox" and near-vacuum experiments. maybe even LIBS (see gilbondfac's vids on LIBS interferometry/spectroscopy). I test what such does through memristive p-membranes via different thing near-vacuum, and it is intriguing what happens to the lattice at different excitations eh. consider with also these Wilczek resonant time-recursive lattices... its a micro-rectifier almost. Strange-Strange- Beta Muon is "doubly magic", and has much longer particle lifetime. similarly, pseudo-atoms like "muonium" etc, it may be possible, via Hardy-Hall-Zermelo paradoxes, to create more stable long-lived pseudo-atoms like muonium... via a combination of this and "nature's particle fountain"... that has implications for the extents of the extended periodic table, and the ERoEI limitations which otherwise babushka limit the formation of "the islands of stability".... what do you think about metallic Preons mon librepenseur? je prends conge. bonne chance et bonne sante a vous!
check the hv capacitor, it probably is damaged internally by the low pressure. this would explain the arcing at the transformer since the current at the secondary would jump way over spec and melt the insulation.
Cody can you make a Jacob's ladder and see if it can arch over larger gaps in a vacuum? it could be that the air itself acts as an insulator. On my linear accelerator at work the engineers use SF6 gas as an insulator for our magnetron.
" On my linear accelerator at work" ah yes we all have one of THOSE at work, don't we? ... we have a bookshelf in the office, that's about the most exciting thing we have (apart from the coffee machine maybe)
Lukas don Well,your office is outdated then. We have the elevator,a adrenaline machine.. You never know when you are going to die. P.S. Yes someone found out a way how to get it stuck so he gets payed for using phone in elevator for 3+ hours..
They're spying. My neighbors all magically decide to do outdoor activities when I'm working on stuff too. I'd tell them if they asked, but I guess voyeurism is more fun.
Thank you Cody. I am an old retired US Navy calibration technician. Great content. Great video. More measurements please. I am a Metroligist ( science of measurement ).
In low pressure arcs can jump way larger gaps. This is the reason why long fluorescent tubes can strike an arc inside over such a long distance. Get a neon sign transformer and play around with high voltage in vacum. It can make for some interesting effects. Oh and the reason it arced there is that the other side of the high voltage coil is connected to the metal core of the transformer that is then grounded. That HV output terminal is close to the core so it jumped to it.
For those who may not be aware, microwave transformers step up the standard household voltage (120v) to a devastating 2,000-3,000v and the capacitor beside it holds a charge like a battery. Exercise EXTREME caution if you ever decide to take a microwave apart. Discharge the capacitor first. If you don't know how, I'm sure there are vids somewhere to show you. Bottom line, if you don't know what you're doing, don't do it. I'm an appliance technician. I work on these for a living, so I know all the workings of microwaves. Can't say I've even thought of using one in a vacuum before though, so I honestly can't say why the transformer blew like that. I have an hypothesis. The fan cools the magnetron and also helps direct the microwaves it generates into the cooking chamber. It's possible that without air to move, it was unable to perform this task and the microwaves spread out to the control chamber and thus the microwave cooked itself instead. That's the only guess I can provide.
The general rule of thumb for arc distance is. V = (3000 * Atmospheric Bar * Distance millimeters) + 1350 as shown by Dave Jones from the EEVBlog. Therefore with lower atmospheric pressure say 0.5 bar you have require about half the amount of voltage to jump the same distance. Eg. V = (3000 * 1 bar * 1mm) + 1350 = 4350 V required to jump 1mm at normal atmospheric pressure But in a vacuum of 0.5bar V = (3000 * 0.5 bar* 1mm) + 1350 = 2850 V required to jump the same 1mm at 0.5bar, about half but will be closer to half at higher voltages.
Good job Cody you are #32 on trending. Keep up the great work just love your channel and your content. You just Keep making my day great when I watch your videos.
High air pressure (in this case atmospheric) has decent electrical resistance and usually requires about 20 KV to jump a small 'air-gap' at sea level pressure. When you evacuate a chamber of air molecules/atoms the electrical energy required to excite the remaining molecules/atoms becomes less. The fewer atoms there are, the less total energy is required to excite them and produce a plasma (electrical arc).
If it wasn't for that damn physics class back in college, I'd have probably known why it let out the magic smoke in a vacuum. Interesting. You learn something new every day!
FYI, the first time it tripped so quickly but not in a vacuum may have been the breaker being "warm" from the vacuum pump running for a while. That combined with any arcing you had of course. A "kill-o-watt" plug in meter is very useful for simple power measurement without going all the way to a current shunt and meters.
Generally what happens with these cheap poorly made transformers for appliances is the coil windings (and laminations) are not sufficiently consolidated into a single unit with the use of a dielectric coating to prevent mechanical vibration between individual components of the transformer during operation. During use the magnetic flux will cause each turn of wire or lamination which isn't correctly adhered to the next to vibrate against each other causing mechanical abrasion to the insulation of the wire and also further damage to the anti vibration coating. This all eventually leads to a short circuit inside the winding and if the secondary voltage is high enough the arcing seen here (laminations are generally earthed to the metal casing = easy path to earth). My guess is the transformer was already suspect before the experiment was attempted and either the poorer cooling or simply the lower air pressure (possibly leading to more violent vibration) led to a greatly accelerated rate of failure. Something to test in future anyway.
mon librepenseur, you channel your inner AvE very well here, thanks for an excellent explanation. further, what are your thoughts on various types of memristive transducers and memXORiff transcievers? what about plasmonic polydutonic memristors for LIBS entanglement grids? eschewing ERoEI of course... je prends conge mon librepenseur!
