Going between crystal set radio and regenerative receiver is a simple oscillator loosely coupled to the tuning coil of a crystal set tuning coil to boost selectively of tuning circuit but not the volume.
My first regenerative receiver was completed in 1953, when I was twelve years old. Now I use an SDR transceiver with a new analog power supply and an extra external auto-tuner. Some things you build and never forget! Good luck with your projects! de KQ2E
Hi. This is interesting. I am glad to see valves operating at a low plate voltage of 27V. It was Tommy Flowers of the British Mail Service who first decided that tubes (or valves) should be operated at a low voltage to ensure reliability for the first, early computers during WWII, which were used to decipher Hitler's Enigma codes. Tommy Flowers' theory was this: If we operate the valves at a low plate voltage and current, then we also need a low heater voltage and current. So we operate the valves at Low Power. Then the valves will work reliably enough to build the Colossus computer with thousands of valves which will never fail. And actually, his theory was proven to be correct. But was soon replaced by solid state transistors. Then integrated circuits. And now we watch these videos and write these comments on TH-cam. :-)
Enjoyed watching this excellent video presenting the elegant simplicity of older technology... Absolutely magnificent presentation. Clear, concise and thoughtful of beginners potential problems regarding their circuits . As a professional reminds me of how many of us began years past.
Pretty little radio. Years ago, when I was a teen of 15 or 16 I helped a kid who was 10 or 12 build a regenerative radio kit that his father had bought him. We built it carefully, and it worked beautifully. But I didn't know what a regenerative radio was, and when it started squealing I thought I had made a mistake, and I apologized for it.
I'm retired if I. Want to hear a lower frequency than normal radio could I lengthen the long coil and ads more taps. Thank you for your knowledge. Very nice help fora beginner here.
Hi John, I've built many things for my radio shack over the 40 years I have been a ham, but never a regen receiver. Yes, I bought many old pieces of test equipment that will never have any use today, and I have the book by Davidson I bought many years ago. What I cannot strip from an old chassis, I can make with the tools I have in my shop. I have one treasure that I have been saving for a long time to use in a project such as this - a National Velvet Vernier dial in the original box with the original papers. Your video has made me want to start building again, especially since Heathkit is long gone (very sad). All I have to find is one of the three rolls of #24 magnet wire I saved away in one of my storage buildings, and I think I can start. Thank you John, DE Fred W4FJF.
Hi Longshorts3, Thank you for your nice comment. I appreciate good feedback! I’m glad I have inspired you to start building again, it’s great for us retired folks (I’m guessing you are retired). Here’s a great book for you with some good circuits: “Vacuum Tube Regenerative Receiver” by T.J. Lindsay. 1997, Lindsay Publications Inc. I’m sure it is out of print but sometimes you can find it on Ebay. Good Luck!
@@squarewave2 Hi John, I think I already have it, along with the Gernsbach Shortwave Manuals from the 30's, and the series of 6 Radio Experimenters booklets and E.H. Scott's "Dean of DX". I did buy a lot of reprints from Lindsay's Publications while I was working and had disposable income. I was a long haul trucker that had Ham gear in my truck, not CB (I could listen, but not talk on CB). I took a break in my trucking to get a bachelors degree in Electronic Engineering and my GROL plus my broadcast engineers license from the FCC. Three months before I graduated from Western Carolina U, the FCC deregulated the industry and blew my dreams out of the water. So, I went on trucking until in 2003, a USA truck rammed me in the back, sent me into a swamp next to I-65 in Saraland, AL. I have been permanently disabled since. I was a volunteer Navy MARS operator before that (NNN0GAA THREE) until we were "decommissioned" in 9/15/15 (a bad mistake by the Navy - they will need us badly someday). So I have a long background in radio. I used to talk to Clayton HC1CY who was the chief engineer for HCJB in Quito Ecuador until he became a "silent key". Big megawatt shortwave station with a Sterba Curtain antenna with the transmitter shack on rails so they could point the signal to various parts of the world. I just got done administering the Radio merit badge to the local Boy Scout troop, so I keep active in Ham radio. Small history of a long life. Thanks John, Be blessed!
Sir, you look like my father (who passed away just few months ago at 84) - same moustaches, head, hair, glasses, even (in this video) similar pullover on you ! :-) I had idea to rebuild an AM regen radio - one of my first constructions as a radio amateur. But I found there is no more AM broadcast in my country Bulgaria. Only FM stayed. But I can hear AM in your videos. It is pleasure to see them! Pure nostalgia...