Look up how vacuum tubes work, it's the same concept. Remember air is an insulator. In a vacuum it takes very little amperage to create an electron field which can jump quite far. Remember air is an insulator. Your transformer made the perfect environment for this as it sacrifices amps to ramp up the voltage.
Yes, that is correct. A vacuum allows corona to form extremely easily. Corona destroys insulation. Honestly it was my first guess as to how to microwave would fail, as the windings are at 2kv, and in open air with no potting. Cool video!
I used to work on jet fighter radar. Our magnetrons and waveguides were pressurized to prevent internal arcing at altitude. There was a pressure switch that would disconnect power if it dropped too much. The normal ground level air pressure at Hill Air Force Base near Salt Lake City was enough to open that switch. I imagine the maggy and waveguide in the oven are sealed to prevent pressure loss so it didn't arc there whereas the transformer was exposed to the low air pressure.
One lead of the secondary of microwave oven transformers is usually grounded to the iron core. When put in vacuum the decreased breakdown voltage of the low pressure air allowed arcing between the other exposed lead of the secondary to the iron core. The heat of the arc burnt the insulation off of the outer secondary windings.
Air is an insulator. Depending on the exact microwave you could have as much as 5kV in there (newer ones run at 2kV ish). To prove your point you could get a microwave transformer and have it external then connect it via HT leads (car ignition lead wire is perfect) to a spark gap. About 1 inch should be roughly right. Depending on humidity you could in theory get arcing as high as 40% of normal atmospheric. The "quick and dirty" method for a spark gap i to have two copper screws through a piece of wood so they are angled together. You can adjust the gap by adjusting the screws.
I can't believe I hadn't seen this video before. But I searched "microwave in a vacuum chamber" on youtube because I was wondering how much easier it would be to create and maintain a microwave plasma in a vacuum. Now I think it would be better to have a good majority of the circuitry outside the chamber itself. With the magnetron either going through the wall of the chamber or even just projecting the microwave energy through a glass window into the chamber.
metal electrode surfaces can cause a region of the vacuum to become conductive by injecting free electrons or ions through either field electron emission or thermionic emission. Thermionic emission occurs when the thermal energy exceeds the metal's work function, while field electron emission occurs when the electric field at the surface of the metal is high enough to cause tunneling, which results in the ejection of free electrons from the metal into the vacuum.
I wouldn't have thought that transformer would have burned up so quickly, I would guess without air to cool it, the coating in the wire melted off causing a short. I expected the magnetron to overhead not the transformer to fail.
Maybe the magnetron open circuited without the air, causing the voltage on the transformer to rise due to the reduced current draw, causing it to arc over.
That would be a short rather than an open would it not? There is a coating on the transformer wire to isolate them from shorting, heat can quickly make the coating melt away. Could have been from a short in the magnetron easy enough. I was amazed the first time I flew at high altitude and even tho it was extremely cold my plane overheated because the thin air wasn't able to take the heat away. I hope cody is able to update his final thoughts on the cause of the failure, thanks for commenting!
I thought that magnetron of capacitor got short or no oscilatting overloading the secondary. But as they pointed above transformer self destroyed because arcing.
That thing you called a "beeper" is actually a thermal cutout switch to prevent overheating. It's called a "Klixon", and some are one-time use, others are manually resettable, and a third type will automatically reset.
I love the videos. Your channel is one of my favorites. Please be careful working on these things. I have a friend who lost his dad because he took a microwave apart and it discharged stored energy and stopped his heart. I'm 100% sure you know the risks. I just wouldn't want to see you get hurt trying to entertain us.
As an electronic tech, it seems like the reason it overheated like that is you had AC in a vacuum. Normally the air is an insulator that would require an arc to form in order to become conductive. However, in a vacuum there is basically nothing to ionize into an arc that would form a more conductive path like you see in air. So instead, like you have in vacuum tube capacitors, every bit of exposed wire in the same vacuum forms a closer-to-ideal capacitor with every other bit of exposed wire/metal. IDK how much you know about electronics theory, but as a giant capacitor, you were inputting mains AC and not bypassing the internal transformer, the high power AC could literally flow/jump to any other point inside your entire vacuum without having to form an arc... Honestly, if any of the other devices you had in there were more conductive to ground or the negative of the AC, you could have fried the other electronics. The easiest fix is to extend the wires out of the transformer and keep just the transformer external to the vacuum so that all you have going into the vacuum is DC.
Cody, The cause of the arcing is due to the partial pressure. Paschen's Law is an equation that gives the breakdown voltage, that is, the voltage necessary to start a discharge or electric arc, between two electrodes in a gas as a function of pressure and gap length.[2][3] It is named after Friedrich Paschen who discovered it empirically in 1889.[4]
Guys, Codys worked it out. A microwave inside a vacuum is actually a CLONING DEVICE!!! But yeah in all seriousness I've got like 7 microwave transformers in my lab and it definitely looks like the HV end of the transformer has Arced. Electroboom did a video where he tried a tesla coil in a vacuum and the arc went far further so I'm guessing that because it wasn't a perfect vacuum the resistance was low enough that it could ark, but there was enough air left to heat up and burn the coil, that's why it's blackened from the connector
In vacuum, electrons can easily to jump directly without resistance (obstacles), I recommand to fill a resistance fluid around all electric circuits (air, oil like computer inside fish tank, there are videos for fish tank cooling system for computer) and only magnetron antenna can support vacuum. MOT deliver high voltage and a lot of current (See the width and length of electric arc on air, like MOT jacob ladder) at exit who can create short circuit in vacuum, high current can burn coils and wires. If the gab is too large, in vacuum circuits behave like capacitors (see jacob ladder in vacuum). And voila. Excuse-me for my english I speak french. :)
In addition to the vacuum arcing mentioned by other people (which could possibly be prevented by applying a rubber coating), I'd also disconnect the fan. Without air resistance, fans can draw significant current.
Same reason aircraft magnetos short out at low pressures. Piston engine planes that fly at high altitude have to pressurize the magneto casing to prevent arcing.
I was just reading a book on neon lamps. When you put that oven in the chamber, this quote came to mind : "Neon lamps perform poorly at altitudes higher than 70,000 feet, where the lower atmospheric pressures encourage external corona and arcing." High voltage transformer + partial vacuum = gas discharge lamp
The fuse blowing would just stop the magnatron but the arching on the secondary would still occur. On the brightside, you can cut and push out the secondary of that transformer and rewind a secondary or make a big electromagnet or something.
The general problem is that arcs form much easier in a low pressure environment. This is why many devices have a rated maximum usage height over sea level. Multimeters for example. Very important also for insulation, air and creepage distances when designing medical devices for example.
The microwave oven transformers are barely specified to run the magnetron with the fan running so I am not surprised that it died. It might have arched as you guessed but with no cooling at all I wouldn't be surprised if the secondary insulation just melted in seconds. Even if it didn't you would also have a problem with the high voltage diode fairly soon. If you are interested in redoing the experiment you might want to pot the transformer with high temperature epoxy (under a vacuum to drive the epoxy deep into the windings). The kind of potting used in automotive ignition coils would be a good choice. It would eventually fail but with the concern of arcing removed, and a tiny bit of extra heat soaking in the epoxy coupled to the ability to run at a higher temperature I guess that it will be enough for a significant part of the heat of the wingdings to flow into the iron core and keep the thing working just enough to make pop corn. You could also precool it with liquid nitrogen. Immersion in oil could also work, likely even better than potting. You should also bolt the high voltage diode to a big chunk of copper to soak the heat (some of those diodes have square sides that are perfect for that) , the diode shouldn't dissipate much more than 2W but being a low mass part that fails at about 100ºC a rough calculation tells me that one of those diodes would increase its temperature by 80ºC in about 100s in a vacuum. You may also get away with having the transformer outside of the chamber, 2Kv might be ok for the insulation of your wires. It is pushing it a bit but I think that they wouldn't fail. I think that the whole doubler circuit would be too much for the insulation. Another interesting option would be just redoing the experiment with the microwave cover open and the camera pointing to the transformer to see how does it fail. I think that the magnetron should stand the abuse. There is quite a bit of metal around and inside of it to soak the heat and they are sturdy. There is this video in the photoninduction channel where they push up to 5KW into a microwave oven if I remember it right, the transformer bursts into flames , they swap it and the magnetron keeps working just fine.
I would be careful I'm not 100% sure on this but I work in substations and there is a test called a high pot test. It's used to measure how much voltage it takes before an arc occurs in a gap of a circuit breaker. We are warned about being close to the breaker under test if it's a vacuum breaker because when an arc does occur it emits harmful ex-rays. You may want to look into this before trying more experiments with high voltage in a vacuum. Love your videos, be safe out there.
That primary winding in the transformer still looks pretty good, you can probably make an electromagnet out of it still. The secondary burned up because electricity can jump long gaps in near vacuums really easily.
Cody i do quite a bit of work with electricity in a vacuum. i find that in the %95 ish range the electricity can jump a 2" gap fairly easy. especially with the 1-2kv that is the output on the secondary. good luck i look foward to your video on arcs in a vacuum, remember that over 20 kv x-rays are strong enough to go through pretty much anything.
I'm not even sure you could do a decent chest x-ray with 20kv. Did you mean 20 mv?
Dean en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschen%27s_law
lol so by not getting a good vacuum i had the most conductive atmosphere possible.
20mv is 20 millivolts
but i guess you meant 20MV
the problem is that at this voltage electron positron pairs start poping into existence and when the positron annihilate gama rays are produced
Dean do you know why a 95% "vacuum" is the best?
"why is there two bags of popcorn in there?" Clearly you have created a cloning machine, no wonder it required more energy!
He doesn't want anyone to know either, so he made up the excuse that he put it in there.
You cant clone a bag of microwave popcorn. So it obviously became a wormhole device that allowed an identical object from a parallel universe to be drawn into ours. The Cody in that universe is wondering how he completely forgot to put the popcorn in before he fired up his experiment on if you can pop a bag of popcorn in a high-pressure environment.
┌(▀Ĺ̯ ▀-)┐we have to confiscate this device and all the video material ┌(▀Ĺ̯ ▀-)┐
The Prestige
El Psy Kongroo
That's a 2100V~ transformer. At low pressure, acrs can ignite at much higher distances.
Oh you there
Puts microwave in a vacuum chamber, clones a bag of popcorn
Cody's patent. He's rich... rich... _rich!_
1 popcorn bag up!
1 microwave down...
but it only works on bags of popcorn... and his dog is sick with 4 broken legs and he has to sell popcorn door to door to make money for his leg transplants. That's a plot line, now let's make the movie!
john papple I'll start on the script.
rationalizes it
Codys community is seriously great! All the science comments are constructive and most of the jokes are actually funny! I love this channel!
yeah. Instead of mean comments that joke over someones accent *_-(COUGH CRAZYRUSSIANHACKERS COMMENT SECTION COUGH)-_* , codys comments are actually good.
What happened was that the low pressure atmosphere allowed arcing to happen between winding sections of the high voltage secondary of the transformer. The coils are designed to be used under atmospheric pressure, not vacuum. Since the air insulation was removed via the pump, arcing ensued within the transformer. It would have probably worked under a high vacuum though. Basically the voltage difference between the 2 windings on top of each other was greater then the voltage needed to cause a breakdown of the gas.