Hi Peter, What a surprise to hear from Bulgaria! Thank you for your comment. Of course, you can still build a regenerative shortwave radio. You might like to see a video I posted four years ago called “Hot Homemade Regenerative Radio”. “73s”.
I've seen this video and even started a similar project with the L-panel and the variable capacitor. But I'm thinking of using transistors. Thanks for the answer, I wish you good health and many more videos. Greetings from Varna.
Hey thanks for the inspiration! I have the book by Homer Davidson and I've been collecting parts and pieces including the air variable caps and 1S4 tube. I have all the parts now, so maybe I should get going, right? By the way I did build a regenerative vacuum tube receiver (my first tube radio project) following an article published in Nuts and Volts by Dick Whipple back in May 2015. It used a single 12AU7 tube but he cheated a bit by using an IC OP AMP module to boost the audio to drive an 8ohm speaker or standard headphone. It works pretty well except that the high end of the AM broadcast band isn't covered very well. It gets cut off at the lowest end (fully open, lowest capacitance) of the tuning cap. So, I guess I've got to rewind the tuning coil to increase the inductance in order to move the frequency coverage down a bit. I think that I've got to add a few more windings to the spider coil but I'm not sure how many additional turns I need to add. The spider coil is a bit odd in design. It includes a separate set of windings to couple the antenna and a single tuning winding that also incorporates the tickler tap. So, I'm not sure how to change the ratios of winding to make it all work efficiently. At any rate the project that you are presenting looks a lot simpler and easier to troubleshoot. Onward and upward!
Thanks for sharing. The little regen set looks nice. I like the highlighter tip. As you kind of said, getting hold of high impedance headphones for projects like this may be difficult these days. Perhaps, one alternative is a high impedance earpiece. These still seem to be avaible new on line.
This was great and informative thank-you! I've looked for the book but it doesn't look like I can get it at a reasonable price, here in the UK. Still well worth watching the video though!
Howdy. Nice walk-through. 2000 ohms headsets are difficult to find or maybe really expensive. One alternative would be to use a crystal earpiece. A large inductance must be connected over the headset banana jacks to allow DC to flow. A 3 VA PC board transformer should do well using the 115 V or 230 V primary as an inductor. Then just connect the earpiece over the inductor.. The secondary is left unused. The primary resistance will produce a DC component though. That should not be let to the earpiece. DC to the earpiece has a tendency to jam the piezo resulting in no audio. A 1nF capacitor should be used in series with the earpiece. Finally a 330 k resistor should be used in parallel with the earpiece to discharge any residual DC. Regards.
John , like your videos, congrats ! The coil i was going to make from (elements of radio) has for tuning (90 t) it should tune from 455 kc to maybe 6.0 mcs (my calculations) (hi) and making taps about every 10t , hope it turns out ok ! Thanks for the info , good luck ! Jerry K9UT
SW2 looks like a DPST switch to me although the schematic representation indicates 2 SPST switches, for it to be a single unit there needs to be a dashed line connecting the two representative switch levers. also although i've never seen it before and supposedly more technically correct concerning R2 it's normal convention to have the variable arrow in the middle of the resistor to indicate a rheostat.
Yeah it failed my type of music I have to build a transmitter and make my own radio station just ain't fun anymore. I might as well just build an amplifier and play my own records well thanks for the demonstration I used to build my own radio using a dark penny and coil. I picked up short wave and used to listen to Holland. I miss the interval signals they used to play to tune in short wave stations. 73
Of minor importance, but make sure the headphones have the DC running in the direction that assists the permanent magnet and doesn't oppose it. Some old hiZ phones have one lead with red cotton showing that should go to the most +ve terminal if DC is running through them.
I am using a Weller 100-140 watt soldering gun model 9400pks from Home Depot. Price: $45.97. I can recommend this gun. Be sure your solder is acid free.