However there is another permeability, a Corona discharge at the high voltage connector directed at the iron core, seeing as the core is at at ground potential. Looking at the damage seen, that is most likely scenario. However, without dissembling the secondary coil, we wont know if the first option didn't happen.
Hope my rambling explains it.
upvote this person. definitely need to see what it really was.
lbochtler what you said makes sense.... Cody could try using a dielectric liquid for the same to make it successful but that would require a lot bigger setup
I'd guess that the prerequisite for events in your explanation was that the coil enamel insulation melted first.
@sleeptyper, you didn't read all of my comment it seams. As i put forth 2 possibilities.
I did state the most likely problem was that the high voltage connector arced to the core due to a lower breakdown voltage of the atmosphere. Also keep in mind that melting point of the enamel decreases in a vacuum, and the coils do get hot during operation. Hence that could have weakened it enough to cause internal failure.
Well, now Cody can do dielectric strength tests for the enamel in vacuum. :)
But will a vacuum chamber work inside a microwave
Yes and you can shoot microwaves in near and vacuum envyroments
Dun dun duuuuuuu
I mean probably yes, until the microwave bursts into flames and something goes wrong
Can a microwave make charcoal in a vacuum?
With his public display of cloning prowess and ability to arc over large distances, Cody is One leisure suit and a diabolical plan away from becoming an evil genius
That "beeper" that you mentioned, is actually a thermal protection device. At least that is where mine is located. If you can follow the wire, you'll see it's in series with the line voltage.
CODY SECRETLY DISCOVERED A WAY TO DUPLICATE OBJECTS IN REAL LIFE. YOU PUT IT IN A MICROWAVE IN A VACUUM. THIS IS AMAZING.
Without the electrical resistance of the air present, the high voltage transformer (which normally wouldn't arc that distance) was able to arc between the windings. Hope that helps!
literally rephrasing what he already said.
Yeah it's odd how I copied someone who commented after me... You're a smart one Michael
Michael Faux the dielectric strength of a vacuum is much higher than that of air
Oh no! The MOT! Great experiment though! And yeah, I think you are correct with the mot Arcing to itself, I would have loved to see the corona inside when it was happening ( it probably had a purple glow for a second, then arced through frying itself )
Keystone Science yea keystone science and cody please make a video together!!!!
Keystone Science I second this. By Roberts rules of order you two have to do it now, boom!
The secondary coil is burnt by heat from arcing. Under normal air pressure the arc may not form under 2KV over 1mm gap. In near vacuum the ironized air molecule could gain much momentum before hitting another one, then when it does, creates more ironized particles and forms an arc, at a greater gap. The enamel layer on the magnetic wire can only withstand a few hundred volts. It also has some scratches/cracks/damages during winding process, which weakened the rating. Try putting enamel wires in vacuum and apply 1KV, you will find arcing easily.
The thermal inertia is quite large for the copper winding, even with much reduced convection due to vacuum, the transformer won't heat up to 100C in a minute. The fan is for continuous cooking for more than a few minutes.
The HV transformer cooling fan is worthless in that vacuum.
Run the transformer from outside the chamber?
this
this needs more likes
He could just add some heatshrink or silicone to the capacitor contacts to at least somewhat reduce arcing. Same for the diode and anything else up to the magnetron. He could also just have everything but the magnetron and cooking chamber outside the vacuum chamber.
Vince Sempronio, good point about the capacitors. There are definitely some in the circuit, and I'm not sure how electrolytic caps would handle it. Would not be surprised if they started leaking...
There is a huge cap in most microwaves. It is scary. I looks like he removed it when showing the transformer.
Canyon gets home from work late, opens the fridge, takes out some leftovers, turns around and . . . "CODY, what happened to the microwave?"
Henry I think it's his mom's because he got her gold plated measuring cups to apologize.
Henry pretty sure he got that microwave second hand, its got stickers on it
Canyon can get the D
Andrew R the co-D.
"Also, did somebody eat all the popcorn? The box is empty"
It duplicated the bag of pop-corn, that's what happened...
Azureus Rising I
Amazing!! Love the dissection of the microwave to figure out what happened and how electricity can jump in low pressure good job!!
You can't put together high voltage (4 kV at the voltage multiplier) and vacuum. As pressure in the chamber drops, probability that spark will jump between wires rises. As pressure goes even lower, there is 'sweet spot' or 'knee' where probability going back as it is the case of 'full' atmosphere. For this reason, all experiments are done with vaweguides and teflon/ceramic barriers (to keep vacuum).
vawe?
yes. 60 hz vawe :D
Wave, okay... typo. Croatian word is "val", or plural "valovi".
Decreased pressure allows air to ionize at lower power. A plasma arc would form around the secondary coil and burn the wires.
Exactly. Same reason a neon lamp can be so long. At lower pressures, the air is less of an insulator and doesn't require as much voltage to break it down.
Wow... mind boggling to think that air is what is preventing electricity from jumping around...
I think it arced, because electrons can travel more easily in vacuum so, it might have had enough electric potential (~2000V) to arc to the windings on the secondary. ElectroBoom actually made a video about this topic recently ;)
8:29 "I have to say, I wasn't expecting this thing to die so quickly"
Top right clearly shows Walmart brand.. yeah
But what happens when you put a vacuum chamber inside a microwave?
Jimbo Nuetrin Then you can't close the door because most vacuum chambers have tubes that you can't remove. (Some probably can disconnect their tubes)
if its a metal vaccuum chamber, you get the same effect as putting a metal fork in the microwave. If you don't know what happens when there's a fork in the microwave, go ahead and try it, its actually really cool. The fork turns blue and gets really cold. Go ahead, try it.
Pure vacuum in a container that is transparent to microwaves? Not much. You have to add a touch of gas to it. Like argon or mercury vapor in light bulbs/tubes. If you use them you get a really neat light show for a few seconds until the glass melts, cracks, or explodes.
Jimbo, NICE, TRIPLE whoosh!
You get a whole lot of nothing
hey cody, try wiring the transformer outside of the vacuum chamber and just repeat the test. It should work then. You could also externalize the on/off switch if you don`t have enough wires available in the vacuum chamber.
Somewhere in another dimension alternate Cody is like, "Where'd my bag of popcorn go?"
CODY YOUR BRILLIANT! To think the secretes to creating and duplicating matter can be unlocked with a simple microwave and a vacuum.
6:30 Holy Crap! Cody invented a cloning machine! You can make perfect duplicates of popcorn bags! BBWwwaaaaaaHHHH!!!!
Lonnie Yost
That's exactly what I was thinking! He just wrote it off as a mental lapse, but he cloned it
Air is an isolator. In a vacuum, you need bigger gaps. That's why vacuum tubes work and get electrons flowing at relatively low voltages. And that's also why compact high power (high voltage and current) are filled with heavy gasses sometimes even under pressure.
So yes, the air cap was not enough to isolate the electrodes from each other in a low pressure environment. Just plaster silicone over everything that exposes high voltage next time because the isolation properties of that are not changed (at least not that much) in a vacuum.
Great video, loved it because it nicely showed that there is a ton of things that engineers have to think about when designing stuff that must work in another environment.
Is it a good idea to microwave this?
Let's find out!
Nobody likes roasted nuts!
Val Ritz That's why we protect ourselves with this tin foil shield
The masks! They do nothing!
Oh the nostalgia
Is it a good idea to vacuum chamber this?
You guys know what i friggin' love? When I was done watching this video, I thought to myself "Hmm, I should check the comments! I'm sure it's full of serious and intelligent discussion." and I was not sarcastic. That's genuinely what I've come to expect from you people, and what's more, I was right! Nothing but polite science and exactly the answers I was looking for. I love this community!
When you reduce the pressure, the dielectric strength of the air seems to go down, it becomes easier to draw a longer arc with high voltage electricity. Once you get to an extremely low pressure, dielectric strength is not a phenomena that occurs anymore because there are very few gas particles to carry the charge, effectively creating a very high resistance.
Get the pressure low enough or pot that transformer, and maybe you can make some space popcorn! ;)
Hi Cody,
What you are looking for is called Paschen's Law. It explains the gap needed during various stages of vacuum. It is quite a remarkable curve. We had some fluorescent light fixtures that were used to light our vacuum chamber and didn't take in to account the spacing needed at partial vacuum. (about the vacuum you use) it burned the insulators up while roughing the chamber. Once we were under full vacuum (5.0 x10-4 millibar or so) we had no trouble. Paschen's Law explains what happens. To solve it we shut off the lamps while going from ""Rough Vacuum 1000mbar to about 1 x10-1 mbar" to "High Vacuum (
Hell yeah, I was hoping you'd put out some content today!
*grabs popcorn*
RobotSlug *attempts to microwave it in a vacuum*
Run the microwaves from an external magnetron into the vacuum chamber through a waveguide, then the microwave will still function as normal, and without corona at low pressure, and have proper cooling.
mon librepenseur, indeed.
it seems you have some experience with "Hardy's Paradox" and near-vacuum experiments.
maybe even LIBS (see gilbondfac's vids on LIBS interferometry/spectroscopy).
I test what such does through memristive p-membranes via different thing near-vacuum,
and it is intriguing what happens to the lattice at different excitations eh.
consider with also these Wilczek resonant time-recursive lattices...
its a micro-rectifier almost.
Strange-Strange- Beta Muon is "doubly magic",
and has much longer particle lifetime.
similarly, pseudo-atoms like "muonium" etc,
it may be possible, via Hardy-Hall-Zermelo paradoxes,
to create more stable long-lived pseudo-atoms like muonium...
via a combination of this and
"nature's particle fountain"...
that has implications for the extents of the extended periodic table,
and the ERoEI limitations which otherwise babushka limit the formation of
"the islands of stability"....
what do you think about metallic Preons mon librepenseur?
je prends conge.
bonne chance et bonne sante a vous!
This is like particle physics bingo. I got all.
Corona virus y'all
check the hv capacitor, it probably is damaged internally by the low pressure. this would explain the arcing at the transformer since the current at the secondary would jump way over spec and melt the insulation.
your brain works in such a fantastic way Cody. always hungry for "what if". you're like a modern day N. Tesla.
Cody can you make a Jacob's ladder and see if it can arch over larger gaps in a vacuum? it could be that the air itself acts as an insulator. On my linear accelerator at work the engineers use SF6 gas as an insulator for our magnetron.
" On my linear accelerator at work"
ah yes we all have one of THOSE at work, don't we?
... we have a bookshelf in the office, that's about the most exciting thing we have (apart from the coffee machine maybe)
Well if you are a radiation therapist you do, heh.
Lukas don Well,your office is outdated then.
We have the elevator,a adrenaline machine..
You never know when you are going to die.
P.S. Yes someone found out a way how to get it stuck so he gets payed for using phone in elevator for 3+ hours..
Binary's Bits he would have to be careful to insulate the the inside of the vacuum chamber. It is bare metal atm
True.
The microwave couldn't handle two bags of popcorn and gave up...
What more do you expect from a Walmart-exclusive microwave?
4:20 "I think I see smoke though" 😏
420...
Blaze it cody! #CodySmokesC21H30O2
SeeYouSpaceCorgi BOIIIIII SMOKE THAT WEED
Cody dropping hints that he's a stoner
Made my day! Oh man, I'm still laughing.