Nice project, well built. Unfortunately the author of the book did not properly wire the 1S4 filament. Those tubes were meant for the filament to have the positive pin grounded. Pin 7 should be grounded, and the positive 1.5 volt filament battery also grounded. Pin 1 should go to the filament power switch and on to the negative terminal of the battery. There is a test you can make with that radio. Wire the B battery so it is on all the time (short that side of the switch). Then switch on the filament and tune a station. Then listen carefully and switch off only the filament. You will hear the volume go way up as the tube is cooling, and then go silent. Having the battery wired as it is causes the grid bias to be positive and the grid leak detector doesn't work as well as it could. All this is described in the old tube manuals but is missed by most. I described this at the bottom of my #30 tube page. makearadio.com/tube/1-30.php Again, you made a great presentation.
Thank you for the lessons! What model soldering gun are you using? I'm a total beginner and don't want to buy a cheapo piece of junk or an overpriced one either, by mistake. Thank you in adavance.
You bet. Have 90% home made. I favour DC. (Direct conversion) radio. They tend to Drift. And emit a local oscillators. Tone. How ever I'm away in the country. Though I have a couple of parkers. That follow me as I tune. They think I'm getting a lot of DX . ITS ALL GOOD KV4LI 73.
I had seen that BOOK here at Philippines available at NATIONAL bookstore that was long time ago 1998 it was very ex-pensive for me also I am fascinated of REGENERATIVE-receivers also had been building that type of receiver since I was a young boy pls. look into my pro-ject at Phil-monitor at TH-cam . but NOW I have a new-design to avoid feed-back WINDING and NO TAP only a two(2) ter-minals is re-quired for the INDUCTOR .LEO
Good night, dear friend. I've built an antenna coupler, since I've been trying to make a numerical indicator like that that appears in the center of this video. Could you please give me a copy of this bookmark so I can put it in my coupler? Thank you for your attention. Jose Marcio Villela - PY3FD.
Hi Marcio, I think you are referring to the paper logging scale I have on the front panel---the one that goes from zero to one hundred. I got this from a book called "Radios That Work For Free" by K.E. Edwards. This author thoughtfully provided it in the back of the book. I cut the page out and made photo copies of it. If you are making Chrystal radios, I strongly recommend this book. Best Regards, John (Squarewave2")
Dear JOHN your cir-cuit must be WRONG due the LOWER tap of the COIL must be OPEN as shown in the dia-gram the lowest tap is connected to GROUND that is WRONG The RIGHT cir-cuit is that only one-and-one tap must be connected one at a time to the selector switch.DUE to by that cir-cuit the lower part of the COIL would shunt a short-circuit to the > UPPER-part of the COIL and so, the LOWER-part of the coil would drain large amount of RF current by principle of mu-tual induction. I had ex-perience several-times on OSCILLATOR tank-circuit of its COIL by putting a another short-circuit coupling WINDING to the oscillato re COIL would STOP the os-cillations.Even an ordinary power-transformer shunting a short-circuit to ou=put secondary would in-crease the CURRENT drain by PRIMARY winding .
Did u just say swap meets? Well, luckily I’m old school enough to know what that is but I guarentee most younger folks who are watching this don’t know what that means..
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This is some new level radio.
Thanks Stan Lee
Going between crystal set radio and regenerative receiver is a simple oscillator loosely coupled to the tuning coil of a crystal set tuning coil to boost selectively of tuning circuit but not the volume.
My first regenerative receiver was completed in 1953, when I was twelve years old. Now I use an SDR transceiver with a new analog power supply and an extra external auto-tuner. Some things you build and never forget! Good luck with your projects! de KQ2E
I built a regen years ago it worked very well id change that one use a jfet or mosfet in place of valve this way one 9 volt bat and a few resistors 😃
Just found this channel and I like it very much.
Hi. This is interesting. I am glad to see valves operating at a low plate voltage of 27V. It was Tommy Flowers of the British Mail Service who first decided that tubes (or valves) should be operated at a low voltage to ensure reliability for the first, early computers during WWII, which were used to decipher Hitler's Enigma codes.
Tommy Flowers' theory was this: If we operate the valves at a low plate voltage and current, then we also need a low heater voltage and current. So we operate the valves at Low Power. Then the valves will work reliably enough to build the Colossus computer with thousands of valves which will never fail. And actually, his theory was proven to be correct.
But was soon replaced by solid state transistors. Then integrated circuits. And now we watch these videos and write these comments on TH-cam. :-)
Thanks for the video! : ) . Thumbs up Indiana USA.
Nice instructional video, thank you for sharing.