"There's definitely smoke" is a phrase that perfectly sums up your channel.
If I was Cody's neighbor and I saw him making stuff like this, I'd freak out lol.
What you are able to do is amazing man.....
what my neighbors actually do when they see me working is start mowing the lawn...
They're spying. My neighbors all magically decide to do outdoor activities when I'm working on stuff too. I'd tell them if they asked, but I guess voyeurism is more fun.
Is that just to make noize, or to have an excuse to watch?
If I was Cody's neighbor and I saw him making stuff like this I'd go "Holy shit, that is amazing, do you need help with your experiments?"
I'd help him
Thank you Cody. I am an old retired US Navy calibration technician. Great content. Great video. More measurements please. I am a Metroligist ( science of measurement ).
The thing at 8:15 isn't a beeper, it's a thermal cut-off, in case things gets too hot
Cody discovers earth's first duplication glitch
When Cody took out 2 bags of popcorn I thought he accidently discovered how to duplicate things
In low pressure arcs can jump way larger gaps. This is the reason why long fluorescent tubes can strike an arc inside over such a long distance.
Get a neon sign transformer and play around with high voltage in vacum. It can make for some interesting effects.
Oh and the reason it arced there is that the other side of the high voltage coil is connected to the metal core of the transformer that is then grounded. That HV output terminal is close to the core so it jumped to it.
When is the next mining video coming?
Didnt he mention he have a schedule set up for this kind of things?
For those who may not be aware, microwave transformers step up the standard household voltage (120v) to a devastating 2,000-3,000v and the capacitor beside it holds a charge like a battery. Exercise EXTREME caution if you ever decide to take a microwave apart. Discharge the capacitor first. If you don't know how, I'm sure there are vids somewhere to show you. Bottom line, if you don't know what you're doing, don't do it.
I'm an appliance technician. I work on these for a living, so I know all the workings of microwaves. Can't say I've even thought of using one in a vacuum before though, so I honestly can't say why the transformer blew like that. I have an hypothesis. The fan cools the magnetron and also helps direct the microwaves it generates into the cooking chamber. It's possible that without air to move, it was unable to perform this task and the microwaves spread out to the control chamber and thus the microwave cooked itself instead. That's the only guess I can provide.
was really hoping this would work so you could microwave a spoon in the chamber but I guess that dream is crushed eternally
He was trying to see if it would work to make food, not to see if he could destroy it you moron.
Michael Faux, nobody loves you.
The general rule of thumb for arc distance is.
V = (3000 * Atmospheric Bar * Distance millimeters) + 1350 as shown by Dave Jones from the EEVBlog.
Therefore with lower atmospheric pressure say 0.5 bar you have require about half the amount of voltage to jump the same distance.
Eg.
V = (3000 * 1 bar * 1mm) + 1350
= 4350 V required to jump 1mm at normal atmospheric pressure
But in a vacuum of 0.5bar
V = (3000 * 0.5 bar* 1mm) + 1350
= 2850 V required to jump the same 1mm at 0.5bar, about half but will be closer to half at higher voltages.
This is terrible news. No hot pockets on Mars.
Mars has an atmosphere
Anywhere you'd be microwaving food on mars would almost certainly be pressurized
the disc devices attached to the microwave aren't beepers, they're bimetallic thermal cutout switches. neat video, Cody! keep 'em coming!
Cody goes photonicinduction
Good job Cody you are #32 on trending. Keep up the great work just love your channel and your content. You just Keep making my day great when I watch your videos.
Microwave + vacuum = duplicator. Science
time to start filling it with money
Both of your profile pictures are very timey.
LMAO SCIENCE FTW
High air pressure (in this case atmospheric) has decent electrical resistance and usually requires about 20 KV to jump a small 'air-gap' at sea level pressure. When you evacuate a chamber of air molecules/atoms the electrical energy required to excite the remaining molecules/atoms becomes less. The fewer atoms there are, the less total energy is required to excite them and produce a plasma (electrical arc).
reminds me of the channel "is it a good idea to microwave this?"
Wow I forgot about that... well gotta go rewatch them
If it wasn't for that damn physics class back in college, I'd have probably known why it let out the magic smoke in a vacuum. Interesting. You learn something new every day!
#32 on trending, nice job
(╯°□°)╯︵ ┻━┻
Cody'sLab was not expecting a table flip reaction
FYI, the first time it tripped so quickly but not in a vacuum may have been the breaker being "warm" from the vacuum pump running for a while. That combined with any arcing you had of course. A "kill-o-watt" plug in meter is very useful for simple power measurement without going all the way to a current shunt and meters.
Generally what happens with these cheap poorly made transformers for appliances is the coil windings (and laminations) are not sufficiently consolidated into a single unit with the use of a dielectric coating to prevent mechanical vibration between individual components of the transformer during operation. During use the magnetic flux will cause each turn of wire or lamination which isn't correctly adhered to the next to vibrate against each other causing mechanical abrasion to the insulation of the wire and also further damage to the anti vibration coating.
This all eventually leads to a short circuit inside the winding and if the secondary voltage is high enough the arcing seen here (laminations are generally earthed to the metal casing = easy path to earth).
My guess is the transformer was already suspect before the experiment was attempted and either the poorer cooling or simply the lower air pressure (possibly leading to more violent vibration) led to a greatly accelerated rate of failure.
Something to test in future anyway.
mon librepenseur, you channel your inner AvE very well here,
thanks for an excellent explanation.
further, what are your thoughts on various types of memristive transducers and memXORiff transcievers?
what about plasmonic polydutonic memristors for LIBS entanglement grids?
eschewing ERoEI of course...
je prends conge mon librepenseur!