Just wow... Your radio looks wonderful
I'm a newby here very interesting and a very good channel indeed thanks for sharing.
Enjoyed watching this excellent video presenting the elegant simplicity of older technology... Absolutely magnificent presentation. Clear, concise and thoughtful of beginners potential problems regarding their circuits . As a professional
reminds me of how many of us began years past.
That was fantastic.... thank you for sharing your knowledge
Pretty little radio. Years ago, when I was a teen of 15 or 16 I helped a kid who was 10 or 12 build a regenerative radio kit that his father had bought him. We built it carefully, and it worked beautifully. But I didn't know what a regenerative radio was, and when it started squealing I thought I had made a mistake, and I apologized for it.
Great project, and enjoy your style! Subscribed. b.
I'm retired if I. Want to hear a lower frequency than normal radio could I lengthen the long coil and ads more taps.
Thank you for your knowledge. Very nice help fora beginner here.
Hi John, I've built many things for my radio shack over the 40 years I have been a ham, but never a regen receiver. Yes, I bought many old pieces of test equipment that will never have any use today, and I have the book by Davidson I bought many years ago. What I cannot strip from an old chassis, I can make with the tools I have in my shop. I have one treasure that I have been saving for a long time to use in a project such as this - a National Velvet Vernier dial in the original box with the original papers. Your video has made me want to start building again, especially since Heathkit is long gone (very sad). All I have to find is one of the three rolls of #24 magnet wire I saved away in one of my storage buildings, and I think I can start.
Thank you John,
DE Fred W4FJF.
Hi Longshorts3,
Thank you for your nice comment. I appreciate good feedback! I’m glad I have inspired you to start building again, it’s great for us retired folks (I’m guessing you are retired). Here’s a great book for you with some good circuits: “Vacuum Tube Regenerative Receiver” by T.J. Lindsay. 1997, Lindsay Publications Inc. I’m sure it is out of print but sometimes you can find it on Ebay. Good Luck!
@@squarewave2 Hi John, I think I already have it, along with the Gernsbach Shortwave Manuals from the 30's, and the series of 6 Radio Experimenters booklets and E.H. Scott's "Dean of DX". I did buy a lot of reprints from Lindsay's Publications while I was working and had disposable income. I was a long haul trucker that had Ham gear in my truck, not CB (I could listen, but not talk on CB). I took a break in my trucking to get a bachelors degree in Electronic Engineering and my GROL plus my broadcast engineers license from the FCC. Three months before I graduated from Western Carolina U, the FCC deregulated the industry and blew my dreams out of the water. So, I went on trucking until in 2003, a USA truck rammed me in the back, sent me into a swamp next to I-65 in Saraland, AL. I have been permanently disabled since. I was a volunteer Navy MARS operator before that (NNN0GAA THREE) until we were "decommissioned" in 9/15/15 (a bad mistake by the Navy - they will need us badly someday). So I have a long background in radio. I used to talk to Clayton HC1CY who was the chief engineer for HCJB in Quito Ecuador until he became a "silent key". Big megawatt shortwave station with a Sterba Curtain antenna with the transmitter shack on rails so they could point the signal to various parts of the world. I just got done administering the Radio merit badge to the local Boy Scout troop, so I keep active in Ham radio. Small history of a long life. Thanks John, Be blessed!
Sir, you look like my father (who passed away just few months ago at 84) - same moustaches, head, hair, glasses, even (in this video) similar pullover on you ! :-)
I had idea to rebuild an AM regen radio - one of my first constructions as a radio amateur. But I found there is no more AM broadcast in my country Bulgaria. Only FM stayed. But I can hear AM in your videos. It is pleasure to see them! Pure nostalgia...
Hi Peter,
What a surprise to hear from Bulgaria! Thank you for your comment. Of course, you can still build a regenerative shortwave radio. You might like to see a video I posted four years ago called “Hot Homemade Regenerative Radio”. “73s”.
I've seen this video and even started a similar project with the L-panel and the variable capacitor. But I'm thinking of using transistors. Thanks for the answer, I wish you good health and many more videos. Greetings from Varna.
Hey thanks for the inspiration! I have the book by Homer Davidson and I've been collecting parts and pieces including the air variable caps and 1S4 tube. I have all the parts now, so maybe I should get going, right? By the way I did build a regenerative vacuum tube receiver (my first tube radio project) following an article published in Nuts and Volts by Dick Whipple back in May 2015. It used a single 12AU7 tube but he cheated a bit by using an IC OP AMP module to boost the audio to drive an 8ohm speaker or standard headphone. It works pretty well except that the high end of the AM broadcast band isn't covered very well. It gets cut off at the lowest end (fully open, lowest capacitance) of the tuning cap. So, I guess I've got to rewind the tuning coil to increase the inductance in order to move the frequency coverage down a bit. I think that I've got to add a few more windings to the spider coil but I'm not sure how many additional turns I need to add. The spider coil is a bit odd in design. It includes a separate set of windings to couple the antenna and a single tuning winding that also incorporates the tickler tap. So, I'm not sure how to change the ratios of winding to make it all work efficiently. At any rate the project that you are presenting looks a lot simpler and easier to troubleshoot. Onward and upward!
Thanks for sharing. The little regen set looks nice. I like the highlighter tip.
As you kind of said, getting hold of high impedance headphones for projects like this may be difficult these days. Perhaps, one alternative is a high impedance earpiece. These still seem to be avaible new on line.
This was great and informative thank-you! I've looked for the book but it doesn't look like I can get it at a reasonable price, here in the UK. Still well worth watching the video though!
Howdy. Nice walk-through.
2000 ohms headsets are difficult to find or maybe really expensive.
One alternative would be to use a crystal earpiece. A large inductance must be connected over the headset banana jacks to allow DC to flow. A 3 VA PC board transformer should do well using the 115 V or 230 V primary as an inductor. Then just connect the earpiece over the inductor.. The secondary is left unused.
The primary resistance will produce a DC component though. That should not be let to the earpiece. DC to the earpiece has a tendency to jam the piezo resulting in no audio. A 1nF capacitor should be used in series with the earpiece. Finally a 330 k resistor should be used in parallel with the earpiece to discharge any residual DC.
Regards.
When will be about the simplest transmitters for voice transmission?)))
This Video Is So Informative And Cool. I Love The Details You Go In Because Im DumbDumb In Radio Things Almost, Im New To HAM And All That
Yes specially power xnsformers for buiding piwer supplies for your own projects and yes , the air variables and knobs
thank you, sir.....love it....
John , like your videos, congrats ! The coil i was going to make from (elements of radio) has for tuning (90 t) it should tune from 455 kc to maybe 6.0 mcs (my calculations) (hi) and making taps about every 10t , hope it turns out ok ! Thanks for the info , good luck ! Jerry K9UT
SW2 looks like a DPST switch to me although the schematic representation indicates 2 SPST switches, for it to be a single unit there needs to be a dashed line connecting the two representative switch levers. also although i've never seen it before and supposedly more technically correct concerning R2 it's normal convention to have the variable arrow in the middle of the resistor to indicate a rheostat.
Yeah it failed my type of music I have to build a transmitter and make my own radio station just ain't fun anymore. I might as well just build an amplifier and play my own records well thanks for the demonstration I used to build my own radio using a dark penny and coil. I picked up short wave and used to listen to Holland. I miss the interval signals they used to play to tune in short wave stations. 73
Of minor importance, but make sure the headphones have the DC running in the direction that assists the permanent magnet and doesn't oppose it. Some old hiZ phones have one lead with red cotton showing that should go to the most +ve terminal if DC is running through them.
What about a down conversion using 3x 12AU7 configured like inside of a SO42P balanced mixer for the front end with a Intermediate Frequency of 455KC.
Excellent video. Very informative. Thankyou.
Philips radio
Fantastic u have new sub 😄
Sir. You are a great specialist and teacher. Respect and recognition ...
I am using a Weller 100-140 watt soldering gun model 9400pks from Home Depot. Price: $45.97. I can recommend this gun. Be sure your solder is acid free.
Bisakah radio ini menangkap siaran AM yang biasa diterima radio am FM di ponsel saya?
MERRY CHRIST-mas 2019 to YOU JOHN and the whole FAMILY HAPPY New year 2020 wishing more PROJECTs you shere .
Thanx! Love the highlighter tip!
Wow👍👍🇺🇸🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀
Excellent and a fun project.
Nice project, well built. Unfortunately the author of the book did not properly wire the 1S4 filament. Those tubes were meant for the filament to have the positive pin grounded. Pin 7 should be grounded, and the positive 1.5 volt filament battery also grounded.