In future, test with brand new microwave 😁
Look up how vacuum tubes work, it's the same concept. Remember air is an insulator. In a vacuum it takes very little amperage to create an electron field which can jump quite far. Remember air is an insulator. Your transformer made the perfect environment for this as it sacrifices amps to ramp up the voltage.
Soooo, if I heard things all the time from my neighbor like 3,2,1.... and "so far so good"..... I'm calling the authorities! 🤣😂
Snitch
Yes, that is correct. A vacuum allows corona to form extremely easily. Corona destroys insulation. Honestly it was my first guess as to how to microwave would fail, as the windings are at 2kv, and in open air with no potting. Cool video!
If your such a scientist then explain why didn’t the microwave float if it were in a vacuum
I used to work on jet fighter radar. Our magnetrons and waveguides were pressurized to prevent internal arcing at altitude. There was a pressure switch that would disconnect power if it dropped too much. The normal ground level air pressure at Hill Air Force Base near Salt Lake City was enough to open that switch. I imagine the maggy and waveguide in the oven are sealed to prevent pressure loss so it didn't arc there whereas the transformer was exposed to the low air pressure.
Cody: "I need a solenoid."
Me: "I bet he has one of those lying around.."
Cody: "Ok, I built a solenoid."
Me: ....
One lead of the secondary of microwave oven transformers is usually grounded to the iron core. When put in vacuum the decreased breakdown voltage of the low pressure air allowed arcing between the other exposed lead of the secondary to the iron core. The heat of the arc burnt the insulation off of the outer secondary windings.
Next video: Will a nuclear war head detonate in a vacuum chamber?
Air is an insulator. Depending on the exact microwave you could have as much as 5kV in there (newer ones run at 2kV ish). To prove your point you could get a microwave transformer and have it external then connect it via HT leads (car ignition lead wire is perfect) to a spark gap. About 1 inch should be roughly right. Depending on humidity you could in theory get arcing as high as 40% of normal atmospheric. The "quick and dirty" method for a spark gap i to have two copper screws through a piece of wood so they are angled together. You can adjust the gap by adjusting the screws.
Cody please don't become a "Putting a _______ in a vacuum chamber" channel
I can't believe I hadn't seen this video before. But I searched "microwave in a vacuum chamber" on youtube because I was wondering how much easier it would be to create and maintain a microwave plasma in a vacuum.
Now I think it would be better to have a good majority of the circuitry outside the chamber itself. With the magnetron either going through the wall of the chamber or even just projecting the microwave energy through a glass window into the chamber.
Wierd how a lower pressure would make the thing draw more current, interesting.
It could be due to the transformer arcing as explained at the end
it was just the arc, that shorted and could draw more power, until the fuse blew.
More that without all the air with it's electrical resistance, the arc was able to travel much more than normal
Wierd how you said that here and you didn't just google it to see that this is obvious.
metal electrode surfaces can cause a region of the vacuum to become conductive by injecting free electrons or ions through either field electron emission or thermionic emission. Thermionic emission occurs when the thermal energy exceeds the metal's work function, while field electron emission occurs when the electric field at the surface of the metal is high enough to cause tunneling, which results in the ejection of free electrons from the metal into the vacuum.
I wouldn't have thought that transformer would have burned up so quickly, I would guess without air to cool it, the coating in the wire melted off causing a short. I expected the magnetron to overhead not the transformer to fail.
Maybe the magnetron open circuited without the air, causing the voltage on the transformer to rise due to the reduced current draw, causing it to arc over.
That would be a short rather than an open would it not? There is a coating on the transformer wire to isolate them from shorting, heat can quickly make the coating melt away. Could have been from a short in the magnetron easy enough. I was amazed the first time I flew at high altitude and even tho it was extremely cold my plane overheated because the thin air wasn't able to take the heat away. I hope cody is able to update his final thoughts on the cause of the failure, thanks for commenting!
I thought that magnetron of capacitor got short or no oscilatting overloading the secondary. But as they pointed above transformer self destroyed because arcing.
Right due to heat melting the coating off of the transformer wiring.
That makes more sense then arking. I understand thad a vacuum is a very good thermal and electrical insulator.
That thing you called a "beeper" is actually a thermal cutout switch to prevent overheating. It's called a "Klixon", and some are one-time use, others are manually resettable, and a third type will automatically reset.
can you break vacuume tubes in vacuum chamber
nick 450 that makes no sense. it is easier to break a vacuum tube in athmosferic presure (it can colapse) than in vacuum
minecrafter9099 atmospheric?
minecrafter9099 pressure?
A cool question, and I wish I had a more broad understanding of all this, but I understand the question and answer:) Thank you guys:)
I love the videos. Your channel is one of my favorites. Please be careful working on these things. I have a friend who lost his dad because he took a microwave apart and it discharged stored energy and stopped his heart. I'm 100% sure you know the risks. I just wouldn't want to see you get hurt trying to entertain us.
I think from memory those caps get charged to 2.5Kv + so watch your fingers next time!
It could have a bleed resistor (not sure if this microwave does) but if it did it would discharge the capacitor within a short amount of time
As an electronic tech, it seems like the reason it overheated like that is you had AC in a vacuum. Normally the air is an insulator that would require an arc to form in order to become conductive. However, in a vacuum there is basically nothing to ionize into an arc that would form a more conductive path like you see in air. So instead, like you have in vacuum tube capacitors, every bit of exposed wire in the same vacuum forms a closer-to-ideal capacitor with every other bit of exposed wire/metal. IDK how much you know about electronics theory, but as a giant capacitor, you were inputting mains AC and not bypassing the internal transformer, the high power AC could literally flow/jump to any other point inside your entire vacuum without having to form an arc...