Pin 1 should go to the filament power switch and on to the negative terminal of the battery.
There is a test you can make with that radio. Wire the B battery so it is on all the time (short that side of the switch). Then switch on the filament and tune a station. Then listen carefully and switch off only the filament. You will hear the volume go way up as the tube is cooling, and then go silent.
Having the battery wired as it is causes the grid bias to be positive and the grid leak detector doesn't work as well as it could.
All this is described in the old tube manuals but is missed by most. I described this at the bottom of my #30 tube page.
makearadio.com/tube/1-30.php
Again, you made a great presentation.
Thank you very much...Radıo projet very good...please cargo Türkey- İstanbul is it possible!?..
What do you use for the coil form windings and the diameter? I use paper towel & toilet paper tubes or pvc.
I use mailing tubes, very strong. Get them at any store selling boxes and packaging supplies.
What's the diameter of the coil and the gauge of the wire for it?
Can you imagine B+ 280v going through headphones?
Thank you for the lessons! What model soldering gun are you using? I'm a total beginner and don't want to buy a cheapo piece of junk or an overpriced one either, by mistake.
Thank you in adavance.
You didn't explain the grid leak detector action
2:05 Power Pentode or a Power Beam Tube? - - - a big difference
You bet. Have 90% home made. I favour DC. (Direct conversion) radio. They tend to Drift. And emit a local oscillators. Tone. How ever I'm away in the country. Though I have a couple of parkers. That follow me as I tune. They think I'm getting a lot of DX . ITS ALL GOOD KV4LI 73.
On the Schematic, SW2 should be labeled DPST, no?
Nice Job!
I had seen that BOOK here at Philippines available at NATIONAL bookstore that was long time ago 1998 it was very ex-pensive for me also I am fascinated of REGENERATIVE-receivers also had been building that type of receiver since I was a young boy pls. look into my pro-ject at Phil-monitor at TH-cam . but NOW I have a new-design to avoid feed-back WINDING and NO TAP only a two(2) ter-minals is re-quired for the INDUCTOR .LEO
Global sir where to arrange parts in India
I don't know any electronics stores in India, but you should check with tubesandmore.com
to see if they ship internationally. God luck!
@@squarewave2 Thanks bro
Good night, dear friend. I've built an antenna coupler, since I've been trying to make a numerical indicator like that that appears in the center of this video. Could you please give me a copy of this bookmark so I can put it in my coupler? Thank you for your attention.
Jose Marcio Villela - PY3FD.
Hi Marcio,
I would be glad to help you, but I don't know what you mean by a "numerical indicator". Can you say it a different way?
Good evening sir, I mean this piece. The Counter. In the video, in time 9:27 minutes, which has the numbers on paper. Thank you.
Hi Marcio,
I think you are referring to the paper logging scale I have on the front panel---the one that goes from zero to one hundred. I got this from a book called "Radios That Work For Free" by K.E. Edwards.
This author thoughtfully provided it in the back of the book. I cut the page out and made photo copies of it.
If you are making Chrystal radios, I strongly recommend this book.
Best Regards,
John (Squarewave2")
Ok John, thanks a lot for the tip. I'll go and get the book.
Clear explanations and quality work. Good to see.
Dear JOHN your cir-cuit must be WRONG due the LOWER tap of the COIL must be OPEN as shown in the dia-gram the lowest tap is connected to GROUND that is WRONG The RIGHT cir-cuit is that only one-and-one tap must be connected one at a time to the selector switch.DUE to by that cir-cuit the lower part of the COIL would shunt a short-circuit to the > UPPER-part of the COIL and so, the LOWER-part of the coil would drain large amount of RF current by principle of mu-tual induction. I had ex-perience several-times on OSCILLATOR tank-circuit of its COIL by putting a another short-circuit coupling WINDING to the oscillato
re COIL would STOP the os-cillations.Even an ordinary power-transformer shunting a short-circuit to ou=put secondary would in-crease the CURRENT drain by PRIMARY winding .
sir wich tube is proper for this circuit
The tube is a 1S-4
Did u just say swap meets? Well, luckily I’m old school enough to know what that is but I guarentee most younger folks who are watching this don’t know what that means..
Toti vorbesc prea mult si arata putin . S chem ele sunt importante ....