Honestly, if any of the other devices you had in there were more conductive to ground or the negative of the AC, you could have fried the other electronics.
The easiest fix is to extend the wires out of the transformer and keep just the transformer external to the vacuum so that all you have going into the vacuum is DC.
Do some more metal refining that was great.
Looks like the low pressure air ionises more easily, causing breakdown in the transformer
But will a hydraulic press work in a vacuum? Or even a 1000 degree knife?
Cody,
The cause of the arcing is due to the partial pressure. Paschen's Law is an equation that gives the breakdown voltage, that is, the voltage necessary to start a discharge or electric arc, between two electrodes in a gas as a function of pressure and gap length.[2][3] It is named after Friedrich Paschen who discovered it empirically in 1889.[4]
*I wonder what will happen if you put a air compressor inside a vaccum chamber* *Triggered*
Rafael Ferraz THIS NEEDS TO BE DONE
its your uncle bourbon TOTTALY
it will explode because the compressor will be taken above its max pressure
Motor would run too fast due to lack of air resistance and possibility burn out quickly like the microwave.
leftover air in the blister buttons on the face of the microwave could be increasing the resistance required by your solenoid to push the button in
kids in Africa could have eaten that microwave
jcgoloco33 lol you are stupid ibred caveman
this joke never gets old.
no im serious i laugh all the time i read it lol
Guys, Codys worked it out. A microwave inside a vacuum is actually a CLONING DEVICE!!! But yeah in all seriousness I've got like 7 microwave transformers in my lab and it definitely looks like the HV end of the transformer has Arced. Electroboom did a video where he tried a tesla coil in a vacuum and the arc went far further so I'm guessing that because it wasn't a perfect vacuum the resistance was low enough that it could ark, but there was enough air left to heat up and burn the coil, that's why it's blackened from the connector
In vacuum, electrons can easily to jump directly without resistance (obstacles), I recommand to fill a resistance fluid around all electric circuits (air, oil like computer inside fish tank, there are videos for fish tank cooling system for computer) and only magnetron antenna can support vacuum. MOT deliver high voltage and a lot of current (See the width and length of electric arc on air, like MOT jacob ladder) at exit who can create short circuit in vacuum, high current can burn coils and wires. If the gab is too large, in vacuum circuits behave like capacitors (see jacob ladder in vacuum). And voila. Excuse-me for my english I speak french. :)
I love when Cody uploads.
Cody is the only guy to start a microwave by holding two electrodes in his hands...
In addition to the vacuum arcing mentioned by other people (which could possibly be prevented by applying a rubber coating), I'd also disconnect the fan. Without air resistance, fans can draw significant current.
Same reason aircraft magnetos short out at low pressures. Piston engine planes that fly at high altitude have to pressurize the magneto casing to prevent arcing.
I was just reading a book on neon lamps. When you put that oven in the chamber, this quote came to mind : "Neon lamps perform poorly at altitudes higher than 70,000 feet, where the lower atmospheric pressures encourage external corona and arcing."
High voltage transformer + partial vacuum = gas discharge lamp
The fuse blowing would just stop the magnatron but the arching on the secondary would still occur.
On the brightside, you can cut and push out the secondary of that transformer and rewind a secondary or make a big electromagnet or something.
The general problem is that arcs form much easier in a low pressure environment. This is why many devices have a rated maximum usage height over sea level. Multimeters for example. Very important also for insulation, air and creepage distances when designing medical devices for example.
Cody has a vacuum chamber, and it fits a microwave... this makes me smile
The microwave oven transformers are barely specified to run the magnetron with the fan running so I am not surprised that it died. It might have arched as you guessed but with no cooling at all I wouldn't be surprised if the secondary insulation just melted in seconds.
Even if it didn't you would also have a problem with the high voltage diode fairly soon.
If you are interested in redoing the experiment you might want to pot the transformer with high temperature epoxy (under a vacuum to drive the epoxy deep into the windings). The kind of potting used in automotive ignition coils would be a good choice. It would eventually fail but with the concern of arcing removed, and a tiny bit of extra heat soaking in the epoxy coupled to the ability to run at a higher temperature I guess that it will be enough for a significant part of the heat of the wingdings to flow into the iron core and keep the thing working just enough to make pop corn. You could also precool it with liquid nitrogen. Immersion in oil could also work, likely even better than potting.
You should also bolt the high voltage diode to a big chunk of copper to soak the heat (some of those diodes have square sides that are perfect for that) , the diode shouldn't dissipate much more than 2W but being a low mass part that fails at about 100ºC a rough calculation tells me that one of those diodes would increase its temperature by 80ºC in about 100s in a vacuum.
You may also get away with having the transformer outside of the chamber, 2Kv might be ok for the insulation of your wires. It is pushing it a bit but I think that they wouldn't fail. I think that the whole doubler circuit would be too much for the insulation.
Another interesting option would be just redoing the experiment with the microwave cover open and the camera pointing to the transformer to see how does it fail.
I think that the magnetron should stand the abuse. There is quite a bit of metal around and inside of it to soak the heat and they are sturdy. There is this video in the photoninduction channel where they push up to 5KW into a microwave oven if I remember it right, the transformer bursts into flames , they swap it and the magnetron keeps working just fine.
I would be careful I'm not 100% sure on this but I work in substations and there is a test called a high pot test. It's used to measure how much voltage it takes before an arc occurs in a gap of a circuit breaker. We are warned about being close to the breaker under test if it's a vacuum breaker because when an arc does occur it emits harmful ex-rays. You may want to look into this before trying more experiments with high voltage in a vacuum. Love your videos, be safe out there.
That primary winding in the transformer still looks pretty good, you can probably make an electromagnet out of it still. The secondary burned up because electricity can jump long gaps in near vacuums really easily.